Yellow Rust Status In Wheat In Kenya

YELLOW RUST STATUS IN WHEAT IN KENYA

Wanyera R.1,P.Njau1,S.Bhavani2,K.Nazari3

1 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Njoro

2 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center( CIMMTY), Nairobi, Kenya

3 International Center For Agricultural Research in Dry Areas( ICARDA), Allepo, Syria

International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium

18-20 April, ICARDA

Allepo, Syria

IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT KENYA

Wheat is 2nd most important cereal to maize

Wheat crop grows in wide range of altitudes 1800 - over 2700 MASL Maturity is between 90-145 days depending Location

Cultivar

Only bread wheat is cultivated

Current area - 150,000 ha/year

20% of large scale farmers produce 80%

80% of small scale farmers produce 20%

Annual production 313-397 MT

Demand /requirement -900,000MT/year

Import >60%

IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT KENYA

Rising demand is due to:

High population growthHigh population growth

Changing eating habitsChanging eating habits

Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization

Also enhanced by exports of wheat products to the neighbouring Also enhanced by exports of wheat products to the neighbouring countries countries East Africa Community (EAC) East Africa Community (EAC) Common Market for Eastern and South Africa ( COMESA)Common Market for Eastern and South Africa ( COMESA)

IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT IN KENYA

Production has been steadily increasing over the last 20 years

• From an average of 1.9t/ha-2.5t/ha

• Improved( superior) varieties

• Movement to the non-traditional wheat growing areas

CHALLENGES Reappearance of a more virulent stem rust race (Ug99) Other biotic and abiotic factors:

Yellow (stripe ) rust** Leaf (brown) rust Septoria spp Loose smut Fusarium sppSpot bloch among others Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Cereal aphids ( e.g. Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) Acid soils Climate change (drought & etc) High cost of inputs

CHALLENGES The wheat crop is attacked by a number of fungal diseases in

Kenya and the major and most important are rusts:

YELLOW(STRIPE) RUST

Yellow rust attacked wheat as early as 1908

Major threat a very year and no commercial variety is resistant

Disease severity increases with altitude

Serious epidemics also occur in lower altitudes (1800 masl)

In the past resistance became ineffective in less than six years, but now

newly introduced resistant varieties loose resistance within a short time

Now even latest releases have succumbed to Yr infection (e.g NjoroBWII) among others

COMMERCIAL VARIETIES

Variety Parentage and Pedigree Year of release

Njoro BWII CM8181-12y-06PZ-4y-5m-0y-2AL-0AL-0M 2001

Njoro BWII Mutant 2001

Chozi F1271/CoC//Gen.CM76689-3y-08m-02y-4B-2y-0B- 1999

Kenya Heroe Mbuni/SRPC64//YRPC1 1999

K.Yombi Mbuni/SRPC64//YRPC5 1999

Mbega Fink “S” 1993

Duma R674-AV/UP301//GLL/SX/3/PEW ’S’/4/MAI ”S”//PEW ‘S’-CM67245

1993

Ngamia SW53=Buck Buck”S”CM31678 1993

K.Chiriku KTB/Carpintero “S” 1989

Kwale Kinglet,Cm33089-W 1987

Mbuni Za75/Ld357E-T3x Gu,x30520-IB-IB-3Y-0Y 1987

K. Kulungu On/Tr.207/3/CNO//SON64/4/6648-2- 1982

COMMERCIAL VARIETIES

Variety Parentage &Pedigree Year of release

K. Kongoni C18154/2*Fr/2/*Romm/3/WIS.245-II-50-17/C8154/2/2*Fr 1981

K. Nyangumi R23/AFM//K6877=TZPP//SK6

E/LR64HDM/3/AFM/4/KWS/K6661-531979

K. Paka Wis.245/II-50-17//C18154/2*Fr/3/2*Tob.66 1977

K.Fahari Cross.6582xTobari66=TOBARI 66/SRPC527//eI8154/3/2 K6661-53

1977

K.Tembo Wis.245/II-50-17//CI8154/2*Fr/3/2*Tob.66 1975

OLD WHEAT VARIETIES

Variety Pedigree Year of release

K. Kudu K131XK184.P.2A.I.F-K.7.K.2 1966

K.Leopard (lagxK354P3)X(C.1.12632X354.P3)-A.2.A.1

1966

Trophy T-K2XY50-V1-42-17h-1r-1m 1968

EVALUATION OF YELLOW RUST ON COMMERCIAL VARIETIES

ENDEBBES

MOLO

MAU-NAROK

NJORO

LANET

NAIVASHA

TIMAUELDORET

MountKenya

TANZANIA

UGANDA

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIA

SUDAN

LakeVictoria

IndianOcean

LakeTurukana

NAIROBI

Mombasa

36° 39° 42°

3°

3°

0°

3°

3°

0°

36° 39° 42°

200 km1000

200 ml1000

16-18 commercial wheat

varieties evaluated in 8 sites

( 5yrs)

Design RCB in 3 replicates

Plot size 1.5x6m (8 rows)

Disease score taken twice ( modified Cobb scale

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMERCIAL VARIETIES TO YELLOW RUST IN SELECTED SITES

Variety Year of release

2002 2001 2002 2004

Timau MauNarok Timau MauNarok

Endebess MauNarok

Njoro Molo MauNarok

Njoro BWII 2001 - - - - - 40M 50S 20S 0

NjoroBWI 2001 - - - - - 40MR 90S 60MS

30S

Chozi 1999 0 80MS 40MS 60S 40R 40S 70S 50S 50S

Kenya Heroe

1999 0 TR TMS 30MS 30R 5MR 40S 10S 70S

K.Yombi 1999 - - TMS TS 30R 30MS 30MS 40S 0

Duma 1993 1 60S TR 60S 10R 30M 90S 50S 30S

Mbega 1993 30S 80S 60MS 60MR 5MS 15S 50S 20S 30S

Ngamia 1993 0 60MS 70MS 60MS 30R 60S 70S 50S 50S

Pasa 1989 0 60MS 20M 50S 40MR 20S 60S 30S 30S

K.Chiriku 1989 20S 85S TS 50S 30R 30M 40S 70S 60S

Kwale 1987 0 60MS 30MS 70S 40MR 10S 20MR 60S 20S

1Mt. Kenya Region 3North Rift

2Central Rift

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMERCIAL VARIETIES TO YELLOW RUST IN SELECTED SITES

Variety Year of release

2002 2001 2002 2004

1Timau

2MauNarok

1Timau

2MauNarok

3Endebess

2MauNarok

2Njoro 2Molo 2MauNarok

Mbuni 1987 20MS 30MS TMR 60S 30R 70S 40S 60S 20S

K.Popo 1982 0 25MR TMR 40S 30R 20S 70S 50S 40S

K.Kongoni 1981 30MS - 10M 50S 50S 20MR 60S 50S 20S

K.Nyangumi 1979 40S 50MS - 60S 30R 40S 40S 60S 20S

K.Paka 1977 10MS 90S 60MS 50S 40MR 30M 0 20S 60S

K.Fahari 1977 30MS 60MSS - 40S 30R 40M 80S 60S 40S

K.Tembo 1975 15MS 60MS 5M 40S 30R 20S 40S 40S 30S

1 Mt. Kenya Region

2 Central Rift

3 North Rift

SURVEYSSurvey areas: South Rift (Narok)

North Rift (Uasin-Gishu,Elgeyo Marakwet,Trans-Nzioa, Mt.Elgon) Central Rift ( Nakuru, Naivasha, Njoro, Rongai, Bahati) Mt. Kenya region ( Laikipia, Nyahururu, Meru)

• Farms were picked at random stopping at 3-5 km or nearest farm in sparsely distributed areas

Survey Form is used to record

GPS readings on:

Way point Elevation Latitude Longitude

Growth stage of the cropDisease severity (modified Cobb scale) among others

OCCURRENCE OF YELLOW RUST IN COMMERCIAL FIELDS

Year Region Site (s) No.of farms sampled

%Yr infection

Yr severity

2007 South Rift Narok 75 4 TR-30S

2008 South Rift Narok 65 17 0-75S

2008 North Rift Uasin-Gishu,Elgeyo Marakwet,Trans-Nzioa, Mt.Elgon

99 26.6 0-100S

Central Rift

Nakuru, Naivasha, Njoro, Rongai, Bahati

59 3.5 0-20S

Mt. Kenya Laikipia, Nyahururu, Meru

70 10.0 0-80S

2009 South Rift Narok 131 7.6 0-80S

North Rift Uasin-Gishu,Elgeyo Marakwet,Trans-Nzioa, Mt.Elgon

88 21.6 0-80S

YELLOW RUST OCCURRENCE IN COMMERCIAL FIELDS

Year Region Site(s) No.of farms

sampled

% infection Severity

2010 South Rift Narok 101 11.0 0-60S

2010 Central Rift

Nakuru, Naivasha

40 17.0 0-60S

2010 North Rift Uasin-Gishu,Elgeyo Marakwet,Tra

ns-Nzioa, Mt.Elgon

82 10.9 0-50S

TRAP NURSERY Disease Trap nursery comprising :

3rd IYRTN ( 75 entries) was planted in Timau

(3079 MASL) March 2010)

4th IYRTN ( 85 entries) Eldoret(2181 MASL), June 2010

4th IYRTN ( 75 entries ( MauNarok(2806 MASL)

Each entry was planted in double rows of 0.5M

Disease notes taken twice (modified Cobb scale)

RESULTS -TRAP NURSERY

Severe infection of yellow rust in the 3 sites:

Minimum infection in Eldoret (60%)

Maximum infection (100%) in both Timau and MauNarok

Results indicated the presence of virulence for:

Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr25 and Yr27

TRAP NURSERYCultivar Yr Gene

Mau Narok( (2606masl)

Eldoret(2181 (masl)

Timau(3079 masl)

Super Kauz Yr9,Yr27,Yr18 30S 60M 100S

Pastor Attila Yr31+APR 5S 40M 100S

Morocco 100S 40S 100S

Attila CM85836-50Y-OM-OY-3M-0Y Yr27+? 0 40M 100S

Chines 166(w;Yr1) (W;Yr1) 100S 20S 100S

Lee ( S:Yr7) (S;Yr17) 20S 15MS 100S

Heines Kolben (S;Yr6+1) (S;Yr6+1) 5S 0 100S

Vilmorin 23 (W:Yr3a, 4a+other) (W;Yr3a,4a+other) 40S TR 100S

Moro(W:Yr10) (W;Yr10) 0 TR 100S

Strubes Dickopf( W:2-More?) (W;2-more?) 0 TR 100S

Suwon 92xOmar (W) (W) 0 TR 80S

Clement (W:Yr9+Yr2+?) (W;Yr9+Yr2+?) 60S 0 20S


Hybrid 46(W:Yr14) (W;Yr4) 5S 0 10S

Reinchersberg 42((W:Yr7+1) (W;Yr7+) 0 15MS 80S

Heine’s Peko (S;Yr6+1) (S;Yr6+?) 0 30S 100S

Nord Desprez (W;YrND) W;YrND) 0 5MS 10S


Mau-Narok Eldoret Timau

Compaire (S;Yr8) (S;Yr8) 0 0 5S

Castens V(W;Yr32) (W;Yr32) TR TR 80S

Spalding Prolific( W;YrSP) (W;YrSP) 100S 40M 100S

Heines VII(W;Yr2+?) (W;Yr2+?) 40S 0 100S

Federation 100S 30MS 100S

Morroco 100S 30S 100S

Fed.4/Kavkaz(Yr9) Yr9 100S 30M 100S

Triticum spelta (Inter,Yr5) Yr5 10S 5S 15S

Kalyansona (s) Yr2 90S 30M 10M

TATARA CM85836-50Y-0M-0Y-2M-0Y-0PAK

20S 40S 100S

Anza Yr A,Yr8 60S 30M 100S

Cham 1(DW) DW 100S 5R 100S

Cook (S) APR 60S TR 50S

Jupateco ‘R’(S) Yr18+ 100S 40S 10S

Jupateco ‘S’ 30S 60S 100S


Avocet S 40S 10R 100S



Avocet R YrA 60S 10R 10MS

Yr1/6/* Avocet S Yr1 30S 40S 100S

Yr5/6/* Avocet S Yr5 10S 5MR 70S



Yr8/6/* Avocet S Yr8 60S TR 100S


Yr10/6/* Avocet S Yr10 10S R 100S


Yr15/6/* Avocet S Yr15 0 R 5S

Yr17/6/* Avocet S Yr17 0 R 100S

Yr18/6/* Avocet S Yr18 0 15M 100S

Yr27/6* AOC Yr27 0 5M

AVOCET-YRA*3/3/ALATAR84/AE.SQ//OPATA CGSS00Y0024T-099M-20Y

Yr28 40S 15MR 80S

Avocet-YRA83/PASTOR CGSS00Y00207T-099M-1Y

Yr31 0 60M 40S

YrSP/6*Avocet S YrSP 60S 50S 100S

YRCV/6*AOC Yr CV 60S 15MR 100S

Yr26 Yr Line R55 40S TR 40S




Yr24 Yr24 20S TR 90S

Yr26 Yr26 5S 5M 50S

Yr27 Yr27 60S TR 100S

YrSp Yrsp 5S TR 40S

Tre/6*AVS TR TR 100S

TP981 ? 15S -

TP1295 Yr25 25S -

Ciano 79 Yr27 20S -

Lai Bahadur/Pavon 1BL Yr27 15S -

Morrocco 20S -

Inia66 YrA 20S -

Lee Yr22,Yr23 15S -

Fieder Yr6,Yr20 50S -

Lemhi Yr21 25S -

Thatcher Yr7 20S -

CONCLUSION Results revealed severe infection of

yellow rust

Yellow rust is on the increase in Kenya

Strengthen race typing

Joint effort is required for resistance breeding

THANK YOU

Documents

Yellow Rust Status In Wheat In Kenya