INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL RESEARCH CENTER

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

YEARBOOK

2007

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

1 GENERAL INFORMATION ...........................................................................................................................3

2 SOME FINANCIAL AND PUBLICATION DATA .......................................................................................4

3 THE ORGANIZATION....................................................................................................................................5

4 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2007.................................................................................................................8

5 PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS...................................................................26

6 PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS ......................................................28

7 ORGANISATION OF INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIA ............................................................................30

8 AWARDS..........................................................................................................................................................31

9 PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION .........................................................................32

10 INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS...................................................................................................................37

11 RESEARCH FACILITIES .............................................................................................................................39

12 PUBLICATIONS IN 2007...............................................................................................................................43

13 EXPERTIES.....................................................................................................................................................53

14 E-MAIL ADDRESSES ....................................................................................................................................72

PREFACE

Everyone involved in scientific research experiences day after day that “nature does not reveal its

treasures for free”. While together with my coworkers we are faced with this fact, we keep striving

to contribute to the exploration of the secrets of nature with our studies in various areas of materials

science and environmental chemistry.

We think it is important that we summarize the results of our research with the purpose of inform-

ing everyone who is interested about them. Such summaries are our yearly reports of which the 15th

volume is the present one.

In this anniversary issue we report on how we accomplished our plans made for 2007.

A novel feature of the present issue is the final chapter which provides an overview of which areas

of research belong to our expertise, and also the fields of industrial and other applications where we

can contribute to the successful completion of research and development projects.

I heartily commend this yearbook to our readers.

Budapest, May 2008

János Szépvölgyi

Director

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Director Prof. Szépvölgyi, János, PhD, DSc

Organization

Staff 60 scientists (2 members of HAS, 10 DSc, 23 PhD)

11 PhD students

22 technicians

Contact information Address H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67.

P.O.B.1525 Budapest, Pf. 17.

Phone (+36-1) 438-1130, (+36-1) 438-1100, (+36-1) 438-1101

Telefax (+36-1) 438-1147

Homepage http://www.chemres.hu/aki

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2 SOME FINANCIAL AND PUBLICATION DATA

The total income of the Institute was 737 MFt in 2007.The figure shows the distribution of the in-

come according to the sources.

State support48,3%

R&D grants41,1%

Industrial projects10,6%

The expenses of the Institute amounted 720 MFt in 2007. Their distribution is shown in the next

figure.

Consumables17,3%

Overheads12,7%

Durable equipment

6,9%

Personnel costs63,1%

The number of publications written by the research staff of the IMEC CRC HAS for the last five

years changed as follows:

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3 THE ORGANIZATION*

Directory / Secretariat

Director: Szépvölgyi, János, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser, professor

Beck, Mihály T., Professor Emeritus, ordinary member of HAS

Babos, Gábor, technician

Kránicz, Andrea, secretary

Mezei-Seres, Ágota, financial manager

Department of Plasma Chemistry

Head: Mohai, Ilona, PhD, senior research fellow

Ajler, László, technician

Bartha, Cecília, junior research fellow

Bertóti, Imre, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Bíró, Erzsébet, technician

Feczkó, Tivadar, PhD, research fellow**

Fodor, Judit, PhD student, junior research fellow

Fodor-Kardos, Andrea, junior research fellow**

Gál, Loránd, PhD student, junior research fellow

Gulyás, László, technician

Károly, Zoltán, PhD, senior research fellow

Kereszturi, Klára, PhD student, junior research fellow

Keszler, Anna Mária, junior research fellow

Klébert, Szilvia, PhD, research fellow

Kótai, László, PhD, research fellow

Laczkó, Zsuzsanna, technician

May, Zoltán, PhD, research fellow

Mohai, Miklós, PhD, senior research fellow

Petrikowsky, Ottó, electrotechnician

Szentmarjay, Erika, technician**

Szentmihályi, Klára, PhD, senior research fellow

Tóth, András, PhD, senior research fellow

Tóth, Judit, PhD, research fellow**

* As for March 1, 2008 ** A joint group with the Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia.

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Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science

Head: Iván, Béla, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser, privat-docent

Erdődi, Gábor, PhD, research fellow

Fodor, Csaba, PhD student, junior research fellow

Haraszti, Márton, PhD, junior research fellow

Kali, Gergely, PhD student, junior research fellow

Mezey, Péter, junior research fellow

Pálfi, Viktória, junior research fellow

Podlaviczki, Blanka, secretary, assistant

Szabó, L. Sándor, research fellow

Szanka, István, PhD student, junior research fellow

Szarka, Györgyi, PhD student, junior research fellow

Szesztay, Márta, CSc, senior research fellow

Tyroler, Erzsébet, technician

Verebélyi, Klára, PhD student, junior research fellow

Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

Head: Pukánszky, Béla, corresponding member of HAS, scientific adviser, professor

Group of Polymer Degradation

Földes, Enikő, PhD, DSc, senior research fellow, head of the group

Kriston, Ildikó, PhD student, junior research fellow

Meskó, Mónika, technician

Móczó, János, PhD, research fellow

Selmeci, Erika, technician

Szauer, Judit, technician

Group of Applied Polymer Chemistry

Fekete, Erika, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

Cseke, László, technician

Erdő-Fazekas, Ildikó, technician

Kovács, János, technician

Pozsgay, Tünde, junior research fellow

Renner, Károly, PhD student, junior research fellow

Sudár, András, junior research fellow

Szabó-Vers, Teréz, administrator

Szirotka-Sárai, Hajnalka, technician

Tatay, Ede, technician

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Department of Environmental Chemistry

Head: Pajkossy, Tamás, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Bakos, István, PhD, senior research fellow

Blazsó, Marianne, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Bozi, János, PhD student, junior research fellow

Demeter, Attila, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Dóbé, Sándor, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Lendvay-Győrik, Gabriella, PhD, research fellow

Mészáros, Erika, PhD, research fellow

Mészáros, Gábor, PhD, senior research fellow

Metzger, Klára, administrator

Nádasdi, Rebeka, junior research fellow

Novák-Czégény, Zsuzsanna PhD, research fellow

Pekker-Jakab, Emma, CSc, senior research fellow

Sebestyén, József, fitter

Stark, Sára, technician

Várhegyi, Gábor, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Zügner, Gábor László, PhD student, junior research fellow

Accredited Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry (No.: NAT-1-1378/2005)

Head: Horváth, Tibor, PhD, senior research fellow

Bartha, Eszter, technician

Fekete, Éva, research fellow

Kéméndi-Fridrich, Erzsébet, technician

Király, István, research fellow

Kiss, Mária, technician

Lengyel, Béla, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Lengyel, István, technician

Mink, György, CSc, senior research fellow

Prodán, Miklós, environmental engineer

Sándor, Zoltán, research fellow

Szabó, Péter, mechanical engineer

Tardi, Ilona, technician

Tarlós, Éva, technician

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4 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2007

4.1 Research in materials chemistry

We have studied the chemical and structural properties of selected functional and structural materi-

als as well as the processes leading to their formation, using up-to-date experimental and theoretical

techniques. In our materials science projects special attention was paid to the environmental chemi-

cal aspects.

4.1.1 Synthesis and characterisation of nanolayers

Imre Bertóti, Klára Kereszturi, Miklós Mohai, András Tóth

Plasma based ion implantation of nitrogen was performed on mechanically polished ultra-high mo-

lecular weight polyethylene model samples by applying 27.13 MHz RF energized low pressure N2

plasma with 15–30 kV pulses and fluencies up to 5·1017 ions/cm2. Surface compositional and struc-

tural alterations and nanomechanical property changes were investigated by XPS, Raman spectros-

copy, nanoindentation and nanoscratch techniques. The implanted N amounted up to 13–20 at.%

(N/C=0.18–0.30), while a significant amount of oxygen could also be detected on the surface. Three

types of chemical states of the incorporated nitrogen were detected, related to linear sp2 C=N–C

and to planar and non-planar sp3 type C–N bonds. The applied PBII treatment led to severe dehy-

drogenation of the polyethylene resulting in conversion of the surface into a nitrogen-containing

DLC type structure. Up to four-fold increase of the hardness at 50–100 nm depth was measured

compared to the untreated samples. The scratch volume, characterizing the wear resistance, de-

creased also significantly down to 25–35% of the original value.

Paper made of groundwood was surface treated in the framework of a Hungarian-Slovak bilateral

cooperation by atmospheric plasma of the diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) type

in air and in nitrogen. Changes in surface composition and chemical bonding of the constituent ele-

ments were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Air plasma treatment resulted in

strong oxidation but no N incorporation, while the ratio of the area of the O1 component (binding

energy 532.1 eV) to that of the O2 component (533.2 eV) decreased, reflecting an increase in the

proportion of O in C–O type bonds. Nitrogen plasma treatment followed by exposure to the atmos-

phere resulted in a slight N incorporation (1.5 at.%) and oxidation even more intense than observed

for air plasma treatment. The O1/O2 ratio slightly increased, implying more O in C=O type bonds.

The time dependence of surface oxidation showed a local maximum at treatment time of approxi-

mately 2 s for both the air and nitrogen plasmas. The treatment may lead, for instance, to better

printability of wood-containing newspaper with modern water-soluble inks.

Nanotribology tester

4.1.2 Preparation of micro- and nanostructured functional composite systems

Tivadar Feczkó, Andrea Fodor-Kardos, Zoltán Károly, Ilona Mohai, Judit Tóth, János Szépvölgyi

New drug formulates with controlled delivery were developed by using organic- and inorganic-

based nanostructured composite carriers containing protein effective agent which enable more com-

fortable and less loading of drug dosage to the patients. Thus, e.g. polylactic-co-glycolic acid

(PLGA) composite particles with protein effective agent were formed in the size range of 200 nm -

300 μm by double emulsion method. The encapsulated drug can act in a prolonged way during the

gradual degradation of biodegradable polymer.

Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffraction particle size analyzer in the joint laboratory of IMEC and University of Pannonia

Inorganic carrier with large specific surface area and favorable surface charge density was prepared

that can bind almost 100 % of the model protein. The nanostructured carrier particles (mean size:

12-42 nm) were synthesized in radiofrequency plasma, and the effective agent was adsorbed re-

versibly on it. Then, our partners coated them with intestinosolvent layer to prepare tablets. This

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coating is necessary to avoid the digestion of proteins that would occur in the stomach due to the

acidic pH and the pepsin. It was confirmed in animal tests that these tablets did not release the ef-

fective agent in the stomach, but they are taken up in the intestine. It was established that a tablet

with a given effective agent content and having enterosolvent coating can be a suitable alternative

instead of the less favorable subcutaneous ingestion.

Chitosan microspheres that can be applied as nanostructured biocatalyst carrier were formed by

emulsion cross-linking method. The experimental conditions on the particle size distribution, aver-

age size, enzyme binding capacity, and the activity of prepared biocatalyst on the carrier were in-

vestigated.

4.1.3 Preparation of magnetic and ceramic nanoparticles with special composition and morphol-

ogy

Cecília Bartha, Tivadar Feczkó, Loránd Gál, Zoltán Károly, Anna Mária Keszler, Szilvia Klébert,

Zoltán May, Ilona Mohai, János Szépvölgyi

Micro- and nanosized Zn ferrite and Ni-Zn ferrite powders were prepared with special morphology

and structure by grinding, precipitation from solution and in an RF thermal plasma reactor. In appli-

cation oriented investigations using inductances (coils) advantageous results were gained for the

products. Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized in the RF thermal plasma were found to be appro-

priate for purification of histidine containing proteins.

Characterization of complex oxides produced in thermal plasma by ICP-OES (left) and BET phy-sisorption (right) methods.

10

Nanopowders (Si3N4, Si2N2O, SiC) and nanocomposites applicable in microwave technology were

produced in high-frequency plasma reactor. Application oriented tests with the synthesized materi-

als will be performed in cooperation with domestic and foreign partners.

Spraying of liquid starting materials (solutions of various salts of Zr, Al, Si, La, Ce, Pr, Ba) in the

plasma, led to formation of complex, micro- and nanosized oxides in mean residence time of

several milliseconds.

From carbon fibers silicon carbide nanofibers were synthesized by shape memory synthesis using a

heat treatment between 1200-1450 °C in inert atmosphere. Depending on the treatment conditions

the carbon fibers with a diameter of 7 µm were smoothly coated by a ceramic layer. In other cases

smaller fibers and pins with about 1 µm diameter were formed perpendicular to the axis of carbon

fibers. Powders and fibers of similar structure and morphology are not commercially available.

SEM photographs of SiC fibers prepared by various synthesis conditions

For coating of metals with ceramic layers we designed and put in operation a DC plasma-spraying

equipment. It was provided with gas protection in order to prepare coatings from oxidation-sensitive

ceramic powder.

We prepared chitosan nano- and microspheres for immobilization of biocatalysts and to investigate

the effect of process parameters on the size and functional properties of particles. Macrospheres

were prepared by precipitation in alkaline solution. Nanoparticles were obtained by ionotropic gela-

tion, while microspheres (20 – 100 μm) were produced by emulsion cross-linking method. Four fac-

torial, three level experimental design was carried out using STATISTICA software package in or-

der to elucidate the effect of the stirring speed, and the concentrations of surfactant, chitosan, and

crosslinking agent, respectively.

Activity of β-galactosidase (as model enzyme) covalently bound to different size supports were

compared. The highest activity was found at biocatalyst immobilized on nanoparticles.

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4.1.4 Syntheses of metal complexes

Judit Fodor, László Kótai, Zoltán May, Klára Szentmihályi

Barium permanganate is a wide-ranging used compound, e.g. selective oxidant for organic synthe-

sis, although its convenient synthesis has not been achieved yet. Barium manganate was prepared

from potassium permanganate and potassium iodide in the presence of barium chloride and potas-

sium hydroxide. The intermediate barium manganate passes into barium permanganate by the effect

of carbon dioxide at 1.5 h and 100 ºC-on. According to the previous reactions the syntheses of fol-

lowing metal permanganates were realized: Zn, Cd, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ni, Al, Fe, Ce.

The absorption and bioavailability of iron from iron polygalacturonate used for curing anaemia de-

pend on many factors, such as the oxidation state and the coordination of iron. For that reason 57Fe

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine the microenvironments of iron and the ratio of FeII

and FeIII in Fe-polygalacturonate compounds depending on the total iron content. The spectra which

were recorded between 20 and 300 K, can be well decomposed into three doublets D1 and D2 and

D3. Doublets D1 and D2 are assigned to FeII and doublet D3 to FeIII species. Our results clearly

show that two main microenvironments exist in the compounds. The Mössbauer parameters of dou-

blet D1 and D2 prove the formation of iron-polygalacturonate. In all iron polygalacturonate com-

pounds the ferrous forms occur dominantly. Since human body prefers FeII, this result is very favor-

able in application point of view.

4.1.5 Analytical investigations in multicomponent systems with multi components

Judit Fodor, Zoltán May, Klára Szentmihályi

The use of medicinal plants in folk medicine for curing can be tracked back over thousands of

years. In the research of herbs the application of modern techniques is of advantaged significance.

This covers the examination inorganic components, since the pharmacological effects of herbs and

extracts (extracts with water and organic solvents, oils, etc.) depend on mineral elements as well.

The inorganic components and organic bioactive agents form complexes with different stability

constant. The organic agents, inorganic components and metal complexes in the extracts alter sig-

nificantly the absorption and bioavailability of certain components by different interactions (syner-

gism, antagonism). For determination of element content in herbs and extract, ICP analytics is used.

It has been stated that the joint occurrence of typical soil-forming elements in herb such as alumi-

num, chromium, iron and titanium in higher concentration than the normal range indicates soil pol-

lution of the drug or may indicate that the plant is growing on soil with acidic pH. More frequently

the root drugs contain elevated aluminum, chromium, iron and titanium content, although some-

times aerial parts of plants show soil pollution. Toxic elements as arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead

may also occurre. Because of the geological circumstances of the Carpathian basin a part of our

soils contains arsenic and therefore, detectable amount of arsenic is found frequently in herbs. Ele-

vated amount of nickel and cadmium may refer to industrial pollution, while lead in higher amount

than the normal concentration may refer to air pollution. Different species of Lamiaceae family with

covering and glandular hairs on leaves (e.g. sages) are able to bind significant amount of lead which

can not be removed with washing.

4.1.6 Nanostructured amphiphilic polymer conetworks

Gábor Erdődi, Csaba Fodor, Márton Haraszti, Béla Iván, Gergely Kali, Péter Mezey, Sándor L.

Szabó

One of the important fields of our research on amphiphilic conetworks, composed of covalently

bonded hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer chains, is metal ion chelating investigations of

poly(N-vinylimidazole) as components of conetworks. Poly(N-vinylimidazole)-l-

poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PVIm-l-PTHF) conetworks were synthesized and composition and the com-

position dependent morphology of the synthesized determined by elemental analysis, Differential

Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. The swelling be-

havior of these novel APCNs was studied in polar and nonpolar solvents, and in aqueous buffer so-

lutions as well. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) indicate that the PVIm-l-PTHF

TEM (left) and optical microscopy (right) images of silver nanoparticles formed in the nanophases of an amphiphilic conetwork

APCNs are stable at high temperatures (up to ~400 oC). These conetworks having chelating func-

tionalities proved to be efficient metal ion binding materials, which was successfully measured

quantitatively by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and qualitatively by solid state 13C NMR. The resulting polymer-inorganic nanoparticle complexes were analyzed by Transmission

13

14

Electron Microscopy (TEM), which conclusively confirmed the formation of new unique nanohy-

brid materials.

In the course of our research, atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations of poly(N,N-dimethyl

acrylamide)-l-polyisobutylene amphiphilic conetworks were carried out in a broad composition

range. It was found that nanophases of the conetworks have fairly narrow phase size distribution in

all cases. On the basis of these data, utilization in these amphiphilic conetworks as nanohybrids has

become possible. As an example, TEM and optical microscopy pictures of an amphiphilic conet-

work nanohybrid containing silver nanoparticle are shown above.

Three series of APCNs containing hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) combined with dif-

ferent hydrophobic segments were synthesized in an international cooperation. The quality and the

quantity of the hydrophilic content were varied in a wide range. The first hydrophilic monomer was

methyl methacrylate (MMA), the second was 2-butyl-1-octyl methacrylate (BOMA), while the third

monomer was a macromonomer, poly(isobutylene methacrylate) (PIB-MA). The polymeric compo-

nents obtained from these hydrophobic monomers possess different thermo and mechanical behav-

ior, as well as different strength of hydrophobicity. The differences in the behavior of these polymer

chains determine the behavior of the conetworks. We studied the swelling ability of the different

APCNs in water, in organic solvents, and in the aqueous solutions of various, biologically relevant

salts (Na+, Ca2+). The results show that the PMAA content in water, while, the quality and the quan-

tity of the hydrophobic polymer segments determine the swelling of the conetworks in organic sol-

vents. The equilibrium degree of swelling in water increases by increasing the ionization of the

polyacid, and decreases by increasing the salt concentration in the surrounding solution. In organic

solvents, the equilibrium degree of swelling depends not only on the hydrophobic segments, but on

the ionization degree of PMAA as well. Increasing the degree of ionization of the polyacid seg-

ments decreases the degree of swelling. These investigations resulted in fundamental new informa-

tion about the relationship between the chemical quality, the composition and the major properties

of the conetworks.

4.1.7 New polymer structures

Carbocationic polymerization investigations

Péter Werner Groh, Béla Iván, Gergely Kali, György Kasza*, Viktória Pálfi, Ákos Szabó*, Márta

Szesztay, Klára Verebélyi

Investigations on quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene, styrene and the modifica-

* Undergraduate student.

15

tion reactions of the resulting polymers were carried out in the last year. The structure and proper-

ties of the new polymers were also studied. The quasiliving polymerization technique provides the

opportunity to synthesize polymers with well-defined structures and properties and to use these ma-

terials in special applications. In the course of our research, the mechanism of the polymerization of

isobutylene and the effect of proton trap compounds on this process have been revealed. Polymer

chain coupling occurred in the presence of proton trap under carbocationic circumstances. It has

been found that the extent of chain coupling shows a non-monotonic dependence on the concentra-

tion of the catalyst.

Our department deals also with research aiming at reducing the environmental pollution by polym-

erization processes. Environmentally advantageous methods have been studied to obtain new end-

functional polyisobutylenes. In the last year, the modifications of different olefinic chain ends were

explored. A simple oxidative procedure was developed by us for the preparation of carboxyl and

aldehyde functionalities, and scale up experiments were also performed.

Studies on the synthesis of polymers under environmentally benign conditions were also carried

out. In the course of these investigations, the synthesis of polystyrene at relatively high temperature

in benzotrifluoride, an environmentally friendly reaction medium, has been achieved. The yields

and properties of polystyrenes synthesized in this new reaction medium are as advantageous as in

the environmentally hazardous dichloromethane. The polymerization of styrene even at room tem-

perature leads to high conversions in benzotrifluoride, that is, significant amount energy can be

saved by this process. A novel catalyst system was also examined for the carbocationic polymeriza-

tion of styrene leading to polystyrenes with well-defined structure and low polydispersities. Thus,

quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of styrene was realized by the applied catalyst system in

an environmentally benign solvent.

Synthesis of polymers with novel molecular composition and topology by quasiliving radical po-

lymerization

Béla Iván, Gergely Kali, Amália Soltész*, István Szanka, Györgyi Szarka, Márta Szesztay, Klára

Verebélyi

Designing and synthesizing novel polymers of complex well-defined structures is called macromo-

lecular engineering. The object of these efforts is the total synthesis of functional polymers and the

fine control of their macro- and microarchitecture, molecular weight and molecular weight distribu-

tion.

* Undergraduate student.

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In the mid 1990s, quasiliving radical polymerization was developed and this new process extended

the capabilities of polymer chemistry. The potential benefits of these new polymer architectures are

the unique and improved physical and chemical properties of the resulting polymers. Due to these

findings the efficiency of polymer utilization has significantly broadened and new fields of applica-

tions come into view. In comparison to earlier methods, the quasiliving radical polymerization has a

huge advantage from both economic and environmental points of view.

On the basis of the kinetics and mechanism of quasiliving radical polymerization, a new synthetic

method was developed by us to produce hyperbranched polymers with the use of commercially

available monomers (styrene and (meth)acrylates). The possible application of these hyperbranched

polymers is in the field of dental materials. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with

differential viscosimeter, refractometer and laser light scattering detector was used to analyze these

novel hyperbranched macromolecules.

This research group has the know-how to exploit quasiliving radical polymerizations in fruitful in-

ternational cooperations. For example, there is a long-term R&D cooperation with a known large

US chemical company.

4.1.8 Degradation and stabilization of polymers

Erika Fekete, Enikő Földes, Ildikó Kriston, János Kovács, János Móczó, Béla Pukánszky

The effects influencing degradation and stability of polyethylene and polypropylene produced by

different catalysts were studied under processing and application conditions. The role of catalyst

residues in the degradation of polyethylene and the effect of different additives (stabilizers, acid

scavengers) on the chemical reactions taking place during processing were investigated. Relation-

ships were established among the preparation conditions, the composition of additives and the

chemical structure of polymer.

Correlation between chemical structure and stabilizing mechanism of phosphorous antioxidants un-

der processing conditions of polyolefins was studied by model experiments. Relationships were es-

tablished between hydrolytic stability and stabilizing efficiency of various antioxidant systems by

investigating the characteristics of polyethylene pipes soaked in water at 80 °C for different times.

Correlation was drawn between chemical structure and efficiency of various UV stabilizers used in

injection molded polyethylene products. The role of additive interactions in effectiveness was ana-

lyzed. The effect of different additives on the organoleptic properties of polymer was investigated

in propylene/ethylene copolymers.

The research was conducted in cooperation with TVK polymer producer and Clariant Huningue ad-

ditive producer. The results are utilized directly at TVK in the development of additive packages for

polyolefins. The research resulted in about 20 million Ft incomes, several publications and lectures.

4.1.9 Natural and synthetic polymers and their composites

Kristóf Bagdi, Erika Fekete, Zita Dominkovics*, Lívia Dányádi*, Enikő Földes, János Kovács,

János Móczó, Péter Müller, Béla Pukánszky, Károly Renner

Structure-property relationships and deformation processes under loading were studied in natural

and synthetic polymers, as well as in their composites. In composites micromechanical deformation

processes are initiated by external load. These processes were investigated by volume strain and

acoustic emission, and debonding was found to be the dominating process in particulate filled

polymers. In some heterogeneous systems (e.g., nanocomposites, sawdust filled composites) other

processes can also take place, like fracture of the reinforcing material, pulling out of the matrix

polymer. Further experiments were carried out and significant progress was achieved in the study of

layered silicate/polymer nanocomposites produced by delamination. The effect of processing condi-

tions on the dispersion and exfoliation of silicate was investigated. The results showed that although

the processing conditions influence less the properties of composites than expected, the processing

parameters resulting in maximum delamination can be determined. The analysis of our and litera-

ture data led to the conclusion that only partial, max. 10 % exfoliation can be achieved by the pres-

ently used method. Besides the processing parameters the interaction of components has to be taken

into account to achieve higher exfoliation. Special attention was paid also to the study of polymers

reinforced by natural fillers and that of partially or fully biodegradable polymers.

Debonding of boundary surfaces in PP/PMMA system as an effect of tensile stress

* Graduate student.

17

4.2 Research in environmental chemistry

The main purpose of our environmental chemical research – supplementing our materials science

projects – is the establishment of the scientific foundation of the development of procedures and

products that reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment.

4.2.1 Atmospheric chemistry studies

Kinetics of elementary reactions in the gas phase

Sándor Dóbé, Mária Farkas*, Rebeka Nádasdi, István Szilágyi, Judit Zádor, Gábor László Zügner

Tropospheric ozone, next to CO2 and CH4, is the third most important greenhouse gas in the atmos-

phere, which is also a toxic air pollutant (this is the "bad ozone" in contrast with the Earth's protect-

ing ozone layer in the stratosphere). It is formed as a result of the degradation of organic molecules

via photo-initiated chain processes, among which the reactions of acetyl (CH3CO) and acetonyl

(CH3C(O)CH2) radicals with O2 are key elementary reaction steps.

Home-built UV-VIS spectrometer used to measure absorption spectra in the gas-phase.

In order to study the kinetics and mechanism of the reactions CH3CO + O2 and CH3C(O)CH2 + O2,

our discharge flow apparatus has been made suitable for the simultaneous monitoring of two free

radicals by using laser induced fluorescence detection, which is currently the only such set-up in the

world. It has been concluded that the acetyl- and acetonyl radicals react in a different manner with

oxygen molecule, which is in contrast with the general assumption in atmospheric chemistry. The

CH3CO + O2 reaction gives rise to the formation of OH radicals via a chemical activation mecha-

nism at low pressures, while the CH3C(O)CH2 + O2 reaction displays the characteristics of a pres-

sure dependent association reaction. The different kinetic behavior has been explained by the differ-

* Undergraduate student.

18

19

ent molecular mechanisms of the transformation of the vibrationally excited peroxyl radicals that

are formed in the first addition steps. Moreover, the acetonyl radical reacts with a much slower rate

with O2 compared to the acetyl radical. The reduced reactivity is explained by the resonance stabili-

zation of the acetonyl radical, a measure of which is the resonance stabilization energy: a value of

17 kJ mol–1 has been determined of this property of CH3C(O)CH2 by kinetic investigation of the

gas-phase bromination of acetone.

The kinetic parameters and relationships determined in our laboratory experiments have been util-

ized in the large European atmospheric chemistry models via international co-operation. Such mod-

els are being used for the investigation and predictions of different aspects of global warming and

for the scientific foundation of legislative measures aimed at improving air quality.

Photochemistry and photophysics of organic molecules

Attila Demeter, Sándor Dóbé, Klaudia Horváth*, Viktória Mile*, Rebeka Nádasdi, Gábor László

Zügner

Photolysis is often the first step in the degradation of organic molecules of natural and anthropo-

genic origin in the atmosphere. In order to describe the photolysis quantitatively, knowledge of the

absorption cross section of the molecules is required. Very recently, we have constructed an UV-

VIS spectrometer which enables the absorption spectrum of gas-phase molecules to be determined

accurately (deuterium lamp, absorption cell operated under flow-through condition, thermostated

monochromator, lock-in amplifier). Using this spectrometer we have determined, the first time in

the literature, the temperature dependent absorption spectrum of 2-butanone which is an important

organic constituent in the atmosphere.

In the liquid phase, we study the effect of micro-environment (specific solvent properties, polarity,

viscosity) on photochemical and photochemical systems. A special attention is paid to the explora-

tion of the properties and role of the hydrogen-bonded complexes that are formed in the photo-

excited systems. We chose such models for study that may be important from an environmental

chemical point of view or ones that may lead to the development of high-sensitivity environmental

analytical methods.

In year 2007, the photophysical properties of 4-(dimetilamino)-piridine and 4-(dimetilamino)-

benzonitrile were investigated for the most part. It has been concluded that the fluorescence inten-

sity of the charge transfer state of the dual-luminescence 4-(dimetilamino)-pyridine molecule in-

creases substantially by complexation with alcohols in apolar solvents, which is accompanied by an

increase of the dipole moment of the respective excited state. An increase in the polarity of the sol-

vent induces significant changes in the fluorescence spectrum: the relative intensity of the charge-

transfer band reduces, while its red-shift increases drastically. In order to explain the observations,

we have assumed that the order of the charge transfer states exchanges in solvents that are more po-

lar than diethyl-ether: an electronic state with larger dipole moment becomes the lowest energy

state, the molecular structure of which is probably also different. We have determined a new, sig-

nificantly smaller dipole moment value than previously accepted for the triplet excited state of the

4-(dimetilamino)-benzonitrile molecule, which is a quantity of fundamental importance in organic

photophysics.

Fluorescence of isoindolo[2,1-a]indol-6-one in n-hexane (cell 1), and in the presence of increasing concentration of hexafluoro-2-propanol.

4.2.2 Studies on the utilization of biomass materials by thermal methods

Emma Jakab, Erika Mészáros, Gábor Várhegyi

The thermal decomposition of energy crops and other biomass materials was studied, including

wastes and byproducts from agriculture, alimentary industry and furniture industry. Special empha-

sis was placed on the effect of the extractives and inorganics on the properties of these materials.

Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (THM-

GC/MS) methods were used for the analysis of the extracted compounds (fatty acids, phytosterols,

etc.). These methods proved to be more favorable than the conventional methods of analysis. Prin-

cipal component analysis (PCA) was used for the comparison of the thermal behavior of the various

samples. Reaction kinetic evaluation using complex models was employed on series of experiments

in order to learn more information on the decomposition.

We participated in a research aiming ethanol production from by-products that cannot be used for

alimentation or forage. Our cooperation partner was the Department of Applied Biotechnology and

Food Science of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in this work. We studied

the solid intermediate and byproducts of their technologies by themogravimetry – mass spectrome-

try (TG-MS) and pyrolysis - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). In this way de-

tailed information was obtained on the conversion of the feedstock in these processes.

20

21

4.2.3 Research on the heatments of polymer waste materials

Marianne Blazsó, János Bozi, Béla Iván, Zsuzsanna Czégény, Emma Jakab, Györgyi Szarka, Marta

Szesztay

The effect of inorganic and organic phosphor-containing flame retardants have been studied on the

thermal decomposition of the main plastic components (polycarbonate, vinyl polymers and copoly-

mers) of waste electric and electronic equipments. We have found that an organic phosphite (TBP)

does not affect the thermal decomposition routes of these polymers; however the organic thermal

fragments of it (aklylphenols) appear among the volatile products of the polymers. Pyrolysis oil

evolved from TBP blended polycarbonate does not change significantly in comparison to that from

the pure polycarbonate (PC) at 550 °C. The carbonate groups of PC are partially hydrolyzed by in-

organic phosphates resulting in lowered decomposition temperature. The fast .pyrolysis products of

polystyrene and styrene copolymers blended with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) considerably

differ from those of pure polymers. These results indicate a significant change of decomposition

mechanism. We have succeeded to present GC/MS evidence of the first steps of carbonization by

identifying the products of the ladder structure formed in PAN in the presence of polyphosphoric

acid.

We have studied the thermal decomposition of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) in the presence of

brominated flame retardants in cooperation with Romanian and Japanese colleagues. It was estab-

lished that antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) applied as synergist influences considerably the amount and

the distribution of pyrolysis products. The formation of volatiles occurs at lower temperatures, the

density of the pyrolysis oil becomes higher, lower amount of gas evolves and more char is formed.

A part of the bromine was found in the oil as SbBr3. We succeeded to trap 90% of bromine by am-

monia resulting in ammonium bromide that can be easily separated from other products being in

solid phase.

The effect of lead stearate, an industrial stabilizer used in large quantities, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-

methylphenol (BHT) on the thermooxidative degradation of PVC has been carried out in solutions

in order to provide better opportunities to gain knowledge on the primary processes of this reaction

and to avoid cross-linking. As solvents, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were

used. The former is frequently used apolar solvent for polymers, while DOP is a broadly applied

plasticizer of PVC. On the basis of our results a mild oxidative process has been developed, which

is applicable to produce secondary products from PVC waste instead of landfill deposition or incin-

eration.

Waste electronic and electric equipments to be analyzed

In the presence of the BHT antioxidant, accelerated chain scission occurs, and oily products are

formed after about 3 hours oxidation. This promotes the blendability of the treated PVCs with vari-

ous other polymers as well. As a consequence, PVC containing polymer mixtures might also be

processed by the application of our new results.

4.2.4 Characterization of basic electrochemical processes; developing instruments and test meth-

ods

István Bakos, Gábor Mészáros, Tamás Pajkossy, Sándor Szabó

In order to characterize the electrochemical double layer, we have performed electrochemical stud-

ies on Ir(210) and Rh(111) single crystalline electrodes in aqueous solutions. By using impedance

spectroscopy we demonstrated that the double layer charge is mainly due to the adsorbed anions

even in the so-called double layer region; the impedance spectra give information on the rate of an-

ion exchange between the inner and outer Helmholtz planes. We have demonstrated that – under

certain conditions – adsorption of anions and of hydrogen can be characterized separately.

Hydrogen evolution from acidic solution represents an electrochemical reduction process of great

importance; the kinetics of which has been studied by the measurement and analysis of electro-

chemical noise. Based on the combined impedance and noise measurement method developed pre-

viously, a new concept – the apparent charge number change - has been defined. By assuming that

hydrogen evolution proceeds according to the Volmer-Heyrovský mechanism, that is, in two elec-

trochemical steps involving adsorbed intermediates, we have theoretically demonstrated that at suf-

ficiently high overvoltages the apparent charge number change is between 1 and 2, depending on

hydrogen coverage. To give experimental proof, measurements have been done on Ag and Cu mi-

croelectrodes. Impedance and noise measurements were found to be in accord with the above the-

ory.

22

Measurement of molecular conductivity

Electrocatalytic activity of platinum is strongly influenced by its dispersity. A large number of stud-

ies can be found about the adsorption of foreign metals on platinum, however, the electrochemical

adsorption of platinum atoms on other metal surfaces is essentially unknown. We have found that

platinum can be underpotentially deposited onto gold surface. Underpotential shift and the site re-

quirement of adsorbed platinum atoms have been determined. It has been shown that monoatomic

platinum layers on gold can be prepared using this phenomenon.

Tunable bipolar logarithmic preamplifier for current measurements of femtoampere resolution

These studies were associated with the developing of instruments: the high resolution (~5fA), high

dynamics (9-12 orders of magnitude) current measuring method has been improved to be employed

for the tracking of fast transients, also in nanoelectrochemistry. A patent application has been initi-

ated in Germany, together with the cooperating partners in the Forschungszentrum Jülich.

23

24

4.2.5 Corrosion and catalytic studies

István Bakos, Éva Fekete, Tibor Horváth, Gabriella Lendvay-Győrik, Béla Lengyel, Tamás Pa-

jkossy, Sándor Szabó

We applied electrochemical methods (electrode potential measurement, potentiodynamic polariza-

tion, determination of the contact corrosion current, and electrochemical impedance measurements)

for the estimation of the expected damage due to corrosion in metal structures contacting aqueous

salt solution and salt spray. The metal structure consisted of a painted square-shaped rod made of

stainless steel to which an elox surface treated aluminum plate was attached by stainless steel rivets.

The corrosion of the aluminum near the rivets proved to be considerable. In order to decrease the

risk of contact corrosion we proposed the usage of elox surface treatment also to the holes prepared

in the aluminum for riveting and/or protecting the mechanically damaged aluminum surface with

insulation rings.

The water-borne resin material with low volatile organic content is the basic ingredient of an envi-

ronmentally friendly paint. The water uptake mechanism of various resin films and the change of

the electric parameters during water uptake were determined by impedance spectroscopy.

An inhibitor composition has been developed for the inhibition of corrosion in the cooling systems

of diesel engines that can be characterized by the presence of different metals in galvanic contact

with each other. The experimental production of this composition has been already started and its

trial tests will be carried out in the Nuclear Power of Paks.

In cooperation with the Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences catalysis-

related studies have been done with catalysts modified with adsorbed metals. Properties of bimetal-

lic Rh-Pt catalysts have been studied in ring-opening reactions of methyl-cyclopentane.

4.2.6 Development of environmental protection technologies

György Mink, Péter Szabó

Model calculations were carried out for the fluid mechanical and thermal characterization of a solar

desalination module to arrive to the most favorable geometric and fluid mechanical solutions to in-

tensify the heat and mass transport processes. The module itself has been erected on the company

field of the co-operating ECOS Lim. Co, Cagliari (Italy) by the co-workers of the Institute and since

then it supplies the company with required amount of distilled water.

To simplify the technology and decrease the energy demand and the running costs of the 50 m3/d

capacity water purification plant - that was constructed in 2005 by governmental (OMFB) support

and utilizes solar photocatalytic and stripping methods, the suspended -TiO2-anatase photocatalyst

has been replaced by fixed TiO2 layered upon the bottom of the flat plate reactors. A detailed de-

scription has been made on the kinetics of stripping and solar photocatalytic oxidation not only for

the applied thin layer flow reactors but for stirred tank reactors, too.

The 600 kg/day capacity plant developed in the framework of a governmental (GVOP) project for

the regeneration of active carbon adsorbents used for air purification in spray painting workshops

has been equipped with monitoring and process control system, and tested in “cold” trial.

4.2.7 Environmental protection analysis

Tibor Horváth, István Király, Miklós Prodán, Zoltán Sándor

In the area of environmental protection analysis our laboratory has been accredited by the National

Accrediting Board, according to the MSZ EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 criteria. Besides our routine ac-

tivity in environmental protection analysis we steadily endeavor ourselves to develop further the

applied methods and to elaborate for certain complex systems such “tailor made” analytical meth-

ods that results in the elimination of disturbing effects appearing in a given system.

ICP equipment to analyze chemical composition

The effect of the mode of fusion/leaching of soils, sewage water sludge and sediments on the quan-

titative analysis of their poly-aromatic hydrocarbon components was studied and the extraction of

the different components optimized. The efficiency of the acidic leaching of the different compo-

nents of sewage water sludge and industrial wastes under different conditions and using different

acid mixtures has also been investigated and analyzed. Methods have been developed for the chro-

matographic analysis of materials of biological origin as well as for the quantitative determination

of nitrogen present in the polymer chains of organic materials.

25

26

5 PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

5.1 Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA)

• Study of electrosorption: a bridge between the investigations in electrochemistry, electrocata-

lysis, corrosion and colloid chemistry (T-45888)

• Experimental and theoretical study aimed at providing a more general description of the sol-

vent dependence of photophysical processes (T-45890)

• Nanostructured amphiphilic conetworks and gels (T-46759)

• Plasma synthesis of nanoparticles (T-47360)

• Metal adsorption on foreign metal surfaces (practical aspects) (T-47371)

• Polymers with novel topologies (T-48409)

• Nanostructured amphiphilic conetworks and gels (IN-64295)

• New branched polymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (F 61299)

• Study of micro- and macromechanical deformation processes in reinforced plastics (F-68579)

• Application of thermal analysis for studying thermal decomposition reactions of environ-

mental interest (K-61504)

• Particle beam modification of engineering polymers (K-67741)

• Environmental electrochemistry (K-67874)

• Surface and interfacial phenomena in heterogeneous polymer films and layers (K-67936)

• Investigation of the structure and functional properties of complex surface nanolayer of poly-

mers and the potential application as drug delivery systems (K-68120)

• Atmospheric kinetics and photochemistry of carbonyl molecules and carbonyl free radicals

(K-68486).

• Upgrading waste plastic pyrolysis products by eliminating the environment polluting compo-

nents (K-68752)

5.2 Other Hungarian research grants

• Important bioactive small molecules and elements in redox homeostasis of liver and bowel

diseases and intestinal tumors (Ministry of Welfare, ETT 012/2006)

27

• Development of method and equipment for the regeneration of active carbon adsorbents used

for the purification of air that contains organic pollutants. (NKTH, GVOP-3.1.1.-2004-05-

0153/3.0)

• Development of high temperature radar absorbing material by nanotechnology (NKTH,

OMFB-00252/2007)

• Design of drugs on the basis of validated target molecules involved in diseases of great impor-

tant in respect of public health: Metal complexes with natural origin in the redox homeostasis

of the liver (NKFP 1A005/2004.)

• Development of nanocomposite drug carriers for increasing the therapeutic efficiency of pro-

teins. (NKTH, GVOP-3.1.1.-2004-05-0031/3.0)

• Indicators of estimation and following up the environmental effects and national health states.

Role of polyphenol compounds in primer and secondary prevention (NKFP 1/B/047/2004.)

• DermaVir – Therapic Vaccine Innovation Technology Cluster (National Office for Research

and Technology, DermaVir OM-00212/2005)

• Metal vapor supported arc plasma torch (NKTH, OM-00078/2007)

28

6 PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

6.1 Research projects supported by the European Community

• Research Training in Powder Technology for competitive manufacture of food, pharmaceuti-

cal, nutraceutical and biological powders, BIOPOWDERS (EU MRTN-CT-2004-512247)

• Stratosphere-Climate Links with Emphasis on the UTLS – SCOUTO3 (GOCE-CT-2004-

505390-SCOUTO3)

6.2 Intergovernmental research cooperation

• Laboratory kinetics and photochemical studies with relevance to the chemistry of the upper

troposphere (Hungarian-French TéT cooperation with the CNRS Laboratory of Combustion

and Reactive Systems, Orleans, France)

• Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere – Bettering by Research (ARCUS / PhyCA-FoR,

2006/08, common PhD supervision, University of Lille, France)

• Study of biomass materials (cooperation with the Norwegian University of Science and Tech-

nology, Trondheim)

• Study of the thermal behavior of biomass materials (Hungarian-Chinese TéT cooperation with

the China University of Petroleum)

• Investigation of different ways of charcoal utilization (cooperation with the University of

Hawaii, USA)

• Characterization of the double layer structure of single-crystalline Pt-group metals in aqueous

solutions (DFG-HAS cooperation with the Department of Electrochemistry, University of

Ulm, Germany)

• Synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma (In cooperation with Vinca Institute of Nuclear

Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia)

• Preparation of carbon onions containing magnetic nanoparticles (In cooperation with Warsaw

University)

• Photophysics of intramolecular charge transfer molecules (Volkswagen Foundation, coopera-

tive research, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical-Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany)

29

• Electrochemical fabrication, characterization and modification of nanowires and nanogaps

(cooperative research with the Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces,

Jülich, Germany)

• Nanocomcomposites (Cooperation with the University of Twente, Enschede, The Nether-

lands; Inha University, Inchon, Korea; Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Science,

Bratislava, Slovakia)

• Seawater & brine desalination by solar energy (Bilateral Hungarian-Italian „Co-operation in

Science and Technology” project, I-20/2003-2007, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy)

• Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of plasmachemical reactions (Hungarian-

Russian bilateral agreement with the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of RAS)

• Stabilization of polymers (cooperation with Clariant Huningue S. A., France)

• Plasma surface engineering of polypropylene (Hungarian-Slovak Intergovernmental S&T Co-

operation SK-29/04. Comenius University, Bratislava).

• Research of new type, multifunctional polymers (DuPont (USA) Research Award)

30

7 ORGANISATION OF INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIA

• „EUROFILLERS 2007, FUNCTIONAL FILLERS FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS” in-

ternational conference was organized by professor Béla Pukánszky head of the Department of

Physical Chemistry and Material Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

and the Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Materials and

Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, HAS. The conference was held in

Zalakaros (Hungary) at August 26-30, 2007. Around 180 participants from 30 countries at-

tended the conference. The lectures and posters focused on preparation and characterization of

fillers, as well as, structure/property correlation, interfacial interactions and application of dif-

ferent composites.

• „ADVANCES IN THE POWDER TECHNOLOGY MINI-CONFERENCE” was organized

in Budapest 13-14. Sept. 2007. by Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry CRC

HAS and University of Pannonia

31

8 AWARDS

• János Szépvölgyi has been awarded the Knight Cross, the Order of Merit of the Hungarian

Republic, granted by the President of the Hungarian Republic on the occasion of March 15th

in 2008.

• Béla Pukánszky received the Albert Szentgyörgyi Award for his outstanding work in Univer-

sity Education from István Hiller, Minister of Culture and Education, on January 22, 2008.

• Béla Iván received the Master Teacher gold medal from the National Scientific Student Coun-

cil on October 12, 2007.

• The project entitled "Fast Atom Beam Surface Engineering" of András Tóth and his cowork-

ers were among the winners of the ValDeal Project Competition.

• The poster of Györgyi Szarka, Márta Szesztay and Béla Iván entitled "Environmentally be-

nign degradation of poly(vinyl chloride), and analysis of the products with infrared spectros-

copy and gel permeation chromatography" won 2nd prize at the Centenarian Conference of

the Hungarian Chemical Society.

• András Tóth received the Scientist Award at the Science Days of the Chemical Research Cen-

ter of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 2007.

• Gergely Kali and Ildikó Kriston won the Young Scientist Award at the Science Days of the

Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 2007.

• Undergraduate students, supervised by Béla Iván, head of the Department of Polymer Chem-

istry and Materials Science, won several prizes at the National Scientific Student Conference

(Szeged, April 2-4, 2007):

- Györgyi Szarka 2nd Prize and the Environmental Chemistry and Technology

Special Prize from BorsodChem Co.

- Klára Verebélyi 2nd Prize

- Amália Soltész 3rd Prize and Special Innovation Prize from Bipolisz Co.

- Csaba Fodor 3rd Prize

32

9 PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

In 2007, coworkers of IMEC delivered the following graduate and post-graduate lectures and labo-

ratory courses:

Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME)

• Plastics, Processing of plastics; Polymer physics; Polymer blends and composites (lectures by

Béla Pukánszky)

• Advanced ceramic materials (lecture course by János Szépvölgyi)

• Application of plastics (lecture by Erika Fekete)

• Electronics and instrumentation. Electronics and measurement techniques (lecture courses by

Tamás Pajkossy)

• Additives of polymers (lecture by János Móczó)

• Plastics and environmental protection (lecture by Enikő Földes)

• Economy of plastics industry (lecture by Károly Renner)

• Structure and properties of plastics – Rheology, Strength of plastics, Composites (PhD

courses by Béla Pukánszky)

• Degradation and stabilization of polymers (PhD course by Enikő Földes)

• Introduction to materials science (special course by Imre Bertóti)

• Plastics in waste management (special course by Enikő Földes)

• Application of plastics; Processing of plastics; Thermal analisys II.; Identification of plastics;

Processing of PVC; IR spectroscopic studies of polymers; Foams; Rheology; Composites;

Mechanical investigations of plastics; Breaking and shatter proofing of plastics; Die casting;

Vacuum forming; Polymer composites I-II (laboratory practice courses delivered by Erika

Fekete, Enikő Földes, János Móczó, András Sudár, Ildikó Kriston, János Kovács, Károly

Renner)

• Electronics and measurement techniques (laboratory practice course delivered by Zügner

Gábor László)

Central European University

• Principles and practice of waste processing (PhD course by János Szépvölgyi)

33

University of Debrecen

• Paraphenomena, parascience (special course by Mihály T. Beck)

Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest (ELTE)

• Polymer chemistry and technology; Colloids and macromolecules (2) (lecture courses by Béla

Iván)

• Fundamentals of macromolecular chemistry; Physical, organic and analytical chemistry prin-

ciples of molecular engineering of macromolecules (PhD courses by Béla Iván)

• Methodological and ethic questions of the scientific research work (special course by Mihály

T. Beck)

• Photophysics and photochemical kinetics (special course by Attila Demeter)

• Application of thermal decomposition reactions for waste utilization (special course by

Marianne Blazsó)

• Principles of macromolecular chemical reactions; Molecular engineering of macromolecules;

Designed synthesis of polymers (special course by Béla Iván)

• Organic chemistry special course, Laboratory courses in polymer chemistry, Special labora-

tory courses (laboratory practice courses by Béla Iván)

University of Miskolc

• Contemporary methods for waste processing (PhD course by János Szépvölgyi)

PhD theses

• Szilvia Klébert: Modification of Cellulose Acetate by Reactive Processing – Chemistry,

Structure and Properties, BME, supervisor: Pukánszky Béla

• László Kótai: Synthesis and properties of simple and complex salts of permanganic acid,

BME

• Zoltán May: Homogeneous catalytic activation of dioxygen by dioximatoiron(II) complexes,

ELTE, supervisor: Béla Simándi

MS theses

• Gábor Szíjjártó: Model experiments for determining the reaction mechanism of phosphorous

stabilizers, BME, conductors: Enikő Földes and Ildikó Kriston, – Quality Prize, Association

of Hungarian Chemists

34

• Péter Szénási: Study of the shrinkage of thin-wall injection molded polystyrene products,

BME, conductor: Béla Pukánszky – I. Prize, Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineering

• Mór Vámos: Study of the effects determining the life time of polyethylene pipes, BME, con-

ductor: Enikő Földes – book prize, Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineering

• Tímea Enikő Ferencz: Effect of stabilizer systems on the property changes of Ziegler-Natta

polyethylene during multiple extrusions, BME, conductor: Enikő Földes

• Klaudia Horváth: Investigation of the reaction of triplet excited-state 3,3’,5,5’-tetra-

(trifluormetil)-benzophenone molecule with ethanol, BME, supervisor Attila Demeter

• Attila Kiss: Effect of surface treatment on the aggregation of CaCO3 fillers and the properties

of composites, BME, conductor: Erika Fekete

• Péter Sarkadi-Nagy: Development of thermoplastic starch (TPS) – compatibilizer – polyeth-

ylene system for producing biodegradable film, BME, conductor: Béla Pukánszky

• János Szabó: Development of PVC composition, conductors: Erika Fekete, Károly Renner

• György Számel: Grafting of cellulose-acetate with ε-caprolactone, BME, conductors: Béla

Pukánszky, Szilvia Klébert

• Györgyi Szarka: Environmentally advantageous thermooxidative transformation of PVC, Eöt-

vös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Botond Tar: Impregnation of sawdust filler, BME, conductors: Béla Pukánszky, János Móczó

• Klára Verebélyi: Carbocationic polymerization of styrene in benzotrifluoride, in an environ-

mentally advantageous solvent, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Írisz Zaciera: Comparison of methods used for determining the surface tension of polymers,

BME, conductor: Erika Fekete

• Gábor László Zügner: Determination of the photodissociation quantum yield of 2-butanone

using exciplex laser photolysis, BME, supervisor: Sándor Dóbé

Scientific Student Conference (TDK)

• Györgyi Szarka: Environmentally advantageous thermooxidative transformation of poly(vinyl

chloride), Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván, 2nd Prize of the National Scien-

tific Student Association and Environmental Chemistry and Technology Special Prize

35

• Klára Verebélyi: Carbocationic polymerization of styrene in benzotrifluoride, in an environ-

mentally advantageous solvent, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván, 2nd Prize of

the National Scientific Student Association

• Amália Soltész: Preparation of hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate) from monomers ap-

plied in dental filling materials, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván, 3rd Prize of

the National Scientific Student Association and Innovation Special Prize

• Csaba Fodor: Poly(N-vinyl-imidazole)-l-poly(propylene oxide) conetworks, Eötvös Loránd

University, supervisor: Béla Iván, 3rd Prize of the National Scientific Student Association

• Sándor Tóth: Plasticizing cellulose-acetate with polyethylene glycol, BME, conductors: Béla

Pukánszky, Szilvia Klébert, I. Prize, BME

• Gábor Pénzes: Model experiments to reveal the mechanism of antioxidants used for stabiliz-

ing polyethylene, BME, conductors: Enikő Földes and Ildikó Kriston, II. Prize, BME

• Balázs Imre: Study of the delamination kinetics in layered silicate/polypropylene nanocompo-

sites, BME, conductor: Béla Pukánszky, III. Prize, BME

• Amália Soltész: Multifunctional hiperbranched polymers as precursors for dental filling mate-

rials, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván, Árpád Gerecs Prize of Eötvös Loránd

University

• Ákos Szabó: Chain end reactions of polyisobutylene under quasiliving polymerization condi-

tions, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván, Árpád Gerecs Prize of Eötvös Loránd

University

• Mária Farkas: Laboratory study of the atmospheric chemistry of acetyl-fluoride, BME, super-

visor: Sándor Dóbé

• Ákos Hellner: Hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate) by atom transfer radical copoly-

merization, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Klaudia Horváth: Investigation of the reaction of triplet excited-state 3,3’,5,5’-tetra-

(trifluormetil)-benzophenone molecule with ethanol, BME, supervisor Attila Demeter

• Szilvia Joó: Influence of different salt solutions on particle size distribution of soils, Univer-

sity of Pannonia, supervisors: Rita Sz. Földényi and Judit Tóth

• György Kasza: Preparation of hyperbranched polystyrene by carbocationic polymerization,

Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván

36

• György Kasza: Preparation of hyperbranched polystyrene by carbocationic polymerization by

mono- and bifunctional initiator, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Tamás Podlaviczki: Synthesis of polystyrene star polymer by quasiliving atom transfer radical

polymerization and the analysis of the polymers, Eötvös Loránd University, supervisor: Béla

Iván

• Ákos Szabó: Chain coupling of polyisobutylene in the course of carbocationic polymerization

of isobutylene in the presence of 2,6-ditert-butylpyridine, Eötvös Loránd University, supervi-

sor: Béla Iván

37

10 INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS

Árnika Kft.

Development of analytical methods

BASF AG (Germany)

Synthesis of nanopowders with special properties

CF Pharma Ltd.

Development of analytical method

Clariant Huningue SA

Development of polymer additives

DEKORSY Ltd.

Quality control of plastic and painted car body parts

DUNAFERR Co.

Preventive maintenance and optimization of the monitoring system developed by the IMEC

for the automated removal of cyanides from water

Dunastyr Co.

Improvement of products

DuPont Co. (USA)

Participation in solving R&D problems for special polymers

Easton Ltd

Participation in solving R&D problems

EPCOS Ltd.

Development of ferrite materials

Graboplast Co.

Participation in solving R&D problems

Hejő Carpolish Ltd.

Quality control of paint systems for car body parts

In Vitro R&D Co.

Production of FERROCOMP pills for treatment of anemia

Innovatext Ltd.

Participation in solving R&D problems

Kemobil Co.

Development of ethylene- and propylene-glycol-based corrosion inhibitor for cooling sys-

tems

38

KKSZ Corrosion and Environmental Protection Service Ltd.

Soil corrosion investigations

Knorr-Bremse Railway Brake Systems Hungary Ltd.

Testing of environment friendly paint systems for railway wagons

MAGYARLAKK Ltd.

Participation in developing waterborne paints

Miskolc University Mechatronic and Materials Science Research Center

Testing of the corrosion effect of cooling water on absorption type of refrigerators

Development of new synthesis methods of sodium borohydride

Miskolc University

Analytical investigations

MOMENTIVA Co. (Germany)

Participation in solving technological problems

Paint-Plast Ltd.

Quality control of paint systems used in car industry

Nuclear Power of Paks

Elaboration of corrosion inhibitors

Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát Co.

Stabilization of polyolefines

University of Pécs Medical School

Development of linear polyurethane elastomer

39

11 RESEARCH FACILITIES

Department of Plasma Chemistry

• Centrifuge (SIGMA 4K10)

• Continuous fluidized bed drier and granulator (laboratory size)

• Continuous mechanically spouted bed dryer with inert packing (laboratory and big laboratory

size)

• Determination of corrosion rate in high-resistance systems

• Dielectric measurement device (in 5 Hz – 5 MHz range)

• ECWR plasma beam source (IPT PSQ100)

• Electrochemical measuring techniques (potentiostatic and galvanostatic, stationary and tran-

sient voltametric facilities, electrode impedance spectroscopy, noise spectroscopy, harmonic

analysis)

• Fast atom beam treatment facility (Ion Tech FAB 114)

• Freeze-dryer (Lyovac GT2, Leybold-Heraeus)

• High temperature reactors for gas-solid reactions

• Homogenizer (Braun)

• ICP-OES spectrometer (Thermo Jarell Ash Atomscan 25)

• Methods for the evaluation of lifetime and paint-technological properties of coatings

• Microwave Digestion System (Anton Paar Multiwave 3000)

• Nanotribology tester (MicroMaterials Nanotest 600)

• Particle size analyzer (Malvern 2600 and Mastersizer)

• Plasma immersion ion implanter (ANSTO)

• Polarographic-voltammetric equipment

• Rapid corrosion resistance tests

• RF and DC magnetron sputtering sources (AJA A315-UA, A320-UA)

• RF induction plasma systems (Linn, Tekna)

• Spectrometer with CCD-3000 detector (Jobin-Yvon TRIAX 550)

40

• Ultrasound homogenizer (Heat Systems-Ultrasonics W-220 F)

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Biochrom 4060)

• X-ray photoelectron spectrometers (Kratos XSAM 800, VG Escascope)

Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science

• Gel permeation chromatograph (Waters 510)

• Laboratory ozonizer (Yanko Industry Ozone Services)

• Tester of PVC degradation (Donaulab)

Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

• Contact angle goniometer (Rame-Hart 100-00-(115)-S Automated Goniometer)

• Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Mattson Galaxy 3000)

• Gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer XLGC)

• Gas permeation analyzers (Brugger GDPC, Systech 8000 Oxygen Permeation Analyzer)

• High pressure liquid chromatograph (Knauer HPLC 64)

• High-speed fluid mixer (Thyssen Henschel FM/A10)

• Impact testers (Ceast Charpy 6546, Ceast Resil 5.5, Zwick, Izod, Charpy)

• Injection molding machines (Demag Intelect 50/330-100, BA 200 CD)

• Internal mixer (Brabender, 50 ml)

• Laboratory press (Fontijne SRA 100)

• Laboratory rolling mill (Schwabentan)

• Mechanical testing system (Zwick 1445, Fritz Heckert FPZ 10, Instron 5566)

• Microtome (Reichert-Jung, Polycut)

• Optical instruments (Hot Stage Mettler FP 82 HT, Polaroid DMC1 digital camera, Hunterlab

ColourQuest 45/0)

• Rheometry (Göttfert 2002 capillary viscometer, Göttfert MPS-D MFI tester, Brabender Rhe-

otron rotational viscometer, Rheolab rheometer, Physica UDS 200 Universal dynamic spec-

trometer)

• Single-screw extruder (Haake Rheomex S 3/4")

41

• Thermal analyzers (Perkin Elmer DSC2, DSC7, TGA6, Mettler DSC30, TMA40, TG50)

• Thermomat Metrohm 763 PVC

• Thermomechanical analyzer (Polymer Labs, DMTA II)

• Twin-screw compounder (Brabender DSK 42/7)

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Hewlett Packard 8452A)

• Vacuum thermoforming machine (VFP 0505 1SL)

Department of Environmental Chemistry

• Analytical pyrolyizer (CDS Pyroprobe 2000)

• Dielectric measurement device (in 5 Hz - 5 MHz range)

• Digital storage oscilloscopes

• Electrochemical measuring techniques (potentiostatic and galvanostatic, stationary and tran-

sient voltametric facilities, electrode impedance spectroscopy, noise spectroscopy, harmonic

analysis)

• Excimer lasers

• Flash Xe lamp + power supply

• Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 1700)

• Gas chromatograph (HP 5880A)

• Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Agilent 6890 GC / 5973 MSD)

• High pressure thermobalance (Hiden Hall IGA, high temperature furnace)

• High-pressure photolysis cell

• High-voltage power supplies

• Laser-diffraction particle size analyzer (Malvern 2600C)

• Microwave generators

• Monochromators

• Nanosecundum spectrometer + multichannel analyzer

• Nd:YAG laser + dye laser + frequence-doubling unit

42

• Pulsed laser spectrometer, consisting of: excimer laser, xenon lamp, oscilloscope, monochro-

mator, deuterium lamp + power supply, circulator

• Quantum-photometer

• Thermobalance-mass spectrometer system (Hiden Hall 300 PCI, Perkin-Elmer TGS-2)

• UV-C spectrometer

• Vacuum-pumps

• Volumetric adsorption system for studying adsorption and chemisorption

Laboratory of Environmental Protection

• Equipment for evaluating thin-layer chromatograms (Shimadzu)

• Finnigan MAT GC/MS instrument

• HPLC system (Merck Hitachi)

• HPLC/MS facility (Shimadzu LCMS 2010)

• ICP-OES spectrometer (Jobin-Yvon Ultrace 138)

• Methods for the evaluation of lifetime and paint-technological properties of coatings

• Pump for column preparation (Shandon)

• Rapid corrosion resistance test equipments (salt-spray chamber, humidity chamber, hot-cold

cyclic test)

• Reactive thermobalance (Mettler)

• Semi-preparative HPLC equipment (Waters LC-Module 1)

• Solar simulator

• Stone chipping equipment

• Two-column GC with automatic dosing system (Perkin-Elmer Autosystem XL)

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Unicam)

• UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Jasco)

43

12 PUBLICATIONS IN 2007

4.1.1 Synthesis and characterisation of nanolayers

Bertóti I, Mohai M, Tóth A, Ujvári T: Nitrogen-PBII modification of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: Composition, structure and nanomechanical properties, Surface & Coatings Technol-ogy, 201, 6839-6842 (2007) Bertóti I, Mohai M, Tóth A, Ujvári T, Szépvölgyi J: Veres M, Radnóczi G, Sedlácková K, Si- and W-containing carbon based nanocomposite thin films: Chemical and nanomechanical properties, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, CD, No ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5, Paper No. ID 514, pp. 1-4 (2007) Körösi L, Papp Sz, Bertóti I, Dékány I: Surface and bulk composition, structure, and photocatalytic activity of phosphate-modified TiO2, Chemistry of Material, 19, 4811-4819 (2007) Sedlácková K, Czigány Zs, Ujvári T, Bertóti I, Grasin R, Kovács Gy J, Radnóczi G: The effect of the carbon matrix on the mechanical properties of nanocomposite films containing nickel nanoparti-cles, Nanotechnology, 18, 445604 (5pp) (2007) Tóth A, Bertóti I, Mohai M, Ujvári T: Surface modification of polyethylene by nitrogen PIII: sur-face chemical and nanomechanical properties, Materials Science Forum, 537-538, 255-262 (2007) Tóth A, Cernakova L, Cernak M, Kunovská K: Surface analysis of groundwood paper treated by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge DCSBD type atmospheric plasma in air and in nitrogen, Holzforschung, 61, 528-531 (2007)

4.1.2 Preparation of micro- and nanostructured functional composite systems

Biró E, Sz Németh Á, Gyenis J, Sisak Cs, Feczkó T: Kitozán mikrorészecskék előállítási körülmé-nyeinek optimalizálása, Műszaki Kémiai Napok ’07, Veszprém, pp. 276-279 (2007) Biro E, Sz Nemeth Á, Sisak C, Feczko T, Gyenis J: Comparative assessment of soluble and solid-phase β-galactosidase immobilized on chitosan microspheres, Annals of West University of Timi-soara. Series of Chemistry. ISSN 1224-9513. 16 (4), 23-28 (2007) Feczkó T: BioPowders Mini-Conference. Advances in the powder technology, Proceedings of the BioPowders Mini-Conference, Budapest, pp. 1-164 (2007) Feczkó T, Novotny Gy: Various applications of Ni-Zn ferrite particles, Proceedings of the BioPow-ders Mini-Conference, Budapest, pp. 139-148 (2007) Feczko T, Puxbaum H, Kasper-Giebl A, Handler M, Limbeck A, Gelencsér A, Pio C, Preunkert S, Legrand M: Determination of water and alkaline extractable atmospheric humic-like substances with the TU Vienna HULIS analyzer in samples from six background sites in Europe, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D23S10, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008331, pp. 1-9 (2007) Feczkó T, Tóth J, Gyenis J: Preparation of HSA containing PLGA particles by a novel emulsifier, Proceedings of the XVth International Workshop on Bioencapsulation and Summer 2007 COST865 Meeting, Vienna, P4-16, pp. 1-4 (2007)

44

Nagy E, Feczkó T, Koroknai B: Enhancement of oxygen mass transfer rate in the presence of nanosized particles, Chemical Engineering Science, 62, 7391-7398 (2007) Pallai-Varsányi E, Tóth J, Gyenis J: Drying of suspensions and solutions on inert particle surface in mechanical spouted bed dryer, China Particuology, 5, 337-344 (2007) Pallai-Varsányi E, Tóth J, Gyenis J: Gentle drying of heat sensitive materials on inert particle sur-face in mechanically spouted bed dryer, Proceedings of the BioPowders Mini-Conference, Buda-pest, pp. 88-98 (2007) Szépvölgyi J: Synthesis-microstructure-property correlations for micro- and nanosized biopowders Proceedings of the BioPowders Mini-Conference, Budapest, pp. 1-12 (2007) Tóth J, Sisak Cs, Nagy E, Pallainé Varsányi E, Bordás D, Kiss I: Tejsavó komplex feldolgozása ér-tékes szárítmányok előállítása céljából, Konferenciakiadvány: 6. Magyar Szárítási Szimpózium, Nyíregyháza, CD, ISBN 978-963-7336-79-9, pp. 1-11 (2007) Tóth J, Kardos-Fodor A: Precipitation and spherical crystallization of pharmaceuticals, Proceedings of the BioPowders Mini-Conference, Budapest, pp. 37-45 (2007) Tóth J, Pallai Varsányi E, Oravetz D, Gyenis J: Albumin oldatok kíméletes szárítása inert szemcsék felületén létrehozott filmrétegben, Konferenciakiadvány: Műszaki Kémiai Napok ’07, Veszprém, pp. 314-318, (2007) Tóth J, Pallai-Varsányi E: Mikroszemcsés bovin szérum albumin előállítása kíméletes szárítással, Magyar Kémiai Folyóirat, 113(3), 121-125 (2007)

4.1.3 Preparation of magnetic and ceramic nanoparticles of special composition and morphology

Gál L, Mohai I, Mészáros I, Gubicza J, Szépvölgyi J: Synthesis of zinc ferrites in RF thermal plasma reactor, Proceedings of the 10th EcerS Conference, Göller Verlag GmbH, Baden-Baden, 2007, pp. 353-357. (ISBN:3-87264-022-4) Károly Z, Szépvölgyi J: Thermal plasma synthesis of silica nanoparticles with controlled particle size, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 219, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5) Károly Z, Szépvölgyi J: Study on spheroidization of ceramic powders, Proceedings of the 10th EcerS Conference, Göller Verlag GmbH, Baden-Baden, 2007, pp. 271-274. (ISBN:3-87264-022-4) Mohai I, Gál L, Szépvölgyi J, Gubicza J, Farkas Zs: Synthesis of nanosized zinc ferrites from liquid precursors in RF thermal plasma reactor, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27, 941-945 (2007) Szépvölgyi J, Mohai I, Gál L, Mészáros I, Gubicza J: Synthesis of nickel-zinc ferrites in RF thermal plasma reactor, Proceedings of the 10th EcerS Conference, Göller Verlag GmbH, Baden-Baden, 2007, pp. 349-352. (ISBN:3-87264-022-4) Szépvölgyi J, Gál L, Mohai I, Mészáros I, Gubicza J: Synthesis of spinel ferrites in radiofrequency thermal plasma reactor, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 224, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5)

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Szépvölgyi J, Mohai I, Károly Z, Gál L, Tóth M, Proelss J, Kleine Jager F, Bramnik K: RF thermal plasma synthesis of LaB6 nanopowders, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 252, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5)

4.1.4 Syntheses of metal complexes

Kótai L, Sajó I E, Gács I, Sharma P K, Banerji K K: Convenient routes for the preparation of bar-ium permanganate and other permanganate salts, Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 633, 1257-1260 (2007

4.1.5 Analytical investigations in multicomponent systems

Balla J, Balla Gy, Lakatos B, Jeney V, Szentmihályi K: A hemvas az emberi szervezetben, Orvosi Hetilap, 148(36),1699-1706 (2007) Blázovics A, Sárdi É, Szentmihályi K, Váli L, Takács-Hájos M, Stefanovits-Bányai É: Extreme consumption of Beta vulgaris var. rubra can cause metal ion accumulation in the liver, Acta Biologica Hungarica, 58(3), pp. 281-286 (2007) Ladó K, Szentmihályi K, Then M: Fűszernövények (izsóp, kakukkfű, bazsalikom, lestyán, gyöm-bér, zsálya) ásványi elemtartalma, Olaj, Szappan, Kozmetika, 56(1), 24-28 (2007) Ladó K, Then M, May Z, Szentmihályi K: Element determination in volatile oil containing fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) by ICP-OES and polarography, Acta Alimentaria, 36(4), 415-418 (2007) Magda E, Szentmihályi K, Jasztrab Sz, Then M: Citromfű a tudományos ismeretek tükrében, Olaj, Szappan, Kozmetika, 56(2), 62-66 (2007) Rapavi E, Kocsis I, Fehér E, Szentmihályi K, Lugasi A, Székely E, Blázovics A: The effect of cit-rus flavonoids on the redox state of alimentary-induced fatty liver in rats, NaturAL ProdUCT Re-search, 21(3), 274-281 (2007) Székely E, Tasnádi Gy, Szentmihályi K, Almási A, Bor M, Fehér J, Blázovics A: A fémion-metabolizmus és az oxidatív stressz jelentősége porhyria cutanea tarda betegségben szenvedő férfi-akban, Orvosi Hetilap, 148(23),1095-1100 (2007) Szentmihályi K, Then M: Examination of microelements in medicinal plants of the Carpathian ba-sin, Acta Alimentaria, 36(2), 231-236 (2007) Then M, Hajdú M, Jasztrab P, Szentmihályi K: Element transfer from extract of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.), Acta Alimentaria, 36(2), 237-240 (2007) Váli L, Stefanovits-Bányai É, Szentmihályi K, Fébel H, Sárdi É, Lugasi A, Kocsis I, Blázovics A: Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion, Nutri-tion, 23, 172-178 (2007)

4.1.6 Nanostructured amphiphilic polymer conetworks

Georgiou T K, Groh W P, Iván B, Patrickios C S: Amphiphilic model conetworks of polyisobuty-lene methacrylate and 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate prepared by the combination of qua-siliving carbocationic and group transfer polymerizations, Macromolecules, 40, 2335-2343 (2007)

46

Haraszti M: Új nanoszerkezetű anyagok: polimetakrilsav-l-poliizobutilén amfifil kotérhálók, Té-mavezető: Iván Béla, PhD, ELTE (2007) Kali G, Georgiou K T, Iván B, Patrickios C S, Loizou E, Thomann Y, Tiller J C: Synthesis and characterization of anionic amphiphilic model conetworks based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate: Effects of composition and architecture, Macromolecules, 40, 2192-2200 (2007) Kali G, Georgiou T K, Iván B, Patrickios C S, Loizou E, Thomann Y, Tiller J C: Synthesis and characterization of anionic amphiphilic model conetworks of 2-butyl-1-octyl-methacrylate and methacrylic acid: Effect of polymer composition and architecture, Langmuir, 23, 10746-10755 (2007)

4.1.7 New polymer structures

Binder W H, Petraru I, Roth T, Groh W P, Pálfi V, Keki S, Iván B: Magnetic and temperature-sensitive release gels from supramolecular polymers, Advanced Functional Materials, 17, 1317-1326 (2007) Fónagy T, Schulze U, Komber H, Voigt D, Pionteck J, Iván B: Poly(propylene-g-styrene) graft co-polymers with well-defined microstructure by metallocene catalyzed copolymerization of propylene with allyl-terminated polystryrene macromonomers, Macromolecules, 40, 1401-1407 (2007) Fónagy T, Schulze U, Komber H, Voigt D, Pionteck J, Iván B: Well-defined poly(propylene-g-styrene) graft copolymers by combining quasiliving ATRP and metallocene catalysis: A semi-combinatorial approach, Polymer Preprints, 48(1), 207-208 (2007) Kali G, Szesztay M, Bodor A, Iván B: A new synthetic method for the preparation of star-shaped polyisobutylene with hyperbranched polystyrene core, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 208, 1388-1393 (2007) Kasza Gy, Groh W P, Szesztay M, Iván B: Hyperbranched polystyrene by quasiliving carbocationic polymerization combined with Friedel-Crafts self-grafting, Polymeric Materials: Science & Engi-neering, 97, 567-568 (2007) Müllen K, Klapper M, Iván B: Guest Editors, Polymer architecture – from structure to functional control, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 208, 1323 (2007) Soltész A, Fónagy T, Szesztay M, Iván B: Hyperbranched polymers with polymerizable groups from dental filling monomers, Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 97, 565-566 (2007) Thomann R, Iván B, Erdődi G, Domján A, Scherble J, Mülhaupt R: Nanostructured morphology of polymer conetworks: resolving the controversy between AFM and TEM images for disordered nanophase separated multicomponent polymers, Polymer Preprints, 48(2), 515-516 (2007) Verebélyi K, Groh W P, Iván B: Carbocationic polymerization of styrene under environmentally benign conditions, Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, 96, 607-608 (2007)

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4.1.8 Degradation and stabilization of polymers

Bárány T, Földes E, Czigány T: Effect of thermal and hygrothermal aging on the plane stress frac-ture toughness of poly(ethylene terephthalate) sheets, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 1(3), 180-187 (2007) Földes E: Fizikai tényezők szerepe a polimerek adalékanyagainak hatékonyságában, DSc, MTA (2007) Kriston I, Földes E, Pukánszky B: Összefüggés a polietilén feldolgozása során bekövetkező stabi-lizátor fogyás és a polimer tulajdonságainak változása között, Műanyag és Gumi, 44(1), 33-37 (2007)

4.1.9 Natural and synthetic polymers and their composites

Dányádi L, Janecska T, Szabó Z, Nagy G, Móczó J, Pukánszky B: Wood flour filled PP compos-ites: Compatibilization and adhesion, Composites Science and Technology, 67, 2838-2846 (2007) Dányádi L, Renner K, Móczó J, Pukánszky B: Wood flour filled polypropylene composites: Inter-facial adhesion and micromechanical deformations, Polymer Engineering and Science, 47(8), 1246-1255 (2007) Dominkovics Z, Dányádi L, Pukánszky B: Surface modification of wood flour and its effect on the properties of PP/wood composites, Composites: Part A, 38, 1893-1901 (2007) Dominkovics Z, Móczó J, Pukánszky B: Structure and properties of layered silicate PP nanocompo-sites: Expectations and reality, Proceedings of the Third International Conference of High Perform-ance Fillers 2007, Hamburg, Paper No. 12, pp. 1-12 Kiss A, Fekete E, Pukánszky B: Aggregation of CaCO3 particles in PP composites: Effect of sur-face coating, Composites Science and Technology, 67, 1574-1583 (2007) Mravčáková M, Omastová M, Olejníková K, Pukánszky B: Chehimi M M, The preparation and properties of sodium and organomodified-montmorillonite/polypyrrole composites: A comparative study, Synthetic Metals, 157, 347-357 (2007) Renner K, Henning S, Móczó J, Yang M S, Choi H J, Pukánszky B: Micromechanical deformation processes in PA/layered silicate nanocomposites: Correlation of structure and properties, Polymer Engineering and Science, 47(8), 1235-1245 (2007) Sudár A, Móczó J, Vörös Gy, Pukánszky B: The mechanism and kinetics of void formation and growth in particulate filled PE composites, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 1(11), 763-772 (2007) Sudár A, Renner K, Móczó J, Pukánszky B: PP/üveggyöngy kompozitok: Deformációs jellemzők és határfelületi kölcsönhatások, Műanyag és Gumi, 44(8), 305-310 (2007) Százdi L, Pozsgay A, Pukánszky B: Factors and processes influencing the reinforcing effect of lay-ered silicates in polymer nanocomposites, European Polymer Journal, 43, 345-359 (2007) Vidéki B, Klébert Sz, Pukánszky B: External and internal plasticization of cellulose acetate with caprolactone: Structure and properties, Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, 45, 873-883 (2007)

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4.2.1 Atmospheric chemistry studies

Demeter A, Mile V, Bérces T: Hydrogen bond formation between 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and aliphatic alcohols, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 111, 8942-8949 (2007) Kovács Gg, Zádor J, Farkas E, Nádasdi R, Szilágyi I, Dóbé S, Bérces T, Márta F, Lendvay Gy: Ki-netics and mechanism of the reactions of CH3CO and CH3C(O)CH2 radicals with O2. Low-pressure discharge flow experiments and quantum chemical computations, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 9, 4142-4154 (2007) Nádasdi R, Kovács Gg, Szilágyi I, Demeter A, Dóbé S, Bérces T, Márta F: Exciplex laser photoly-sis study of acetone with relevance to tropospheric chemistry, Chemical Physics Letters, 440, 31-35 (2007) Nádasdi R, Szilágyi I, Zádor J, Zügner G, Dóbé S, Bérces T, Márta F: Competitive bromination ki-netic study of C2H6, CH2ClBr and neo-C5H12. Reaction kinetics and thermochemical implications, Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting 2007, pp. 111-114

4.2.2 Studies on the utilization of biomass materials by thermal methods

Becidan M, Várhegyi G, Hustad JE, Skreiberg O: Thermal decomposition of biomass wastes. A ki-netic study, Industrial and Engeneering Chemistry Research, 46, 2428-2437 (2007) Gómez C J, Mészáros E, Jakab E, Velo E, Puigjaner L: Thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry study of woody residues and an herbaceous biomass crop using PCA techniques, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 80, 416-426 (2007) Mészáros E, Gáspár M, Réczey K, Jakab E, Várhegyi G: Thermal analysis and pyrolysis techniques for studying the composition of differently pretreated corn fibers in fiber processing to ethanol, Konferenciakiadvány: Centenáriumi Vegyészkonferencia, Sopron, MKE, AT-0-15, pp. 34-38 (2007) Mészáros E, Jakab E, Várhegyi G, Bourke J, Manley-Harris M, Nunoura T, Antal M J Jr: Do all carbonized charcoals have the same chemical structure? 1. Implications of thermogravimetry – mass spectrometry measurements, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 46, 5943-5953 (2007) Mészáros E, Jakab E, Várhegyi G: TG/MS, Py-GC/MS and THM-GC/MS study of the composition and thermal behavior of extractive components of Robinia pseudoacacia, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 79, 61-70 (2007) Mészáros E, Jakab E, Várhegyi G, Tóvári P, Ivelics R, Marosvölgyi B: Növényi eredetű biomassza anyagok termikus vizsgálata, Konferenciakiadvány: MTA Agrárműszaki Bizottság 31. Kut. és Fejl. Tanácsk., Gödöllő, pp. 33-37 (2007) Mészáros E, Jakab E, Várhegyi G, Tóvári P: Thermogravimetry/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Energy Crops, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 88(2), 477-482 (2007) Nunoura T, Dowaki K, Fushimi C, Allen S, Mészáros E, Antal M J Jr: Performance of a first-generation, aqueous-alkaline biocarbon fuel cell, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 46 734-744 (2007)

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Oudia A, Mészáros E, Simoes R, Queiroz J, Jakab E: Pyrolysis-GC/MS and TG/MS study of medi-ated laccase biodelignification of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 78, 233-242 (2007) Tóvári P, Marosvölgyi B, Kotsis L, Girhiny L, Mészáros E: Biomassza gázosításának eredményei kis teljesítményű kísérleti berendezésben, Konferenciakiadvány: MTA Agrárműszaki Bizottság 31. Kut. és Fejl. Tanácsk., Gödöllő, pp. 29-32 (2007) Várhegyi G: A biomassza-energia egy kutatóvegyész szemszögéből, A Természet Világa, 138(1), 45-50 (2007) Várhegyi G: Aims and methods in non-isothermal reaction kinetics, Journal of Analytical and Ap-plied Pyrolysis, 79, 278-288 (2007)

4.2.3 Research on the heatments of polymer waste materials

Bozi J, Czégény Zs, Mészáros E, Blazsó M, Thermal decomposition of flame retarted polycarbon-ates, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 79, 337-345 (2007) Brebu M, Jakab E, Sakata Y, Effect of flame retardants and Sb2O3 synergist on the thermal decom-position of high-impact polystyrene and on its debromination by ammonia treatment, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 79, 346-352 (2007) Czégény Zs, Bozi J, Blazsó M: Effect of flame retardants on the therma decomposition of typical polymer components of electronic waste, Konferenciakiadvány: Centenáriumi Vegyészkonferencia, Sopron, MKE, AT-0-10, pp. 43-47 (2007) Jakab E, Mészáros E, Omastová M: Thermal decomposition of polypyrroles, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 88(2), 515-521 (2007) Szakács T, Szarka Gy, Pollreisz F, Szesztay A, Iván B: A PVC termooxidatív láncszakadása oldat-ban, Műanyag és Gumi, 44(2), 89-93 (2007) Szarka Gy, Iván B: Environmentally benign mild degradative transformation of poly(vinyl chloride) into useful products, Polymer Preprints, 48(1), 584-585 (2007)

4.2.4 Characterization of basic electrochemical processes; developing instruments and test meth-ods

Láng G G, Horányi G: Comment on the paper „Kinetic calculations of Ni anodic dissolution from EIS”[J Solid State Electrochemistry (2005) 9:83], Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 11, 439-443 (2007) Láng G G, Horányi G: Reply to „Comments on the paper entitled ’The formulation and modelling of the anodic dissolution of zinc through adsorbed intermediates’ ” by C. Cachet et al., Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 600, 372-374 (2007) Mészáros G, Kronholz S, Karthäuser S, Mayer D, Wandlowski T: Electrochemical fabrication and characterization of nanocontacts and nm-sized gaps, Applied Physics A, 87, 569-575 (2007)

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Mészáros G, Li C, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T: Current measurements in a wide dynamic range – ap-plications in electrochemical nanotechnology, Nanotechnology, 18, 424004 (8pp) (2007) Pajkossy T: Potential program invariant representation of diffusion-adsorption related voltammo-grams, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 221, 1137-1147 (2007) Pajkossy T, Kibler A L, Kolb M D: Voltammetry and impedance measurements of Ir(100) elec-trodes in aqueous solutions, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 600, 113-118 (2007) Pajkossy T, Kolb DM: Double layer capacitance of the platinum group metals in the double layer region, Electrochemistry Communications, 9, 1171–1174 (2007) Pajkossy T, Pospisil L - Guest editors: Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 39 (3) pp. 174-245 (2007) Szenes I, Mészáros G, Lengyel B: Noise study of hydrogen evolution process on Cu and Ag micro-electrodes in sulphuric acid solution, Electrochimica Acta, 52, 4752-4759 (2007) Szenes I, Mészáros G, Lengyel B: Sub-millivolt amplitude potential oscillations observed in the noise of hydrogen evolution on Ag and Cu microelectrodes, Central European Journal of Chemis-try, 5(2), 466-478 (2007)

4.2.5 Corrosion and catalytic studies

Győrffy N, Wootsch A, Szabó S, Bakos I, Tóth L, Paál Z: Reactions of methylcyclopentane on Rh-Pt catalyst prepared by underpotential deposition of Rh on Pt/SiO2, Topics in Catalysis, 46(1-2) 57-64 (2007) Lendvay-Győrik G, Pajkossy T, Lengyel B: Water uptake of water-borne paint resin films as stud-ied by impedance spectroscopy and gravimetry, Progress in Organic Coatings, 59, 95-99 (2007) Lengyel B, Fekete É: Alumínium és saválló acél kontaktkorróziójával kapcsolatos vizsgálatok, Kor-róziós Figyelő, 47(1), 13-15 (2007) Paál Z, Győrffy N, Wootsch A, Tóth L, Bakos I, Szabó S, Wild U, Schlögl R: Preparation, physical characterization and catalytic properties of unsupported Pt-Rh catalyst, Journal of Catalysis, 250, 254-263 (2007) Szabó S: Tűzihorganyzott betonacélok viselkedése a betonban, Tűzihorganyzás, V(1), 7-10 (2007) Szabó S, Bakos I: Catalytic aspects of oxygen reduction in metal corrosion, Proceedings of URB-CORR, Kolozsvár, pp. 140-149 (2007) Szabó S, Bakos I: Pourbaix diagramok és használatuk, VEKOR Konferenciakiadvány, Korróziós Figyelő melléklete, Balatonfüred, 23-31 (2007)

4.2.6 Development of environmental protection technologies

Kapros T, Mucsi G, Horváth L, Szabó P, Mink G: Decreasing the solvent vapour emission and the costs o fair purification in a painting plant. Part (B) – Technological Plans, Proceedings of the 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems,

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ENV2 – Session: Environment and Pollution Control, Dubrovnic, Croatia, CD, Paper No 148, pp. 1-8 (2007) Mink G, Horváth L, Méder G, Welther K, Házi I, Floris F, Mulas P: Removal of chlorobenzenes from groundwater using a combined solar photocatalytic/stripping reactor, Sustainable Develop-ment of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, VOL III., Editors: N. H. Afgan, Z. Bogdan, N. Duic and Z. Guzovic, World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd., Singapore, pp. 393-406 (2007) Mink G, Horváth L, Szutter Á, Mucsi G, Kapros T: Decreasing the solvent vapour emission and the cost of air purification in a painting plant. Part (A) – Concept and laboratory results, Proceedings of the 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Sys-tems, ENV2 – Session: Environment and Pollution Control, Dubrovnic, Croatia, CD, Paper No 147, pp. 1-9 (2007)

Other publications

Alagta A, Felhösi I, Telegdi J, Bertóti I, Kálmán E: Effect of metal ions on corrosion inhibition of pimeloyl-1,5-di-hydroxamic acid for steel in neutral solution, Corrosion Science, 49, 2754-2766 (2007) Beck M: A kémia humora, A Természet Világa, 138(1), 118-120 (2007) Cserháti T: Chromatography of amino acids and short peptides. New advances, Biomedical Chro-matography, 21, 780-796 (2007) Cserháti T: Liquid chromatography of natural pigments and synthetic dyes, Journal of Chromatog-raphy Library - 71, Elsevier, 1-591 (2007) Cserháti T: Study of the absorption characteristics of a zeolite support in normal and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography, Journal of Planar Chromatography, 20(5), 381-384 (2007) Főglein K A, Gubicza J, Babievskaya I Z, Szépvölgyi J: Theoretical and experimental aspects of carbon formation in thermal plasma, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 250, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5) Gergely A, Jakab E, Mészáros E, Pászti Z, Tárkányi G, Telegdi J, Kálmán E: Szén nanocsövek ké-miai módosítása, Magyar Kémiai Folyóirat, 113(1), 20-30 (2007) Iván B: Polimer kémia és technológia oktatása az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Kémiai Inté-zetében, Műanyag és Gumi, 44(2), 87-88 (2007) Iván B: Polimerek építészete – a szerkezettől a funkcionális szabályozásig, A Természet Világa, 138(1), 17-19 (2007) Károly Z, Mohai I, Tóth M, Wéber F, Szépvölgyi J: Production of glass-ceramics from fly ash using arc plasma, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27, 1721-1725 (2007) Kovács T, Turányi T, Főglein K, Szépvölgyi J: Comparison of the efficiencies and kinetic analysis of the carbon tetrachloride decomposition in RF thermal plasma in inert and oxidative environ-ments, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 801, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5)

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Markovic Z, Todorovic-Markovic B, Mohai I, Farkas Z, Kováts E, Szépvölgyi J, Otasevic D, Scheier P, Feil S, Romcevic N: Comparative process analysis of fullerene production by the arc and the radio-frequency discharge methods, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7, 1-13 (2007) Móczó J, Menyhárd A, Pukánszky B: A BME Műanyag- és Gumiipari Laboratóriumának szakmai tevékenysége, Műanyag és Gumi, 44(2), 48-51 (2007) Mohai I, Szépvölgyi J, Hardi M, Kováts É, Todorovich-Markovic B, Markovic Z: Effect of addi-tives on fullerene formation in RF thermal plasma conditions, Proceedings of the ISPC 18 Kyoto, 2007, Paper No. ID 529, pp. 1-4. (ISBN978-4-9903773-3-5) Zagyi M, Cserháti T: Quantitative structure-retention relationship study on the binding of organic solvents to the corn protein, zein, Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 30, 351-362 (2007)

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13 EXPERTIES

13.1 Department of Plasma Chemistry

Laboratory of Surface and Nanolayer Chemistry

Contact persons: András Tóth, Miklós Mohai

Equipment and expertise

• Surface analysis of solids, layers and coatings by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS,

ESCA): qualitative, quantitative and chemical structural analysis

• Ion beam etching and depth profile analysis

• Nanomechanical and tribological characterisation of solids, layers and coatings (indentation,

hardness, Young modulus, friction, topography, abrasive wear)

• Laboratory-scale surface modification of solids (polymers, glasses, ceramics, metals, com-

posites, biomaterials) by plasmas and particle beams (glow discharge, plasma beam, plasma

immersion ion implantation, fast atom beam)

• Laboratory-scale deposition of thin layers (magnetron sputtering, PECVD)

Examples of industrial application

Polymer engineering, plastics industry:

• foils (degradation, segregation, hydrophobic recovery, printability, adhesion, metallisation)

• composites (surface treatment of reinforcing materials, fillers)

• separation membranes (surface treatment, hydrophylic and hydrophobic properties, fouling)

Textile industry:

• fibers, textiles (printing, dyeing,, bactericid coatings, water repellency, antistatic, flame-

retardant and shrink-proofing properties)

• wool, silk (surface treatment)

Wood, paper, furniture, typographic industries:

• lignocellulosic materials (technological problems, ageing, wettability, adhesion)

• fillers (surface treatment)

Packaging (food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fine chemicals):

• metallic packaging materials (coating, printing, corrosion)

• nonmetallic packaging materials (sulphonation, fluorination, composites, adhesion, barrier

properties)

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Biomaterials engineering:

• implants and devices (hip joint, knee joint, stent, catheter, biocompatibility, lifetime issues)

• contact lenses (surface properties)

Chemical engineering:

• heterogeneous catalysts (ageing, regeneration, metal-support interaction, doping effect)

• pigments (formation of structural layers)

Glass manufacturing:

• plate-glass (coating, modification of optical properties)

• glass corrosion (identification of chemical processes)

• pharmaceutical ampules (dissolution of alkali-content)

• GC capillary columns (surface treatment processes)

• lenses (optical coatings, hard layers)

Microelectronics:

• thin layers (deposition processes, oxidation, corrosion)

• insulating and packaging layers (surface composition, diffusion processes)

• sensors (surface composition, reaction mechanisms)

Communication:

• optical elements (modified waveguides)

Electrical industry:

• lighting (cathodes, glass coatings, phosphors)

• photovoltaic cells (contacts, degradation)

Automotive industry:

• tribology (additives, wear)

• corrosion protection (coatings, paints)

Mining, mechanical engineering:

• coal (desulfurisation, chemical treatments)

• hard coatings (layer chemistry)

• metal processing (tribological processes)

• metallic components (coatings)

• anticorrosion coatings (corrosion processes

• metallic powders, powder metallurgy (surface properties, sintering)

• engineering (Hi-Tech) ceramics (powder characterisation, sintering)

XPS Escascope

Thermal plasma laboratory

The laboratory performs investigations in the field of chemical reactions occurring in thermal plas-

mas. These research activities in conformity with the Institute’s profile are running in two direc-

tions.

Research aiming at materials chemistry – production of micro- and nanopowders of particular

morphology, such as:

• Functional nano and micron size ceramic powders and composite powders with special me-

chanical, electrical, magnetic and chemical properties

Contact leading researchers: János Szépvölgyi, Ilona Mohai

• Catalyst supports

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Zoltán Károly

• Spherical compact or hollow ceramic powders

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Zoltán Károly

• Synthesis of fullerenes

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Ilona Mohai

• Formation of metallic and ceramic layer by thermal plasma spraying

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Ilona Mohai, Zoltán Károly

Research aiming at enviromental chemistry – Decomposition or processing of hazardous organic

and inorganic waste materials to harmless and valuable products, e.g.:

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• Treatment of metallurgical and other high metallic content waste materials

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Zoltán Károly, Ilona Mohai

• Processing of organic, halogenated organic, or polluted inorganic materials

Contact persons: János Szépvölgyi, Szilvia Klébert

For the characterization of starting materials and the products the following methods are applied:

bulk and surface chemical compositions (ICP-AES, XPS), phase composition (XRD), microscopic

techniques (SEM and TEM), particle size analysis (LDA), physi- and chemisorption properties.

For research activities we are using a 27 MHz/4 kW and a 3-5 MHz/30 kW RF thermal plasma re-

actors, as well as transferred and non-transferred DC arc plasma systems.

Besides our basic research activities we are involved in graduate and postgraduate trainings in the

leading universities in Hungary (BME, ELTE and PE), as well as in industrial R&D cooperations

(Dunaferr, GE, BASF).

Radiofrequency (left side) and direct current (right side) plasma equipments in operation

Laboratory of Functinal Nanoparticles

Our laboratory works as a part of the Faculty of Information Technology in University of Pannonia.

Our research group has continued the conventional activities on particle technology of the Institute

of Chemical and Process Engineering that is crystallization, granulation, coating, drying, mixing,

grinding as well as modeling of these processes. The laboratory is supported by the HAS CRC Insti-

tute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and the University of Pannonia, and it has kept the

activities of the conventional methods of particle technology but our research work is expanded to

the investigations on the preparation of new, tailored nano- and micro structured pure or composite

materials.

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Namely, the main purposes of our work are to prepare and investigate particles with size and struc-

tures in micron or nanometer ranges, to develop new methods and processing for the formation, to

investigate the relation between the material structure and functional properties. These activities

provide a scientific basis of formation of materials (such as biocatalyzators, drug formulations,

polymer fillers etc.) with more effectiveness than before. The preparation conditions of the new par-

ticulate solids are investigated in the following areas:

Mechanically spouted bed dryer with inert packing

Studies on colloid chemistry and nanostructure of solid products:

Contact persons: Judit Tóth, Tivadar Feczkó

Preparation of pure and composite materials of micron and nanometer sizes using precipitation

(salting-out and chemical), cooprecipitation, spherical agglomeration and emulsion methods.

Chemical and process engineering research

Contact person: Judit Tóth

Elaboration of chemical, physical, mechanical and other (e.g. combined) processes to prepare and to

treat micron size composite particles with suitable nanostructure, in order to establish new produc-

tion methods, techniques and equipment for these kinds of products. Among them, product recovery

by spray drying and granulation, drying of heat sensitive particles in fluidized bed or spouted bed

reactors, by microwave treatment etc. will be studied.

Physical, chemical and material structural experiments:

Contact person: Tivadar Feczkó

Material structure study of prepared individual or composite particles: crystal and/or amorphous

phase composition, particle size and size distribution, morphology and inner microstructure of the

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surface, investigations on functional properties (e.g. chemical quality, stability, release, decomposi-

tion)

Available devices: Reactors for batch crystallization, fluid granulator and dryer, mechanically

spouted bed dryer, different grinders, freeze-dryer, ultrasonic homogenizator, ultracentrifuge, Mal-

vern Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer, Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS zeta-potential, particle

size and molecular mass analyzer.

Metalcomplex Laboratory

In environmental aspect the converting of industrial and dangerous wastes, the monitoring, selection

and realization of disposal and re-utilization possibilities of wastes are of great significance. For

putting into practice mainly chemical methods are chosen, for example the obtaining of zinc from

galvanic sludge or the converting of spent baking oil into biodiesel. Other initial materials of differ-

ent origin may be also suitable for production of biofuel.

Method developments for management and disposal of industrial and sewage –water.

Contact person : László Kótai

Polarographic-voltammetric instrument (TraceLab50, Radiometer, Copenhagen)

Synthesis and studies on porous composite materials, e.g. ash granulates as ecofertilizers, bleacing

earths and various liquid absorbing and storaging systems.

Contact person : László Kótai

Preparation of metal complexes and investigation of them with instrumental analytical techniques

(IR, TG, XPS, etc.). Significance and role of metal complexes in the function of human body. Sup-

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plementation possibilities of metals by natural mode or by polygalacturonate and other metal com-

plexes with natural origin.

ICP analitical investigations for determination of metal element homeostasis mainly in metabolic

diseases. ICP analytical examinations and evaluation in other biological samples of multi compo-

nents, e.g. medicinal plants and extracts. Determination of concentration of different elements and

species by polarographic-voltammetric methods in small concentration range (e.g. detection limt for

Se: 0.01 ng/ml).

Contact person : Klára Szentmihályi

13.2 Department of Polymer Chemistry and Material Science

Based on our expertise and inventions, our Department has a long history of successful research and

development contracts (R&D) and cooperations with both domestic and foregin companies ranging

from small enterprises to multinational firms on the areas listed below.

Synthesis of Polymers with New Structures

Contact person: Béla Iván

R&D on the synthesis of a large variety of polymers as well as their block copolymers, e. g. poly-

isobutylenes, polystyrenes, other vinyl polymers (acrylates, methacrylates, etc.), polymers contain-

ing heteroatoms, branched and cross-linked macromocules with unique topologies and properties

etc., with well-defined structure and molecular weights, with small polydispersities (suitable for

GPC/SEC standards as well), and with functional groups by various polymerization techniques is

carried out by us up to 100 g amounts. The potential applications of such R&D materials include

drug carriers, biomaterials, new type of coatings with small amount of solvents (low VOC coat-

ings), additives for motor oils, nonionic surface active materials, cosmetics, polymer additives,

nanocarriers, nanotemplates, nanohybrids, polymers fo nanomedicine etc.

Biomaterials, Nanocomposites, Nanohybrids Based on Nanostructured Amphiphilic Polymer Conetworks

Contact person: Béla Iván

These new and very promising materials are made only few research groups in the world. Our De-

partment is carrying out pioneering R&D with these novel macromolecular structures. By orders, as

well in the framework of R&D contracts we can offer

• synthesis of amphiphilic conetworks

• wide range of investigations on their physical, chemical and biological properties

• search for new unconventional applications and development of them

Degradative Transformations and Recycling of Polymers

Contact person: Béla Iván

In the field of the degradative decomposition and search for possibilities of new type reuse of indus-

trial polymers, such as PVC, we have elaborated several new procedures. Our accumulated know-

how can be utilized in further R&D projects to investigate further potential possibilities.

Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution and Average Molecular Weight by Gel Per-

meation Chromatography (GPC)

Contact persons: Béla Iván and Márta Szesztay

Our laboratory, equipped with a multidetector (RI, UV, online viscosimetry, multi-angle laser light

scattering) GPC, functions as a Central European reference laboratory. This equipment is able to

determine the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) and intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight

and intrinsic viscosity distributions of a large variety of polymers even without existing GPC stan-

dards.

The gel permeation chromatography equipment with multidetector system for the determination of molecular weight distributions and average molecular weights of polymers

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13.3 Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

Our Department forms a Joint Laboratory with the Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology,

Department of Physical Chemistry and Material Science, Budapest University of Technology and

Economics.

Degradation and stabilization of polymers

Contact persons: Béla Pukánszky, Enikő Földes

• The effects determining the degradation and stability of polymers are studied on theoretical

and applied research levels. The effects of processing and application conditions, as well as

those of different additives and additive systems on the stability of polymers are investigated.

Relationships are established between the chemical processes taking place during degradation

and the changes in chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical characteristics of polymer.

The chemical and physical parameters affecting the efficiency of additives are analyzed. Op-

timal additive compositions are developed to solve practical problems on the bases of conclu-

sions drawn from theoretical studies. Partners: TVK, Clariant.

Structure-property correlation in heterogeneous polymer systems

Contact persons: Béla Pukánszky, Erika Fekete, János Móczó

• Relationships among the type and amount of components, the component interactions and the

properties of system are studied in different polymer blends and composites. The effects de-

termining interactions, as well as their role in the characteristics of multicomponent systems

are analyzed. The surface properties of polymers and fillers are investigated (contact angle

measurement, inverse gas chromatography, FT-IR) to characterize interfacial interactions.

The characteristics of composites are influenced by modification of filler surface. The micro-

and macromechanical deformations and the factors influencing them are investigated. The

scale of polymers, as well as the type and size of fillers change in a wide range: from conven-

tional fillers (e.g., CaCO3, talk) to nanosize particles (e.g., SiO2, ZnO). Relationships be-

tween the structure of layered silicate nanocomposites and the competitive interactions are in-

vestigated. The study of polymer composites containing natural fillers (like sawdust) is also a

part of the research. On the bases of general relationships obtained in basic research different

compositions are developed for special purposes. Partners: TVK, Ongropack, Clopay, The

University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, Inha University, Inchon, Korea, Polymer

Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dunastyr Zrt., Airsec-Süd Chemie

Preparation of special polymers

Contact person: Béla Pukánszky

The research can be divided into to parts: synthesis and chemical modification of polymers. In the

field of polymer synthesis thermoplastic elastomers based on polyurethane are developed for medi-

cal purposes. The chemical modification of polymers ranges from polyolefin grafting with func-

tional groups (e.g., modification with malein-anhydride) to modification of natural polymers (e.g.,

cellulose). Target applied research and development are based on basic research. Partners: Medical

School, University of Pécs.

Injection molding machine

Crystallization and crystalline structure of polymers

Contact person: Béla Pukánszky

Study of the crystallization of polyolefins and the effects influencing that has long tradition in the

Joint Laboratory. Excellent results were achieved in the modification of the crystalline structure of

isotactic polypropylene. Special additives are used to modify the morphology of polypropylene,

which influence significantly the characteristics of polymer, e.g., transparency, mechanical strength,

impact strength. Partners: InnoComp, TVK, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Borealis.

Special methods:

• Contact angle measurement

• Inverse gas chromatography

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• Investigation of the deformation processes of polymer based systems (acoustic emission,

volume strain)

• Gas (oxygen, nitrogen) permeability measurement

• Thermal analysis (DSC, TGA, DMTA)

• Rheological investigation of polymers (dynamic, capillary and solution viscosity, MFI)

• Optical microscopy

• Instrumented impact testing

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13.4 Department of Environmental Chemistry

Laboratory of Thermal Studies

Biomass Investigations

Contact persons: Gábor Várhegyi and Emma Jakab

The thermal decomposition and temperature – controlled combustion of various plant materials and

solid biomass fuels are studied. The formed volatiles and the time and temperature dependence of

the processes are investigated at various temperature programs (temperature – time functions) under

laboratory conditions. We also study the gasification of biomass materials.

We can contribute to biomass R&D projects by the following activities:

• Obtaining detailed information on the partial processes of the combustion, gasification,

charcoal formation and pyrolysis

• Exploring and characterizing the differences and/or similarities of the various biomass raw

materials

• Determining the thermal properties of solid byproducts and intermediate productss of vari-

ous biomass utilization technologies. This type of information is helpful in the understand-

ing and optimization of the processes

Besides, we can

• Test the efficiency of the catalysts used to improve pyrolysis oils by fast, micro-scale ex-

periments

• Determine self-ignition and other data in relation to the storage and transport possibilities of

industrial charcoals and torrefied woods

Thermal decomposition of polymers, and waste plastic recycling

Contact persons: Marianne Blazsó, Emma Jakab, Zsuzsanna Czégény

During decades of research activity we have accumulated a detailed knowledge on the thermal and

catalytic decomposition of plastics and on the issues of environmental protection in plastic waste

handling. From 1998 to 2005 we have been working in cooperation with partners from Belgium,

Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germaly and Italy in two EU K&F projects that realised the con-

struction of a pilot plant pyrolyser for recycling waste electric and electronic equipments and the

dehalogenation of the oil products. Our main task has been in these projects the analysis of products

for the optimization of the working parameters of the equipment.

We may assist K&F projects or provide cooperation based on our competence in the fields, as fol-

lows:

• chemical and thermal analysis of the waste to be recycled

• selection of adequate and feasible recycling technology according to the size of a planned

plant

• laboratory scale experiments

• chemical analysis of the products of a pilot plant for the optimization of process conditions

• chemical analysis of the products of a recycling plant for the optimization of process condi-

tions

Studies related to the combustion of solid fuels

Contact persons: Gábor Várhegyi and Emma Jakab

We investigate two basic processes of the combustion of solid fuels in the kinetic regime:

• the formation of flammable gases and volatiles by pyrolsis

• the burn-off of the chars

In this way we obtain fundamental information on these processes and on the fuels studied. The re-

sults can aid the planning and optimization of combustors for fuels with irregular properties.

Thermobalance – mass spectrometer system (TG-MS)

Equipment and special software:

• Thermobalance – mass spectrometer system (TG-MS). The sample is heated by various

temperature programs. The changing sample mass is measured with high precisions during

the experiments. The formed volatiles are analyzed simultaneously by a coupled mass spec-

trometer

• Pirolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). Fast heating is applied to

the set pyrolysis temperature and held for 10-30 s isothermal pyrolysis. The volatile prod-

ucts are purged on-line to CG-MS for separation and identification

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• Software for the reaction kinetic analysis of TG and TG-MS data. Series of experiments are

carried out at different experimental conditions, including different temperature – time func-

tions and different oxygen concentrations in the ambient gas. The experiments are evaluated

simultaneously, by the method of least squares, assuming multistep mechanisms

Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory

The main research area of our group is the study of the kinetics and molecular mechanism of ele-

mentary chemical and photochemical reactions. For the most part, we investigate such processes

and phenomena that play an important role in the complex interplay between climate change and

the chemistry of the environment. A better understanding of such chemical and photochemical

processes may help influence the environmental changes in a positive direction by providing scien-

tific basis for judicious environmental legislative decisions.

We apply mainly the so-called direct experimental methods that we have implemented through sev-

eral years of technical development in our group. Accordingly, the atoms, free radicals and elec-

tronically excited molecules under study are produced either by pulsed-laser photolysis or micro-

wave-discharge dissociation of molecules in a fast flow of inert gas, and the processes are moni-

tored by recording time-resolved spectra. The experimental results are interpreted and extended by

quantum chemical and theoretical reaction kinetic computations. The kinetic and photochemical

data determined experimentally are used as input parameters in the different atmospheric chemistry

and combustion models through international co-operation.

The two main areas of our research are the following:

Kinetics of gas phase elementary reactions

Contact person: Sándor Dóbé

We determine kinetic parameters, product branching ratios and structure-activity relationships for

key uni- and bimolecular elementary reactions with relevance to the formation and further fate of

reactive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the combustion chemistry of atmospheric fires and

alternative fuels. With the study of these model reactions of practical importance, we address also

fundamental questions in chemical kinetics, such as the temperature- and pressure dependence and

the product yields for multichannel radical-radical reactions and the role of H-bonded "pre-reaction

complexes" in the kinetics and mechanism of gas phase elementary reactions. Accurate enthalpy

and entropy values for free radicals are determined experimentally by using the so-called "bromina-

tion-equilibrium" kinetic method.

Discharge flow reaction kinetic apparatus

Environmental photochemistry and photophysics

Contact persons: Attila Demeter and Sándor Dóbé

Our investigations are aimed at answering fundamental questions in photochemistry and photophys-

ics, which, at the same time, are related also to practical environmental chemistry problems; ex-

periments are carried out in both gas- and liquid phases. Comparison of the results obtained in gas-

and liquid phases provides the possibility to a more general description of the specific solvent ef-

fects (polarity, viscosity, ion-strength, etc.) on photochemical and photophysical processes. A great

part of the gas-phase studies are related to the atmospheric photochemistry of carbonyl molecules:

the temperature and pressure dependence of photodissociation quantum yields are determined, the

role of the first-excited singlet and triplet states are investigated in the photochemical mechanisms

(contribution to the EU's atmospheric chemistry project SCOUT-O3). In the liquid phase, the main

research subjects are the study of the relaxation kinetics of electronically excited molecules, photo-

induced electron transfer processes and the effect of hydrogen bonding on photochemical and pho-

tophysical processes. The model systems selected for liquid-phase investigations have relevance for

the aquatic environment and the photo-transformation of airborne organic aerosols.

Instrumentation

The most important instruments of our group are the different laser units: exciplex lasers (equipped

also with vacuum-UV and IR optics), Nd:YAG lasers (equipped with 532-, 355- and 266 nm optics

) and dye lasers (tuneable range: 210-850 nm), as well as the other special light sources: mercury

lamps, flash- and high-power Xe lamps and resonance fluorescence lamps. These light sources are

operated as part of the reaction kinetics and photochemical measuring systems employed in basic

research, but they have been used also for the purpose of applied studies and in industrial research

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contracts. The latter studies include, for example, the followings: qualification of the environmental

acceptability of freon-substitutes and alternative fuels; water purification; flame-diagnostics, diag-

nostics of halogen lamps; photochemical synthesis of fine chemicals, industrial photochlorination

and photo-oxidation; cosmetology. Further potential applications include: photodynamic therapy;

laser ablation, polymer degradation, preparation of special surface layers; flow diagnostics; "field"

atmospheric measurements; "green-chemistry" applications.

Expertise

Special knowledge and capabilities represented by members of our group are, for example, the fol-

lowing:

• Atmospheric chemistry, combustion chemistry, reaction kinetics, photochemistry, photo-

physics, spectroscopy

• Determination of kinetic parameters by using direct experimental methods, pulsed-laser

photolysis and discharge flow

• Quantum chemical and theoretical reaction kinetic computation; development and testing of

the mechanism of complex reaction systems

• Laser spectroscopy of atoms, free radicals and electronically excited molecules: lumines-

cence, laser-induced fluorescence, UV-VIS transient absorption

• Photophysical kinetics of organic molecules displaying dual luminescence

• Thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen-bonded complexes

• Kinetics of photoreduction systems

• Photo-oxidation and relative-rate kinetic measurements in environmental photoreactors

• Development of instrumentation and methods for the analysis of atmospheric organics

• Organic photochemical synthesis and industrial photochemistry

• Purification of water applying photochemical and photocatalytic methods

Electrochemistry laboratory

In general, we are involved in electrochemistry projects of environmental protection significance: in

particular, we study electrochemical processes being promising for removal of certain pollutants

from groundwater. To this end we perform electrochemical kinetics measurement on various elec-

trodes of electrocatalytic activity. Our related skills are as follows:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and related methods

Contact persons: Tamás Pajkossy, Gábor Mészáros, Gabriella Lendvay-Győrik

• Dielectric spectroscopy, Faraday-distortion methods

• EIS for the study of various electrochemical kinetics problems (examples of the past five

years: characterization of the electrochemical double layer and adsorption processes on the

platinum-group metals; corrosion properties of metals; inhibitors; conversion layers; poly-

mer coatings)

Electrochemical measuring setup

Theories on electrochemical kinetics:

Contact persons: Tamás Pajkossy, Gábor Mészáros

• Noise analysis and its application in electrochemical kinetics

• Relation of electrode geometry and electrode kinetics; calculation of current density distri-

butions and diffusion fields at various geometries

Electrocatalysis and corrosion:

Contact person: István Bakos

• Developing metallic and bimetallic catalists along with their

• characterization by electrochemical means; catalytic oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons

• Bimetallic corrosion; cathodic corrosion protection; connection between corrosion and cata-

lytic properties of metals; metal adsorption and its role in soldering and welding technolo-

gies

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Development of instruments:

Contact persons: Gábor Mészáros, Tamás Pajkossy

• Developing electrochemical instruments (examples of the past five years: bipotentiostat of

femtoampere sensitivity for nanoelectrochemistry studies; development of various current

meters for electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopes, data aquisition systems)

• Construction of various industrial and/or laboratory measurement systems (examples of the

past five years: measurement systems for electrical, optical, and spectroscopical quality con-

trol tests of metal-halide discharge lamps, for the GE Hungary)

13.5 Environmental Protection Laboratory

The Laboratory was established for analytical and technological research and development work.

Within its competency it offers the clients a wide range of services. In this area the Laboratory has

been authorized by the Hungarian Accreditation Board as Testing Laboratory that complies with the

criteria of MSZ EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard. The No. of the accreditation certificate is NAT-

1-1378/2005.

Accreditation certificate

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Environmental protection analytics:

Contact persons: Tibor Horváth, Béla Lengyel, Zoltán Sándor

The accredited testing fields of the Laboratory are as follows:

• Chemical analysis of different types of water including drinking water, surface water,

groundwater, industrial water and sewage water

• Environmental protection analysis of sewage water sludge, soils, wastes and their extrac-

tives, and the pre-treatment of these materials for testing

• Physicochemical and corrosion testing of anti-freeze engine coolants

The analytical methods applied:

• Potentiometry

• Gravimetry

• Corrosion tests

• UV-VIS spectrophotometry

• HPLC, LC/MS, GC, GC/MS

• ICP-OES

Mitigation of harm, waste treatment, elaboration of cost-competitive new technologies:

Contact persons: György Mink, Tibor Horváth

• Final disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-s), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and

furans (PCDD-s, PCDF) by catalytic hydrogenation or moderate temperature thermal meth-

ods

• Processing of sewage water sludge with the utilization of its calorific value by a novel and

dynamic method

• Design and construction of new, multi-channel cyanide monitoring systems for the continu-

ous analysis of industrial water and the air space of huge workshops

• Solar desalination

• Solar assisted water purification

Corrosion prevention

Contact persons: Béla Lengyel, Tibor Horváth

• Investigation of the physical and chemical properties of paint coatings

• Clearing up the cause of the corrosion damages and elaboration prevention methods

• Gravimetric and electrochemical corrosion tests

• Study and characterization of inhibitor effects

• Development of inhibitor compositions for anti-freeze and cooling water systems

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