Upload
muhamad-ridzuan
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
1/21
SEMANTICS: INTRODUCTION
Study of the meaning of;
Words
Phrases
Sentences
Conceptual rather than Associative
Example;
Wrinkle cream cream that causes wrinkle
= cream to decrease wrinkle
Pain pills pills to get pain
= pills to reduce pain
This chapter will be focusing on trying to describe what
constitutes conceptual meaning.
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
2/21
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
3/21
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
4/21
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
5/21
o
o
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
6/21
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
7/21
LEXICAL RELATIONS
- WORDS: NOTONLYCANBETREATEDASCONTAINERS OFMEANINGOR
FULFILLINGASROLES, THEYCAN
ALSOHAVERELATIONSHIPWITHOTHERS
E.G: CONCEAL ANDSHALLOW?CHARACTERIZINGTHEMEANINGOFEACH
WORDINTERMSOFITSRELATIONSHIPTOOTHERWORDS
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
8/21
SYNONYMY
TWOORMOREWORDSWITHVERYCLOSELYRELATEDMEANINGSOFTEN, THOUGHNOTALWAYS, BESUBSTITUTEDFOR
EACHOTHERINSENTENCESTHEIDEAOFSAMENESS OFMEANINGISNOTNECESSARILY TOTALSAMENESS . THEREAREMANYOCCASIONSWHENONEWORDISAPPROPRIATEINASENTENCE, BUTITSSYNONYMWOULDBEODD.SYNONYMOUSFORMSMAYALSODIFFERINTERMSOFFORMALVERSUSINFORMALUSES. E.G:
- MYFATHERPURCHASEDALARGEAUTOMOBILE
-MYDADBOUGHTABIGCAR
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
9/21
ANTONYMYTWOFORMSWITHOPPOSITEMEANINGS. DIVIDEDINTO:
GRADABLEANYTONYMS (OPPOSITESALONGASCALE)- COMPARATIVECONSTRUCTIONS. E.G:IMBIGGERTHANYOU
- THENEGATIVEOFONEMEMBEROFAGRADABLEPAIRDOESNOT
NECESSARILYIMPLYTHEOTHER. E.G:MYCARISNTOLD DOESNOTMEAN
MYCARISNEW
NON-GRADABLE (DIRECTOPPOSITES
- COMPLEMENTARYPAIRS- THENEGATIVEOFONEMEMBER 0FNON-
GRADABLEDOESIMPLYTHEOTHERMEMBER. E.G:
MYGRANDPARENTSAREDEAD
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
10/21
REVERSIVES:- AVOIDDESCRIBINGONEMEMBEROF
ANANTONYMOUSPAIRASTHENEGATIVEOFTHEOTHER. E.G:
UNDRESSCANBETREATEDASTHEOPPOSITEOFDRESS,IT DOESNTMEANNOTDRESS.ITACTUALLYMEANSDOTHE REVERSEOFDRESS
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
11/21
HYPONYMY AND PROTOTYPES
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
12/21
HYPONYMY
Hyponymy words whose meanings are specificinstances of a more general word.
The concept of inclusion is involved.
E.g. 1: roseis a hyponym for flower E.g. 2: horseis a hyponym for animal
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
13/21
When we consider hyponymous connections, weare looking at the meaning of words in some type ofhierarchical relationship.
Livingthing
creature
Animal horse
Insect ant
plant Flower rose
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
14/21
HORSEIS
AHYPONYM
OF
ANIMAL
,WHILE
ANT
ISAHYPONYMOFINSECT.ANIMALANDINSECTHEREARECALLEDSUPERORDINATE (HIGHERLEVEL) TERMS.
ANIMALANDINSECTHEREAREALSOCO-HYPONYMSUNDERTHESUPERORDINATETERMCREATURE.
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
15/21
PROTOTYPES
THEIDEAOFTHECHARACTERISTICINSTANCEOFACATEGORYISKNOWNASTHEPROTOTYPE.DOVE, DUCK, PENGUIN, FLAMINGOAREALLCO-HYPONYMSOFTHESUPERORDINATEBIRD,
THEYARENOTALLCONSIDEREDAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHECATEGORYBIRD.PROTOTYPETHERESEMBLANCETOTHECLEARESTEXAMPLES
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
16/21
GIVENTHECATEGORYFURNITURE, PEOPLE
AREQUICKTORECOGNISECHAIRASABETTEREXAMPLETHANBENCHORSTOOL.THISISONEAREAWHEREINDIVIDUALEXPERIENCECANLEADTOSUBSTANTIALVARIATIONININTERPRETATION.
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
17/21
HOMOPHONES HOMONYMS
When two or more different forms(written) have same the pronunciation.
When one form (written or spoken)has two or more unrelated meanings
Example
flour/flower
pail/pale
sew/so
Example
bank (of a river) and bank (financialinstitution)
pupil (at school) and pupil (in theeye)
bat (flying creature) and bat (used insport)
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
18/21
POLYSEMY
ONE
FORM
(WRITTEN
OR
SPOKEN
)HAVING
MULTIPLEMEANINGSTHATAREALLRELATEDBYEXTENSION.
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
19/21
WORD PLAY
Based fromHomophonesHomonymy
Polysemy
Usually forhumorous effect
Example:Why are trees oftenmistaken for dogs?
Because of their bark.
Explanation:Bark has double meaning:
1-The bark of the dog.
2-The bark of the tree.(the outer layer of the tree)
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
20/21
METONYMY
It is based simply
on a close connectionin everydayexperience.
CONTAINER-CONTENTS RELATIONe.g: bottle/water, can/juiceWHOLE-PART RELATIONe.g: car/wheels, house/roof
REPRESENTATIVE-SYMBOLRELATIONSHIP
e.g: king/crown, the President,The White House
Example:He drank the wholebottle.
Explanation:He drank the liquid,not the glass object.
7/31/2019 Yule Ch 10 Pp.100-111 Semantics - Complete
21/21
COLLOCATION(PG 108-109)
A collocation is the occurrence of other words. Eg: tableelicits chair, butter elicits bread, needle elicits thread.
The study of which words occur together and theirfrequency of co-occurance has received a lot moreattention in corpus linguistic.
A corpus is a large collection of text, spoken or written,typically stored as a database in a computer.
To analyze a corpus, a computer can do a frequency
analysis of words, compute a concordance, and compute acollocation.