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Life Processes (20 Minutes)
There are 7 life processes carried out by all living things, these are as follows:
Movement – Going from one place to another
Reproduction – Producing offspring
Sensitivity – Reacting to their environment
Nutrition – Taking in food
Excretion – Removing waste products
Respiration – Getting energy from Glucose
Growth – Cells multiplying and growing
Animals
Movement – Animals are clearly capable of moving
Reproduction – Animals produce offspring
Sensitivity- Animals are capable of responding to their environments
Nutrition – Animals take in food to provide energy
Excretion – Animals excrete waste
Respiration- Animals turn glucose into energy via respiration
Growth- Some of the energy produced goes towards growth over time
Plants
Movement – Plants can turn to face the sun
Reproduction – Plants reproduce sexually and asexually
Sensitivity- Plants are capable of responding to their environments, ie moisture levels in the air
Nutrition – Plants take in nutrients to provide energy and also produce energy from the sun
Excretion – Plants excrete Carbon Dioxide
Respiration- Plants turn glucose into energy via respiration
Growth- Some of the energy produced goes towards growth over time
How animals and plants carry out their life processes can depend on their environment
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2) Give an example of each life process being performed by an animal and a plant, try and provide
some context (e.g., A sunflower moving to face the sun, A bear excreting in the woods).
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Humans and other animals: Nutrition (20 Minutes)
Nutrition is important as it provides the basic ingredients for many other life processes
There are many different things that contribute to and have an effect on the nutrition of an animal
Teeth
Teeth are vital for nutrition because they are the first thing that food encounters when it enters the body
Poor dental hygiene can have a serious effect on nutrition
Types of teeth
Different types of teeth have different functions
Incisors - help you bite off and chew pieces of food
Canines - used for tearing and ripping food
Pre Molars - to crush and grind food
Molars - to crush and grind food
Dental Hygiene
Bacteria grow on our teeth (plaque), feasting on the food left there after eating,, if their growth is left
unchecked then they can cause the teeth to rot. Rotting teeth would be unable to do their job.
To prevent this we must take steps to control the bacterial growth (eg using fluoride toothpaste and
controlling our diet)
Uses of food
The nutrients gained from food are usually used by the body for activity and growth
It is very important to have a healthy and balanced diet including all the major food groups so that we get
the correct nutrients at all times
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Questions
1) Draw a picture of an incisor, canine and molar. Say where they are found in a mouth
2) Describe how using fluoride toothpaste and controlling our diet can help stop tooth decay
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3) Complete this list of the food groups
C
F
P
V
M
S
F
W
4) Describe the test you would use to detect the presence of starch
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Humans and other animals: Circulation (20
Minutes)
The Circulatory System
This is the system that sends blood around your body
The its main job is to carry oxygen around your body, but it also carries nutrients, carbon dioxide and
helps your immune system fight off disease
There are 2 main parts
The Heart
The heart is the pump that drives your circulatory system
It consists of 4 chambers, is made of muscle and forces the blood to move around the body
Blood Vessels
These are how your blood gets to different parts of the body, there are 3 kinds:
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
Veins – carry blood back towards the heart
Capillaries – are where gases and nutrients leave and enter the blood
Refer to the diagram of the human heart overleaf.
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Exercise
You circulatory system can react to what is going on around you
If you are doing exercise then your body needs more oxygen and food to provide more energy
The heart will pump harder and faster to move the blood around the body quicker
This can be demonstrated by comparing pulse rates before and after exercise
Exercise can also help your body burn fat, reduce obesity, increase stamina and is generally considered to
be part of a healthy lifestyle
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Questions
1) How does the body stop blood from going the wrong way round the circulatory system?
2) What would you expect to see if you compared your heart rate before and after exercise?
3) Describe the differences between veins, arteries and capillaries
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5) Where in the body might gases be absorbed into the blood?
6) What are the 4 main parts of the blood?
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Humans and other animals: Movement (20
Minutes)
Skeleton
The skeleton provides structure and a rigid framework to the body
In humans the skeleton is on the inside of the body, we have a backbone and are known as vertebrates
Some other animals have no internal skeleton and are known as invertebrates
The skeleton provides structure, but also protects the softer internal organs and helps us move
It is made up of lots of individual bones that are joined together by other materials
Muscles
Our muscles allow us to control our movement
They provided the force that makes our bones move
They do this by contracting and relaxing
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Questions
1) Give the name of 5 different bones in the human body
2) Fill in the gaps
Bones are connected to each other by fibres called l_________
Muscles and bones are connected by t_______
3) Solve the anagrams for different muscles and then complete the missing word
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4) Give 2 examples of vertebrates and 2 examples of invertebrates, what are the major advantages
and disadvantages of each?
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Humans and other animals: Reproduction and
Growth (20 Minutes)
There are 6 stages to the human life cycle:
Embryo
Humans reproduce sexually and give birth to live young
The average gestation period is 9 months (36 weeks)
Baby (0-2)
After 9 months developing in the womb, a baby is born
Babies need to be looked after by their parents, otherwise they won’t survive on their own
Childhood (2-12)
During childhood humans grow rapidly
They still need to be looked after but start to develop skills that will allow them to survive on their own
Adolescence (12-18)
The body continues to grow and goes through puberty
Around this age humans start to become sexually mature (they could have babies of their own)
However they may not yet have developed the life skills that will allow them to look after themselves
Adulthood (18-70)
This is the main phase of any animal’s life (including humans)
We should be capable of looking after ourselves by this point
Adults are ready to have children of their own
Old Age (70+)
Our bodies start to deteriorate after a lifetime of hard work
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Questions
1) Some mammals become sexually mature after only 1-2 years, why do you think humans take so
much longer?
2) What are the main changes that the body goes through during puberty?
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3) Draw a cartoon of each of the 6 stages of life in the boxes below and explain what is happening
at each stage
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Humans and other animals: Health (20 Minutes)
Tobacco
Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are often dried and smoked
It is often mixed with other harmful substances when smoked (eg nicotine and tar)
These can be linked to several diseases and health problems
Alcohol
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world
It is usually legal and most people consider it to be safe to drink in moderation
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious health problems, especially with the liver
Its sale is strictly controlled in most countries
Other Drugs
A drug is any chemical that has an effect on the body
This includes medicines and legal drugs such as alcohol
It also includes many illegal drugs such as marijuana and heroin
These involve serious health risks and can be very addictive
Exercise and a healthy lifestyle
A balanced diet and exercise are considered to be important parts of a healthy lifestyle
Combining both of these will allow you to control things such as your body-fat content, weight and general
fitness
We get energy from our food, and use it up by exercising
Our body needs lots of different nutrients to survive and grow, so we need to eat different types of food
in order to be healthy
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Questions
1) Name 3 legal drugs and 3 illegal drugs
2) What does addictive mean?
3) Name a major health problem that is linked to smoking tobacco
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4)
a) 2 men compete in a marathon, one is a smoker and the other is not. The non-smoker
finishes the race in 3 hours 30 minutes and the smoker takes 4 hours 15 minutes. Why
might the fact that the second man smokes have made him slower?
b) Are there any other reasons (not smoking) that might affect the men’s times
5) If you take in more energy (through food) than you use (through exercise) what will happen to
your body?
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Green Plants: Growth and Nutrition (20 Minutes)
Plant Growth
Plants need several factors to grow properly
Light – plants produce energy through photosynthesis in the leaves and the stem, light is vital to this process
Air – contains carbon dioxide and oxygen which are important for photosynthesis and respiration
Water –important for growth and chemical processes in the plant
Temperature – the temperature needs to be in the right range for the plant cells to work and grow properly
Leaves
Leaves are where most photosynthesis takes place
They contain a lot of the green pigment chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis
As such they are incredibly important for energy production and growth
The energy that is produced in the leaves of a plant is often the start of the food chain
Roots
Roots anchor the plant in the ground, so help protect it against weather and some predators
They are also vital for the plant’s growth and nutrition
They absorb water from the ground and allow it to be transported around the plant
The roots also absorb mineral salts and other nutrients that are needed for healthy growth
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Questions
1) What are the 4 factors that plants require to grow properly?
2) What process do plants need carbon dioxide for and where does this take place?
3) What is the colour of chlorophyll and its role in photosynthesis?
4) If you took two identical plants and grew one in a warm, bright environment and the other in a
cold dark one which plant would you expect to grow the most?
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5) Describe an experiment you could perform to show the effect of temperature on the germination
of a seed, what results would you expect to get?
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Green Plants: Reproduction (20 Minutes)
Reproductive Organs
The flower the location for most of the important reproductive organs in flowering plants
The female part of the plant is the carpel – stigma, style, ovule ovary
The male part of the plant is the stamen – anther, filament
The other parts of the flower – petals and sepals attract insects and provide protection
Life Cycle
Sexual Reproduction involves the plant sex cells (pollen and ovule) combining to produce a seed
This is usually between 2 different plants, but some can also self-pollinate
There are 4 stages to sexual reproduction in plants
1) Pollination – the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma
2) Fertilisation – this takes place after pollination, when the pollen and ovule fuse to make a fertilised
egg. This fertilised egg then turns into a seed
3) Seed Dispersal – the fruit grows around the seed, its job is to carry the seed as far away as possible.
Animals can either eat the fruit and pass the seed out later (eg Apples) or the fruit gets hooked on
the fur of a passing animal (eg Burdock)
The wind can also be used to make the seed travel large distances (eg Sycamore Trees)
Another method is used by beans and pea plants, the pod splits open and shoots out the beans
(seeds)
4) Germination – This is where the seed starts to grow, producing roots and a shoot. It needs very
specific conditions for this to happen: Warmth, Water and Oxygen
As the seed germinates there are several separate parts of the plant that can be identified: The
embryo shoot, the embryo root, the food store and the seed coat
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Questions
1) Draw in arrows and label the parts of the male and female sex organs on this plant
2) What is the main way in which pollination occurs and what is the role of the petals in this?
3) Why do plants try and spread their seeds as far away as possible?
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4) Describe 2 different methods of seed dispersal and explain their advantages and disadvantages?
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Variation and Classification (20 minutes)
There are roughly 9 million different species on the planet, with 10,000 new ones discovered every year
This huge number of living things needs to be sorted in a logical and consistent fashion
We need to identify and classify organisms based on observable characteristics
Examples
There are several important examples of which you should be aware
Vertebrates vs Invertebrates
Vertebrates are animals that have an internal skeleton. These include mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and,
amphibians
Invertebrates are the opposite; they have no internal skeleton and instead have an external exoskeleton
to provide structure and protection. Eg insects
Flowering vs Nonflowering plants
The obvious difference here is that one type has flowers and the other doesn’t, this has a big effect on
their reproduction. Flowering plants use insects to carry pollen around whilst nonflowering plants often
reproduce using spores
Insect vs Spiders (Arachnids)
Insects have 6 legs, a body in 3 parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and antennae
Spiders have 8 legs, a body in 2 parts (a combined head and thorax and an abdomen) and no antennae
Keys
Classification keys allow us to sort out organisms based on their characteristics
They work by asking questions that allow us to separate things into specific groups
These groups can then be further divided until we have a method of identifying each object or organism
in the group
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Questions
1) Use the following key to sort out the 5 shapes and draw the right shape in each box
2) Come up with your own key to classify the following set of animals: A bear, a rabbit, a spider, a
whale and a fly (Remember to think about ways to tell the difference between them, what type of
animal they are, where they live, how big they are)
N
Y
Does it have 3 sides?
N
N Y
Does it have 3 sides?
Y
Does it have any straight lines?
Does it have any right angles?
N
Y
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Living things and their environment: Adaptation
(20 minutes)
Different environments create different problems for animals and plants to overcome
This means that animals and plants in different places will often evolve in different ways
Cold Habitats (Arctic)
Animals in cold habitats have to be adapted to the demands of their environment
They often have thick fur to keep warm
They will have a layer of fat (blubber) under their skin to insulate them
They are often white so that they can hide from predators or prey
They try and conserve heat as much as possible
In some cold environments, where there isn’t a lot of food, some animals will hibernate over the winter,
this means that they shut their body down for a time so that they need less food to survive
Other animals will migrate to avoid extreme weather eg birds will fly south for the winter
Warm Habitats (Desert)
Animals in warm habitats often have to deal with high temperatures and a lack of water
They are good at losing heat, and often try to avoid getting too warm
They will spend a lot of the time in the shade and are often nocturnal (only come out at night)
They also try and keep hold of as much water as possible and are very good at finding water sources from
large distances
Plants also have many of the same problems and so have adapted to keep as much water as possible
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Questions
1) Name 3 animals that live in a cold environment (like the arctic) and describe all the ways that one
of them is adapted to that particular environment
2) Name 3 animals that live in a warm environment (like the desert) and describe all the ways that
one of them is adapted to that particular environment
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3) 3 other environments that might require animals to adapt are the rainforest, high mountains and
the deep sea. What kind of conditions would animals (and plants) have to cope with in these
different environments?
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Living things and their environments: Feeding
Relationships (20 Minutes)
Food Chains
Food chains are an illustration of the feeding relationship between different animals and plants in an
environment
They allow us to see how organisms are linked
As you go along the chain you go from producer to consumer
This is a predator-prey relationship
Food chains can be expanded into more complicated food webs
Producer - These are most often green plants
and are the first stage in the food chain, they
produce the energy
Secondary Consumer – This eats the primary
consumer, it will either be an omnivore or a
carnivore (eats only animals)
Primary Consumer – In this food chain it is
either a herbivore (only eats plants) or an
omnivore (eats plants and animals), the primary
consumer eats the producer
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Questions
1) Describe the differences between herbivores, carnivores and omnivores and give an example of
each
2) Put the following organisms in the correct column:
Oak Tree, Lion, Worm, Robin, Cow, Strawberry Bush, Human, Grass
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer
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3) Come up with food chains for a small pond and the Serengeti (grasslands in Africa), each chain
must contain 3 organisms and each organism must be labelled as a producer or a consumer
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Living things and their environments: Micro-
organisms (20 Minutes)
Organisms are living creatures
Microorganisms are very small organisms that often can’t be seen eg Bacteria, Amoeba
They have all the same characteristics as normal sized organisms
Humans and other animals use microorganisms and their properties to their advantage
But microorganisms can also be very harmful
Positives
Humans use bacteria to help break down waste materials in compost heaps
We use the respiration of yeast to help produce gases that make bread rise in the oven
Yeast is also used in the fermentation process to produce alcohol
Negative
Some bacteria and other microorganisms can cause diseases in
animals and plants, often by releasing poisons that make them sick
The mould that grows on food when it goes off is a microorganism,
this is very inconvenient and makes it dangerous to eat
Microorganisms that live on our skin eat our dead cells and other waste
products, they in turn release their own waste that causes us to smell –
body odour
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Questions
1) What are the 7 life processes that microorganisms will have in common with normal sized
organisms like animals and plants?
2) Find out the name of 3 diseases that are caused by bacteria
3) What can we do to reduce the risk of getting ill from bacteria and other microorganisms?
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4) Antibiotics are one of the ways that we can fight harmful bacteria, do some research and find out
the following facts:
i) What was the first antibiotic discovered?
ii) Who discovered it?
iii) Where was he from?
iv) How did he discover it?
5) What gas is produced by the yeast that we use to make bread rise?