Yes - Your English Supplement: Volume 22

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CHEMISTRYTHE DANGEROUS SCIENCE15-PAGE DOSSIER

YOUR ENGLISH SUPPLEMENT Volume 22 // 9.95€

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22 pagesof exercises

ANALYSING150 YEARS OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE69-PAGE DOSSIER

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Yes 1The one about you

Yes 6Emotions

Yes 10Sleep and dreams

Yes 15Sports

Yes 2Food

Yes 7aGothic literature

Yes 11Geology

Yes 16Radical grammar

Yes 3Sexology

Yes 7bThe law*

Yes 12Medicine

Yes 17Business English

Yes 4Human physiology

Yes 8Religion

Yes 13Shakespeare

Yes 18Women

Yes 5The brain

Yes 9Love

Yes 14Palaeo-archaeology

www.yes-mag.com YES 22 | 3

YES Volume 22

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Audio Download Code: Yes22_g55s_46To download the audio files for this issue, please go to the 'Downloads' page on www.yes-mag.com for instructions.You will need the code given above to access the files.

4 How to Use Your English Supplement

6 Current Affairs Contents7 Anglo News and anecdotes8 World News9 Technology news

10 Children's Literature Contents11 Defining children’s literature 12 Children’s literature: a historical overview14 Nursery Rhymes18 Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland26 Alcott’s Little Women28 Stevenson’s Treasure Island30 Twain’s Huckleberry Finn34 Kipling’s The Jungle Book37 Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz40 Barrie’s Peter Pan43 Burroughs’s Tarzan46 Blyton’s The Famous Five49 Tolkien’s The Hobbit56 Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia60 Dr Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat 63 Rowling’s Harry Potter66 Cinema: children’s author biopics68 Cinema: Dr Seuss on film

70 Subscription Information

71 The Chemistry Dossier72 Chemistry: the dangerous science74 The mysteries of metals 78 Popular names for everyday compounds79 Chemical weapons80 Chemical false friends81 Chemistry pronunciation82 Chemistry idioms

84 The Yes Community86 Picture Description

87 Audio Scripts Contents88 Audio Scripts

111 Exercises Contents112 Exercises

134 Staff and contact addresses135 In next month’s issue

GENERALCONTENTSThis page should help you to navigate the magazine in general. Notice that on pages 6, 10, 71, 87 and 111 there are more detailed contents pages for each section of the magazine.

11 14

18 30

63 74

SYMBOLSEach page-long article in the magazine has been created to be used more or less independently so that you can learn and practise even if you only have five or ten minutes free.

At the same time, the symbols below allow you to develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare a class or classes around a common theme.

How to UseYour English Supplement

Exercise (at the end of the magazine). Test and consolidate what

you have learned.

Downloadable audio file (see also audio scripts). There are

recommendations on how best to use the audio files on p. 87.

Listening extension (Internet). Once you’ve

learned the basic vocabulary of a topic,

why not listen to further discussions?

Speaking extension. A question aimed at provoking a group discussion of the topic in question.

This arrow directs you to other related articles

in the magazine.

ABBREVIATIONS KEYThese are the only abbreviations you have to know to use this magazine:sb. = somebodysth. = somethingswh. = somewhere[U] = uncountable noun[C] = countable noun

Photo by GabboT

Photo by Humanrobo

YES 6 | 176, 22 p. 6 p.6

Technology

THE SINGULARITYThe fear now is that robots could bring about1 the demise2 of humanity. This is not just something that Hol-lywood scriptwriters3 think about. Such things worry computer-programming expert Jaan Tallinn, co-founder of Skype, Huw Price, professor4 of philosophy at Cambridge,

and Lord Rees, the astronomer royal and master of Trinity College, Cambridge. They have set up5 the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at Cambridge.

Part of the problem arises6 because the speed7 and capacity of computers doubles every 18 months. It is pre-dicted that around 2040 we will build our last machine. From then on8 machines will create other ever-more-in-telligent machines autonomously. At this point – known as ‘the Singularity’ – we will no longer be the most intelligent beings on the planet.

THE END OF USSome researchers and philosophers think that machines will be nice to us. There are two problems with this naïve9 idea: first, as we have seen, we have already created robots that kill. Secondly, artificial intelligence is created in our image – how do we treat10 the next most intelli-gent beings in our world? Chimpanzees, dolphins and octopuses? We destroy their habitat, keep them in zoos, experiment on them and eat them. Once robots can rep-licate themselves and control their own evolution, human-ity can be marginalized. This doesn’t have to be anything as dramatic as genocide. As we have seen, robots can simply make the majority of us unemployed, superfluous, obsolete. In such a scenario11 we will just gradually fade from view12 as an irrelevance. As T.S. Eliot wrote back in 1925, “This is the way the world ends // Not with a bang but a whimper13”14.

1 to bring about (bring-brought-brought) – cause

2 demise – end, decline 3 scriptwriter – sb. who writes the script (= text) of a movie

4 professor – (false friend) head

of department at a university, senior academic

5 to set up (set-set-set) – create, establish

6 to arise (arise-arose-arisen) – emerge, occur

7 speed – velocity 8 from then on – after that 9 naïve – unsophisticated, child-like 10 to treat – deal with, act towards 11 scenario – (false friend) hypo-

thetical situation

12 to fade from view – be margin-alized, become irrelevant

13 whimper – whine, pathetic pro-test, small noise of discomfort (like that made by a frightened dog)

14 in The Hollow Men

THE TECHNOCENE:THE AGE OF THE MACHINE

p. 40

4 | YES 22

Photo by NOAA NMFS

YES 6 | 132

Science | ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

THE TERMITE TELEPHONEAfrican termites (Macrotermes natalensis) send warning1 messages through their colonies at a speed of 1.3 metres per second, according to research from the University of Bochum in Germany. They do this by banging2 their heads on the ground 11 times per second. Each termite’s message travels only 20cm but it is immediately picked up3 and relayed4 by the nearest termite, a bit like mobile phone antennas. There is little danger of the message being garbled5 – as it is in the game of Chinese whis-pers6 – because it is so simple: “danger predator”.

NOT-SO-CARNIVOROUSCROCS7

Research from the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Charleston, South Carolina, has confirmed decades of anecdotal reports: over half the existing crocodilian species supplement their diet with fruit. It seems that at least 13 of the 23 species of crocodiles and alliga-tors in the world today eat fruit as well as meat.

LUNATICSAND ELEPHANTS

Research from the University of Basel has con-firmed that people sleep worse when there is a full moon8. On average it takes five minutes longer to get to sleep, we sleep 20 minutes less and we spend 30% less time in deep sleep when there is a full moon.

Meanwhile9, a study from Anglia Ruskin Univer-sity has found that African elephants plan their raids10 on cropland11 to coincide with the new moon. Elephant raids are more frequent and more substantial when the nights are darkest. This suggests that they under-stand that darkness lowers the risk of being killed by farmers12. Or perhaps they know that humans sleep less and more lightly13 when there is a full moon!

MY NAME IS FLIPPERDolphins have a signature whistle14 which they use to identify themselves and to identify others. When they hear a familiar whistle they will repeat it back to their acquaintance15, which they don’t do for an unfamiliar whistle. Moreover, a study from the University of Chi-cago has now found that dolphins remember each other’s signature whistles14 after more than 20 years apart, sug-gesting they have the best memory in the animal world.

1 warning (adj.) – alarm 2 to bang – beat, hit3 to pick up – receive 4 to relay – resent 5 garbled – incoherent, meaningless

6 Chinese whispers (UK Eng-lish) – broken telephone (US English)

7 croc – (colloquial) crocodile 8 full moon – when the complete disc of the moon is visible

(associated with werewolves)9 meanwhile – at the same time 10 raid – surprise attack 11 cropland – arable farms 12 farmer – agriculturalist 13 more lightly – less deeply14 signature whistle – high-fre-

quency sound that identifies an individual

15 acquaintance – known indi-vidual, (in this case) friend

Photo by Ikiwaner

FOOTNOTESThe superscript numbers in the text refer to the footnotes at the bottom or at the side of the same page. The footnotes explain the difficult vocabu-lary as determined by our non-native proofreaders. Like you, these proof-readers are learners so they are able to identify the exact words you need to know to understand the sentence. Definitions are given in English, so that you learn to think in English and these definitions are then checked by the non-native proofreaders to ensure that you will understand them. Some words are defined by pictures: we use these visual stimuli when that is the best way to fix an idea in your memory. Read the definition or look at the illustration and then re-read the sentence in question. By working with English-language footnotes you will rapidly increase your vocabulary and learn how English words relate to each other, all of which will have a dramatic impact on your fluency and self-confidence1.

Some readers find it useful to put their finger next to the word in the article that they are looking for in the footnotes to make it easier to return to the text afterwards. Either way, it shouldn’t be difficult to find your place because the footnotes are numbered and the words are highlighted in bold. Notice that the syllables and words that should be stressed2 are underlined.

Red footnotes give extra cultural (rather than linguistic) information, or they refer you to other articles.

1 self-confidence – self-assurance (opposite of ‘self-doubt’, ‘hesitancy’)2 to stress sth. – emphasize, underline

Consonants/ʧ/ as in church, watch/ʃ/ as in wash, sure, action/ʤ/ as in judge, gesture/ʒ/ as in measure, vision/j/ as in yes/θ/ as in thick, path/ð/ as in this, breathe/ŋ/ as in sing

Pure Vowels/æ/ as in cat/ʌ/ as in cut/ə/ as in occur, supply,

aroma/ɜ:/ as in first, turn, earn/ɔ:/ as in court, warn

Dipthongs/iə/ as in ear, here/eə/ as in air, there

PHONEMICSYMBOLSHere are the phonemic symbols that we use which might cause you problems.

YES 22 | 5

26 | YES 22 www.yes-mag.com

News

CURRENTAFFAIRSThis section of the magazine offers short news stories organized thematically:

NOT WHAT WE’D CALL CHILDREN’S FICTION

This issue1 is primarily dedicated to an analysis of the first 150 years of English literature for children from an adult perspective. The very opposite of what we are talking about occurred recently in Manchester, England. To try to get children to relate to literature, pupils are encouraged2 to come to school dressed as a fictional character to celebrate World Book Day. However, 11-year-old Liam Scholes turned up to3 Sale High School dressed as the sadomasochist Christian Grey from Fifty

Shades4 of Grey. Liam was not allowed to5 take part in6 the class photo and was encouraged to be James Bond instead7.

This would just8 be a schoolboy’s prank9 if it weren’t for the fact that Liam’s mother Nicola Scholes, a primary school teacher herself, had encouraged Liam to dress as Grey. Indeed10, she criticized one of Liam’s teachers for dressing up as the eponymous serial killer from the US TV series Dexter. Mrs Scholes added that James Bond – a womanizer11 and an assassin – was hardly12 a better role model than Christian Grey.

Further reading: http://goo.gl/Cm47ud

7 Anglo News - the people who live in the past. - WASPs on the wane in the USA Exercise 2

8 World News - our tendentious view of terrorism - the Caliphate of Kidults Exercise 2

1 this issue – Yes 22 2 to encourage – urge, incite, stimulate 3 to turn up to – arrive at 4 shade [C] – tone 5 to be allowed to – be permitted to

6 to take part in (take-took-taken) – partici-pate in

7 instead – as an alternative 8 just – (in this case) simply 9 prank – practical joke, provocative act

10 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 11 womanizer – seducer of women 12 hardly – not really

SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION

7 Watch: the procession at Richard III’s recent funeral:

http://goo.gl/gR8Q33 Speak: do you agree that the British

are obsessed by the past?

9 Watch: Andrew Keen explaining his case: http://goo.gl/Qo55dJ

9 Technology News - insidious aspects of modern technology Exercise 2

CHILDREN’S LITERATURE DOSSIER

10 | YES 22

11 Defining children’s literature - Fairy tales and adult literature

12 Children’s literature: a historical overview - the origins and evolution of books for kids

14 Nursery Rhymes - secret adult messages in poetry and

songs for English-speaking children

18 Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland (1865) - the book that changed children’s

literature forever Exercise 4

26 Alcott’s Little Women (1867) - the first American book for girls

28 Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883) - the quintessential boys’ adventure

30 Twain’s Huckleberry Finn (1884) - the masterpiece of 19th-century US literature Exercise 27

34 Kipling’s The Jungle Book (1894) - lessons from the rainforest of the Raj Exercise 26

37 Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) - the definitive US fairy tale or a socialist allegory? Exercise 15

40 Barrie’s Peter Pan (1904) - the boy who hates mothers Exercise 22

43 Burroughs’s Tarzan (1912) - Martians in the jungle

46 Blyton’s The Famous Five (1942), etc. - the secret formula Exercise 6

49 Tolkien’s The Hobbit (1937) - medievalism for the masses Exercise 23

56 Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia (1949-54) - misogyny for minors Exercise 28

60 Dr Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat (1957) - the Ignatius Loyola of the American Left

63 Rowling’s Harry Potter (1997-2007) - hidden agenda: witchcraft or Christianity? Exercises 8, 24

66 Cinema: children’s author biopics - based on a true story: fantasy and reality Exercise 23

68 Cinema: Dr Seuss on film - the disappointing conversion of

Seuss to the silver screen

70 SUBSCRIPTION FORM

SPEAKING EXTENSION

Speak: which books most influenced you in your childhood? Do you ever read “children’s books” as an adult?

Sir Isumbras at the Ford13


Alice

D odgson was a clergyman1 and a mathematician, so it is remarkable that he wrote such a-logical and

amoral books as the Alice Adventures. As we have seen in previous articles, children’s literature in English at the time was dominated by didactic books heavy in Christian moralism. Moreover, the structure of Alice’s adventures owes a lot to2 mediaeval dream-visions in which Christian truth is revealed to a dreamer in a visionary dream. Alice in Wonderland has a whimsical3 structure like a dream. Mediaeval works like The Vision of Piers Plowman (c. 1360) include dreams within4 dreams and near the end of Through the Looking-Glass Tweedledum and Tweedledee state5 that Alice is merely a product of the Red King’s dream, destabilizing our concept of ‘reality’ completely.

Moreover, the plot6 in Victorian literature tended to be based on a logical process of cause and con-sequence. Alice goes into her adventures expecting her experiences to make sense7 but Carroll emphat-ically suggests that life frustrates expectations and resists a moralistic interpretation.

However, Carroll is truly subversive. He wrote, “I can guarantee that the

books have no religious teaching whatever in them – in fact they do not teach anything at all.” Rather8, the aim9 of Alice’s adventures is to provoke wonder10 and fantasy. Like Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1798) Carroll wants his young readers to ask questions but he does not give them the answers.

Victorian culture was all about defining and categoriz-ing everything. Carroll inverts this idea and shows how language can be an impediment to communication. Alice craves11 organization and meaning but must learn to accept the absurdity of existence.

PaintingsAnother source12 of inspiration were famous paintings. The White Knight was inspired by Sir Isumbras at the Ford13 by Sir John Everett Millais, while the figure of the Duchess is based on Quinten Massys’ A Grotesque Old Woman.

Chess14

Through the Looking-Glass does not have the same anar-chy as Alice in Wonderland. The Looking-Glass world is dominated by the rigid rules of chess but Alice is still not in control of her destiny. She must advance on her jour-ney from pawn15 to queen (i.e. girl to woman) through a set of (seemingly arbitrary) rules and with the worrying feeling that not everyone in the game plays by the rules. It is a powerful metaphor for the process of growing up.

1 clergyman – churchman 2 to owe a lot to – be indebted to,

be inspired by 3 whimsical – capricious 4 within – inside, in 5 to state – declare, say 6 plot – (in this case) storyline,

story

7 to make sense (make-made-made) – be logically coherent

8 rather – by contrast 9 aim – objective 10 wonder – astonishment,

surprise 11 to crave – desperately want 12 source – place in which sth.

originates

13 ford – place where one can walk across a river because it is not very deep

14 chess – board game played on a board with 64 squares

15 pawn – the most common and least mobile piece in chess

Interpreting Alice: the Absurdity of Life

4

Louise Alcott


Little Women

Little Women (1868) was the first US novel written specifically for children and one of the first novels anywhere written for girls. It did not, however, appear from nowhere. A number of 18th-century women writers had written conduct books for young ladies – such as Frances Burney’s Evelina (1778) under the guise of1 novels. Such works developed2 into the great female bildungsroman3 of the 19th-century authors like Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Elliot and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

The origins of Little Women were unglamorous. Louise May Alcott was an established author of sensational-ist Gothic novels4 when her publisher approached5 her with a commission for a book for American girls. Alcott didn’t like girls (except her sisters) and when she’d finished Little Women she described it as ‘moral pap’6. Be that as it may7, she had written a book which has been much loved by generations for nearly8 150 years and hugely9 influential. The novel has been turned into three films, a play, an opera and a musical. The novel had a significant influence on subsequent North American girls’ books such as Lucy Maud Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables (1908) and Laura Ingalls Wilder’s The Little House on the Prairie10 (1935).

Louise May Alcott (1832-1888)Louise May Alcott was born into the most intellectually rarefied atmosphere in North America. Her father was a Transcendentalist philosopher and Ralph Waldo Emer-son11 was a neighbour and family friend. Other neigh-bours in Concord and family acquaintances12 included Nathaniel Hawthorne13 and Henry David Thoreau14 . Her father, Bronson Alcott was a man of high morals – vehe-mently anti-slavery15, eco-friendly, pro-feminist and a vegetarian to boot16. However, he was also enormously impractical and his wife and children suffered economic hardship17 as a result. The original Little Women was just the first half of the novel as we know it and it is semi-au-tobiographical. Louise May presents a loving home but largely18 paints her father out of the picture – making him fictionally absent, away at war.

In fact, it was Louise who went to war as a nurse19 and contracted typhoid fever in 1863. She was then poi-soned20 with the mercury used to ‘cure’ her typhoid. This exacerbated her manic-depressive tendencies and caused both physical pain and hallucinations that could only be mollified21 with opium. She was frequently sui-cidal but in the end died two days after her father in 1888.

1 under the guise of – camou-flaged as

2 to develop – (in this case) evolve

3 bildungsroman – coming-of-age novel, story about a child growing up

4 Gothic novel – dark supernatu-ral fantasy

5 to approach sb. – come to sb.

6 moral pap – moralistic nonsense

7 be that as it may – in any case 8 nearly – almost 9 hugely – very 10 prairie – grassland, North

American savannah 11 (1803-82) US poet and

philosopher

12 acquaintance – sb. who is known (though not necessarily a friend)

13 (1804-64) US author of The Scarlet Letter (1850)

14 (1817-62) US poet and philosopher

15 slavery – (in this case) the sub-jugation of black people in the Southern States of the USA

16 to boot – as well, too, also 17 hardship – suffering 18 largely – more or less 19 nurse – (in this case) doctor’s

assistant20 to poison sb. – hurt sb. with a

toxic substance 21 to mollify – alleviate

Little Women: Alcott’s Bildungsroman

Jim Hawkins leaves home.


TreasureIsland

A Long Shadow1

Treasure Island (1883) single-handedly2 set up3 most of the English pirate clichés from wooden4 legs to par-rots to walking the plank5. Without Stevenson’s novel we would have no Peter Pan or Pirates of the Caribbean6. Indeed7, the novel has been turned into a movie 19 times. It is ironic that such an influential book started life as an imaginary treasure map8 idly9 drawn by Stevenson one afternoon to entertain his stepson10, Lloyd Osbourne.

Coming of Age on the High SeasTreasure Island is a mediaeval quest romance11 brought forward into the early modern period. As in all quest adventures, the central character leaves home in search of something valuable, however, what he actually12 finds is self-knowledge. Since the cen-tral character, Jim Hawkins, starts out as a boy, the journey of self-knowledge is also a coming-of-age story13; he returns from his adventure a man. In this sense the adventure can be seen as a rite of passage14.

Treasure Island describes the buccaneers as a dying breed15. Pirates die and disappear throughout16 the story and they are incapable of engendering17 or inspiring replacements18. Jim Hawkins returns from his voyage convinced that he has had enough of treasure-hunting19 and buccaneering. Throughout16 the novel the pirates – apart from Long John Silver – are presented as puerile, self-indulgent and undisciplined. There-fore20, in many ways they represent the child-hood values that Jim has grown out of21.

1 shadow – (in this case) influ-ence on what comes after

2 single-handedly – on its own, by itself, alone

3 to set sth. up (set-set-set) – create sth., establish sth.

4 wooden – made of wood (= material from a tree)

5 walking the plank – type of torture used by pirates in which they forced victims to walk along a piece of wood from which they would inevitably fall into the sea

6 the second movie is called ‘Dead Man’s Chest’ in refer-ence to a song from Treasure Island.

7 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 8 treasure map – pictorial

explanation of where to find sth. valuable

9 idly /ˈaidli/ – for fun, with no great purpose

10 stepson – the son of one’s spouse who is not one’s biolog-ical son

11 quest romance – adventure in which one tries to find sth.

12 actually – (false friend) in fact 13 coming-of-age story – bil-

dungsroman, tale about a child maturing

14 rite of passage – test that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood

15 dying breed – social group that is gradually becoming extinct

16 throughout – during all of 17 to engender – produce,

generate 18 replacement – (in this case)

new pirates 19 treasure-hunting – trying

to find valuable objects that pirates have hidden

20 therefore – for this reason 21 to grow out of sth. (grow-

grew-grown) – have no use for sth. because you have matured

Stevenson’s Treasure Island


Huck Finn

The Moral Blind Spot1

The novel presents a morally bankrupt2 society. The most obvious manifestation of this is the existence of slavery3 but the problem goes even deeper. Society is supposedly regimented by the rule of law4 but this clearly does not function in the interests of the majority. Marginal members of society can be killed with impunity and a feud5 of many years can exist without any legal interference. Mob rule6 is always simmering below the surface7 and alcohol-induced violence is rife8. This is the Christian civiliza-tion that claims9 the moral superi-ority to justify slavery!

The River and the RaftThe Mississippi River and the raft10 on which Huck and Jim float down it are both central features11 to the story and also essential symbols within12 it. The river represents the route to freedom. However, simply being on the river offers liberation from the oppressive society in which the fugitives live. The raft is a

‘level playing field’13 in which Huck is able to recognize the nobility of a man that society casts14 as his inferior. Huck is the first white person who treats Jim as a human

being; Jim is the first adult who doesn’t treat the 13-year-old like a child.

However, the river and the raft are also treacherous15. Mist16 hides17 the turnoff18 to the Ohio River and freedom. As a result, the Mississippi takes the two fugitives deeper and deeper downriver and towards danger. Drifting19 is super-ficially attractive and both pro-tagonists are adaptable enough to confront wherever the river takes them. However, they are no more in control of their destinies than they were back home. The river may be the escape route from each pre-dicament20 they find themselves in, but it simply carries them on to a worse predicament. They have to learn to stop drifting19 and take back control of their lives.

1 moral blind spot – inability to see that sth. is immoral because of one’s social and/or cultural assumptions

2 morally bankrupt – decadent, immoral, unethical

3 slavery – servitude (in this case) of black people in the South of the USA

4 the rule of law – the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of

power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws

5 feud – (false friend) vendetta, prolonged dispute between two families or groups

6 mob rule – situation in which a lynch mob replaces the proper functioning of legal institutions

7 to simmer below the surface – be latent

8 to be rife – be ubiquitous, be endemic

9 to claim – declare that it has 10 raft – flat platform that floats 11 feature – element 12 within – in 13 level playing field – (in this

case) context in which people can interact as equals

14 to cast – present, categorize

15 treacherous – perfidious, unreliable

16 mist – an atmospheric effect that reduces visibility, fog

17 to hide (hide-hid-hidden) – conceal, camouflage

18 turnoff – junction 19 drifting – be passively moved

by circumstances (as opposed to deciding where one is going)

20 predicament – bad situation, fix

Huckleberry Finn: the River of Life

20

Photo by Marina Carresi


Names

Hobbits:The term ‘Hobbit’ was invented by Tolkien in the 1920s. He later invented an elegant etymology for the name: he said that it came from the Anglo-Saxon words hol byldan meaning “to build a hole”. From this he developed1 the fictional compound holbytla (plural holbytlan). It is easy to imagine how, over the centuries, this could have evolved into ‘hobbit’.

Smaug:The dragon in The Hobbit is called ‘Smaug’. Tolkien explained the derivation of this name in a letter in 1938: “The dragon bears2 as a name – a pseudonym – the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb Smugan, ‘to squeeze3 through a hole’.” However, the dragon’s name also suggests Anglo-Saxon smo-cian (= emit smoke) and it sounds like Modern English ‘smog’ (= pollution in the atmosphere).

Orcs:This Anglo-Saxon word referred to demons or ogres and appears in Beowulf in the compound noun orcneas (= ‘monsters’). Orcs and the Ital-ian word orco (= ‘ogre’) – together with the English word ‘ogre’, ultimately4 derive from the name of the Roman god of the under-world5, Orcus.

Elves:Tolkien took the original folk6 image of elves as elusive, capricious magical beings and converted them into the wise guardians of the natural world. The word ‘elf’ is, in fact, related to the Anglo-Saxon word Alp, which means ‘nightmare’7. Tolkien invented his own complex language – Elfish – for the elves. In Elfish the names Galadriel and Legolas mean ‘radiant garland’8 and ‘green leaf’9, respectively.

Dwarves:The names of many of Tolkien’s dwarves10 were taken from the Elder Edda11, including those of Balin, Dwalin, Fili, Kili, Thorin, and Thror.

Beorn:The name and nature of this character who can transform into a bear comes from Anglo-Saxon: Beorn means both ‘warrior’ and ‘bear’.

Not The HobbitFinally, we could mention the Ents, even though they don’t appear in The Hobbit (only in The Lord of the Rings). The name of these walking, talking trees is in fact an Anglo-Saxon word meaning ‘giant’.

1 to develop – elaborate 2 to bear (bear-bore-borne) – (in this case) have

3 to squeeze – force, push, compress

4 ultimately – (false friend) in the end, in the final analysis

5 underworld – inferno, hell6 folk (adj.) – popular 7 nightmare – bad/frightening dream

8 garland – wreath/crown (of flowers)

9 leaf (plural ‘leaves’) – piece of foliage

10 dwarf (plural ‘dwarves’) – midget, (in this case) small species of miner

11 pre-Viking myths known from a collection compiled in the 13th Century

Anglo-Saxon Names in The HobbitAn understanding of the names can enrich your enjoyment of The Hobbit.

22

I:\Think 53\h\holbytlan.html

I:\Think 53\h\holbytlan.html

Photo by Al Ravenna


Dr Seuss

I f there is one cultural reference that is specifically American, as opposed to Anglo in general, it is the

works of Dr Seuss. Theodore Seuss Geisel (1904-91) was the Ignatius Loyola of the American Left. He realized1 that if you could inculcate certain ideas at a young age, it would be almost impossible to uproot2 them. Some people even ascribe to Seuss a significant role in turning McCarthyist America of the 1950s into the hippy America of the 1960s.

Phonics & Learning to ReadDr Seuss changed the way children learn to read. He focused on creating fun stories that were sufficiently surrealist to con-nect with small children’s imaginations. Language was treated as an opportunity for playfulness rather than3 a serious matter4. This exuberance allowed for5 nonsense words6 and inventiveness. Importantly, words were often connected by sound rather than meaning. Take two titles: Yertle the Turtle7 and Socks8 for Fox. Both are obviously playful but both have a serious phonic message. Despite the divergence in letters, ‘Yertle’ rhymes with ‘turtle’ and ‘fox’ rhymes with ‘socks’. This sort of phonic lesson could be repeated a thousand times over in Seuss’s oeuvre9.

At the same time the illustrations don’t blandly10 reinforce the text, they complement it provoking a reinterpretation of what it’s about. In other words: 2 + 2 = 5. Seuss learned this trick11 from William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789).12 Moreover, by

changing the colour and context of everyday objects he forces the reader to question assumptions as well as concepts of normality and reality. Now that’s13 subversive!

The Seeds14 of Complex IdeasYet15 there are more subtle lessons in Dr Seuss, too. Yertle the Turtle7 started life in 1942 in a cartoon campaign against Hitler. Fox in Socks8 is a crash course in semiotics for kids16! The Sneetches (1961) alludes to the dangers of antisemitism and also pro-

vides an introduction to alienation. The Butter Battle Book (1984) – which is inspired by Part 1 of Gulliver’s Travels (1726) (i.e. Lilliput) and has two communities who go to war over the best way to butter bread17 – denounces Reagan’s escalation of the Cold War. All of the Seuss books have fun life lessons of this sort18 appealing19 to children’s sense of wonder20 while steering them away from21 ‘the dark side’.

1 to realize – (false friend) be conscious

2 to uproot – deracinate (techni-cal), eradicate

3 rather than – as opposed to, instead of

4 matter – question, subject, theme

5 to allow for – permit 6 nonsense word – invented word that has no conventionally accepted meaning

7 turtle – amphibian similar to a tortoise that lives in the ocean

8 socks – clothing for one’s feet

9 oeuvre – canon, writings

10 blandly – in an uninteresting way

11 trick – (in this case) ruse, stratagem

12 Seuss had studied Eng-lish literature at Oxford University

13 now that’s – (emphatic) that’s really

14 seeds – (in this case) origin, genesis

15 yet – (in this case) however

16 kid – child 17 to butter bread – put butter

(or margarine) on bread 18 sort – type, kind 19 appealing – attractive 20 wonder – amazement, aston-

ishment, fascination 21 to steer sb. away from – guide

sb. away from

Reading Dr Seuss

Photo by Karen RoeHogwarts


Harry Potter

E ight years after the appearance of the last Harry Potter book and four years after the final

Harry Potter film the scale of the phenomenon is still mind-boggling1. The sequence have sold 400 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling series of books in history and Rowling the most financially successful2 author ever. The Potter movies are the highest grossing3 film series in his-tory. Almost more importantly, as a result of Harry Potter, literature explicitly written for children could be openly read by adults for the first time. Of course, the books are well written but that alone cannot account for4 their runaway5 success. What else was it that allowed6 Harry Potter to conquer the world?

On the Shoulders of Giants7

J.K. Rowling is well read in the tradition of English litera-ture for children and she used this knowledge to borrow elements that are attractive for modern readers while8 avoiding9 the pitfalls10. Her story is a bildungsroman11 set12 in an English public school13 and follows in the tradition of Tom Brown’s School Days (1857) by Thomas Hughes and Kipling’s Stalky and Co. (1899). However, this is a co-ed14, multiethnic public school13, which means that the story can present many of the quaint15 and quirky16 characteristics of old-fashioned and elitist education in Britain without the claustrophobic homo-social17 setting18. This trait19 is repeated again and again;

what is charmingly20 idiosyncratic in British culture is included, while what is potentially offensive for the British self-image and international tastes can be dis-carded21. This is theme-park England. The quaintness22 of this magical Britain is such that MPs23 at Westminster gleefully24 refer to the British Parliament as ‘Hogwarts’ /ˈhogwɔ:rts/!

Rowling goes through a similar selection process with the literary fantasy tradition. She will happily raid25 Tolk-ien’s world for wise26 wizened27 wizards28, giant spiders, dark lords, invisibility cloaks29 and Ringwraiths (i.e. her ‘dementors’) but she discards Tolkien’s homosocial17 world and his implied disapproval of miscegenation30. Rowling takes from C.S. Lewis his small band of young-sters on an adventure but rejects his misogyny and his racism.

1 mind-boggling – astonishing, spectacular

2 financially successful – profitable 3 grossing – earning (before tax)4 to account for – explain 5 runaway (adj.) – rampant 6 to allow – permit, enable 7 on the shoulders of giants – building on previous advances of other people

8 while – (in this case) at the same time as

9 to avoid – circumvent, not fall in 10 pitfall – mistake, error 11 bildungsroman – coming-of-

age story, tale about a child maturing into an adult

12 to be set – take place 13 public school – private resi-

dential secondary school 14 co-ed – for boys and girls 15 quaint – attractively

old-fashioned 16 quirky – idiosyncratic,

eccentric

17 homosocial – (in this case) male-only, exclusively male (= ♂)

18 setting – context 19 trait – characteristic 20 charmingly – attractively 21 to discard – eradicate,

eliminate 22 quaintness – attractively

old-fashioned nature23 MPs /emˈpi:z/ – Members of

Parliament

24 gleefully – exuber-antly, jubilantly

25 to raid – furtively rob things from

26 wise – experienced, sagacious

27 wizened – wrinkled, old-looking

28 wizard – magician, sorcerer

29 cloak – (false friend) robe30 miscegenation – interracial

sex

Harry Potter: Literary Miracles

8, 23

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YES 22 | 71

THE CHEMISTRY DOSSIER

72 Chemistry: the dangerous science - which chemical substances are a danger to you?

74 The mysteries of metals - the secrets of the metals that define our lives Exercises 14, 17

78 Popular names for everyday compounds - from brimstone to saltpetre: our guide

to chemicals you won’t recognize Exercise 16

79 Chemical weapons - chemistry has determined who wins

wars since prehistoric times

80 Chemical false friends - all the false cognates you need to know Exercise 19

81 Chemistry pronunciation - all the difficult terms from the periodic table Exercise 5

82 Chemistry idioms - chemical expressions in everyday English Exercise 10

SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION

Watch: here is an excellent Open University series of 4-minute programmes called ‘The Chemistry of Almost Everything’. It’s worth watching all of them but you can of course pick and choose according to what interests you most: from art to aphrodisiacs.http://goo.gl/ofwVCK

Watch: a well-presented 2-hour Discovery Channel documentary on the history of chemistry in 100 discoveries:http://goo.gl/gTf6ym

Read: an entertaining introduction to the language of chemistry: “Do you speak chemistry?” at: http://goo.gl/NXLCMV

AUDIO EXTENSION

Debate 1: Do you support the ‘free-range kids’ movement?

Read more: http://goo.gl/9YXGyO Debate 2: Do you agree with the creation of the LGBT secondary school?

Debate 3: Is the ‘old-man’ haircut child abuse?

Photo by BionerdMercury

Charles II


Chemistry

Chemistry has revolutionized our lives. Almost every single one of the thousands of objects in your home

and office or school has been chemically manipulated from the food to the furniture1. In 1930 it was estimated that there were around a million chemical compounds. In 2005 a study from the University of Berne calcu-lated that there were just under 18 billion. The EU has registered 144,000 chemical products. Roughly2 a third are believed to be dangerous but “the vast majority have not been assessed3 for human or environmental safety”, according to Julian Cribbs4. Regulatory authori-ties are incapable of checking all these substances and we currently live in a sort of chemical Wild West5. At current rates of assessment it will take 50,000 years to evaluate all the chemicals we currently use. A decade ago the World Health Organization estimated that 4.8 million deaths a year were due to6 a selected group of chemicals. Nearly7 one million tonnes of known or suspected carcino-gens8 are released9 in North America every year.10

Chemistry has always been a trade-off11 between technological advances and danger. 18th-century soap12 increased the level of hygiene and life expectancy but it was often so alkaline that it dissolved human skin13!

Lead14 Poisoning15

Lead poisoning was first identified and described in the 2nd Century BCE16 by the Ancient Greeks. The most famous victim of lead poisoning was the painter

Caravaggio. Lead enters the body nowadays17 primar-ily through cereals. Lead poisoning can cause lower IQ18 in children.

MercuryChemistry has always been a dan-gerous science. King Charles II of England was an amateur alchemist and one theory is that the mercury he used in his experiments killed him. The same substance drove Charles’ contemporary – and England’s great-est scientist – Isaac Newton mad for two years.

Today mercury poisoning15 still occurs, above all19 as a result of eating predatory fish. Mercury poi-soning can cause developmental20 damage in babies and small children.

1 furniture – sofas, tables, etc. 2 roughly – approximately 3 to assess – evaluate 4 Poisoned Planet (2014)5 Wild West – anarchic situation 6 to be due to – be caused by 7 nearly – almost, just under 8 carcinogen – cancer-causing

substance

9 to release – emit 10 United Nations Environmen-

tal Programme11 trade-off – compromise,

balance12 soap – substance used for

cleaning the body13 skin – cutaneous organ 14 lead – (Pb) a soft metal

15 poisoning – harm from a toxic substance

16 BCE – before Common Era, before Christ

17 nowadays – these days 18 IQ – intelligence quotient 19 above all – primarily 20 developmental – relating to

growth and maturing

Chemistry: Deadly Metals

Rust Dry icePhoto by Natalia Auffray Photo by Nevit


Names

I n the section on metals we saw that the colloquial name for mercury, espe-cially in the past, was ‘quicksilver’. This is only one of dozens of popular

terms that exist alongside1 the more technical terms for chemical elements and compounds. Here is a list:

>> ammonia – hydrogen nitride. The word comes from ‘salt of Ammon’, Ammon being the Greek version of the Egyptian god Amun. There was an oracle of Amun in an oasis in the Libyan Desert and the priests2 collected ammonia crystals from the dung3 of visiting camels.

>> antifreeze – ethylene glycol >> aqua fortis (archaic) – nitric acid >> baking soda – sodium bicarbon-

ate, bicarbonate of soda, ‘bicarb’>> battery acid – dilute sulphuric

acid. Used in car batteries. >> bleach – sodium hypochlorite.

Used as a detergent.>> borax – sodium borate. Used as an

antiseptic.

>> brimstone (archaic) – sulphur. Brimstone and treacle4 was a Vic-torian cure-all; it is mentioned in Dickens’ Nicholas Nickleby (1838). ‘Fire and brimstone’ is a euphe-mism for the torments of hell.

>> carbolic acid – phenol >> caustic soda – sodium hydroxide>> dry ice – solid carbon dioxide >> Epsom salts – hydrated magne-

sium sulphate (which was used as a purgative). In Britain this com-pound is traditionally obtained from a deposit in Epsom in Surrey.

>> fool’s5 gold – iron pyrite. In 1577 Sir Martin Frobisher brought back to England 1,180 tonnes of iron pyrite from Baffin Island in

northern Canada only to find out6 that it was worthless7.

>> gypsum – hydrated calcium sulphate

>> laughing gas – nitrous oxide >> limestone – calcium carbonate >> lye – potassium hydroxide>> lodestone – magnetite>> milk of magnesia – magnesium

carbonate in water>> pencil lead – graphite >> potash – potassium carbonate>> quicklime – calcium oxide. The

bodies of executed prisoners were traditionally buried8 in quicklime.

>> rock salt – halite >> rust – iron oxide>> saltpetre9 – potassium nitrate.

The Chinese invented gunpowder by extracting saltpetre crystals from pig manure10.

>> sand – silicon >> slaked11 lime – calcium hydroxide>> surgical spirit (UK) = rubbing alcohol12 (US) – ethanol >> vitriol (archaic) – sulphuric acid >> smelling salts – ammonium car-

bonate. Smelling salts are used as a restorative when somebody has fainted13.

>> stomach acid – hydrochloric acid>> washing soda – sodium carbonate

1 alongside – next to, in parallel to 2 priest – holy man, cleric 3 dung – animal excrement 4 treacle – molasses, sugar syrup 5 fool – idiot, stupid person

6 to find out (find-found-found) – discover 7 to be worthless – be of no value 8 to bury – inter, place underground9 spelt ‘saltpeter’ in US English10 manure – animal excrement, dung

11 to slake – combine (quicklime) with water to produce calcium hydroxide

12 rubbing alcohol – (literally) alcohol for massaging

13 to faint – lose consciousness, pass out

Popular Names for Chemical Compounds

16

The soil is acidic.

A U-tube

Photo by Marc Ryckaert

Photo by Kreteglobi


Idioms

10

ChemistryChemistry is used metaphorically to describe how well (or badly) two people get on1. You can talk about their per-sonal chemistry, say they have a special chemistry or even a strange chemistry:- It is essential that there is good chemistry between the

pilot and the co-pilot on long flights.

>> a chemical weapon /ˈwepən/= a device2 that uses chemical compounds to cause death or harm to human beings. Notice the assonance3.

Chemistry Equipment Did you know that the name of the video-sharing4 website ‘YouTube’ was originally a play on its chemi-cal homophone ‘U-tube’ – a type of manometer? The name is meant to5 chime with6 ‘(boob) tube’, a colloquial US term for ‘television’.7

>> a test-tube baby= a baby born as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Acid>> the acid test= a crucial evaluation to determine if something is genuine. The allu-sion is to the testing of a specific material using nitric acid to find out8 if it contains gold.

>> acid rain= rain containing sulphur dioxide from traffic fumes and industry. In 1974 acid rain fell in Scotland that was as acidic as lemon juice!

>> litmus test= an action that confirms a theory. Litmus paper is used to test for acidity (in which case it turns9 red) or alkalinity (in which case it turns9 blue). There is a botanical precedent; hydrangea plants produce blue flow-ers when the soil10 is acidic but pink and white flowers when it’s alkaline.

>> a vitriolic attack= acrimonious criticism. Vitriol is an old-fashioned word for sulphuric acid, one of the most corrosive sub-stances there is.

>> caustic humour= sarcasm. Literally, ‘caustic’ means corrosive by means of11 a chemical reaction.

1 to get on (get-got-got) – get along, be compatible

2 device – mechanism, thing 3 assonance – repetition of the vowel sound in consecutive syllables

4 video-sharing – that permits you to exhibit videos

5 to be meant to – be supposed to

6 to chime with sth. – (in this case) be euphonically connected with (through assonance3)

7 originally referring to the cathode-ray tube used in TVs in the 20th Century

8 to find out (find-found-found) – discover, determine

9 to turn (in this case) go, become

10 soil – earth, ground, dirt (US English)

11 by means of – through

Chemical Expressions: the Acid Test


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AUDIO SCRIPTSThe following pages contain the transcriptions of what is spoken on the audio files.

SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPSSpoken English is significantly different from the written language: A more limited vocabulary is generally used and it is, by definition, more colloquial.Moreover1, spoken English uses many more incomplete or badly constructed sentences. On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech.

HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTSFollow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:

Before you listen we recommend that you read through the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen.

When you listen the first time, don’t expect to understand everything; listening practice should not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much meaning you can extract from the recording.

Listen more times going back to the footnotes to integrate the information you have.

Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise.

Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again.

Stop each time you get lost or encounter a structure that interests or confuses you.

Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.

Two or three days later, listen to the text again without reading to see if your understanding has improved5.

This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the spoken word to the written. Once you’ve done that, the rest is easy!

1 moreover – what’s more, furthermore2 footnotes – notes at the bottom of the page (in this box)

3 subject (n.) – (in this context) theme 4 painful – (in this context) arduous, unpleasant5 to improve – get better 6 eventually – (false friend) in the end 7 to relate – associate, connect, link

1

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YES 22 | 87

YES NO. 22 TRACK LIST

Mini-debates (22m50s)1. Parental Rights (10m05s)2. The LGBT School (8m35s)3. The ‘Old-man’ Haircut (4m09s)

4. Pronunciation Exercise (3m42s)

5. Interview about Children's Literature (10m12s)

Monologues:The Story of My Childhood (13m05s)6. Monologue 1 [US English] (3m33s)7. Monologue 2 [British English] (2m42s)8. Monologue 3 [US English] (2m58s)9. Monologue 4 [British English] (3m51s)

10. Chemistry Pronunciation (3m36s)

11. Picture Description (4m49s)

Total time: 0h58m17s

Photo by IncognitoPhotomontage of the “old-man” haircut


AUDIO SCRIPTS

areas where the general population around them is not as well off139 as they are et cetera, et cetera. I think the idea that – y’know37 – people in a particular92 school can be a target137 and they probably have to be careful when they’re leaving school or there ought to140 be – sort of19 – adults around until they’ve dis-persed. I mean9, I don’t think that’s the same as when however long you are at school per day, eight hours a day, having to be looking over your shoulder141. I think that’s a different circumstance.SM: Yeah, I mean9, but I think we’ve come back to the fundamental prob-lem that the educational system

needs more investment142 and needs – y’know37 – teachers need better training and – y’know37 – it needs refurbishment143.AM: And the rise144 in suicides and bullying93, do you think this is attrib-utable to social media?EM: I don’t think… I didn’t necessar-ily… I didn’t say there was a rise144 and I don’t know there has been a rise. I know that there are… there is a suicide rate associated with young people in that situation but I don’t know if… it probably has decreased I think in one sense. I wouldn’t be surprised if it decreased because society is, certainly British society, is much, much more accepting than

in the past. And you know there are positive role models. The guy145 who just146 won the Emmys147, what is the American music award? The Ameri-can music?AM: The Grammys148?EM: The Grammys! There’s a Brit-ish guy149 who… don’t know why I said Emmys? …a British guy who is – y’know37 – quite openly gay et cetera, et cetera. That’s – y’know37 – there are a lot of positive role models whereas a generation ago or two generations ago it was… you’d have – sort of19 – silly stereotype things like Are You Being Served?150 and things like that. So, I think that’s changed.

139 well off – affluent, rich, prosperous 140 ought to – should 141 to be looking over one’s shoulder – be

vigilant for danger142 investment – spending money on

improvements 143 refurbishment – renovation 144 rise – increase 145 guy /gai/ – man, bloke (UK only)

146 just – recently 147 US-based award for excellence in

television 148 US-based award for excellence in music149 Sam Smith (1992- )150 a BBC TV comedy series (1972-85)

whose central character was an effemi-nate shop assistant

151 piece – item, story

152 bald – having no hair153 short back and sides – when the hair is

cut short at the sides and at the back of the head

154 to be meant to – be supposed to 155 alopecia – partial absence of hair from

areas of the head where it normally grows156 naughty – disobedient, mischievous

3. The ‘Old-man’ Haircut(4m09s)

EM: Did you see this piece151 of news in America about this barber who’s giving ‘old-man haircuts’ to kids5? Apparently, this barber who’s called Rusty, Rusty Fred from Atlanta.USW: What’s the haircut like?EM: It’s basically – sort of19 – bald152 on top and short back and sides153. It’s meant to154 make your child look like a 70-year-old. Yeah.USW: So like alopecia155.EW: Wow! And for girls as well14?EM: I don’t know if it is just33 for boys. The only pictures I’ve seen are boys. But the idea is that if children have been naughty156 then their

71 9

Photo by Robert Lawton


AUDIO SCRIPTS

parents4 either threaten157 them or actually38 take them in to have their heads done, to be scalped158. Is that child abuse159 or is that...?USW: And even if they are not naughty156!USM: I wanna160 know where Rusty got that idea. Business must’ve been slow.EM: No, no. I can tell you where Rusty got the idea. A mother came in and said that her child had been naughty156 and she wanted her… she

wanted the child to be given a ridic-ulous haircut as a punishment161. And he took this up and went with162 it.EW: The man’s a genius!USM: OK.EM: You don’t… I mean9, do you think that’s acceptable?USW: I think it’s fine, yeah. Did you never go to the hairdresser and get an awful163 haircut and suffer because of it?EW: My mum used to give me an

awful163 haircut. And I remem-ber actually38 one day wearing a hood164 to school on the bus. The bus escort165 made me take my hood164 off and even she laughed at me out loud166. She’s like61, “Oh, sorry, that’s terrible”.EM: And then said, “Put it back on! Put it back on!”EW: Yeah! And at school I just7 remember being so embarrassed. The typical basin haircut167, you know? And that was my mom just7

157 to threaten sb. – say that sth. will happen to sb. if they continue to act in a specific way

158 to be scalped – (in this case) have one’s hair cut short

159 child abuse – mistreatment of children160 wanna – (slang) want to 161 punishment – retribution, act of

disciplining

162 to take sth. up and go with it – adopt sth. 163 awful – terrible, horrible 164 hood – part of a coat that covers one’s head 165 bus escort – bus monitor, adult who

accompanies the children on a school bus as a passenger

166 out loud – aloud, audibly 167 (pudding-)basin haircut – bowl haircut

9 71

EXERCISES

YES 22 | 111

PAGE EXERCISE

PAGE EXERCISE

112 1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify some of the objects and actions mentioned in the footnotes of this issue.

113 2. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles to the news articles on pp. 7-9?

3. Interview listening comprehension: answer these questions about audio track 5.

114 4. Word Search: find names and terms from Alice in Wonderland (pp. 18-25).

115 5. Chemical pronunciation and spelling: a varied exercise relating to the chemistry dossier in general and p. 81 in particular.

6. Enid Blyton’s Numbers: a tongue-in-cheek exercise relating to the article on pp. 46-48.

116 7. Crossword: for revision of vocabulary from throughout the magazine.

117 8. Harry Potter multiple-choice quiz: relating to pp. 63-65.

118 9. Debates: varied listening comprehension exercises for audio tracks 1-3 (pp. 88-100).

119 10. Chemistry idioms: did you manage to learn the expressions on pp. 82-83?

11. Monologues: a true-false listening comprehension on audio tracks 6-9 (pp. 105-109).

12. US vs. UK: matching words in British and American English from the footnotes.

120 13. Pronunciation: a listening exercise to revise the difficult words from throughout the magazine.

14. Metal expressions: fill the gaps to form expressions from pp. 74-77.

121 15. Wizard of Oz multiple-choice quiz: answer the questions relating to pp. 37-39.

122 16. Popular names for chemical compounds: a matching exercise relating to p. 78.

17. Chemical symbols: match the symbols to the element names in English (p. 74-77).

123 18. Phrasal Verbs Round-up: how many new phrasal verbs have you learned this month?

19. False Friends Round-up: test to see if you learned the false friends marked in the footnotes throughout the magazine + see if you learned the chemical false friends on p. 80.

124 20. Wordplay: a word game – relating to the Huck Finn articles on pp. 30-33.

21. Internet Listening: test your listening comprehension with this fascinating talk about better teaching techniques.

22. Peter Pan idioms: did you learn the expressions from pp. 40-42?

125 23. Hobbit Homophones: correct this text about the Hobbit movie.

126 24. Prepositions: fill the gaps in this text about children’s literature and religion.

25. Tolkien names: match the names to their meanings after reading pp. 54-55.

127 26. Reading Comprehension about metaphors: read the poem by Rudyard Kipling and answer the questions (pp. 34-36).

128 27. Wordplay: test your vocabulary and understanding of English morphology.

129 28. Narnia multiple-choice quiz: answer the questions about C.S. Lewis and his work (pp. 56-59).

130 29. Sentence transformation: revise structures from throughout the issue.

131-133 ANSWERS


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Across

1. ____________________ story = bildungsroman (6-2-3)

6. epoch, number of years lived7. germanium (chemical

abbreviation)9. preposition. Activated?10. Egyptian sun god11. chopping tool (US English)12. pounds weight (Latin

abbreviation)14. apex. Anagram of

‘pot’ and ‘opt’17. precious metal.

Anagram of ‘sliver’19. not conscious20. conscious22. (we/you/they) exist.

Anagram of ‘era’23. rhenium (chemical

abbreviation)24. 3.14159. homophone

of ‘pie’25. flowering plant associated

with France26. unit of electrical resistance27. piece of textile28. chemical symbol

for 17 ACROSS29. encountered30. extra-terrestrial

(initialism)32. since, like34. Driving Standards

Agency (initialism)36. album38. is not or are not (slang)40. strangers

44. preposition46. any beer other than

lager, stout, or porter47. saga, legend49. return (abbreviation)51. ocular organ53. piece of clothing58. pronoun. Homophone

of 51 ACROSS59. stair, stride. Anagram of ‘pest’60. delight, cheer61. tardy62. consumed food63. tellurium (chemical symbol)

Down

1. metal (Cu); policeman2. same as 9 ACROSS3. ferrous element (Fe.).

Homophone of ‘ion’4. chemical weapon

associated with the US war against Vietnam

5. supernatural being. Type of tale

6. shaft for wheels8. pachyderm – such as Horton10. Harry Potter’s friend11. well ventilated13. popular name for sulphur14. element previously

known as wolfram15. same as 9 ACROSS16. tropical tree. Part

of one’s hand17. potassium nitrate

(US spelling)18. Latin preposition

used in English21. easily handled.

Anagram of ‘widely’28. grown-ups31. (I/she/he/it) existed.

Anagram of ‘saw’32. industrious insect that

lives in a colony33. piece of rock –

14 x 12 ACROSS

35. same as 32 ACROSS37. boy’s name – Pan?38. same as 32 ACROSS39. shade40. paddle. Homophone or ‘ore’41. number. Anagram of ‘net’42. depiction, picture43. nursery ____________ -

poem for children45. pronoun; number46. Argon (chemical symbol)48. Neon (chemical symbol)50. same as 6 ACROSS52. snake-like fish53. same as 7 ACROSS54. Associated Press

(initialism)55. object pronoun56. sodium (chemical symbol)57. Trinidad and Tobago

(internet address)

Test how well you have retained the vocabulary from this issue of Yes by doing the following crossword

If you find the crossword difficult, do the easy clues (in bold) first. This will make the rest of the words much easier to find.

Crossword


23. The Hobbit movie. 66 words in this text have been changed for their homophones. Change them back:

Anyone reading hour analysis of The Hobbit (on pp. 52-53) is likely to be disconcerted if he ore she has only scene

the recent movies. This trilogy converts the slim children’s fantasy into an epic prequel for the Lord of the Rings. Inn

sew doing, the filmmakers solve many of the problems that make the book reactionary. However, the wait of changes

means that the movies form a storey that is for adolescents and adults – the audience of the previous Lord of the

Rings films – rather than for children. To be fare sum of the added material is inspired buy the Appendices that Tolkien

added to The Lord of the Rings, sow it could be argued that the changes are faithful to the author's overall vision.

Won type of change wrought on the children’s adventure book is the insertion of characters from The Lord of the

Rings, presumably to satisfy those filmgoers who Sikh familiarity. Thus we have Frodo appearing at the beginning of

the first movie, even though he had knot bin borne at the thyme of Bilbo’s adventure. Later on, we encounter Legolas

(Orlando Bloom), Galadriel (Kate Blanchett) and Saruman (Christopher Lee) even though they do knot appear inn The

Hobbit. Galadriel was introduced as part of the White Council (an awl-mail committee inn the book) – and Tauriel was

invented as a female elf warrior – to compensate for Tolkien’s entirely homosocial fantasy.

The Hobbit movies also reprise tropes from the Lord of the Rings films. Gandalf saves the party from the trolls with

a gesture that imitates his rock-splitting at the bridge of Khazad-dûm. Soon after, he gives Bilbo almost the same pep

torque that he gave Frodo inn Moria. The seen of the fighting mountain giants is changed sew that it is moor like the

avalanches on the Caradhras pass. Likewise, the scenes inn Goblin Town are modified to remind fans of the previous

movies of the fight action in Moria.

Epic elements are added to make the Hobbit movie less of a fantasy. Azog is a dead character inn the book but hear

he is converted into the giant albino orc who pursues the company throughout there adventure. Inn fact, their is know

hoard of warg riders inn the book. The introduction of Azoz also adds familiarity for Lord of the Rings fans because he

is essentially the same character as Lurtz inn the later book. Tolkien’s dwarves are the comical little creatures of fairy

tail, inn the movies they are moor like pint-sized Vikings. Thorin, becomes a handsome and noble epic avenger rather

than the greedy, bumbling, inexperienced leader of the book. Similarly, Bilbo rapidly terns into an action hero.

The movies unremittingly ad conflict to the children’s fantasy. For instants, Rivendell is a plaice that the dwarves enter

reluctantly and they are constantly hostile to the elves. Inn the book they are received with music and dance and they

do knot want to leave after a fortnight. Most of the battle scenes inn the movies don’t appear inn the novel awe are

hugely expanded.

The movies remove a number of Harry-Potteresque elements that wood be considered infantile bye a 21st-century

teenage and adult audience. For example, inn the book the trolls have a talking purse and, moor importantly, the

eagles offer stimulating conversation to there passengers. Talking objects and talking animals are part of fantasy, knot

epic and sow they have to be eliminated.

At the same thyme the Hobbit movies are re-infantilized inn a number of weighs. For instants, their is the introduction

of the character Radagast the Brown, a wizard who is named inn the book but does knot appear. A bizarre cross

between Unibomber and a lovable old tramp, this figure seams to have bin added for comic relief. Finally, the

scatological gags that punctuate the movies are pure Hollywood and definitely un-Tolkienesque.

STAFFAnglo Files, S.L. (publisher)

Nicholas Franklin (editor)[email protected]

Marina Carresi(artistic director and

photography, proofreading)[email protected]

Nathan Burkiewicz(sub-editor, page-design, webmaster)

[email protected]

Fabiola Vieyra (promotion)

Josh Tampico (sound engineer)

Gonzalo Cohen (legal)

WRITERS, VOICES, INVALUABLE SUPPORT & HELPING HANDSDouglas Jasch, Silvia Gimeno Siehr,Prof. Raoul Franklin, Colman Keane,

Miles Pratt, Almudena Cáceres,Susannah Jones, Robbie K. Jones,

Garrett Wall, AmyJo Doherty, James Duggan, Jim Trainor,

Rod E. Musselman, Adrian Hall, Paul Thomas, John Adedoyin, Hamish Binns, Lois Humphrey,

Julie Davies, Irene Tremblay,Dave Mooney, Howard Brown, Bea Alzona,

Saskia Eijkins, Cristian Dopazzo.

PHOTOGRAPHYMarina Carresi, Natalia Auffray,

AmyJo Doherty

PLEASE CHECK OUR WEBPAGE FOR THE FULL UPDATED LIST OF YES STOCKISTS.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, WRITE TO US AT [email protected]

Published by Anglo Files S.L. C/ Bronce 27, 11-B, Madrid 28045Depósito legal: M-9788-2013 // ISSN: 2255-5676PVP: 9,95€ VAT included/incluido IVA // Printed in Spain

All rights reserved. Neither all nor part of this magazine can be reproduced, recorded in or transmitted by any information-recovery system by any means, be it mechanical, photochemical, magnetic, electronic, photocopies or any other method or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the publisher and in accordance with the Intellectual Property Law. Any violation of these terms and conditions will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

YOUR ENGLISH SUPPLEMENT

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Marina Carresi

Nathan [email protected]

@yeszine

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Photomontage by Nick Franklin

Photo by Marina Carresi

In the Next Volume ofYour English Supplement

Plus loads more stuff on economics, internet, science, news, language etc. which we haven’t decided yet!

THE TRAVEL & TOURISM DOSSIEREverything you need to know to work in tourism or travel in the Anglosphere- Functional English for tourism- Travel false friends- Travel phrasal verbs

- US vs. UK travel vocabulary- Confusing words in travel

THE DINOSAUR RENAISSANCEWith a new Jurassic Park movie on the way, we have learned more about palaeontology since the first Jurassic Park movie than we had discovered in the previous two centuries.

Documents

Yes - Your English Supplement: Volume 22