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Young people, money and access to tobacco
Grace Wong, Marewa Glover, Vili Nosa, Becky Freeman, Janine Paynter, Robert
Scragg
Introduction
• New Zealand school students continue to buy cigarettes from commercial and social sources despite strong legal disincentives (Darling et al, 2005; DiFranza & Coleman, (2001)
• Parents of Maori, Pacific Island, European and Asian children (8-15 years) were confident their children did not use pocket money to buy cigarettes (Wong et al, 2007)
• However young people self-report buying cigarettes
• Cigarette purchase and smoking by young people are associated with disposable income (Darling et al, 2006; Scragg et al, 2003; Ariza-Cardenal & Nebot-Adell, 2002)
• The social and family processes involved in children’s sources and use of money in relation to buying cigarettes are not well understood
• Our study used a qualitative design to investigate how students access cigarettes with a special focus on their disposable income
Method
• Maori, Pacific Island, Asian or European students aged 11-15 years were recruited through three schools
• Twelve ethnic specific focus group interviews were run by ethnically matched senior student facilitators and researchers
• Male and female Year 10 students were interviewed separately; male and female Year 8 and 9 students were interviewed together
• Discussion was focused on sources of money, parental monitoring and student access to
cigarettes
• The interviews were taped and transcribed
• Transcripts were combined under the subject areas in the interview schedule
• The research team worked together to identify new subject areas, commonalities and differences across the ethnic groups
Results
Maori 18
Pacific Island 26
Asian 17
Pakeha/European 20
Total 81
Ever smoker 29
Current smoker 15
Participant demographics
There were few differences across the four ethnic groups, age groups and gender
Therefore results were integrated and highlighted as they occurred
Money and children
• Students received money from parents, family, employment, friends, scabbing, bullying, stealing
• Money was given to students (pocket money, for “doing well’, expenses, to keep out of the way) earned, shared, borrowed
• Supply was mainly intermittent and variable
• The amount ranged from no pocket money to $500.00 gifts
What participants did with their money
• “save some, spend some”
• Saved small amounts until they had enough to buy something that they wanted
• Spent money on food, outings, clothing, DVDs, phone top-ups, presents, alcohol, “smokes”
Parental expectations
• Children should save some of their money
• Money should be spent “wisely”
• Parents should know how children spend and save large amounts of money in particular
Participants’ experiences and expectations
• Parents – monitored students’ management of large amounts of
money – were less aware how small amounts were spent
• Participants – thought that parental guidance about money could be
useful– felt they should have the final say about how they
spent or saved their money
Youth access to cigarettes
• Free cigarettes from family, other adults, friends
• Bought cigarettes– commercial sources – social sources
• $1.00 per tailor-made “tammie”• 50 cents per roll-your-own “rollie”• “combos” eg three cigarettes for $2.00
• Shared cigarettes with friends
• Stolen cigarettes
• IOUs
• Reciprocity
Summary Cost and an erratic supply of money were not barriers to
accessing cigarettes since participants:
– borrowed or saved small amounts of money which they were relatively free to spend
– cigarettes were cheap (social sources)
– retailers sell cigarettes to children under 18
– cigarettes were shared or stolen
– adults would give cigarettes to students
Adults, family members and retailers must be discouraged from supplying cigarettes to children
Parents could be made aware of the way children use small amounts of money and advised to monitor, educate and guide them to discourage cigarette purchase
Acknowledgements
• Thanks to the staff and students at the participating schools