E.23

YEP COORDINATIVE LEADING GROUP

YUNNAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OFFICE

Yunnan Environmental Project

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

DRAFT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

February 1996

Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sciences

in association wnith

| Montgomerv WatsonGHK/MRM InternationalHunting Technical Services

Severn Trent Water International

under sssignment from

Overseas Development Administration

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1. INTRODUCTION I2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 33. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 34. BASELINE DATA 5

4.1 General 54.2 Climate 54.3 Water Resources 5

4.3.1 Dianchi Basin 54.3.2 QujinF 64.3.3 Gejiu 6

4.4 Water Qualiv 74A. I Chinecs W-ater Quality Classification 74.4.2 Dianchi Basm 74.4.3 Qujing 104.4.4 Gejau 10

4.5 The Causes or Environmental Degradation in VuDnan le4.5.1 Lake Dianchi: Ecoloeical Degradation 10

4.6 Dianchi Basin Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecology 124.7 Solid Waste Management 12

S. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 145.1 Project Selection 1452 Project Design Alternatives 14

6. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS 1i6.1 Lake Dianchi Basin 15

6.1.1 Kunm in Wastewater Treatment and Sewer Network 166.1.2 Rural Townships Sewerage 176.1.3 Industrial Pollution Control 176.1.A Kunming Water Supply 186.1.5 Kunming Sanitrv Landfill 186.1.6 Environmental Managemert and Monitoring 18

62 Qujing 1962.1 Water Supply 1962.2 Wastewater rreatment 196.23 Solid Waste Management 19

6.3 Gejiu 197. ADVERSE IMPACTS AiND MMITGATION MEASURES 19

7.1 Land Acquisition 197.2 Resettlement 2473 Wastewater Treatment Impacts 247.4 Solid Waste Disposal Impacts 247.5 Construction Spoil Disposal 247.6 Industrv Pollution Control Impscts 247.7 Other Construction Impacts - 25

Table 1. List of Prolects Under YEP. 4T able 2. Mean Annual Climatic Conditions in the Three Project Cities 5Table 3. People's Republic of China; Water Quality Classification System (GB 383&8-). 7Table 4. Summarv of Phosphorus Loads to Lake Dianchi (1995). 8Table 5. Causes and Consequences of Lake Dianchi Ecological Degradation. 11Table 6. Lake Dianchi : Estimated Phosphorus Loads in Tone's per Year. 16Table 7. Miticaion Measures for all Main Adverse Impacts. . 20Table S. Land Acquistion and Rcesdemcmt in YEP World Bank Funded Projes. 23

Figurc l. Base Map of Yunnan Province 2Figure 2. Key Features of Lake Dianchi 9Figure 3. Dianchi Lake Ecological Degadation. 13

EXECUTIVESUMMRY

1. Introduction

Yunnan Province is located in the south west of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is bordered tothe nordh by Sichuan Province. to the east by Guizhou and Guangi Provinces and to the south and westby Vietnam. Laos and Mvanmar I Figure 1). The province has a total [and area of 394.000 km2 and apopulation of 38 million. * hich is largely nuraL some 81% being involved in agriculture. The provinclcapital and major industnal centre. Kunming. is by far the largest city (population 1.8 million) anddominates the cconomy ot the province. The next lrgest cities, also significant industrial centes, areQujing and GCejiu. %siih populations of 220.000 and 130.000 respectively.

The north west ot- the province is dominated by the south astern Himalayas and incluces the sources ofthree major rivers. the Jingshapiang twhich discharges to the Chanljiang (Yangtze)). the Lancangiang(Mckong) and the Nu;.ang (Salweeni. The north east area includes the source of the Nanpanjiang (ParlRiver). The south of the province ts tropical and the central and eastern areas comprise a plateau andfertile lake basins al an elevation of about 2.OOOm.

Rapid economic erowth over the past 15 years has resulted in severe enviromuental degradation in andaround the three project cities and even in some rural areas. The environment in many areas in theprovince is under severe stress. The principal cause of degradation of the water environment in wubanareas is the lack of effective control of polluting discharges to watercourses. The situWon isexacerbated by the substantial underpricing of water and cnvironmental services such as wastewaterdisposal which leads to v%asteful consumption and hence pressure on scarce water resources.

This is particularlv the case in the Lake Dianchi Basin. which includes Kunming. where water resousare particurly lmited and are thweatened in tersm both of water quality and quantity. Lake Dimchireceives discharges of municipal and indusrial wastewater fxn Kunming and its suburbs. H ,wee,the water resources of Lake Dianchi Basin are very limited. per capita run off being of the order of 5%of the Yunnan and 3%'o of the world average As a consequence of the inadequate water resources forKunming the lake provides up to 50%/o of the City's water supplies even in an average rainfill year.Further increases in demand will result in even more reliance on. and recycling of, the like for suppliesof potable water at a time when its quality wil continue to decline if remedial interventions are notimplemented in time.

The repeated recvclinz of wastewater has resulted in substantial increases m the loads of nutrints,principally phosphorus and nitrogen'. discharged to the lakce. Te sitlation is exacrbated by thepresence of a number of phospherus and nitrogen-based fertiliser factories in the basin. exploiting theextensive local phosphate-bascd mineral resources. lbe lake receives discharges of nutrient-richwastewater from these factones and also run-off from agricultural areas in its catchmenL As a result ofthe high nutrient loads Lake Dianchi is already in an advanced state of cutrophication which ismanifestLd in part in increasing problems in potable water teatnent in Kunming.

Growth in the other urban centres of Yunnan. principally Qujing and Gejiu. coupled with inadequatecontrol of polluting discharges. is causing similar problems of water quality and pressure on limitedwater resources. A major environmental ma.er plan study for the Dianchi Basin. Qujing and G3jiu,funded by the UK Overseas Development Administation (ODA) is due for completion in 1996. Thisstudy has identified a set of major priority investments aimed at rehabilitation of water quality,principally in Lak-e Dianchi. and improving the effectiveness of water resource utilisation and dtemanagement of solid and liquid wastes.

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BASE MAP OF YUNNAN PROVINCE FIGURE 1

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Execuive Swmar

In order to address the above conccrns the Yunnan Enviromnental Project (YEP) would focus onimproving the state of the environmenL principally in terms of water quality, via a range of investmentswith the objectives of

* improving water qualitv. mainiv in Lake Dianchi. and water resources management to allowsustained safe beneticial use:

* improving standards of municipal wastes management

* institution of mcasures to strengthen control of industrial pollution and to improve water andmatenals utilisation:

* enhancing lacilities for the effective monitoring of enviromnental qualitv in Yunnan: and

* strengthening of policies and institutional arrangements for water quality managemcnt; waterard %asevuater facilitics operations, environental regulation and rmanagemnent training.

Technical support and trainine u ould be provided to utility and environment sector agencics in Yunnanat provincial and municipal levels, including enviromnctnal protection bureaux (EPBs) and monhoringcentres IEMCs. municipal utilitv operations and finance departunents.

'. Administrative and Institutional Ftmmework

The State Environmental Protection Committee is the highest level of authoritv on environmental policyand includes the State Council and heads of all relevant ministries and agencies- The nationalEnvironmental Protection Agency (NEPA) functions as the secretariat of SEPC and is responsible for allaspects of environmental policy although shares authority with other agencies for certain namalresources.. NEPA sets overall policies and rcgulations govening the provincial and municipalenvironmental protection bureaux (EPBs) and implementation of environmental policv is though themunicipal and provincial EPBs. who are responsible for the maintenance of environmental quality.

Specific responsibilitv for water resources in Yunnan lies with the Ynuman Water Conservancy Bueau,and with Kumning Water Conservancv Bureau for the resoures of Lake Dianchi Basin. Maintnance ofwater qualitv is the responsibility of the Yunnan EPB and that in Lake Dianchi Basin of the Kmunmingand other municipal EPBs. These bureaux monitor environental quality, set envinmental anddischarge standards. assess and levv pollution charges and prosecute serious polluters.

3. Project Description

The proposed YEP compnses a total of 30 components. of which The World Bank is proposing to fund21 as shown in Table I.

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Table 1. List of Projects Under YEP.

PROJECT FUNDING AGENCY |

KUNMING MUNICIPALITY

Sewage Treatment Works and Sewerage Networks GoPRC plus* STW No. I exising expanstontupgrading * World Bank* STW No '2 under constructioni * Swedish Goverrnent* STW No 3 under construction i * Australian Govemment* STW No 4i i under construction i * GoPRCo STW No 4h (north) * World Bank

* STW No 5, i cast) * World Bank

Water Treatment Works and Network GoPRC plus* WTW No I - extension * World Bank* Beiiiaochane VVTW * World Bank

Solid Waste Collection. Treatment and Disposal GoPRC plus* Baishuitane ecast) * World Bank* Hongshuitanc !Cest) * World Bank* Retro-Zining seven existing sites * World Bank* Collection and Transfer Stations * World Bank

Lake Dianchi Basin Management GoPRC plus* Kunming STWs (scc abovc) * World Bank* Small Towns Sewerage * World Bank

o Chenggong * World Banko Jinning * World Bank

* Rural Simitation * World Bank* Clean farmine * GoPRC* Caohai Dredging * GoPRC* Waihai Dvkes * GoPRC* Forestiy * GoPRC* Tanglangchuan River Training * GoPRC* Xiyuan Tunnel Phase 11 * GoPRCIndustrial Pollution Control (Kunming only) * GoPRC + World BankEnvironmental Monitoring (all cities) * GoPRC + World BankInstitutional Development and Training (al cikis) * GoPRC + World Bank

QUJING CITY GoPRC plus* Sewerage and sewage treatment * World Bank* Solid waste collection. treatment and disposal * World Bank* Water treatment and networks * World Bank

GEJIU CrIY GoPRC plus* Sewerage and sewage treatent and flood draige * World Bank

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Excsuie Smaumy

4. Basdine Data

4.1 General

Yunnan is among the poorest provinces in the PRC with a per capita income of V3253 (1993).approxmately 496% ol the national average. Relative to the PRC as a whole, the economy of Yunnan isdominated by pnmarv production. principally agricultune, with manufacturing accounting for a relativelysmaller proponion ot output. Kunming is a substantial industrial centr dominating the provincaleconomy. and has a per capita GDP of Y 10.200. Tlere is evidence of a shift towards tertiary sectoractivities in recent sears.

An importnt teature ot industrv in both Yunnan and Kunning is the dominance of State OwnedEnterpises (SOEs). pnncipaliv at Provincial and Municipal level. These account for about 75% of grossoutput compared dith a corresponding figure of 43% for the PRC as a whole. This is an importantfactor in environmental terms. because many are loss making. in some cases. such as fertiliserproduction. as a consequence of Central Government controls on output prices. As a result many appearto be unable to fund pollution control measues.

Qujing is the second largest citv in Yunnan. with a population of 220.000. and is located some 156Cm tothe north east of Kunming. Industrv has expanded rapidly in recent years and Qujing is one of dte sixcities in Yunnan designated for high short tenr economic and population growth (the populatio isexpected to more than double by 2010. Industrial activity is based on cigarette production. non-fenusmetallurgv, chemicals and automobile manufacture Qujing is well located on the road and rail networksfor ready access both to Kunming and to other provinces.

Gejin is located to the south of Kunming in a mounaino ara in the southemmost part of Yun_T'he city has grown largely around the development of the tin mining and processing industies Tihpopulation of Gejiu city is currentlv 133.000. with a further 80.000 in four satellite towns which housemost of the major industnes.

4.2 Cimate

Yunnan has a northern sub-tropical monsoon climate, with extremes of tempemture modeated byaltiude and latitude. Precipitation is plentifil (averag I 1OOmn/yr) and the province as a whole isrelatively water rich. with per capita run-off approaching 21 times the National average. However,regional differences in the balance between rainfall and evaporation and substantial temporal variabilityin rainfall result in areas with verv limited water resouces. Lake Dianchi Basin. Qujing and Gejiu aresuch amas

Table 2. Mean Annual Cimatic Conditions in the Three Project Cities

City Temperature Rainfall (m) wet season %l Evaporation Humidity Wind speed( C) (mm) (%/e) (fIlsec)

Kunming 14.7 1.007 [May-Oct. 85%] 2.120 73 2.2

Qujing 14.5 1.045-[ nodata 1 1.158 71 3.1

Gejiu 15.9 1.100[May- 80%] 1,228 78 3.0

4.3 Water Resources

4.3.1 Dianchi Basin

The water resouces of Lake Dianchi Basin are severely limited with per capita run-off only 3% of theWorld and 5% of National mean levels. Renewable water resources are currently averagc 31 1m3 per

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capita. but as a result of population growth this will fall in 2020 to 200m3 onaverage and as low as 90m'in a dmuet vear. The latter would barely be sufficient to support domestic water demand alone.

At present water demands (agricultural. industrial and domestic) in Lake Dianchi Basin exceed supplyby between 177 million m/IT and 578 million m3 /yr in average and dry (20 %ile) years respectively.This suppiv imbalance is corrected by recvcling of water. mainly the dischages of unmtreated wastwaterfrom Kunming to Lake Dianchi.

Wide tenporal -anations in annual rainfall dictate that water supply depcnds heavily upon reservoirstorage. The pnncipal suppiv source for Kunming is the Songhuaba Reservoir. which has the dual rolesof water supply and tlood protection. The mean annual run off and total storage volume of SonghuabaReservoir are 1'4 million m; and 229 million im" respectively. However, because of flood controlrequirements (I In 100 year tlood). the effective storage available for water supply is only 110 millionIn'. which gives a mean annual vield of 128 million m' (350 000 m3/d) with an assurance rate of 95%Y. Inpractice the reservoir is operated at a level I Sm below the operating rule curve because famners have notreceived compensation pavments for the loss of land involved.

The reservoir currently supplies water for agricultunal as well as municipal use. It is proposed in fiureto substitute Lake Dianchi water for use in agriculture to conserve the better qualitv Songhuaba watr forpotable supply.

The majoritv of the water demand in Kunming is met by abstractions from Lake Dianchi. amounting to480.000 m3id. Lake Dianchi has an average depth of approximately 4.5m and the overall stevolume is 1.250 million m'. iowever, the eff ctive storage is substantially less than this figur becauseof the flood control requirenents. The lake receives run off from approximately 20 river Thopassig though Kunming. include overspil from Songhuaba Reservoir via the Panlongjiang, awereduced in the drv season to little more than semi-stagnant. open sewers. A majority of rivers entr thelake from agricultural areas to the east and south of the bke These when they flow (usually less than 50days per year) are relatively clean

Flood protection is achieved by the discharge of water from the lake via the sole outlet at Haikou, at thesouth west of the lake. to the Tanglangchuan river. The bydraulic capacity of the T islimited, and a further flood alleviation measure the Xiyun Tunnel at the north east ofthe lake, has beenconstuted to increase the rate of discharg of flood water. In spite of these and other measures aimedat increasing the effective storage in Lake Dianchi. the increased water demands are such that they canonly be met bv ever increasing recycling of Kunmning municipal wastewater or by the costly alteativeof importing water from another catchment.

4.3.2 Qujing

The principal watercourse in Qujing Municipality is the Nanpanjiang which provides the majority ofthewater supply to Qujing via three reservoirs on its tributaries. 'Me remainder is obtained fiomgroundwater. These resources are insufficient to meet future demands. for which it will be necessary totransport water from Du Mu Reservoir. located some 45km east ofthe city.

4.33 Gejiu

Gejiu derives water supplies from a cornbination of three reservoirs to the south of the city and fioingroundwater and springs. Most of the city's industrv is supplied from Gejiu Lake. an artificial lakeconstructed in 1955 with a volume of 5 million m' largey for flood protection and amenity use. Thelake has for manv years received discharges of urban was_twatcr. soil eroded from mining areas abovethe city and tailings from tin processing. As a result thee has been a substantial reduction in itseffective volume and self purification capacity. Betwecn 1961 and 1986 sediments were dredged firomdhe lake and maintained a reasonable storage capacity. This is no longer happeing.

DRAFT pac 6 of 25 09 February 1996

During the drv season wastewater discharges to the lake cosirtute about two-hirds of the availablewater supplv for industrv. Water absaion by industry in the dry season exceeds 4 mi1Lion mn, andtherefore this intlow of wastewater. or a suitable replacement. is cruial to the water balance ofthe lakec

4.4 Water Qualitv

4.4.1 Chinese Water Qualit Classification

bhe PRC %wter qualirv classification is based on five levels of beneficial water use. as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Peopte's Republic of China; Water Quality Classification System (GB 3838-8).

Classification Description or Water Use Function

National Nature Protection Area.

II Domestic Potable Water Source - Grade I protection area,precious fish and fish culture zone.

111 Domestic Potable Water Source - Grade 11 protection area, generafish and bathing areas.

IV Industrial Water Use and Recreation.

V Agricultural and general amenity use.

4.42 Dianchi Basin

The principal ecographical features of the Lake Dianchi Basin are shown in Figure 2.

Songhnaba Reservoir: %ater qualitv in is currendy classified as Class [L but the limited data availableindicate increasing nutment concentrations in the reservoir and hence progessive eutrophicadAlthough the reservoir catchinent was designaLed a Water Protction Zone in 1981 the contituing lackof practical control has resulted in increasing farming and nual township expansion in the proteciZone.

Lake Dianchi: is divided into two parts. the Caohai (inner lae. 2.5% of Dianchi by area less dtan 1%by volume) and the much larger Waihai (outer lake 97.5%). The Caohai and the Waihai are nowphysically separated by a recentlv completed banage fitted with control gates Municipal and indsrialwastewater from Kunming is discharged, mainly untreated, into both the Caohai and Walhio Eachreceives about 50%/o of the effluent with particularly dire consequences for the Caohai. For flood controlpurposes water from the Caohai can be discharge though dther the control gates to the Waihai or viathe Xiyuan Tunnel to the Tanglangchuan catclunent

Kunming STWs: There is currently only one operational wa_twr treanent works in Kunmin&txating a flow of 55.000m'/d. which discharges ultnately to the Caohai. A firther 3 factories are underconstuction. with a total tratment capacity of 360,000 m'id of which 210,000 m'3d will be dichagedto the Waihai. In all cases the STWs-will treat a combination of effluent. stonmwater and river wateruntil the construction of separate drainage systems is completed under YEP. Treatment processes at alwastewater treatment works incorporate paTial removal of both nitogen and phosphorus. Thedetrimental impacts of wastewater dilution by storwatmer on P and N removal efficiency should benoted.

As noted above the Caohai is particularly polluted. with water quality failing to comply even with ClassV standards. In particular the concentrions of nitogen and phosphorus are high, typically up to 7.5and 0.9mg/I respecively. Contamination with toxic matter is aLw of concrnL Water quality in theWaihai has also deteriorated in rcent years. and nirogen and phosphorus concentations are again high,averaging 1.5 and 0,14 mg/l respectively in 1995.

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Water is abstracted from the Waihai for trtment at two water treatenet works. However. poor waterquality in terns of aleal growths resulting firom the high nutrient concenwrations are causing severetreatment difficulties. In panticular. one water intake close to the buundary with the Caohai has beenclosed.

Phosphorus: has been 3dentified as the growth-limiting nutrient and therefore the principal focus of loadreduction in wastc%atcr trcatment. A summarv of the potential phosphorus loads to both the Caohat andWaihai are shown in rabic 4.

Table 4. Summary of Pbosphorus Loads to Lake Dianchi (1995).

| Phosphorus Loads (t/yr)

Source Caohai Waibai Total

Kunming wastewater 126 210 336Kunyang Fertiliser Factory 57 57Kunmine Fertiliser Factorv 36 36Other industry 24 11 35Chenggong 6 6Jinning 9 9

Total point source 15 329 479

Run-off 57 108 165Atmosphere 2 55 57Rural population 15 65 so

Total mon-point source 74 228 302

Iit-HI~ TOTAL 2457712- O:t

It may be seen from Table 4 that the loads are in both cases dominated by point source discharges ofurban and industnal %astewater. Discharges to the Caohai have in the past entered the Wkiha, andtherefore the load to the Waihai would have been greater than that indicated in Table 4. Hoever, theconstruction of the barrage and the Xiyuan tunnel has now allowed the diversion in dry weather of waterfrom the Caohai. pnncipaliv urban wastewater. away from the Waihai to the downstram Tanglng-chuan river.

In addition to the high nutrient levels in both the Caohai and the Wathai there is concern also atdischarges of oreanic matter (BOC/COD) from municipal wastewater and toxins from industry. HighBOD/COD can result in deoxygenated water and the rec-se of nutrients from sediments causing furtheralgal growth: and toxins mav reduce the lakes self-cleansing capacity and contaminate aquatic foodchains.

The Tanglanochuan River: receives water discharged from the Waihai at Haikou throughout the year,either for flood control purposes or to maintain a base flow in the dry season. There is considerableexploitation of the Taniglangchuan for irrigaed agriculture and by industry. Waste quality in theTanglangchuan is poor as a result of discharges of untreated industrial wastewater. Dianchi water iswastefuliv dischareed from Lake Dianchi simply to provide dilution of this illegal pollution to maintaineven the present level of water quality.

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KEY FEATURES OF LAKE DIANCHI FIGURE 2

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Executive Swumway

4.4.3 Qujing

Water quality in the service reservoirs and the Nanpanjiang tributaries above Qujing are generally ofgood qualitv. typically meeting Class I standard. The Nanpanjiang below the Huashan Reservoir (some40 km upstream ot' ujine) is also Class I but industries (fertiliser factories and a paper mill) reduce thequalitv to Class V principallv in terms of high COD and ammonia concentrations. Addition of furdthreffluents from Qujing does not influence this classification. At the Xianghuiba Reservoir. 45kmdownstream of Ouiing the Nanpanjiane has improved to Class III. The stated objective is to improvewater qualitv ol the >.anpanilane in the vicinity of Qujing to Class IV by 2000 and to Class III by 2010.

4.4.4 Gejiu

Gejiu Lake has been senouslv polluted bv long-term discharges of municipal and industrial wastewaer,with water qualirm tadling to meet even Class V standards. Even during cooler months quiescent areasappear black and scptic. Sediments are highly contaminated with metals (arsenic, lead and cadmium)discharged from tin mining and related activities. although there have been dramatic reductions in taxicmetal discharees over the past 20 vears. The objective for Lake Gejiu is to improve water quality toClass IV. suft-icicnt to support industnal water use and recreation.

4.5 The Causes of Environmental Degradation in Yunnan

The principal underl% ing cause of the deteriorating water quality in the Dianchi Basin and the otherproject cities is the % inual absence of effective implementation of existing discharge regulations whichallows uncontrolled dischamte of wastewater (without treaument), from urban and industrial sources Theprimary instrument in the PRC for control of industrial pollution is the effluent fee sysm, but the fescharged are considcrably below levels necessary to have the required incentive effect in terms ofwastewater treatment. Moreover. there is only partial collection of fees. particularly in Kunming, wherethe collection rate is onlv oft the order of 400/%. Polluters are not paying for the use of envirmnentalservices and these services are suffering accordingly.

4-51 Lake Dianchi: Ecological Degradstion

In the early 19 50s. Lak-e Dianchi was classified as an oligo- to mesotrophic clear water lake. Sedimentswere largelv covered by macrophytes. The fish communitv consisted mainly of indigenous species andzooplankton were sutficiecn to suppress algal growth. The sloping shores resulted in different zones oflittoral macrophvte communities that contributed fish breeding sites and to lake cleansing and a largebiodiversitv.

Increased human activitv in the 1960s and 1970s led to domestic and industrial pollution. land abuse,erosion processes. land reclamation of critical shoreline areas, over fishing and introduction of exoticedible fish species. As a resulL the lake ecosysten changed into a turbid waterbody. the fish communitybecame dominated by carps. and the algae by blue-green types Avemge chlorophyil-a values increasedto 120-150 g/I for the Caohai and 20-50 gto in the Waihai. The area of the Caohai has been reducedfrom 12 to 8 kImn lor urban land reclamation. faohai sediments have been heavily polluted, especialywith industrial heavv metals.

Macmphyte coverace has reduced drastically: today there are almost no submnersed macrophytes at all.Only in a few w estem parts of the Waihai is macrophyte coverage adequate for fish to spawn and grow.The inner Caohai is often choked bv water hyacinth, closing off large parts of the water column fromlight and oxvyen. Clearini of the hvacinth imposes financial burdens on the City and lake users, andreduces the lakles tounsm potential.

Water qualitv degradation has resulted from a combination of pbysical. chemical and biologicalinterventions by man over the past few decades. The reasons, causes and consequences of theseinterventions are summarised in Table 5 and their interactions illustrated in Figure 3.

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Table 5. Causes and Consequences of Lake Dianchi Ecological Degradation.

Chemical Causes

Problem Source/Cause Co_euences

Phosphorus loadin! inilow ot untreated domestic cutrophication and excessive algal growthand industrial effluents affecting WTWs: loss of macrophytes and other

aquatic organisnsCOD & BOD. intlow ot untreated domestic oxygen stress in the lake leading to extinction of

.nd industrial effluents I fauna and flora: and threat of enhanced intemalnutrient cycling if conditions become anoxic

.. _.____.. . ......... .. __,....

Toxins industrial eftluents. mainly J limination/mduction of aquatic species.hcavv metals reduction in lake self-cleansing abilitv; health

hazard to consumers and livestock

Phvsical Causes

Problem Purpose Cosquences

Dvkc construction increase Dianchi water storage lake littoral zone destroyed fish spawntng sitescapacit,. flood control lost, lake self cleansing capacitv reduced.

3 macrophyteseliminatedLand reclamnanon increase urban and agricultural as above. plus loss of floodplain area where silt

land area with P once increased soil fertility: the P + siltnow flow diruely to the lake causing

3 eutrophicationRiver flow control increase availabilitv of fish spawning sites lost, lake self cleansing

imeation water capacity reduced, lake water retention timeincreased leading to high biological productvity

_ physical cutrophicationDeforestation Steel production and to increased soil erosion: infilling the lake and

increas agricultural land tAnxsporting phosphous to the lake

Biological Causes

Problem Purposetreason Consequences

introduction of exotic improve lake fishery uncertain: possible competition with nativespecies of fish . spciesover-fishing increase demand for fish and reduces fish populations and possible species

emplovment extinctionsloss of fish species due to dyke construction, river I reduced grazing pressure on algae causing algal

control and over fishing increaseintroduction or water ornamental plant rivers m Kumning ar now covered by the weed.hyacinth anoxia below the weed mat allows nutrient

. regeneration from sedimnts: this may howeverbe beneficial as the "rivers' now act as anaerobic

- . oxidation ponds and lessen the load on the lake.Conversly. the presence of the weed in theCaohai is probably detrimental in the long term.

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An important conclusion io be dracwn from an analysis of the causes and consequences of waterqualitv deteriorat(on in Lake Dianchi is that treaong the sources of pollution. will. alone. beinsufficient to return the lake to uis once pristine condition. But such interventions are likely to relardor reverse the do)wnwwrd trend as is shown in Section 6.1.

To understand the reasons for the deterioration of lake water quality in Lake Dianchi it is necessary toappreciate the sieniticance and maznitude of the human interventions which have occurred in thebasin during Ihe laIt two or three decades and the environmental impacts they have had. These ared-scussed in the section 4 6 and itemised below:

* the expansitn *ot the urban population and industrv in the basin.* the reclamation ot lakeside land and floodplain areas for urban and agricultural use.

* construction ol the lake perimeter dykes.

* the ever increasing human control and intervention in the natural water cycle.

* deforestation lor fuelling steel production and problems of forestry management control and landallocation.

4.6 Dianchi Basin Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecology

Fish species diversitv in Lake Dianchi declined between the late 1950s and 1985 from 53 to 27 as aresult of protectt e d% ke construction and land reclamation. These activities destroyed the shallow waterareas where t'ish uould normally breed and have nursery grounds. Of the surviving 27 species only 6 arenow of commerctal importance, but the total annual yield has declined much less dramatically dtanspecies numbers. Like Dianchi remains the largest fish producer in Yunnan.

The dvke construction and land reclamation activities have contributed to the degradation of LakeDianchi in respect of midespread destruction of its littoral zone and of aquatic macrophytes. In additiondeforestation contributed to the phosphorus loading to the lake as a result of soil erosion. which has alsoreduced the lake volume. The problems of Lake Dianchi dtrefom derive both fron the increase in theloads of phosphorus to the lake and from the reduction in its ability to assimilate phosphorus as a resultof the disruption of its natural ecology.

Approximatelv 22% of Lake Dianchi Basin is occupied by cropped land and about 37P/ by forests. Theforsts consist pnncipallv of sub-tropical evergreen broad leafed species but also include areas ofdeciduous broad leaved forest, temperate pine forest, shrub grassland. bamboo forest and grassland.Eucalyptus globudes has been introduced as a plantation species and occurs throughout the basin

There has been considerable degradation of the forest as a result of use of wood as a fuel and ofproblerns of forcst management control and land allocation. Nevertheless the proportion of the basinarea accounted for by torest cover remains the same as that in 1975.

4.7 Solid Waste Management

Overall responsibilitv for the collection and disposal of municipal and commercial wastes and saetsweepings rests with the CitV Appearance Committe (CACs) and the Munict;i: EnvironmentaSanitation Sections (MESSs). Collecton of solid wastes is gencraliv effective. although in some areasunsightly large quantifies of waste line roadsides and river banks. where it is left to decornpose forsubsequent use as compost.

Disposal of solid wastes has traditionally been to land. principally to numerous large and small opendumps. and not using acceptable standards of sanitarv laiidfill. Two major sites serving Kunming havereceived more than 2 million tonnes over the past 10 yea. T'he open dumps are unhygienic andunsatisfactorv and are not registered or monitored. Since the dumps are neither lined nor covered. thereare potenial problems of leachate and wind bknln pollution. Ther is also particular concern over theuncontrolled disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes from industy and hospitals.

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DIANCHI LAKE ECOLOGICAL DEGATION E 3

I LAKE BASIN DEVELOPMENTS

BJTROPHGAONLI__& TOXINS DISRUPTION OF

NAIURALECOLOGY

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Quantities of' municipal solid waste on a per capia basis are declining as a rcsult of the change fiomcoal to gas as a fuel. As a result the organic content is higher. There are informal recycling activities.but the proportion of waste recvcled is high but quantitatively unknown. The decline in the use ofnightsoil bv farmers in favour of chemical fertilisers has resulted in the disposal of increasing quantitiesof nightsoil with the solid -6aste stream. Dewatered sludges fiom the existing Kumnning STI and allplanned works %ill be disposed of to the sanitary landfill sites proposed under the YEP.

S. Consideration of Alternatives

The Yunnan lFriironmental Project is an umbrella programme comprising 19 sub-projects whichtogether will beemn to tackle the uorsening problems of environmental degradation being faced inYunnan. This secetion discusses the consideration of alternatives in the development of the overallYEP and in the lecction ot individual sub-projects for inclusion in the World Bank Funding.

5.1 Project Selection

The initial ranking and selection process for inclusion under World Bank funding was based on thesix followine critena:

I. Objective: that the project will achieve the strategic objectives of the YEP and, where relevant,those of the Dianchi Basin Action Plan. or the equivalent plans for Qujing and Gejiu.

2. Lake: achieves the objective of cleaning up Lake Dianchi. or the Nanpanjiang. or Lake Gejiu,

3. ImWlementarinzn case with which the project can be implemented by the agency responsible.4. Value: that the projcct represents good value for money, and is the least cost alternative,

5. Rea,y- readiness of the project for design,

6. Bankable: the project is acceptable to the World Bank and other Funding Agencies: this criterionincludes the ability ot the implementing agency to repay the loan.

Those projects with the highest scores were included for World Bank fimding up to the point wherethe total cost of the selected projects exceeded the funding available.

5.2 Project Design Alternatves

The majoritv of decisions where alternative design options were available concerned proposed hard-ware interventions. i.e. those where construction is involved.

For construction interventions, the following options were considered:

* Appropriate rechnoloRy: appropriate for the task in hand. also appropriate for China in terms oflocal availability. sophistication. operations and maintenance support;

* Choice of capacifr: treatment capacity at WTWs and STWs particularly-,

* Phasing of sab-projects: choice of order in which sub-projects will be implemented;

* Phksing of expansion within sub-projec: WTWs and STWs and their networks can beproessively expanded as demand for their services increases with population and economicgrowth:

* Site selection: vhere alternative sites are available. and availability is often scarce. the choicc isfor the least cost and m inimal environmental and social impacts.

* M-minimsarioj oJ environmental inpacts including LAR issues: usually resulting from siteselection.

- Proces options within a workss: choice of degree of flexibility in factory operations, the ability toby-pass process when operating conditions permit, to reduce costs. or varying chemicals used,

* Mtgation opnons: assessing and selecting the best means of mitigating adverse impacts.

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Executve Siway

In most cases the approaches adopted for the various project components represent the only realisticoption in terms of resource availabilitv or achievement of the required environmetal objective. Wheremultiple options were available the least cost solution achieving the required objective was selected.

In terns oi the rehabilitation of Lakc Dianchi with respect to its trophic state it would not be possiblewithin a realistic time-tramc to enhance sufficiently the ability of the lake to assimilate phosphorus. Theonly realistic approach to improving or maintaining present water quality in the immediate temm istherefore to reduce the phosphorus loads discharged to the lake and aim to maintain the satw qua.Achievine this aim inr the Waihai is the prime concern.

Tlhe proposed Kunmine % astewater treatment works processes are based on biological tratmentincorporating ntmroren and phosphorus removal in addition to achieving a high degree of removal oforganic matter fie alternative of a totallv chemically based treatment svstem would not readily be ableto achieve all the discharge standards. particularly in respect of removal of nitrogen and organic matter.Further removal *ot nutnents from the Waihai by diversion of treated wastewater to the Caobai andthence via the Xi%.uan tunnel was rejected in view of water resource limitations on the Waihai.

Chemical treatment was, however. preferred to a high rate biological treatment system as anintermediate solution in both Qujing and Gejiu. The chemical treatment system adopted offers both costand operational advantages and can readily be incorporated into the biological treatment systemproposed for the longer termn

Sanitarv landfill %%as preferred to other waste disposal options in all cases. Incineration would not beappropriate in .iew of the low heat value of the wastes. resulting from either a high inert ash content.arising from domcstic usc of coal as a tuel, or from a high moisture content Composting was rejected inview of concerns over adequacy and stability of product market outlets. Moreover, landfill would berequired in any event lor reject materials from other options.

6. Environmental Benefits

The balace of the YEP including the Worl Bazkfwded componnts is subzzt idy positve, and iueare considerable environmental benefits for Lake DiAncir Basin andfor the cities of Qfjmg and GejitTMere will be some adverse impacts during project implementation but these are minor comparcd to thepotentially disastrous impacts of not implementing the YEP. The 'Do Nothing Scenario' is not a viableoption. Principal project benefits are discussed in detail below. Adverse impacts and iTwitigationmeasures are discussed in Section 7.

6.1 Lake Dianchi Basin

Two project intervention categories. STWs (urban and rual), and IPC will have direct benefits forwater quality in Lake Dianchi. Other components. WTWs and Solid Waste Managemnct, forexample, will not directly improve lake water quality but will have significant social andenvironmentl benefits in other ways.

The primary focus of the wastewater treatment works and industrial pollution control projects is thereduction of the point source loads of nutrients. principally phosphorus. to Lake Dianchi. particularlythe Waihai.

An assessment of the anticipated overall P removal benefits of from implementation of the DianchiBasin projects is summarised in Table 6. The loads referred to in the table relate to conditions obtainingin the year 2010. the time horizon of the designs for all project components.

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Table 6. Lake Dianchi: Estimated Pbospborus LAods in Toones per Year.

SOURCE PHOSPHORUS LOADS IN TONNESVYE-ARYear 1995 2010

.Do Nothing" With YEP YEPScenario Projects (Img/l P) (0.5mg/I P)

WAIHA Load (Y) La ('/)Kunming Was:eiuuerSTW No 2 75 176. 23 93 65 47. 13STW No 4a 71 10W1- 13 56 32 21 6S1W No 4b 67. 9 67 27 14. 4STW No 5 46. 6 46 18 9. 2Unconnected 64 36. 5 36 36 36 10Total Kunmnp %watewater to Waihai 210 426 55 298 173 127 34Kumvang Phospnwrus Ferilser Factorv 57 57 7 57 1 1 0Kwuming Chemical FLrrrhtser Factorv 36 36 5 36 4 4 1Other Indsty I I I I I I 1z 3Che ong 6 9 1 9 2 1- 0Jwung9 9 13. 2 13 3 2 1Total point source load to Waihbi 329 552 71 424 199 1461 39

Relative to 1995 i% o 100 168. 129 60 44.Run-off 10 103- 14 108 10 108. 29Atmosphere 55 55 7 55 55 55. 15

Rural Population 65 65. S 65 65 65: 17Total non-point source bad to Wain:ai 22 8 2Z8 29 223 223 22111 61Totel phosphorus loud to Waibhi 7S -100 652 427 3741 13Relativeto 1995QO0 I 100 140- 117 77 67.Available phosphorus load in Waihai 365 565 72 450 24J 200- 53

ReE;uiveto 1995 0 .l 100 155 123 68 55

Km.g wastewvaterSTWlNo 1. 12 62, 17 62 28 14§ 8STWNo3l 71 1833 50 96 67 40. 23

Unconnected 43 23. 6 23 23 23. 13

Total Kunming load to Caohai 126 268 73 131 118 77 44Industry 24 24, 7 24 24 24. 14

Total point-source ;oad to Caohai ISO 292. 3 205 142 101 s

Relativeto 19951°e) 100 195 137 95 67i

Run-off 57 57. 16 57 57 57 33

Atmosphere 2 21 I 2 2 2. 1Ruralpplartion IS IS: 4 is 15 IS 9Total non-point-source load to Caohai 74 74- 20 74 74 74. 42Total phosphorus load to Caohai 2_2_4 366r 100 279 216 17Sr t00

Relative to 199S (°.) 1oo 163,-125 96 731Avaibble phosphorus loadd to Caohai 157 285' 73 207 ISO 113. 65Relativeto 1995() , 100 18ii 131 95 721

LAKKDIANCH_Total phosphorus load to L Dianchi 781 - 1146- 931 643 _49Relative to 1995 %) 100 147I 1 32 701Note: P drived from non-point sources is estimated to be only 30Y in biologically available fonn: thus die NPScontibutons can be reduced by 70%f in tms of pollution itnpacL

6.1.1 Kunming Wastewater Treatment and Sewer Network

The proposed municipal wastewater treanent works. Nos 4b and 5 and extension to No I. a;e designedto achieve the Lake Dianchi Wastewater Discharge smndard, in particular to achieve a phosphorusconcentaion in the trated wastewater of not more than I mglI. On this basis they will reduce the

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phosphorus load by 60 to 80%. depending upon initial phosphorus concnrations which are a functionof the relative contnbution of industrial wastewater and stormwater volume. Removal of organic mattnrfrom wastewater will be in the order of 900Me.

In addition the associated seweraee network will collect urban wastewater that currently dischargesuntreated to the rivers that traverse Kunming with the great advantage that the STWs will treat effluentonly and not ri er ,ater As a result there will be a substantial improvement in water quality in theserivers improving both aethetic and possiblv public health conditions.

6.1.2 Rural Tori nships Sewerage

Wastewater tre2tment tir the rural totwnships of Chenggong and Jinning would also be based onbiological treatmcmn ncludint removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. The treatrnent proposed will reducethe phosphorus loads to the Waihai from these sources by in the order of 75%.

6.13 Industrial Pollution Control

The pollution control proposals for the two fertiliser factories. the Kunyang Phosphorus Fertiliser andthe Kunmine Clhemical Fertiliser Factories are based on a combination of process upgrading, watrconservation and wastewater treatment. The phosphorus load fromn the forToer factory will be reducedby 56 ttyT (98%) and the nitrozen and phosphorus loads from the atter by 470t/vr (85%/) and 32 tyr(87/o) respectivelv nie combined load removals will reduce the phosphorus load to the Waia by90%10.

It will be seen from rable h that the prospective phosphorus loads that would be generated in 2010preusent a verv substantial increase, some 40% over the 1995 case. The increase is principaily ds a

result of population erowth and increased living standards. including the progressive abandomnent of thenightsoil svstem.

The existing and proposed interventions (principally wastewater treatment works Nos 2 and 4a, thefonner constructed with assistance from bilateal funding) could potentially achieve a significmtreduction in phosphorus load. However. their effectiveness is to some degree reduced by deficiencies insewerge systens which presently limit the proportion of the available wastewater collected fortreatment. TXhe values in Table 6 for the 2010 case witl the existing and proposed interventions assumesthat, until the sewerage system improvements are implemented. the treatment works will continue toeat polluted water drawn trom the adjacent rivers. Thes rivers are in any event open sewers in the dry

season. and it has been assumed that 25% of the annual phosphorus load of the sewage drawn firm therivers will escape in storm water during the wet season.

The implemenmtion of the wastewater collection and treatment componems of the projec together withthe pollution control proposals for the two fertiliser factories. should reduce the 2010 phosphorus loadby about 50%. to a level some 23% below the 1995 case. Moreover, it is considered that this simpleevaluation based on total phosphorus undersates the potetial effectiveness of the proposals in tworespects.

This calculation is based on a residual phosphorus concentration in the treated wastewater of Img/Il theLake Dianchi dischargc standard. The wastewater treatment works design is based on achieving aresidual phosphorus concentration of not more than lmg/l at all times. and therefore the averageconcentration w%ould be significantly lower than Imgll. Table 6 includes also an estimate of thephosphorus load based on a rcsidual concentration in trcated wastewater of 0.5 mg/l which reduces thetotal phosphorus load to the Waihai bv a further 53tIvr below the YEP I mg/I estimate.

In addition. much of the phosphorus associated with the non-joint sources is in the form of insolubleparticulates and theelfore not readily available for algal consumpSion. It has conservatively beeneated that 700o% wor 160 t/yr) of the phosphorus fmom non-point sources is insoluble, leaving anavailable input of 91 tny to Lake Dianchi (of which 68tly goes to the Waihai).

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The corresponding reductions to the Caohai are shown also in Table 6. and a similar situation obtains inrespect of the need for sewerage system enhancement to ensue that the proposed vastewater treatmentworks Nos I and 3 can be effective in reducing phosphorus loads. Again the implementation of theproject proposals is estimated to reduce the load of phosphorus to the Caohai to significantly below the1995 case.

In view of these substanttal reductions in phosphorus load it would be expected that there would be asignificant reduction an phosphorus concentrations in the WaihaL. and thcefore a correspondingreduction in the Later tre3tirent problems relative to those currently experienced. In practice the degreeand rate of recoverV 31ll to a certain cxtent be limited bv the reduced ability of the Waihai to assimilatephosphorus as a consequence of the disruption of its natural ecology. More imporntly, however, thesubstantial load reductions relative to the 2010 "do nothing" predictions would. in the presence of theYEP intervcntions, prevent water qualitv declining to such levels that treatnent became highlyproblematic. Sucth conditions would require very major changes to treatment processes or, in theextreme case. the verv costlv substitution of Lake Dianchi water resources by import of water from othercamltments

6.14 Kunming Water Supply

The water supply and treatment componeu.ts will not of themselves have a direct benefit on water qualityin Lake Dianchi. The Water Resources Management component wilL however. permit a more optimaluse of the water resources in the basin in that it will increase the use of the higher quality water fomSonghuaba Reservoir for domestic potmble supply with anticipated financial benefits of tratnent costreductions. Additionallv. the initiatives to reduce water demand by tariff and loss reductions, will reducepressure on supplies lcading to economnic and cnvirormental benefitL

6.1.5 Kunming Sanitarv Landfill

The two sanitary landfill sites proposed for Kunming will provide capacity for the environmentallyacceptable disposal of solid wastes from Kunmiing for up to 20 years, and thereby reduce the potentialimpact on surface and groundwater from the presmt uncontrolled tipplDg of waste. There wil becoreponding improvements in the efficiency of collection and transport, which will reduce theenvironmental degradation and visual pollWion arising fiom unauthorised dumping of waste in urban

Two recent major eanhquakes in Yunnan have heightened feats of sinilar events affecting the KumningLandfill sites, one of which is bisected by a large fault Further geological surveys will re-assess thesituation but it must be realised that few areas around Kunming are free frm faults and therefore proneto seismic activirvt The Do Nothing7 option is still deemed as the worst option even with the risk of aneardthqake at the proposed sites.

6.1.6 Environmental Management and Monitoring

The principal benefits are in the enhanced ability to:

1. detect long-term trends in selected environmental parameters,

2. check effluent quality into and out of STWs to ensure compliance with local discharge standards,

3. undertake compliance testing for industries.

4. monitor YEP performance. is the environment improving as per expectations?

5. monitor qualit of potable water supplies and check waterworks chemical processing.

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6.2 Qujing

6.2.1 Water Supplv

The water supply component for Qujing will alleviate raw water shorges and incresc die assuncrate. particularly in dr years when as little as only 60Yo of urban demand has been met Networkextensions wall increase the customer base and distribution of water in the city.

6.22 Wastewater Treatment

The wastewater treatment works. zith a capacity of lO0.OOOm3/d. provides only partial teatment in theimmediate term. Iased on chemically assisted primary sedimnentation. It will nevertheless remove asubstantial pollution l0ad. but the longer term water quality objectives for the Nanpanjiang will realso control of industnal wasiewater.

6.23 Solid Waste Management

The wastes manazement proposals will provide environmentally sound sanitary landfin disposalfacilities for wastes from Qujing and Zhanyi. replacing the existing largely uncontrolled dump siteswhich are known to be polluting groundwater and causing odour problems over the city. The wastecollection improvements, including transfer stations. will enhance collection efficiency and reduce thedegree of flytipping.

6.3 Gejiu

The wastewater and flood protection proposals for Gejiu, in addition to imnproving the capacity todischarge floodwater from Lake Gejiu. will collect wasewater currently discharged to the lake andthrebv reduce the pollution load that the lake presendy receives. The reated wastewater discharged tothe Zhadian nver coutside the Gcjiu catchment) will provide additional water for irrigation use. Higberquality water will be supplied to the lae from the existig potable water sources in substition for ftewastewater supplied for irrigation. This sbsttion will sustain both the water balance and watrquality improvement in the lake.

7. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation MeiuresNotwithstanding the very substantial positive balance of environmental impact of the project, there arenevertheless some adverse impacts that require mitigation. These impacts occur both in consructionand operttional phases of the project components. The principal impacts and the proposed mitigitioumeasures are descnbed in detail below: a summary of impacts and mitigations is given in Table 7.

7.1 Land Acquisition

All YEP components requirm some land acquisition on either a temporary or pemanent basis (Table 8).Thc total permanent land acquisition requirement is 225 ha. with 163 ha in Lake Dianchi Basin. 60 ba inQujing and 1 .8 ha in Gcjiu respectively. The areas of land to be pemanently acquired are dominated bythe landfill site requirements. which accoumt for 125 ha for Kunming, of which 67 ha for one site hasalready becn acquired. and 46 ha for Qujing. Water and wastwatr treatment works account for thebalance of land required permanently.

The land acquired for landfill sites is low gmde with little agriculural potential. That for WTWs andSTWs in both Kunming and Qujing is of higher cash value, being located within the urban area. InQujing high qualitv arable land is to be acquired.

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Table 7. Mitigation Measures for nll Main Adverse Impacts.

Project Component Impacts * Mitiation Meaurest

Construction PhaseLand Acquisition These social impacts will occur for all WTWs. STWs. and Solid Waste projectsResettlement. in all three project cities:Relocattion. .Ps * mitiate by following local and Provincial Goverunent regulations and laws;Compensation also implement the recommendations in the RAP.All Water and rhe installation of both sewers and water mains in all three project cities willSewer Net%%ark have a number of temporary adverse impacts which can be mitigated as foDows:Installations * dust and noise as described below

* compensation for loss of earnings by affected local businesses; use RAP* provide temporary bridges across open trenches for pedesians* plan work schedules to minimise the time businesses ar affected. this can be

done by working in short sections so that trenching. laying and refurbishingwill be completed in the section in less than one week

* acquire good information on underground services to avoid damage toexisting sewer. water and gas mains, telephonc and electricity lines

* preparc contingency plans for dealing with damage to other services* provide adequate sign posting of diversions due to road closures with the

assistance of appropriate local authorities* plan road closures and diversions to minimise disruption and inconvenience* ensure trench spoil is removed from site or properly stacked to prevent

fouling of pavements and oads.Qujing WTW In addition to the social inpacts lisbtd above, the building of the Du Mu to

Qujing aqueduct will involve considerable tunnelling and spoil production:* a disposaVreuse plan for this material needs to be drawn up to avoid

pollution of land and water rsourcesNoise (all projects) Noise produced by constuction vehicles and machinery is not prone to efiective

mitigation measures in populated areas:* avoidnoiseproducigacidvitiesatunsociablehours especiallynighttime.

Dust (all projects) Dust caused by eardiworks cannot easily be avoided; the dust so produced canbe raised by wind and veiclks* mitiate impact by wating and covering after the earthworks are finised.

Traffic congestion Inappropriate siting of works cntances and exits. or the use of a single access(all projects) poinL can produce scvere local congestonm

* plan works layout to avoid congestion:* provide temporary access roads or mutes if possible:* route site taffic to avoid areas of congestion.

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Table 7 (cooat Mitigation Measures for al1 Main Adverse ImpattL

Project Component Impacts * Mihtption Meaurres

Operions PhaseSTWs Disposal of solid wastes (screenings. sludges and grit):

* desnen for disposal to landfill site cnsure landfill capacity will not becxcecded:

a depending on chemical composition of sludges consider disposal toaenculhure. or forestry before disposal to landfill:

Protection aeaznsa shock load cffluent inflows:* implecm regular visual and physical monitoring of crude effluent inflows

to detect incoming shock load;Noise from aeration equipmenta desizn works lavout to avoid residential or office buildings within 100-200

metres: at STW No.1 in Kunming 100 m with good tre cover has proveneffective for noise abatenent

* insulatc buildings where noisc is produced:Odour.* plantrees and flowering shbs as a green belt to absorb and scent air.* dispose of sludges quickly;Health hazards to workforcc:* providc safetv equipmcnt and clothing as appropriate;* provide washing facilities with antiseptic soaps.

! WTWs Disposal of domestic (work unit wastes) and process sludges::* dispose to swer providiog sludge composition is acceptable:

Hazardous chemicals:* for chlorine and ferric chloride - pmvide clothing and safety equipment as

per national standards;. in chlorine housc itas an adequate emergency ventilation systent;

Noise from equipment, keep residential aeas away from pump houses and filters;* plant ts and shrubs to absorb noise as per STWs:* sound proof equipment or buildings housing noisy machineyIncreased water demand and wastage:* reduce excessive demand through demand management pdlicies and tariff

reform:* reduce wastage through network leak detection.

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Table 7 (cont) Mitigation Measures for all Main Adverse Impacts.

Project Component Impacts * Mitigaon Meaures

Solid WasteLandfill site Leachate controL treament and monitoring:

* the sites must be lined with impermeable material to meet local standards toprevent contamination of water rsources:

* intercepted leachate must be treated to reduce BOD. pathogens andsuspended solids before release to the environmenL Local effluent dischargestandards are to be observed. lTe treatment pond should have sufficientcapacity to hold leachate plus stornwater flows: this may then result inevaporation exceeding inflow producing zero effluent outflow.

* leachate outflow composition must be monitored along with local waterresources liable to contamination by the outflow:

Gas control and monitoring:* production of biogenic gases must be monitored: useful gas (methane) could

be used for local residential heating oras a final resort burned off by anautomatic ignition system to avoid explosions;

Odour.* odour s produced are likely to dispersed rapidly by wind in the project

landfill sites. the remote locations also lessens the population affected tothose actually working at the landfill:

Dust:* will be produced by the fill covering activities and tipping of waste from

delivery trucks; damping the waste on delivery and the cover materid wilreduce the impacts:

e ensure adequate site water supply for damping operations:Noise:, ddivery trucks and roliers involved in covering are the main souces of ooise

at the landfill: impacts can be mitigated by engine silencers and avoidingnight time wodcing

Transfer and Noise:collection * collections from street bins in residental areas occurs at night and poses a

problem for mitigation: noise can be reduced by caw on the part ofthe binhandlers and truck drives: little in the way of technical intervention willreduce the dB level Intnoducing plastic bins would reduce noise levels.Adverse impacts on villages en rowe to the landfills requires drivers to adjusttheir driving to reduce noise;

DusL* during trnsfer in coal burning areas dust may be a problen; as with noise,

care by the operatives is the main solution:Trffrc congestion:* night time operations should alleviate most congestion problems:

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Table 8. Laud Acquisition and Resetdement in YEP World Bank Funded projec

Project Component Land Acquisition (ba) Project Affected People Finr

_ Temporarv Permanent Affected Resettled affeced

KUNMINGWATER SUPPLYWTWNo. I 0 1.5 199 0 3New WTW 0 6.0 ISO 0 0Reservoir Oi 2.0 60 0 0Water Netwnrk 15 0 0 0 0

Sub-total is 9.5 439 O 3WASTEWArER TREATMENT

STW No. 0.7 3.74 165 21 1STW No.4 0.7 6.97 120 0 0STW No.5 0.7 6.62 162 0 0Sewer Network 1.4 0.5 Is 0 0

Sutonl 3.S 17.8 462 21 1

SOLID WASTEHongshuitana Landfill I11 0 66.64 387 0 0Baishuimang Landfill Qi 0 56.00 60 0 0Medium tmniser stations 0 2.45 68 0 0Sub-t te 9 2 515 O 9- .

IPCKuruning CFP 0 2.06 23 0 0Kunyang PFP 0 0.61 13 0 0

SubotalS 90 267 36 O -9l:SMALL TOWNS SEWERAGEChenggong STW 16.4 2.00 134 0 0Jinning STW S 5.33 119 0 0Sub-towl 2L4 7.33 253 O ORURAL SANITATION no data no data iio data no dgaf no dat

ENV. MAN. & MONITORING

Sub-otal 0 .39 25 a 9

QUJINGWTW 0 4.00 290 0 0Pipelineftunnel 50 0 0 0 0STW 10 10.00 9K6 0 0Landfill 0 45.66 348 D 0Sub-al 60 59.7 1,624 O9

GEJIUSTW 0.13 -1.83 47 0 0Sub-Vot . 0 .3 47 O O

GRAND TOTAL 100 224A 3,401 21 4

Source: RAP Report (draft) = site already acquied: LAR-surveys being conducted .rospecvelyUP = site to be leased for c.20 years

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7.2 Resettlement

Only in the case of the sites of Sewage Treatment Works No 4b (163 persons) in Kunming and the Gejiusewage treatment works (21 persons) will there be any need for any residential resettlement A diledResettlement Action Plan and a Resettlement Information Booklet (RIB) have been prepared, andresettlement is described in detil in Annex F to the Project ReporL

7.3 Wastewater rreatment Impacts

The principal impact associated with wastewater treatment is the generation of substantial quantities oftreatment restdues i %ludge. grit and screenings). At full development of wastewater treatment facilitiesin Kunming the tot al quantitv ot sludee requiring disposal would be in the order of 200 tVd in the form ofdewatered sludcc cale. IEven wherc the quality of sludge would be acceptable for use in agriculttre, it isunlikely that thcre %bould be sutTicicnt demand for usc in agriculturc to reduce this quantity significantly.Thc primary disposal route will therefore be by landfill at the new sites serving Kunming. Disposal ofsludge from the %%astewater treatment facilities at Qujing and Gejiu will also be by landfill.

The other main impacts of wastewater treatment are odour and noise, principally frmm aeationequipment. Problems of odour are minimised in most cases by the absence of primary teatment andhence the need to process pnmary sludge. Odour will be fiurthcr minimised by rapid disposal of sludgeto avoid storaur and bv providing green belt buffrer zones around the periphey of die sites. Noiseimpact will be minimised bv works design to maximise distances from any sensitive receives andwhere necessarv h1 acoustic insulation of buildings.

7.4 Solid Waste Disposal Impacts

The major impacts from landfill disposal of municipal waste will be the generation of leachate and oflandfill gas. At all sites groundwater will be protected by provision of synthetic site liners and bycollection of leachate. It is proposed to store leachate for recirculation through the landfilL thereyminimising both the quanuty for disposal and its polluting charcter.

The location of the sites a substantial distanc from significant centres of population, is beneficial interms of reducing odour nuisance. However, it also means that it is unlikely that beneficial use oflandfill gas for energzy recoverv will be economic. Landfill gas will thercfore be flared for safety reasonsand for conversion of methane. a potent greenhouse gas. to the less potent carbon dioxide.

7.5 Construction Spoil Disposal

Considerable quantities of excavation spoil will be generated during the construction of all water andwastewater treatment works, water tmnsmission and seweage systems. In particular dthre will besubstantial amounts of tunnelling spoil fiom tie Du Mu tunnel (93 km) and pipeline (33.3 km) inQujing and the tunnel (1.3 kln) in Gejiu. Detailed spoil disposal plans will be prepared, incorporatingwherever possible the beneficial use of spoil as aggrgae or hardcore in construction actividies orlandscaping.

7.6 Industrv Pollution Control Impacts

The production upgrading proposals at the two fertiliser factories include new facilities for production ofsulphuric acid from sulphur. Tail gases from these upgraded production facilities contain sulphurdioxide and acid aerosols and are to be discharged to the atmosphere. The discharges are via tall stucks,45m and 60m for the Kunming Chemical Fertiliser- and Kunyang Phosphate Fertiliser Factoryrespectively. In the individual environmental assessmenrt for the two factories it is shown bycalculation that the discharges would not result in unacceptable ground level concenwaion of thepollutants.

A total of 2.67ha of land will be required peranentlyfor facy extsion. (2.06ha at K,mming CFF)I,no resettlement is involved though 36 people will be ffected (23 at KCFF, 13 at KPFF).

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7.7 Other Construction Impacts

A number of other impacts will arise as a result of construction activities, including disruption to tafficand municipal services. temporary loss of ffriniand. noise and dusL In all cases impact will beminimised by adherence to defined opeational procedures. liaison with the appropriate audtorities andappropriate compensation where necessarv. For example noise impact will be minimised by restrictionson hours of workine and dust from cxcavation and spoil transport by means of water sprays and byvehicle washing. covenne and controls on loading of vehicles. Disnrption to shop owners andpedestrians during sewer and water main installation will be mitigaped via standing local procedur.

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