Z-009-3/M05/K(1/5) CORE ABILITEIS (Z-009)

7/27/2019 Z-009-3/M05/K(1/5) CORE ABILITEIS (Z-009)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank the Bengkel of Mekatronik, Institut Latihan

Perindustrian Pedas for offering the challenging assignment. From this, students are capable

in conducting analysis and solving problems, system designing, understanding function of the

machine, implementing and managing the assignment.

I would also like to express my gratitude and deeply appreciation to my Lecturer, Mr.

Kamal Bin Kamarol Awal for supervising me, include giving a full support, guidance and

suggestion. His willingness to share his knowledge and experience for my project is highly

appreciated. He has never stop giving me an advice an encouragement so I will gain more

knowledge in the future.

Futhermore, a sincere appreaciation goes to my beloved family for their constant

moral and financial support throughout the assignment and my study in Institut Latihan

Perindustrian Pedas.

Last but not least, I would like express my gratitude to all people who were involved

in helping me to finish my assignment whether directly or indirectly. Hopefully my thesis will

contribute something to us especially in Teknologi Mekatronik study.


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Personal protective equipment (PPE)

refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garment or equipment designed

to protect the wearer's body from injury. The hazards addressed by protective equipment

include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and healthpurposes, aswell as forsports and otherrecreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to

traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards,

shields, or masks, and others.

The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to

hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce

these risks to acceptable levels. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the

hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment

fails.[1]

Occupational health framework

In occupational safety and health, workplace hazards, which pose a threat to

the safety and quality of life of workers, can be mitigated by hazard controls and

interventions. The hierarchy of controls is a framework which ranks the types of hazard

controls in terms ofabsolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and

substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replaces the hazard with a safer alternative.

If elimination or substitution measures cannot be achieved, engineering controls and

administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human

behavior, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of

controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The

hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that while personal protective equipment

has tremedous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control, in terms of worker

safety.[2][3]

PPE by type

Personal protective equipment can be categorized by the area of the body protected, by

the types of hazard, and by the type of garment or accessory. A single item, for example

boots, may provide multiple forms of protection: a steel toe cap and steel insoles for

protection of the feet from crushing or puncture injuires, impervious rubber and lining for

protection from water and chemicals, high reflectivity and heat resistance for protection from

radiant heat, and high electrical resistivity for protection from electric shock. The protective

attributes of each piece of equipment must be compared with the hazards expected to be found

in the workplace.
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Respirators

Air-purifying respirator

Respirators serve to protect the user from breathing in contaminants in the air, thus

preserving the health of one's respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. One

type of respirator functions by filtering out chemicals and gases or airborne particles from the

air breathed by the user.[4] Gas masks and particulate respirators are examples of this type of

respirator. A second type of respirator protects users by providing clean, respirable air fromanother source. This type includes airline respirators and self-contained breathing

apparatus (SCBA).[4]In work environments, respirators are relied upon when adequate

ventilation is not available or other engineering control systems are not feasible or

inadequate.[4]

In the United Kingdom, an organization that has extensive expertise in respiratory

protective equipment is the Institute of Occupational Medicine. This expertise has been built

on a long-standing and varied research programme that has included the setting of workplace

protection factors to the assessment of efficacy of masks available through high street retail

outlets.

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE), NHS Health Scotland and Healthy Working

Lives (HWL) have jointly developed the RPE (Respiratory Protective Equipment) Selector

Tool, which is web-based. This interactive tool provides descriptions of different types of

respirators and breathing apparatuses, as well as "do's and dont's" for each type.[5]

In the United States, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) provides recommendations on respirator use, in accordance to NIOSH

federal respiratory regulations 42 CFR Part 84.[4] The National Personal Protective

Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) of NIOSH is tasked towards actively conducting studies on

respirators and providing recommendations.[6]

Skin protection

Occupational skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, skin cancers, and other skin

injuries and infections are the second most common type of occupational disease and can be

very costly.[7]Skin hazards, which lead to occupational skin disease, can be classified into four

groups. Chemical agents can come into contact with the skin through direct contact with

contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols, immersion or splashes.[7]Physical agents such

as extreme temperatures and ultraviolet or solar radiation can be damaging to the skin over

prolonged exposure.[7]Mechanical trauma occurs in the form of friction, pressure, abrasions,

lacerations and contusions.[7]Biological agents such as parasites, microorganisms, plants and

animals can have varied effects when exposed to the skin.[7]
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Any form of PPE that acts as a barrier between the skin and the agent of exposure can

be considered skin protection. Because a lot of work is done with the hands, gloves are an

essential item in providing skin protection. Some examples of gloves commonly used as PPE

include rubber gloves, cut-resistant gloves, chainsaw gloves and heat-resistant gloves. For

sports and other recreational activities, many different gloves are used for protection,

generally against mechanical trauma.

Other than gloves,any other article of clothing or protection worn for a purpose serve

to protect the skin. Lab coats for example, are worn to protect against potential splashes of

chemicals. Face shields serve to protect one's face from potential impact hazards, chemical

splashes or possible infectious fluid.

Eye protection

Each day, about 2000 US workers have a job-related eye injury that requires medical

attention.[8]Eye injuries can happen through a variety of means. Most eye injuries occur when

solid particles such as metal slivers, wood chips, sand or cement chips get into the

eye.[8]

Smaller particles in smokesand larger particles, such as broken glass also account forparticulate matter causing eye injuries. Blunt force trauma can occur to the eye when

excessive force comes into contact with the eye. Chemical burns, biological agents, and

thermal agents, from sources such as welding torches and UV light also contribute to

occupational eye injury.[9]

While the recommended usage of eye protection varies by occupation, the provision of

safety furnished by said piece of equipment can be generalized. Safety glasses provide

minimum protection from external debris, and are recommended to provide side protection

via a wrap-around design or via side shields.[9] Gogglesprovide better protection than safety

glasses, and are effective in preventing eye injury from chemical splashes, impact, dusty

environments and welding.[9]It is recommended that goggles with high air flow be used, inorder to prevent fogging.

[9]Face shields are a useful form of additional protection to be worn

over the standard eyewear, and provide protection from impact, chemical, and blood-borne

hazards.[9]Full-facepiece respirators are considered the best form of eye protection when

respiratory protection is needed as well, but may be less effective against potential impact

hazards to the eye.[9]Eye protection used for welding operations is shaded to different

degrees, depending on the specific operation.[9]

Hearing protection

Industrial noise is often overlooked as an occupational hazard, as it is not visible to the

eye. Overall, about 22 millions workers in the United States are exposed to potentially

damaging noise levels each year.[10]Occupational hearing loss accounted for 14% of all

occupational illnesses in 2007, with about 23,000 cases significant enough to cause permanent

hearing impairment.[10]About 82% of occupational hearing loss cases occurred to workers in

the manufacturing sector.[10]The Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes

occupational noise exposure standards.[11]NIOSH recommends that worker exposures to

noise be reduced to a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to reduce occupational noise

induced hearing loss.[12]

PPE for hearing protection consists ofearplugs and earmuffs. Workers who are

regularly exposed to noise levels above the NIOSH recommendation should be furnished

hearing protection by the employers, as they are a low-cost internvetion.
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Protective clothing and ensembles

See also: List of personal protective equipment by body area

A complete PPE ensemble worn during high pressure cleaning work.

This form of PPE is all-encompassing and refers to the various suits and uniformsworn to protect the user from harm. Lab coats worn by scientists andballistic vests worn by

law enforcement officials, which are worn on a regular basis, would fall into this category.

Entire sets of PPE, worn together in a combined suit, would also fall into this category.

Ensembles

Below are some examples of ensembles of personal protective equipment, worn

together for a specific occupation or task, to provide maximum protection for the user.

Chainsawprotection (especially a helmet with face guard, hearingprotection, kevlarchaps, anti-vibration gloves, and chainsaw safety boots). Specific

information about chainsaw protection appears in the chainsaw safety clothing article.

Bee-keepers wear various levels of protection depending on the temperament of their beesand the reaction of the bees to nectar availability. At minimum most bee keepers wear a

brimmed hat and a veil made of hardware cloth similar to window-screen material. The

next level of protection involves leather gloves with long gauntlets and some way of

keeping bees from crawling up one's trouser legs. In extreme cases, specially-fabricated

shirts and trousers can serve as barriers to the bees' stingers.

Diving equipment, for underwater diving, constitute of equipment such as a diving mask,a underwater breathing apparatus, a diving suit orwetsuit, and flippers.

Firefighters wear PPE designed to provide protection against fires and various fumes andgases. PPE worn by firefighters include bunker gear, self-contained breathing apparatus,a helmet,safety boots, and a PASS device.

PPE in sports

Participants in sports often wear protective equipment. Studies performed on the

injuries of professional athletes, such as that on NFLplayers,[13][14]question the effectiveness

of existing personal protective equipment.

Limits of the definition

The definition of what constitutes as personal protective equipment varies by country.

In the United States, the laws regarding PPE also varies by state. In 2011, workplace safety

complaints were brought against Hustlerand other adult film production companies by

the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, leading to several citations brought by Cal/OSHA.[15]The
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failure to use condomsby adult film stars was a violation of Cal/OSHA's Blood borne

Pathogens Program, Personal Protective Equipment.[15]This example shows that personal

protective equipment can cover a variety of occupations in the United States, and has a wide-

ranging definition.

CONTINGENCY PLAN

A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected)

plan.[1]

It is often used forrisk management when an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would

have catastrophic consequences. Contingency plans are often devised

by governments orbusinesses. For example, suppose many employees of a company are

traveling together on an aircraft which crashes, killing all aboard. The company could be

severely strained or even ruined by such a loss. Accordingly, many companies have

procedures to follow in the event of such a disaster. The plan may also include standingpolicies to mitigate a disaster's potential impact, such as requiring employees to travel

separately or limiting the number of employees on any one aircraft.

During times of crisis, contingency plans are often developed to explore and prepare

for any eventuality. During the Cold War, many governments made contingency plans to

protect themselves and their citizens from nuclear attack. Examples of contingency plans

designed to inform citizens of how to survive a nuclear attack are the booklets Survival Under

Atomic Attack,Protect and Survive, andFallout Protection, which were issued by the British

and American governments. Today there are still contingency plans in place to deal

with terrorist attacks or other catastrophes.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has published a contingency

planning guide for Information Technology Systems (2002).

RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization

ofrisks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or

negative) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize,

monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events[1]or to maximize the

realization of opportunities. Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, projectfailures (at any phase in design, development, production, or sustainment life-cycles), legal

liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attack from

an adversary, or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause. Several risk

management standards have been developed including the Project Management Institute,

theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO

standards.[2][3]Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk

management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial

processes, financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.

The strategies to manage risk typically include transferring the risk to another party,

avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect or probability of the risk, or even acceptingsome or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular risk.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_note-hustler-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_note-hustler-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_note-hustler-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_and_Survivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_and_Survivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_and_Survivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-Risk_Management_pg._46-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-Risk_Management_pg._46-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-Risk_Management_pg._46-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-voc-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-voc-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-voc-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-voc-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-voc-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management#cite_note-Risk_Management_pg._46-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protect_and_Survivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Under_Atomic_Attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_note-hustler-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom


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Certain aspects of many of the risk management standards have come under criticism

for having no measurable improvement on risk, whether the confidence in estimates and

decisions seem to increase.[1]

MANAGEMENT RESPONSBILITY

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TOP MANAGEMENT:

The ISO 9001 standard contains high expectations for top management leadership and

involvement to provide guidance to the overall quality management system. In fact, nearly

15% of the standard's text is devoted to the subject of top management responsibility. Clearly,

the designers of the standard have realized the imperative for the perspective and authority

that top management must bring to ensure effective operation of the system.

Because of this, it can be expected that ISO registrars will approach the auditing of the

standard with a heightened focus on the function of management in the system. The auditors

will be looking forobjective evidence that management has a regular discipline of

involvement and leadership as prescribed by the standard. This evidence must be more than

merely words of support for quality. The activities outlined in the requirements are all

demonstrable, and records of such activities will be carefully reviewed.

This extra focus on the role of management is explained in the opening text of the

Management Responsibility requirements section:

"Top management shall provide evidence of its commitment to the development and

implementation of the quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness..."

(ref. 5.1, ISO 9001).

REQUIREMENTS FOR TOP MANAGEMENT:

The ISO 9001 standard lists six distinct requirements for top management. By "top

management" the standard refers to the individual at the top of the organization (e.g. CEO,

President, Chairman) and his/her direct reports. Depending upon the size and structure of the

organization, one or two layers of management below this top group may be included in thisscope.

In summary, the requirements for this leadership group are:

1. Consistent commitment to making the quality management system effective as demonstratedby regular communications, establishment of a quality policy and quality objectives,

management reviews and resource provision (ref. 5.1).

2. Ensuring customer focus throughout the organization as demonstrated by clearly determiningand consistently meeting customer requirements resulting in improved customer satisfaction

(ref. 5.2).
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3. Establishment and communication of a quality policy that articulates management's intentionthat the company complies with all requirements (customer, regulatory, etc.) and will

continually strive to improve the overall quality management system's effectiveness (ref. 5.3).

4. Ongoing planning of measurable product quality and process quality objectives to be surethey are established and met throughout the organization, even when changes to the quality

management system are made (ref. 5.4).5. Defining and communicating responsibility and authority for everyone affecting the quality

management system, including a designated management representative who has the authority

to ensure the system is established and maintained and is responsible to report the system's

performance to top management (ref. 5.5). This requirement also includes the need to

establish effective communication processes within the organization regarding the

effectiveness of the quality management system.

6. Conducting a regularmanagement review of the quality management system to ensure that itremains suitable, adequate and effective to satisfy the company's quality policy and

accomplish the organization's quality objectives (ref. 5.6).

REFERENCE

1. ^ http://www.citation.co.uk/health-and-safety/personal-protective-equipment2. "What is the Hierarchy of Control for OSHA?".3. ^ "How can Employers Protect Workers?".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_ref-1http://www.citation.co.uk/health-and-safety/personal-protective-equipmenthttp://www.falckproductions.com/resources/personal-protective-equipment-ppe/what-is-the-hierarchy-of-hazard-control/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_ref-3http://www.osha.gov/Publications/employers-protect-workers-flu-factsheet.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/Publications/employers-protect-workers-flu-factsheet.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_ref-3http://www.falckproductions.com/resources/personal-protective-equipment-ppe/what-is-the-hierarchy-of-hazard-control/http://www.citation.co.uk/health-and-safety/personal-protective-equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment#cite_ref-1

Documents

Z-009-3/M05/K(1/5) CORE ABILITEIS (Z-009)