You are… just a bunch of CELLS

LECTURE 04 – Cell Theory, Structure, Etc. CH 4

Cell Theory & Inside the CellSpring 2013 - Althoff Reference: Mader & Windelspecht Ch. 4)

Lec04

• ___________ – unifying concept in Biology

• First proposed by biologists _________ and __________ in 1838-1839.

______ to the theory: 1) ______________ are composed of

cells 2) All cells come from ____________ cells 3) The cell is the ____________ of life

Cell Size• All size much ____________________ across• Some cells as small as 1 micrometer (mm)• Size restricted by ______________________________

1) Surface is membrane, across which cells takes in nutrients and exports waste

2) Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients and produces wastes 3) As cell grows, volume increases faster than surface

4) Cells specialized in absorption modified togreatly increase surface area per unit

volume

Surface-to-Volume Ratio

Total Surface Area 96 cm2 192 cm2 384 cm2

Total Volume 64 cm3 64 cm3 64 cm3

S/V Ratio 1.5 : 1 3 : 1 6 : 1

________________ Cells: CHARACTERISTICS

• Lack a membrane bound nucleus

• Structurally simple:Domain Bacteria 3 shapes: bacillus (rod)

coccus (spherical)spirilla (spiral)

Domain Archaea 3 shapes above pluslobed, plate-like, and irregularshaped (live in extreme environments)

Prokaryotic Cells: CHARACTERISTICS

(Mader p66Fig. 4.4)

CONJUGATION PILUS

FIMBRIAE

FLAGELLUM

INCLUSION BODYMESOSOME

RIBOSOME

NUCLEOID

PLASMAMEMBRANE

CELL WALL

GLYCOCALYX

• GLYCOCALYX – gel-like coating outside cell wall. If compact = ________. If diffuse = ________. Layer of _______________. Outside cell wall

• CELL WALL - _____________________

• PLASMA MEMBRANE -__________ entrance and exit of ______________

Prokaryotic Cells: CELL ENVELOPE

• CYTOPLASMA– _________________. Contains inclusion bodies (stored granules of various substance)

• FLAGELLUM(A) – ____________________ present in some bacteria, pushes cell forward

• FIMBRIAE – hair-like bristles that allow _________ to surfaces

• CONJUGATION PILI(US) – hollow appendages used for _________________ bacterial cells

Prokaryotic Cells: CYTOPLASMA & APPENDAGES

APPENDAGES

• RIBOSOMES – protein ___________ • MESOSOMEs– portion of plasma membrane that

folds into the cytoplasma… __________________• INCLUSION BODY – ____________ compartments

for nutrients• NUCLEOID – houses bacterial ______________• THYLAKOIDS – found in cyanobacteria (bacteria that

can photosynthesize). Internal membranes that ____________________

Prokaryotic Cells: other “parts”

______________ Cells: CHARACTERISTICS

• “3rd domain”. Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

• _____________________ nucleus

• Highly ______________ organelles• Plasma __________________________________ into

and out of cytoplasma

• Plantae (i.e., plants)– have cell walls (different composition than bacteria cell walls)

Characteristics of Cells—in general

• In ____________ organisms, can—for a short period of time—remove cells from the organisms, provide the cells with food, and they can live independently for a short period of time

• They ________ their food and __________• They make __________________ ATP• They get ____ of their own _________• Have “______________” required for life.

Eukaryotic Cells: ORGANELLES

• Eukaryotic cells _______ than prokaryotic cells…result is different S/V ratio. Overcome this by having ________that have ___________ and perform specific functions

• Compartmentalization allows for isolated “___________”

Organelles that ________________ with each other through membrane channels or vesicles

___________ organelles: _______________________

TWO CLASSES OF ORGANELLES

CYTOSKELETON

Eukarya: ANIMAL CELLPLASMA

MEMBRANE

LYSOSOME

MITOCHONDRION

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

Rough ERSmooth ER

RIBOSOMES

NUCLEUS

VESICLE

GOLGI APPARATUS (Mader p68 Fig. 4.6)

CYTOPLASMA

RIBOSOMES

Eukarya PLANT CELL

NUCLEUS

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

Rough ERSmooth ER

CELL WALL

GOLGI APPARATUSCYTOPLASMA

PLASMAMEMBRANE

MITOCHONDRION

GRANUM stackedin CHLOROPLAST

CENTRAL VACUOLE

(Mader p69 Fig. 4.7)

CYTOPLASMA• Cell is ____ an empty sac• ________ inside cell• Composition tightly regulated. Consists of:

_______________________(think H+, Cl-, Na-, etc.)________ (including enzymes) etc.

• ___________ than composition of liquid outside cell• _________________ responsible for __________ cytosol

composition

ORGANELLES defined• NUCLEUS --________________–regulates all

functionsChromatin (contains ….._____________)Nucleolus produces _____________Ribosomes (some here)

• CYTOSKELETON _____________& assist with ____________ of cell parts

Microtubules __________ of protein moleculesIntermediate filaments ____________ Actin filaments ____________ of cell & organelles Centrioles there…but still not sure of function… not in plant cells

ORGANELLES defined• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM --________________,

_________________ with two major areas:Rough ER has ribosomes (_______ synthesis here)Smooth ER no ribosomes (_______ synthesis here)“the __________________” of the cell

(Mader p72 Fig. 4.10)

ORGANELLES defined• GOLGI APPARTUS – “the ____________________

department”• LYSOSOMES – “the _________________ center”

• MITOCHRONDRIA-- “the __________________”

• VESICLES—”_________________________”

• CENTRAL VACUOLE (plants)—”________________&________________ maintenance”

• PEROXISOMES (plants)– “enclose enzymes, in plants they __________________________that can be converted to sugars”

Original Prokaryotic cell

Cell gains an nucleus by the plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a

double membrane

Cell gains an endomembrane system byproliferation of membrane

Cell gains mitochondria(“captures” aerobic bacteria)

Cell gains chloroplasts(plant cells only)

Eukaryotic: Animal cell

Eukaryotic: Plant cell

2

3

4

1

Current hypothesis fororigin of organelles

How did we get from PRO- to EUKARYOTIC cells? DNA

ENERGY-RELATED Organelles

• Use ____________ to make carbohydrates – a chemical energy conversions

• _______________ have chloroplasts (but _________________ can also carry on photosynthesis)

• Contain _____________• Type of plastid—bounded by

double membrane• ThylakoidsGranum• Have their “______” DNA

• __________________ to produce _____ molecules—the energy currency for cells

• Up to a 1,000 in a single cell (ex. liver)

• Usually ______ within the cells ________ energy is burned

• Two key areas:cristae very ___________

(inner membrane), high S/V ratio

matrix: mitochrondrial _______________

CHLOROPLASTS MITOCHRONDRIA

(Mader p76 Fig. 4.16)

CHLOROPLASTS

THYLAKOIDS

Stacked = GRANUM

(Mader p77 Fig. 4.17)

CRISTAE

MITOCHRONDRIA

MATRIX

CYTOSKELETON – a closer look• Lots of protein components—actually add

structure/organization to cytoplasm

• Contains actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules…that enables cell to retain shape AND move. Equivalent to human organism’s muscular and skeleton system at the cell level

Mader p78

CYTOSKELETON – Component functions• ________ FILAMENTS —movement of cell and

organelles• _______________ FILAMENTS—”rope-like” fibrous

polypeptides. Suspend/support various structures, organelles

• ____________—globular proteins called tubulin. Assist in the movement of vesicles, other organelles.

Mader p78-79

Centrioles

• ________ cylinders with 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules (vs. 9 + 2 pattern in cilia and flagella)

• Important during __________ when centroiles duplicate

Mader p80, Fig. 4.19

CILIA & FLAGELLA (FLAGELLUM sing.)

• __________ projections

• Move in whip-like or oar-like action ________ ___________________

• Paramecia –______Sperm--

________• Upper respiratory tract

— ___________

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

Mader p81, Fig. 4.20

Know Differences/Similarities of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

(animal and plant)• Cell wall ?• Plasma membrane?• Nucleus or just nuclear

material?• Endoplasmic reticulum?• Golgi apparatus?• Lysosomes?• Mitochondria?• Chloroplasts?

• 9+ 2 cilia or flagella?• Centrioles ?• Which are smaller?

1 -20 mm vs.

10 -100 mm?

ConsultMader

p82, Table 4.1