Yustinus Adityawan_hydrogeology and Resistivity Survey

WATER TABLE IDENTIFICATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) AT BANDUNG

VILLAGE - NANGGULAN SUB DISTRICT DI YOGYAKARTA

(AN APPLICATION OF 2D GEOELECTRICAL METHOD)

[RESEARCH REPORT]

Yustinus AdityawanDhandun WacanoGemma FatahillahArifin Jati Sukma

Endhy YudhawantoMuh Fahrudin Alfana

[ Geoelectric has valuable and significant value for environmental geotechnical exploration and especially hydrogeological problems This research was conducted at Bandung Village Nanggulan Sub District Kulon Progo Regency The aim of this paper is to know how effectively 2D geoelectrical method (ERT) for identifying hydrogeological characteristic especially water table that occurs on research area]

Final Report of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Test

WATER TABLE IDENTIFICATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) AT BANDUNG VILLAGE - NANGGULAN SUB DISTRICTDI YOGYAKARTA

Yustinus Adityawan ) Dandhun Wacono Gemma Fatahillah Arifin Jati Sukma Endhi Yudhawanto Muh Fahrudin Alfana) killrockforfunyahoocoid

ABSTRACTGeoelectric has valuable and significant value for environmental geotechnical exploration

and especially hydrogeological problems This research was conducted at Bandung Village Nanggulan Sub District Kulon Progo Regency The aim of this paper is to know how effectively 2D geoelectrical method (ERT) for identifying hydrogeological characteristic especially water table that occurs on research area

Field survey and measurement were used in this research These could be divided into 2 sub groups were 1) geological surveys and 2) Hydrological survey The geological survey was done by measured geologic stratification and rocks identification Hydrological survey include water table measurement and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) using Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration The apparent resistivity data that had been taken before it would be converted into the true resistivity using the inversion methods that exist on RES2DINV software The picture of true resistivity distribution will be correlate with geologic and water table data so the occurrence of groundwater and the underground material would be known

The result shown that the geoelectric method especially Electrical Resistivity Tomography configuration Wenner-Schlumberger array was effectively to identify water table Water table was founded at plusmn 2 m below the surface with the resistivity values range was approximately 11 Ωm The clay material as the side product of limestone that decayed had the resistivity values range approximately 0 ndash 754 Ωm

Keywords Water Table Electrical Resistivity Survey Hydrological Survey Bandung Village

1 Introduction

Water is an important natural elemens which

is needed by human since the prehistoric time

Naturally water that is used by human is derived

into 3 sub groups Those are atmospheric water

surface water and groundwater Sharp (2007)

stated that groundwater is generally all water

beneath the land surface and sometimes it is

more narrowly defined as phreatic water or water

beneath the water table (p ge p atmospheric)

Groundwater is kind of water resources that

usually used by human to fulfill their needs

because groundwater has valuables value than

any water resources These benefits are 1)

quantity of groundwater doesnrsquot influence by

seasonal climate 2) groundwater quality is more

better than any water resources 3) Groundwater

doesnrsquot need space and place to impound it and

4) the cost for utilizing groundwater is more

cheaper than any water resources

Groundwater has significant relation with

hydrostratigraphic which is the place

groundwater is Hydrostratigraphic can be

defined as geologic layer which described about

aquifer systems below the earth (Weight 2004)

Santosa (2000) stated that characteristic of

hydrostratigraphy at certain area was different

with the others It was proceed by climatic

condition compaction time geologic structure

geomorphic processes (present and past) and

also the characteristic of stratification (dip-strike)

Figure 1 Hydrologic Cycle(Source

httpwwwwaterprotectioncaimageswatercyclejpg)

At this time a lot of technologies whichrsquore

applied and developed to identify and predict the

occurrence of groundwater such as remote

sensing hydrological survey and geophysical

methods Geophysical method is the physics of

the Earth and its environment in space also the

study of the Earth using quantitative physical

methods (httpwwwwikipediacom was

accessed on Dec 04 2011)

One of the geophysical techniques that

commonly used on prospecting of groundwater

is geoelectric Geoelectric is kind of geophysic

techniques which is to determine the subsurface

resistivity distribution by making measurements

on the surface Herlambang (2011) stated that

geoelectric is kind of geophysics which is to

determine geologic stratification below the earth

where the important concept is conducting

electricity on surface and the electricity current

creeping below the earth and each materials

which constructed the earth have different ability

to conduct it

Geoelectric method have been used for

environmental problems for many years such as

hydrogeological geotechnical mineral

exploration etc This research was focused on

the effectiveness of 2D geoelectrical method

(ERT) for identifying hydrogeological

characteristic especially water table that occurs

on research area

Figure 2 The Types amp Kinds of Aquifer which occur in the nature

(Source httpwwwwaterencyclopediacomterhtml)

2 Geological and Hydrological Setting

Geologic formation that existed on research

area is Sentolo Formation Sentolo Formation had

been formed at Tertiary Age (Early Meocene ndash

Early Pliocene period) Geological material and

structure of Sentolo Formation was influenced by

2 mainly geologic processes Those are volcanic

and geotectonic processes such as uplifted

subsidenced and folded (Van Bammelen 1970)

As consequences of geotectonic and volcanic

processes that formed research area it will be

affected on rock material geologic structure and

hydrological condition The types of rock which

made up are marls and agglomerates on the

upper of Sentolo Formation strata and then on

the base are bedded limestone locally reef

limestone and limestone with marl interlayer

Figure 3 Micro-Geological Structure on marls (A) Folded on Limestone with marls interlayer (B) and Micro-pitting structure as the consequences of bio-chemical wheathering that occurred on marls with sand

interlayer(C)

The types of geologic material have tight

relation with hydrostratigraphic aquifer especially

groundwater quality and quantity Based on the

type of geologic materials that made up on

research area groundwater will be fulfill the

pores of limestones that will be creating fractures

aquifer system Groundwater will be taking

physic-chemical contact with minerals and

particles of limestone Where micro particles of

limestone became soluble with groundwater It

would be bad effect for society healthy (kidney

desease) if society concumed it for long period

Figure 4 Progo River (A) The lower point of Progo River and Tinalah River on Dusun Semaken Tiga (D)Tinalah River on Dusun Kemesu (B) Kayangan River on Tanjungharjo village (C)

The total rainfall that occurred on this site

was plusmn 1800 ndash 1850 mmyear based on rainfall

data calculation 2010 (Herlambang 2011)

Serang river is effluent type where groundwater

fulfill riverIt will be affected climatic condition

when summer season the rate of flow would be

decrease and when rainy season the rate of flow

would be increase From field measurement

geologic characteristic has the biggest role for

hydrological setting on this site

3 A Concept of Electrical Resistivity

Tomography

Geophysical techniques can be used to

identify the feature geometries by contrasts in

the physical properties (Fehdi et al 2009) Those

are density magnetic susceptibility conductivity

and electrical resistivity Ha et al (2009) defined

electrical resistivity 1) as the resistance of a unit

length of a material and 2) an intrinsic property

that depends on the geometry and properties of

a material One of geophysical techniques that

had been used on this research was electrical

resistivity

Figure 5 2D geoelectric measurement (A) and tested the geoelectric equipment and made up wenner-schlumberger array configuration (B)

Resistivity survey gives a picture that

describe the subsurface resistivity distribution

Resistivity picture can be changed into geologic

picture with the knowledge of geologic and

geomorphic conditions (field survey and

secondary data that can be taken on research or

institutional data such as borehole and lithologic

The purpose of electrical surveys is to

determine the subsurface resistivity distribution

by making measurements on the ground surface

(Loke 19992009 Ha et al 2009 Fehdi et al

2009 Frid et al 2008) From these

measurements the true resistivity of the

subsurface can be estimated The physical

properties below the underground is related to

various geological parameters such as the

mineral and fluid content porosity and degree of

water saturation in the rock (Loke 19992009

Krishnamurthy et al 2009 Frid et al 2008)

Table 1 The Range of Earth Material Resistivity amp Conductivity

Material Resisvitity (Ωm)Conductivity (Siemensm)

Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Groundwater (Fresh) 10 - 100 001 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

001 M Potassium chloride 0708 1413

001 M Sodium chloride 0843 1185

001 M acetic acid 619 0163

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Igneous and metamorphic rocks have high

resistivity values it depends on degree of

fracturing and the percentage of water that filled

in on the fractures of rock The sedimentary

rocks that are more porous than the two others

have low resistivity values because the water

content filled in on the fractures

Geoelectric Method using Wenner-

Schlumberger Array

The resistivity measurements are normally

made by injecting current into the ground

through two current electrodes (C1 and C2) and

measuring the resulting voltage difference at two

potential electrodes (P1 and P2) From the

current (I) and voltage (V) values an apparent

resistivity (pa) value is calculated (Loke 1999

2009) The systematic explanation and the

equation on above can be seen on Figure 6 and

Figure 6 The equation of voltagecurrent and resistivity

The limitation of traditional geoelectric

method was the horizontal-captured layer of the

underground We must be realized that the

underground geology was the complex settings

it could be composed by the rock materials

geologic structures mineral compotitions and

also the values of resistivity itself The traditional

resistivity sounding method might not sufficiently

accurate for such situations (Loke 1999 2009

Milsom 2003) At this time the improvement of

technology has been increase significantly it will

be affecting on geoelectric development including

the equipment (computer) the cost the data

accuracy methodology and also man-power

Figure 7 Traditional geoelectrical array

The geoelectric development is increasing

significantly it is because using 2-D geoelectric

more cheaper than any other geophysic methods

and the important one is the 2-D geoelectric

(ERT) relatively same with seismic Traditional

geoelectric didnrsquot effectively if it was used for

place which has morphological variation

compared with 2-D3-D geoelectric Because

topographicalmorphological variation will be

influence to the noises that resulted from

measurement

Loke (19992009) stated that accurated

model of the subsurface was a two-dimensional

(2-D) model where the resistivity changed in the

vertical direction as well as in the horizontal

direction along the survey line

Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration

was used on this research because itrsquos was a

merge array configuration between Wenner array

ρa = k VI ρa = apparent resistivityk = geometric factorV = voltI = current

and Schlumberger array The sensitivity for

Schlumberger array is slightly different from the

Wenner array with a slight vertical or horizontal

from reality imaging To improve the vertical and

horizontal captured imaging so the Wenner and

Schlumberger array was combined each other

Because itrsquos a merge from 2 arrays configuration

the geometric factor of each arrays must be

different

The geometric factor for each arrays and the

procedure of ERT measurement will be

represented on Figure 8 and 9

Figure 8 Geometric of current and potential electrodes for (a) Wenner and (b) Schlumberger(Source Lowrie 2007)

Table 2 The Common of Earth Materials and their resistivity

Material Resisvitity (Ωm)

Top Soil 50 - 100

Loose Sand 500 - 5000

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Weathered Bedrock 100 - 1000

Sandstone 200 - 8000

Limestone 500 - 10000

Greenstone 500 - 200000

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Graphitic Schist 10 - 500

Slates 500 - 500000

Quartzite 500 - 800000

Ore Minerals

Pyrite (ores) 001 - 100

Pryrhotite 0001 - 001

Chalcopyrite 0005 - 01

Galena 0001 - 100

Sphalerita 1000 - 1000000

Magnetite 001 - 1000

Cassiterite 0001 - 10000

Hematite 001 - 1000000Source Milson (2003)

Loke (1999) said that there is a slightly

greater concentration of high sensitivity values

below the P1-P2 electrodes This means that this

array is moderately sensitive to both horizontal

and vertical structures The Wenner-

Schlumberger array has a slightly better

horizontal coverage compared with the Wenner

array (Loke 2009)

Figure 9 Wenner-Schlumberger Array Configuration

4 Research Method

Research methods that had been used in this

research was field survey and measurement

That could be divided into 2 sub-groups those

were geological survey and hydrogeological

survey-measurement The author had been used

genetical process which constructed Sentolo

Formation to determine geoelectrical location

The morphological of Sentolo Formation relatively

same with morphological of Gunung Sewu Karst

that would be the specific matters to verify on

this research Although the genetical process of

Sentolo Formation didnrsquot has connection with

Gunung Sewu Karst (Herlambang 2011)

Geological survey had been done included

geologic structure measurement and the type of

rocks identification Hydrogeological survey-

measurement divided into water table

measurement and 2D geoelectrical measurement

with wenner-schlumberger array Where each

spacing of electrodes was 05 meter Apparent

resistivity which was obtained from 2D

geoelectrical measurement then would be

inputed into X2IPI software The apparent

resistivity data whichrsquos on X2IPI software will be

saved on IE2DP format

RES2DINV software was used to invers

apparent resistivity into true resistivity using

algorithm system that available on that software

The purpose of the inversion was to reduce

worse data that was resulted when measurement

taken The result would be correlated with

flownet system and the value of rock resistivity

therefore water table and geologic material could

be identified This methodology can be

systemized as research flow chart that

represented in figure 10

Figure 10 ERT Flow Chart

5 Result amp Discussions

Resistivity survey was effectively to identify

the occurrence of water table and geologic

material which constructed on geoelectric site

measurement The knowledge of hydrogeological

is needed to analyze the true resistivity which

describe the resistivity distribution below the

surface Where Sentolo Formation dominated on

geoelectric site Sentolo Formation was

constructed by limestone sandstone with marl

interlayer and also clay as the side product of

limestone that weathered

Figure 11 The Electrical Resistivity Tomography Result

Formation contact between Kebobutak and

Sentolo Formation had been seen with

stratification feature that dominantly 15 - 20deg

strike 55degEast ndash South direction The geologic

structure survey that finished gave the important

informations

The important informations are 1) Sentolo

Formation is folded by Wharton Ridge moved on

2) Geologic structure that was founded on site

was proceed from tectonic and bio-chemical

activities The geologic materials have important

role to resistivity that occurred on site

The resistivity value of clay material is about

le 228 Ωm Limestone with marl and clay

interlayer has resistivity range value about 228 ndash

754 Ωm The water table and puddle have same

range resistivity value as ge 10 Ωm The water

table exist approximately on 25 meter below the

surface To identify those field survey and

groundwater flownet were the important one

6 References

Fehdi C Baali F Boubaya D Rouabhia A

2009 Detection of Sinkholes Using 2D

Eletical Resistivity Imaging In The Cheria

Basin (North-East of Algeria) Arab J

Geoscience 10 1007 - 1014

Herlambang YA 2011 Study of

Hydrostratigraphy Aquifer At Various

Landform Units In Nanggulan Sub

District DI Yogyakarta Bachelor

Thesis Yogyakarta Geography Faculty

Gadjah Mada University

Loke MH 1999 Electrical Imaging Surveys For

Environmental and Engineering Studies

A Practical Guide to 2D and 3D Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Loke MH 2009 Tutoril 2D and 3D Electrical

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Lowrie W 2007 Fundamentals of Geophysics 2nd Edition Cambridge Cambridge

University Press

Milsom J 2003Field Geophysics The

Geological Field Guide Series 3rd Edition

San Fransisco John Wiley amp Sons

Santosa LW 2000 Model Hidrostratigrafi dan

Hidrokimia Untuk Penelurusan Genesis

dan Tipe Akuifer Di Lembah Rawa

Jombor Kecamatan Bayat- Klaten

Laporan Penelitian Yogyakarta Fakultas

Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada

Sharp JM Jr 2007 A Glossary of

Hydrogeological Terms The University of

Texas Austin Texas

Van Bammelen RW 1970 The Geology of

Indonesia Vol IA General Geology of

Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes

The Hague Martinus Nijhoff Netherland

Weight WD 2004 Manual of Applied Field

Hydrogeology New York McGraw-Hill

Special Thanks to my guys (Gemma Fatahillah Dandun Wacono Arifin Jati Sukma Muh Arif Fahrudin Endhy Yudhawanto

Mas Lilik and also Fajrin) that supported the author during his bachelor thesis and field data collecting

Cover Paperpdf

Yustinus Adityawan - Water Table Identification using ERT at Nanggulan Sub Districtpdf

WATER TABLE IDENTIFICATION USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) AT BANDUNG VILLAGE - NANGGULAN SUB DISTRICTDI YOGYAKARTA

Yustinus Adityawan ) Dandhun Wacono Gemma Fatahillah Arifin Jati Sukma Endhi Yudhawanto Muh Fahrudin Alfana) killrockforfunyahoocoid

ABSTRACTGeoelectric has valuable and significant value for environmental geotechnical exploration

and especially hydrogeological problems This research was conducted at Bandung Village Nanggulan Sub District Kulon Progo Regency The aim of this paper is to know how effectively 2D geoelectrical method (ERT) for identifying hydrogeological characteristic especially water table that occurs on research area

Field survey and measurement were used in this research These could be divided into 2 sub groups were 1) geological surveys and 2) Hydrological survey The geological survey was done by measured geologic stratification and rocks identification Hydrological survey include water table measurement and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) using Wenner-Schlumberger array configuration The apparent resistivity data that had been taken before it would be converted into the true resistivity using the inversion methods that exist on RES2DINV software The picture of true resistivity distribution will be correlate with geologic and water table data so the occurrence of groundwater and the underground material would be known

The result shown that the geoelectric method especially Electrical Resistivity Tomography configuration Wenner-Schlumberger array was effectively to identify water table Water table was founded at plusmn 2 m below the surface with the resistivity values range was approximately 11 Ωm The clay material as the side product of limestone that decayed had the resistivity values range approximately 0 ndash 754 Ωm

Keywords Water Table Electrical Resistivity Survey Hydrological Survey Bandung Village

1 Introduction

Water is an important natural elemens which

is needed by human since the prehistoric time

Naturally water that is used by human is derived

into 3 sub groups Those are atmospheric water

surface water and groundwater Sharp (2007)

stated that groundwater is generally all water

beneath the land surface and sometimes it is

more narrowly defined as phreatic water or water

beneath the water table (p ge p atmospheric)

Groundwater is kind of water resources that

usually used by human to fulfill their needs

because groundwater has valuables value than

any water resources These benefits are 1)

quantity of groundwater doesnrsquot influence by

seasonal climate 2) groundwater quality is more

better than any water resources 3) Groundwater

doesnrsquot need space and place to impound it and

4) the cost for utilizing groundwater is more

cheaper than any water resources

to conduct it

on research area

interlayer(C)

Tomography

resistivity

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

to conduct it

on research area

interlayer(C)

Tomography

resistivity

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

interlayer(C)

Tomography

resistivity

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

Tomography

resistivity

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

Granite 5 x 103 - 106 10-6 - 2 x 10-4

Basalt 103 - 106 10-6 - 10-3

Slate 6 x 102 - 4 x 107 25 x 10-8 - 17 x 10-3

Marble 102 - 25 x 108 4 x 10-9 - 10-2

Quartzite 102 - 2 x 108 5 x 10-9 - 10-2

Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone 8 - 4 x 103 25 x 10-4 - 0125

Shale 20 - 2 x 103 5 x 10-4 - 005

Limestone 50 - 4 x 102 25 x 10-3 - 002

Soil and Waters

Clay 1 - 100 001 - 1

Alluvium 10 - 800 125 x 10-3 - 01

Sea Water 02 5

Chemicals

Iron 9074 x 10-8 1102 x 107

Xylene 6998 x 1016 1429 x 10-1

Source Loke (1999)

Schlumberger Array

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

measurement

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

different

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

Top Soil 50 - 100

Gravel 100 - 600

Clay 1 - 100

Gabbro 100 - 500000

Granite 200 - 100000

Basalt 200 - 100000

Slates 500 - 500000

Ore Minerals

Galena 0001 - 100

array (Loke 2009)

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

4 Research Method

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

informations

6 References

wwwgeoelectricalcom

Imaging Surveys

wwwgeoelectricalcom

University Press

Texas Austin Texas

Cover Paperpdf

Documents

Yustinus Adityawan_hydrogeology and Resistivity Survey