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Page 1: ypB QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= UQQ VvmQ [ Q

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VvmQOv= w x@ Q[ Q=F; |x_LqtxR=U � l =N

�|QDmO |wHWv=O� � xO=R u}UL OtLt�Q=}Wv=O� |rv} RQwB O}aU

uq}o x=oWv=O 'u=Qta |UOvyt xwQo '|UOvyt w |vi |xOmWv=O

=yxrwm w xWQa =} w xWQa R= VN@ wO u}@ `=]kv= RQO pLt QO xm =ypB QO x@ Q[ |xO}OB"OwW x}=B |wQ R= xWQa uO=Di= =} w OQwNQ@ pLt QO |@=QN ?Hwt Ov=wD|t 'OyO|t MQ?U=vt |xR=Ov= ?=NDv= 'QwmPt |xO}OB R= |W=v |=yCQ=UN Vy=m |=yQ=my=Q R= |m}

xQwO =@ xv=yO 3 w 2 pB 6 |R=UpOt =@ 'Q[=L VywSB QO =Pr "CU= `=]kv= RQO15 w 12 5 '10 '7 5 '5 '2 5 `=]kv= |=yRQO uDiQo Q_vQO w hrDNt |=y?w=vD

jr]t |}=Hx@=H |xv}W}@ pt=W |}xRQr |=yQDt=Q=B QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= QF= '|QDt|Dv=UxOW |UQQ@ x@ Q[ O=OaD MQv w x@ Q[ |wQ}v |xv}W}@ 'x}=B |WtN Qovr |xv}W}@ 'xWQa"OvDiQo Q=Qk l}ORv w QwO |=yxRwL CW=ov?=DW 16 CLD xar=]t OQwt |=ypB "CU=

V}=Ri= w OQwNQ@ O=OaD Vy=m ?Hwt `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= V}=Ri= xm O=O u=Wv G}=DvO=H}= ?Hwt l}ORv |xRwL |=yxrRrR u}vJty "OwW|t xWQa |}=Hx@=H |xv}W}@

"OvwW|t QwO |xRwL |=yxrRrR x@ C@Uv =ypB QO QDnQR@ |}xRQr |=yMU=B

[email protected]@guilan.ac.ir "l}ORv w QwO |=yxRwL |=yxrRrR 'x@ Q[ '`=]kv= RQO 'pB %|O}rm u=oS=w

xtOkt "1u}@ `=]kv= RQO |xrY=i ,qwtat� |QDt|Dv=U OvJ `=]kv= RQO ^=Lr =@ pB pw=ODtO}OW |=yxrRrR u=tR QO x@ Q[ '�OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO QDt|Dv=U 7 5 |r= 2 5

[3�1]"Ow@ Oy=wN ?=vDH= p@=kQ}e|L=Q] 2=yxt=vu}}; |NQ@ QO 'R=isy Q}e |=yMU=B R= |Q}owrH Qw_vt x@'CU= xOW O=yvW}B sy x@ l}ORv =} w Q@=Q@ |rY= Ot=U@ =@ sy Qw=Ht |=y?=ksmCUO O}=@ TvQDr=m |xt=vu}}; j@=]t QDQ}PBVtN ?=k |rY= Ot=U@ xm |Qw]x@MU=B pQDvm p}=Uw R= xO=iDU= u}vJty "OW=@ Qw=Ht QDCNU ?=k Ot=U@ Q@=Q@ 0 7'uOW �xr=Jt� xOQWi C}r@=k =@ p}=Uw 3 MR w RwmU} w |=yQo =Q}t %p}@k R= 'xR=UQO x@ Q[ Q=F; Vy=m CyH hrDNt u=QoWywSB \UwD R}v =yQ}ox@ Q[ w =yOv@ Q=ytx@ Q[ QF= QO =ypB |@=QN Vy=m |=Q@ pw=ODt w u=U; x=Q =t= [4]"Ov=xOW KQ]t =ypBQwmPt |=yxR=U QO `=]kv= |=yRQO pw] s}_vD 'sy Qw=Ht |v=kwi |=yVN@ u}@pB |xWQa |wQ Q@ Ot; w CiQ QO pqDN= ?Hwt Ov=wD|t nQR@ `=]kv= RQO "CU=

"CU= QF-wt u; OQmrta QO `=]kv= |=yRQO sm |xR=Ov= w OwWQDU@ QO u}tR CmQL '=yxR=U |m}t=v}O p}rLD pwtat VwQ QO 'Qo}O |wU R=p=ta= u; x@ 'CU= xJQ=Bl} u}tR =@ w ?rY ,qt=m xR=U |=B xmv}= ZQi =@ O=R;,=@} QkD CNU ,=D@Uv =} w |}xQNY w |ovU |=yu}tR |=Q@ |D=}[Qi u}vJ "OwW|tC=ar=]t "Ow@ Oy=wNv jO=Y u=OvJ sQv w |m =N |=yu}tR |=Q@ =t= 'CU= K}LYQwmPt |xO}OB QF= R= |m =L 'xR=U � l =N VvmQOv= QF= uDiQo Q_vQO =@ hrDNt

u}@ w |QyW pkv w ptL sDU}U QO |D=}L <=RH= R= |m} u=wvax@ =ypB xRwQt=|=y|@=QN Cra x@ =yu; R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ QO pqDN= RwQ@ xm OvwW|t xDN=vW |QyWw xv} Ry w OwW pkv w ptL sDU}U QO pqDN= x@ QHvt Ov=wD|t |oDN} QwQi =} |�RHp}rLD |=Q@ =Q |irDNt |=ywQ}v '=yxt=vu}}; "OW=@ xDW=O x=Qty x@ |v}ovU |=yOt=}B=t= "Ovvm|t u}}aD =yu; x=oCN=U \}=QW w OQ@ Q=m wv ?UL Q@ =yxR=U |L=Q] wx@ QYDNt Qw]x@ =} w xOWv x_Lqt =yxt=v u}}; QO =yxR=U Q@ OQ=w |=ywQ}v R= |NQ@XwYNx@ 'xOQ=w |=ywQ}v K}LY CN=vW sOa Cra x@ "CU= xOW xDN=OQB =yu;Q}N= uQk wO pw] QO xOWxDN=U |=ypB QO |O=} R |=y|@=QN |m}t=v}O |=ywQ}vwkw R= Oa@ Q}N= |xyO OvJ QO xm |tyt |=ywQ}v R= |m} "CU= xDUw}B wkw x@=ypB QO =yu; ?QNt Q=F; |xOy=Wt w |J |J w x@ wm 'G} QFQwv %Ovv=t '|}=yxrRrR1�nv}Ov=B� x@ Q[ |xO}OB R= |W=v |wQ}v 'CU= xDiQo Q=Qk u=QoWywSB xHwD OQwt|=yx}=B w xWQa =} w xWQa R= VN@ wO u}@ OQwNQ@ QF= QO x@ Q[ |xO}OB "CU=s=ovy QO R=isy Q}e |=yMU=B Cra x@ `=]kv= |=yRQO pLt QO pB �=yxrwm � |Q=vmOv=wD|t w CU= QF-wt =ypB |}xRQr |=yMU=B |wQ Q@ x@ Q[ |wQ}v "OyO|t MQ xrRrR|=y|L=Q] QO "OwW x}=B |wQ R= xWQa uO=Di= =} w xrwm w xWQa QO |@=QN ?Hwt

pw�Ut xOvU} wv �"1395 8 17 VQ}PB '1395 8 8 x}LqY= '1395 6 7 Ci=} QO %M} Q=D

DOI:10.24200/J30.2018.1361

Page 2: ypB QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= UQQ VvmQ [ Q

"""=ypB

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UQQ@sDU}U Q=DN=U QO |tyt C=Q}}eD xm OW=@ nQR@ |}xR=Ov= x@ x@ Q[ u=tR COt Qo =

u=tr= VwQ u}vJty "Ow@ Oy=wNv K}LY u=OvJ |v; |x@ Q[ ZQi 'ODi= j=iD=Qvi |=yu=tr= R= xO=iDU= =@ =Q x@ Q[ |xO}OB xm CU= wQ}v |x}=B Q@ VwQ l} |U=tDw |]N |x@ Q[ pOt u}OvJ '|U=tD u=tr= VwQ T=U= Q@ "Ovm|t pOt Qo =Q}t w'8|]N Qvi pOt pt=W 'x]kv x@ x]kv |x@ Q[ |Oa@ l} |R=UpOt |=Q@ |]NQ}epOt �10RDQy� |]NQ}e u=UWm pOt '�9u} wrm pOt� |]N u=UWmwmU} w pOt[12w3]"Ov=xOW KQ]t|]NQ}e|}=Q}t =@ 11AtO RDQy pOt w '|]NQ}e u=UWmwmU} w|x_Lqt |=Q@ 12|mUimv=H |]NQ}e u=UWmwmU} w pOt R= 'Q[=L |xar=]t QOu=tr= VwQ QO x@ Q[ |wQ}v |x@U=Lt \@=wQ "CU= xOW xO=iDU= =ypB QO x@ Q[ QF=

[13]%CU= �G w ? 'hr=� 1 |x]@=Q CQwYx@ |U=tDF (t) = KP �1 5(t) + CP (t) _�(t) for _�(t) > 0; � � 0 (hr=1)

F (t) = KP �1 5(t) for _�(t) < 0; � � 0 (?1)

F (t) = 0 for � = (u1 � u2 �Gap) < 0 (G1)

wO u}@ |xrY=i � &OQwNQ@ |DNU QDt=Q=B Kp &x@ Q[ |wQ}v F (t) '=yu; QO xm?}DQD x@ u2 w u1 &�xOWO=H}= |=ypmWQ}}eD |xOvvmu=}@ OQwNQ@ |x_Lr QO� sUHu}@ |@Uv CaQU _�(t) &`=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= Gap &swO w pw= |=ysUH u=mtQ}}eD

[13]%O};|t CUOx@ 2 |x]@=Q R= xm CU= |}=Q}t ?} Q[ Cp(t) w sUH wO

CP (t) = 2��rKPp�(t) �m1 �m2

�m1 + �m2(2)

3 |x]@=Q R= xm CU= |}=Q}t C@Uv �� w Qw=Ht sUH wO sQH �m2 w �m1 'u; QO xm[14]%OwW|t x@U=Lt

�� = 9p52

1� e2

e(e(9� � 16) + 16)(3)

Q_v QO 0 65 Q@=Q@ u=wD|t |vD@ s=UH= |=Q@ xm CU= u=Q@H ?} Q[ e 'u; QO xm[15]%OQw; CUOx@ 4 x]@=Q R= =} w CiQo

e = �0 007�03 + 0 069�02 � 0 2529�0 + 0 7929 (4)

"CU= OQwNQ@ R= p@k |x_Lr QO sUH wO |@Uv CaQU �0 'u; QO xm

u; |R=UpOt w pB C=YNWt "3xWQa w x}=B |R=UpOt "1"3

1 pmW QO l}D=tW CQwYx@ xm xv=yO 3 w 2 pB 6 |R=UpOt =@ Q[=L VywSB QOCLD =ypB |}xRQr |=yMU=B QO `=]kv= |=yRQO |xR=Ov= QF= 'CU= xO=O u=WvQUl} CQwYx@ xWQa x=ox}mD "CU= xOW xar=]t l}ORv w QwO |=yxRwL |=yxrRrR|WN@ w xWQa sQH pt=W� pB sQH "CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QOlDre QUl} w pYitsDU}U l} CQwYx@ �xWQa x=Qty x@� =yx}=B R= l} Qy w RmQtDt xWQa QO �x}=B R=w pB |x}=B |B VvmQOv= QF= |R=UpOt Qw_vt x@ "CU= xOW pOt |O=R; xHQO l}|B |v=QwO w |r=kDv= C=mQL pt=W |O=R; xHQO 3 sDU}U l} R= u; h=Q]= l =NQy '=yxrwm x@ xWQa p=YD= uOw@ |mDre x@ xHwD =@ u}vJty "CU= xOW xO=iDU=T=U= u}= Q@ =Pr "OvOW pOt |O=R; xHQO l} sDU}U l} CQwYx@ =yxrwm R= l}xwQo |=ypB� xv=yO 3 |=ypB w |O=R; xHQO 6 =@ �A xwQo |=ypB� xv=yO 2 |=ypB

|r=kDv= C=mQL Cra x@ xWQa |rm |}=Hx@=H xS} w x@ =ypB |}xRQr |=yMU=B QOw `=]kv= |=yRQO uOW xDU@ xm|}=Hv; R= [7�5]"CU= |B QO �nv}m =Q� |v=QwO w=Pr 'CU=y?=k R= l} Qy QO xWQa |rm |}=Hx@=H R= QF-=Dt =ypB QO x@ Q[ O=H}=|xar=]t |=Q@ |QDj}kO G}=Dv Ov=wD|t |m}t=v}O |=yp}rLD QO QwmPt QF= |x_Lqt

"Ovm x�=Q= x@ Q[ |xO}OB|}xRQr |=yMU=B QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= Q}F-=D |xv}tR QO |irDNt C=ar=]t|R=UpOt =@ u=Q=mty w w=J "CU= xOW s=Hv= pB w u=tDN=U p}@k R= |}=yxR=UxR=U � l =N VvmQOv= QF= |x_Lqt w |QDt|Dv=U 5 w 3 '1 `=]kv= RQO =@ |}=ypB|xv}W}@ w x}=B |WtN Qovr QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= QF= '4u}tR uwoty=v C=mQL wxO=O u=Wv G}=Dv "OvOQm Q_vhQY =yxrwm |R=UpOt R= w |UQQ@ =Q x@ Q[ |wQ}vxm |}=ypB |=Q@ |DL 'OQwNQ@ R= ?=vDH= |=Q@ `=]kv= RQO pw=ODt |xR=Ov= xm CU=R}v |Qo}O |xar=]t QO [2]"CU}v |i=m R}v 'OvQ=O x@=Wt ?w=vD |xQwO =@ |}=y?=kQw=Ht |=yQ}Dx=W OQwNQ@ sOa Qw_vt x@ R=}vOQwt `=]kv= RQO |xv}tm |x@U=Lt x@w xR=U � l =N VvmQOv= QF= w xDN=OQB QqwOt \=U@v= RQO sDU}U =@ =ypB QO syxOW x_Lqt =ypB |}xRQr Q=DiQ |R=UpOt QO u}tR uwoty=v C=mQL QF= u}vJty[8]"CU= xOW Q_vhQY =yx}=B |]NQ}e Q=DiQ w =yxrwm |R=UpOt R= =t= 'CU=`=]kv= RQO |xv}tm '|iO=YD C=W=aDQ= VwQ R= xO=iDU= =@ '2011 p=U QO u}vJtyZQi =@ xrwm w xWQa R}v w xWQa R= VN@ wO u}@ x@ Q[ R= |Q}owrH |=Q@ R=}vOQwtw [5]'CU= xOW x@U=Lt 'xR=U � l =N VvmQOv= |x_Lqt sOa w u=UWm Q=DiQu=Wv xR=U � l =N VvmQOv= |R=UpOt w [9]'�2010� u}W}B C=ar=]t |xaUwD =@|=Q@ R=}vOQwt `=]kv= RQO Q}O=kt QO |tyt Q}F-=D 'QwmPt QF= |x_Lqt xm OW xO=OC=ar=]t x@ u=wD|t xv}tR u}= QO xOWs=Hv= C=ar=]t Qo}O R= "OQ=O x@ Q[ R= ?=vDH=VvmQOv= QF= |x_Lqt uwO@ xv=yO 2 pB l} |R=UpOt =@ xm [10]'OQm xQ=W= |Qo}O

"CU= xOQm |UQQ@ =Q xrwm w xWQa u}@ OQwNQ@ 'xR=U � l =NVvmQOv= QF= uDiQo Q_vQO =@ 'Q[=L |xar=]t QO xOWQmP ?r=]t x@ xHwD =@XwYNx@ w |}xRQr |=yMU=B QO `=]kv= RQO |xR=Ov= Q}F-=D |UQQ@ x@ xR=U � l =N|=yCW=ov?=DW |Ov@xDUO =@ u}vJty "CU= xOW xDN=OQB =ypB QO x@ Q[ |xO}OB|=y?w=vD |xQwO =@ =ypB |R=UpOt R}v w l}ORv w QwO |xRwL wO x@ |r=ta=|=yp}rLD s=Hv= =@ QwmPt pt=wa QO pB ?w=vD |xQwO w xrRrR wv Q}F-=D 'hrDNt

"CU= xOW |@=} RQ= |]NQ}e |m}t=v}O

x@ Q[ |R=UpOt "2|}xO}OB 'OwW|t O=H}= sy Qw=Ht |=yxR=U u}@ OQwNQ@ QF= QO xm �nv}Ov=B� x@ Q[u} QD|rY= '6|U=tD u=tr= VwQ w 5p=m}v=mtw} QDU= VwQ "CU= |]NQ}e w xO}J}B|x}=B Q@|}=yVwQu}vJty� OvDUy x@ Q[|xO}OB |R=UpOt |=Q@|r}rLD |=yVwQ?} Q[ VwQ u=wvax@ xm p=m}v=mtw} QDU= VwQ "�CU= xOW x�=Q= R}v G=wt= |Qw�DT=}kt QO |m}t=v}O |=yx@ Q[ |R=UpOt Q@ |aU 'OwW|t xDN=vW R}v 7u=Q@H|v; CQwYx@ x@ Q[ xm OwW|t ZQi p=m}v=mtw} QDU= VwQ QO "OQ=O |B wmUwQm =tOa@ s=UH= CaQU KqY= |=Q@ u=Q@H ?} Q[ w swDvtt |Q=DU}=B pY= R= w OQ=w|wQ}v 'CU}v wQ}v |x}=B Q@ QwmPt VwQ xm |}=Hv; R= [11]"OwW|t xO=iDU= x@ Q[ R=p=m}v=mtw} QDU= VwQ =Pr "OwW|t xDiQo Q_v QO QiY Q@=Q@ QwmPt VwQ QO x@ Q[^=Lr sOa Cra x@ u}vJty "OwW xO=iDU= OwHwt |Q=HD |=yxt=vQ@ QO Ov=wD|tvw CU= OwOLt QwmPt VwQ |=yOQ@ Q=m 'p=m}v=mtw} QDU= VwQ QO T=tD |x_Lr

82

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UOvyt |xrO=at "CU= xOW s=Hv= pmW I |vD@ |xDN=UV}B |=yQ}D CQwYx@ w �139

%CWwv 5 |x]@=Q CQwYx@ u=wD|t =Q pB CmQL[M ]�u+ [C] _u+ [K]fug+ fFg = �[M ]frg�ug (5)

&pB |tQH w |}=Q}t '|DNU |=yT} QD=t ?}DQD x@ [M ] w [C] '[K] 'u; QO xmQ}F-=D Q=OQ@ frg &?=DW w CaQU '|}=Hx@=H |=yQ=OQ@ ?}DQD x@ f�ug w f _ug 'fugpLt QO xOWO=H}= |x@ Q[ |wQ}v Q=OQ@ fFg w xrRrR ?=DW �ug &OL=w |=yx}=QO =@QO |U} wvxt=vQ@ R= �5 |x]@=Q� xOWQmP CmQL |xrO=at pL |=Q@ "CU= OQwNQ@|m}t=v}O CqO=at xm CU= QmP x@ sRq "CU= xOW xO=iDU= 14?rDt Q=Ri=sQv \}Lt'OvDUy pkDUt CQwYx@ OQwNQ@ R= p@k �xWQa w =yxrwm � =RHt |=yVN@ CmQL

"OvwW|t 15xDU@=w QwmPt \@=wQ 'x@ Q[ |wQ}v O=H}= =@ OQwNQ@ s=ovy QO =t=GQ=N u=UWm Q=DiQ |x}L=v R= O}OW |r= \UwDt |=yxrRrR CLD =ypB ,qwtatxrtH R= Q@}=i pOt w |Q}tN pYit pOt "OvwW|t |Q}tN Q=DiQ |xOwOLt OQ=w w|xar=]t QO "OvDUy =yxR=U w =[a= u=UWmQ}e Q=DiQ |UQQ@ |=Q@ |r}rLD |=ypOt'uwDU |=B QO pYit uDiQo Q_vQO w |Q}tN pYit VwQ R= xO=iDU= =@ 'Q[=LxOW xDiQo Q_v QO |v=QwO Qvi l} =@ pB |x}=B QO KrUt uD@ Kr=Yt |]NQ}e Q=DiQCU= xOW xO=iDU= =vLv= � u=tt |vLvt R= pYit C=YNWt u}}aD |=Q@ "CU=|}=Hx@=H Q=Okt "OQm x@U=Lt =Q w[a QO |}=Hx@=H Q=Okt u=wD|t u; j} Q] R= xm

%O};|t CUOx@ 6 |x]@=Q R= s}rUD |x]kv QO �O=R; QU� x}=B |q=@

Dy = 'yL2

3 (6)

"CU= w[a pw] L w s}rUD |=vLv= 'y 'u; QO xm|=ypOt R=|}xRQr|}xNQJ |=yQ=@CLD KrUt uD@ Q=DiQ u=}@ |=Q@ u=QoWywSB|Q}tNu=UWm |xO=U |=ypOt x@ u=wD|t xm Ovvm|t xO=iDU= |irDNt T} RQDU}ypOt w Q-hyst w =Om =D %Ovv=t '|DNU Vy=m |x_Lqt =@ |}=ypOt &|]NwO wxQ=W= 'OQ}o|t Q_v QO =Q 16nv}Jv}B w Ctw=kt p=wR '|DNU Vy=m Q=F; xm Pivot

[16w12]"OQm|=ypmWQ}}eD =@ =[a= QO nv}Jv}B w |QwLt |=yQ=@ QO Ctw=kt p=wR |xO}OB,=@} QkD |WtN ?r=e |=ypmWQ}}eD =@ =[a= xm |r=L QO 'OwW|t xOy=Wt |WQ@=@ 'Q[=L |xar=]t QO [16]"OvyO|t u=Wv OwN R= |Q=O}=B T} RQDU}y |=yxkrLuD@ |Q=DiQ pOt u=}@ |=Q@ [17]'Q-hyst pOt R= =yx}=B |WtN Q=DiQ |x_Lqtxm CU= CtUk 4 pt=W 'QwmPt pOt Q@ sm =L u}v=wk "CU= xOW xO=iDU= KrUt

"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 3 pmW QO

"xar=]t OQwt |=ypB C=YNWt "1 pwOH�P1� AJ CtU ?=k �P2� CU=Q CtU ?=k

pBT1 m1 T2 m2(s) (ton) (s) (ton)

0 5 1500 � � AI

1 1500 � � AII

1 5 1500 � � AIII

0 5 1500 0 7 3000 BI

1 1500 1 4 3000 BII

1 5 1500 2 14 3000 BIII

3 w 2 |=ypB |xOWxO=U pOt '2 pmW "OvwW|t pOt |O=R; xHQO 10 =@ �BC=YNWt T=U=Q@ "OyO|t u=Wv |}xRQr |m}t=v}O |=yp}rLD s=Hv= |=Q@ =Q xv=yOCU= |y}O@ "Ov=xOW x@U=Lt |DNU w sQH |=yT} QD=t 'pB <=RH= O=a@= w Kr=YtQ=JO ?=k Qy ?w=vD |xQwO 'xWQa sQH R}v w =yx}=B O=OaD w Q]k '`=iDQ= Q}}eD =@ xm

"OwW|t Q}}eD'T1 u; QO xm CU= xOW x�=Q= 1 pwOH QO |UQQ@ OQwt |=ypB C=YNWt"OvDUy pB swO w pw= |=y?=k sQH w ?w=vD |=yxQwO ?}DQD x@ m2 w m1 'T2&QDt|Dv=U 15 w 12 5 '10 '7 5 '5' 2 5 Q@=Q@ `=]kv= |=yRQO |xR=Ov= u}vJtyxDiQo Q_v QO �5 Q@=Q@ pB Kr=Yt |}xR=U |}=Q}t C@Uv w QDt 10 Q@=Q@ =yx}=B `=iDQ=xwQo |=ypB� xv=yO 3 |=ypB QO Qw=Ht |=y?=k ?w=vD |xQwO C@Uv "CU= xOWOQwt |=ypB C=YNWt CU= QmP x@ sRq "13(T1

T2 = 0 7) CU= 0 7 Q@=Q@ �B|x}rw= |L=Q] xm CU= xOW ?=NDv= x=Q pw=ODt |=ypB C=YNWt T=U=Q@ xar=]t|xQ=tW |x} QWv� u=Q}= |=ypB |Q=PoQ=@ |xt=vu}}; w wDW; |xt=vu}}; |=v@t Q@ =yu;

"xar=]tOQwt |=ypB |rw] |=tv "1 pmW

"xar=]tOQwt |=ypB |xOWxO=U pOt "2 pmW

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1 7 ) (10)

P = 239hw( h1 7 ) (11)

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K = 3EIeffL3 (7)

[18]"OvDUy `]kt QF-wt |UQv}= u=tt Ieff w uD@ |v=UWm pwOt E 'u; QO xm|D@Uv CQwYx@ w OyO|t |wQ s}rUD |x]kv R= TB xm |WvQm |oOWCNU "2"8 |x]@=Q �s}rUD |x]kv R= TB |oOWCNU� OwW|t u=}@ x}rw= |DNU R=Kyu = �K (8)

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"CU= xOW Q_vhQY l =N Kr=Yt |rN=O |}=Q}t QF= R= wKh = 8Gr

2� � (12)

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3(1� �)(13)

Ch = ��Vsr2 (14)

C� = 14��Vpr

4 (15)

M� = 9�2�r5(1� �)32 (Vp

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s2 ) (Mw) (Km)

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0 07 3 5 6 7 17 3 pUo R= QwO Santa MonicaNorthridge (1994)

City Hall

0 09 3 4 6 5 22 pUo R= QwO Delta Imperial Valley �1997�0 19 1 4 7 3 23 6 pUo R= QwO Yermo Fire Station Landers �1992�0 21 2 7 6 9 27 4 pUo R= QwO Hollister City Hall Loma Prieta �1989�0 08 1 6 6 6 22 8 pUo R= QwO LA-Hollywood San Fernando �1971�0 16 2 3 6 9 19 1 pUo R= QwO Shin-Osaka Kobe �1995�

0 14 2 0 6 9 74 2 pUo R= QwO Oakland-OuterLomaPrieta (1989)

Harbor Wharf

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=yCWwv=B1. pounding2. CALTRANS and JRA3. magnetorheological4. spatial variation ground motion5. stereomechanical approach6. contact element approach7. coe�cient of restitution8. linear spring model9. Kelvin model10. Hertz model11. Hertzdamp model12. Jankowski

"CU= TvQDr=m |xt=vu}}; QO R=Ht Q=Okt |xv}tm Q@=Q@ C@Uv u}= "1314. MATLAB15. coupling16. pinching17. hyperbolic18. soil-structure interaction19. radiation or geometrical damping20. material or internal damping

FEMA 356 j@=]t "2122. near �eld23. far �eld24. directivity e�ect25. ing-step e�ect26. peak ground velocity/peak ground acceleration

(183 < Vs < 366m=s) ASCE�7 |xt=vu}}; T=U=Q@ D wv l =N "27|UQQ@ OQwt |xrRrR |=Q@ `=]kv= RQO pLt QO xOWO=H}= x@ Q[ |wQ}v |xv}W}@ "28

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