Year 11 Unit 2 - Aspirations

Year 11 Unit 2

Knowledge Organiser

Name

Tutor

English - Unit 2

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Week 1: Jekyll and Hyde- Chapter Summaries

1 Story of the Door Hyde tramples girl; Hyde has key and cheque.

2 Search for Mr Hyde Utterson discovers Jekyll’s will; Dr Lanyon returns; Utterson meets Hyde.

3 Dr Jekyll was Quite at Ease Dinner party at Jekyll’s house; Utterson is worried about the will.

4 The Carew Murder Case Sir Danvers Carew is ‘clubbed’ to death by Hyde; letter found on body; murder weapon is Jekyll’s walking cane.

5 The Incident of the Letter Jekyll looks unwell; Jekyll hands over a forged Hyde letter.

6 The Remarkable Incident of Dr Lanyon

Dr Lanyon dies and leaves a letter for Utterson.

7 The Incident at the Window

Utterson and Enfield see Jekyll at his window in ‘abject terror and despair’.

8 The Last Night Hyde commits suicide; Utterson finds Jekyll’s will and confession.

9 Dr Lanyon’s Narrative Lanyon’s letter describes how he became ill after seeing Hyde transform.

10 Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case

Jekyll tells his story of how and why he created Mr Hyde.

Week 2: Jekyll and Hyde - Themes

11 Science vs Religion Key contrast between the scientific discoveries of Darwin and faith in Religion.

12 Dreams and Nightmares Linked to psychoanalysis, many of the characters experience dreams and nightmares which reveal information.

13 Reputation, Repression and Appearances

Linked to Victorian values, many of the men in this novella are concerned with their reputations and maintaining appearances.

14 Crime and Violence Linked to urban terror. Hyde tramples the girl and attacks Sir Danvers Carew.

15 Duality Duality refers to having two parts, often with opposite meanings, like the duality of good and evil in Jekyll and Hyde.

16 Secrecy and Silence Linked to Victorian values, characters remain secretive throughout the novella (Jekyll, Utterson, Enfield, Lanyon). Actions are often undertaken at night in darkness.

17 Lies and Deceit Jekyll lies to himself regarding his control of Hyde.

18 The Gothic Genre popular within the Victorian era. Elements include; dark, focus on the evil side of human nature, the supernatural and the unexplained, suspense and mystery.

19 Friendship Utterson and Jekyll’s friendship is explored throughout the novella.

Week 3: Jekyll and Hyde - Quotations

Quotation Techniques Context

20 ‘like some disconsolate prisoner’

Simile Adjective - ‘disconsolate’

Description of Jekyll. Links to duality, Victorian values.

21 ‘blistered and distained’ Verbs Symbolism

Description of the door - links to setting and the Urban city. Symbolic of the characters.

22 ‘trampled calmly over the child’s body and left

Verb ‘screaming’ Adverb ‘calmly’

Hyde tramples a girl. Links to crime and violence, Physiognomy,

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her screaming on the ground’

Verb - ‘left’ Imagery Juxtaposition - foreshadows

Darwinism/Evolution. Juxtaposition throughout to represent duality.

23 ‘something troglodytic’ Imagery Metaphor Contrast Unspecified pronoun- ‘something’

Description of Hyde. Links to Physiognomy, Darwinism/Evolution. Image of Hyde as monstrous.

Week 4: Jekyll and Hyde - Quotations Quotation Techniques Context

24 ‘a great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven’

Imagery Pathetic fallacy Contrast - ‘chocolate’

Description of the setting, links to Religion. Reflects the themes of the novella.

25 ‘with ape-like fury’ Simile Animalistic Imagery Noun - ‘fury’

Description of Hyde - animalistic, uncontrollable. Links to Physiognomy, Darwinism/Evolution.

26 ‘murderous mixture of timidity and boldness’

Alliteration - sinister effect Juxtaposition Noun - ‘mixture’

Description of Hyde. Links to theme of duality and science vs religion. Links to the gothic.

27 ‘The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away’

Graphic imagery Contrast - rosy and pale Fricative - ‘flesh, fallen’

Description of Lanyon. Links to science vs religion, secrecy and silence.

Week 5: Jekyll and Hyde - Quotations


28 ‘there came a blackness about his eyes’

Noun - blackness Noun - eyes Symbolism - eyes

Description of Jekyll. Links to duality. Eyes as the window to the soul.

29 ‘the moment I choose I can be rid of Mr. Hyde’

Irony - especially the verb ‘choose’ Personal pronoun ‘I’ vs detached, formal noun ‘Mr Hyde’

Description of Jekyll. Lies and deceit - Jekyll is misguided and in denial.

30 ‘O God!’ I screamed, and ‘O God!’ again and again’

Repetition Verb - screamed Exclamation mark

Lanyon. Religion vs science

31 ‘man is not truly one, but truly two’

Syntactical parallelism Adverb - ‘truly’ Noun - ‘man’

Jekyll’s discovery towards the end of the novella. Links to duality, lies and deceit, secrecy, Victorian values

32 ‘the smile was struck out of his face’

Sibilance - in smile and face Verb - struck Voiceless velar stop - ‘K’ in ‘struck’

Description of Jekyll. Links to duality, Fin-de-siècle Fears, Reputation, Repression and Appearances.

Week 6: English Language Paper 1

33 Language Paper 1, Question 1

List four things from specific lines in the source. (4 marks)


How does the writer use language (in specific lines of the source) to…? (8 marks)


Refer to the whole source: how has the writer structured the text to interest you as a reader? (8 marks)


To what extent do you agree with the given statement? (20 marks) Refer to both language and structural features.

37 Evaluative phrases To an extent.../ The situation is unarguably.../ I fully agree.../ I partially agree.../ The writer deftly draws a comparison between...

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Descriptive/ narrative writing (40 marks, including SPAG)

39 Language Paper 1, Question 5- planning method

Divide the image into quadrants; create a bullet point list for each quadrant of adjectives/ verbs/ similes etc.

40 Language Paper 1, Question 5- top tips

Choose 3-5 ideas to explore in detail- you are trying to create a ‘written picture’ for your reader; avoid dialogue; avoid action.

Week 7: English Language Paper 2


Choose four statements below which are TRUE. (4 marks)


You need to refer to Source A and Source B for this question. Use details from both Sources. Write a summary of the differences/similarities... ( 8 marks)


You now need to refer only to Source ….How does the writer use language to….? (12marks)


For this question, you need to refer to the whole of Source A, together with Source B. Compare how the two writers convey their different/similar attitudes to… (16 marks) Refer to both language and structural features.


Persuasive/Argumentative Writing(40 marks, including SPAG)

47 Language Paper 2, Question 5- planning method

Come up with 3 points to support your point of view and one counter argument

48 Language Paper 2, Question 5- top tips

P1 - General, Specific, Assertion P2 - To argue that…is narrow-minded and naïve. P3 - Firstly,...(give a point to support your line of argument) P4 - It is also necessary to consider,... (make another point to support your line of argument) P5 - Naturally, some may believe...(give your counter argument). However,… (slam the counter argument) P6 - Irrespective, the fact remains: (link to start to create a cyclical structure)

Week 8: Macbeth - Key Quotations (Act 1)


49 The Witches (Act 1, Sc 1)

Fair is foul, and foul is fair, Hover through the fog and filthy air

Rhyme / Paradox Pathetic Fallacy Equivocation

Introduces idea of subverting the natural order.

50 Captain (Act 1, Sc 2)

Brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name

Adjective

Establishes the audience’s view of Macbeth. Masculinity.

51 Macbeth (Act 1, Sc 4)

Stars hide your fires let not light see my black and deep desires

Motif: Light and dark Plosive alliteration Rhyming couplets

Shakespeare contrasts Macbeth and King Duncan - antithesis. Divine Right of Kings.

52 Lady Macbeth (Act 1, Sc 5)

It is too full o' the milk of human kindness

Gender roles Metaphor

Criticism of Macbeth from Lady Macbeth. Her ambition is revealed. Machiavellian.


Come to my woman’s breast and take my milk for gall

Imperative Symbolism

Rejection of femininity. Connects Lady Macbeth with the Supernatural/Witchcraft.

Week 9: Macbeth - Key Quotations (Act 2)


History Year 11 Unit 1 Germany, Conflict and Tension in Asia, Normans & Health and the People

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Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under't

Simile Juxtaposition

Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth and instructs him on how to behave. Machiavellian.


False face must hide what the false heart doth know

Alliteration Macbeth has been convinced by Lady Macbeth. Hamartia.


Sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep

Metaphor Foreshadowing

Macbeth hallucinates after killing King Duncan.


Will all great Neptune’s oceans wash this blood clean from my hands?

Interrogative Metaphor/Allusion Foreshadowing

Macbeth worries that there is not enough water to clean his hands. Foreshadows Lady Macbeth’s desperate attempts in Act 5, Sc 1.


A little water clears us of this deed

Irony Symbolism

Lady Macbeth wishes to wash away Duncan’s blood to feel innocent.

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Week 1: RAG 1. What happened in October 1949? China becomes Communist

2. Stalin gives Kim-Il-sung permission to attack the South April 1950

3. What happened in October 1950? China entered the Korean war

4. Peace Treaty signed to end the Korean War July 1953

5. What was the German Emperor called – before the democratic system?

Kaiser

6. What was the title for the German Head of State? President

7. What were ‘World policies’ to turn Germany into a great power called?

Weltpolitik

8. What is confessing your sins called? Confession

9. What is it called when you seek forgiveness from God?

penance

10. What impact did the monastic reforms have on education?

Schools moved out of religious grounds and became separate buildings.

Week 2: 11. French defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu May 1954

12. What took place between April and July 1954? Geneva Conference

13. What happened in 1954? Battle of Dien Bien Phu and Geneva Agreement

14. When did Kaiser Wilhelm II become Emperor of Germany?

1888

15. When did the Naval Race begin with Britain? 1898

16. When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate (include day, month & year)?

9th Nov. 1918

17. When did Hitler join the German Workers Party? 1919

18. Who were the key people who reformed the education system after the Norman Conquest?

Archbishops Lanfranc and Anselm

19. What new type of schools did they introduce in Norman England?

Grammar schools

20. What language were the students taught to speak and write in?

Latin

Week 3: 21. When was the first shipment of US military aid to South

Vietnam? January 1955

22. What happened in 1960? Formation of NLF/Vietcong

23. What happened on 2nd November 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem shot

24. When Hitler joined the German Workers Party what kind of speeches was he able to give?

Powerful speeches about the problems in Germany

25. When he became leader of the German Workers Party what did he change the name to?

National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi/NSDAP)

26. Name two new features that he added? a) A swastika b) The SA

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27. What did the students in Norman grammar schools write on?

Boards of stone which could be wiped clean.

28. What were some of the subjects which were not taught in Norman grammar schools?

Maths, accountancy and law

29. Where did the most successful students go after they left school?

To study at university where all books and lectures were in Latin.

30. What were some of the jobs other students could do after they had left school?

Merchants, parish clergy or secretarial clerks

Week 4: 31. What happened on 3rd August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident

32. When did Martin Luther King denounce the Vietnam War?

4th April 1967

33. What happened on 30 Jan 1968 Tet Offensive

34. What happened on 16 March 1968 My Lai Massacre

35. In 1920 membership of the Nazi Party was 3000. What had it grown to by 1921?

5000

36. Who was holding the political meeting Hitler disturbed during the Munich Putsch of 1923?

Gustav von Kahr

37. What did Hitler try to use this event to achieve? Try and take over Germany

38. When did Edward the Confessor die (day, month & year)?

5th January 1066

39. Which 4 men thought they had a claim to the throne of England?

Harold Godwinson, Hardrada, William Duke of Normandy and Aethling

40. Who became king on the 6th January 1066 after Edward the Confessor?

Harold Godwinson became King Harold)

Week 5: 41. When did President Nixon announce

Vietnamisation? 3rd November 1969

42. Capital of North Vietnam Hanoi

43. Capital of South Vietnam Saigon

44. The Nazis were stopped by the police. How many policemen were shot? How many Nazis were shot?

a) 4 policemen b) 16 Nazis were shot

45. Hitler was arrested. What did Hitler use his trial as an opportunity for?

To gain media attention for his ideas

46. Hitler was on trial for treason. What was he sentenced to and how long did he actually serve in prison?

a) sentenced to 5 years in prison b) serving 9 months in prison

47. While in prison what book did Hitler write? Mein Kampf

48. What were the group of earls and bishops that advised the king called?

The Witan

49. When was the Battle of Fulford Gate (day, month and year)?

20 September 1066

50. Who won the Battle of Fulford Gate, the Vikings with Hardrada

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Hardrada or the Anglo-Saxons with Earl Edwin and Earl Morcar?

Week 6: 51. Bordering countries to Vietnam Laos & Cambodia

52. What was the communist organisation that fought against the Japanese?

Vietminh

53. Who was the Communist leader of North Vietnam 1954-69?

Ho Chi Minh

54. What did Germany sign In 1928 agreeing never to go to war with counties?

The Kellogg-Briand Pact

55. What two plans did Stresemann agree with the USA to get financial support from them and what years were they agreed?

a) Dawes Plan - 1924 b) Young Plan - 1929

56. How much was the Dawes Plan loan worth? 800 million gold Marks 57. When was the Battle of Stamford Bridge? 25 September 1066

58. Who won the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the Vikings with Hardrada or the Anglo-Saxons with King Harold?

King Harold

59. What was the Papal Banner? A banner from the Pope, that William Duke of Normandy could carry to show that he had God’s blessing.

60. When was the Battle of Hastings (Day, month and year)?

14 October 1066

Week 7: 61. Who was the Communist Military leader and later

Deputy Prime Minister of North Vietnam? Vo Nguyen Giap

62. What was the NVA? North Vietnamese Army. The official army of the North.

63. What was the NLF? National Liberation Front – Vietcong. Communist guerrilla army, formed in the South

64. What was the name of the monk famed for self-immolation in 1963?

Thich Quang Duc

65. The film industry grew. Name a famous German actress worldwide from the time.

Marlene Dietrich

66. Name a new type of architecture introduced in Germany during the “Golden Age” period.

Bauhaus

67. What was the new type of art from the “Golden Age” period called?

Avant-garde

68. Who won the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the Vikings with Hardrada or the Anglo-Saxons with King Harold?

King Harold

69. What was the Papal Banner? A banner from the Pope, that William could carry to show that he had God’s blessing.

70. When was the Battle of Hastings? 14 October 1066

Week 8 71. Who was the Non-Communist leader of South Ngo Dinh Diem

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Vietnam 1954-1963?

72. The Non-Communist Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnamese Army)

ARVN

73. When was Eisenhower president of the US? 1953-61

74. What did the Wall Street Crash in America cause in Germany?

The Great Depression

75. What did unemployment rise to in Germany as a result of the Great Depression by 1933?

6 million

76. What did the middle classes widley fear? Communism

77. As a result of this widespread fear which political party did it encourage them to vote for?

Nazi Party

78. Who won the Battle of Hastings, King Harold or William Duke of Normandy?

William Duke of Normandy

79. Working men, mainly peasants, who were called to fight for the king in times of war. This allowed the army to be replenished after each battle. What was this called?

Fyrd

80. What were trained soldiers who were also bodyguards to their lord called?

Housecarls

Week 9: 81. Who was president of the US 1961-63? Kennedy

82. When was Johnson president of the US? 1963-69 83. Who was president of the US 1969-74 Nixon 84. What was Josef Goebbels in charge of in the Nazi

Party? Propaganda

85. What key idea did Josef spread as propaganda? ‘Work and Bread’

86. President Hindenburg appointed two Chancellors. What were they called?

a) Papen b) Schleicher

87. What was making a defensive “wall” with shields, to protect the army’s line called?

Shield wall

88. What was pretending to retreat to tempt the enemy to follow so that they could be surrounded and killed called?

Feigned retreat

89. When was William Duke of Normandy crowned King of England (day, month and year)?

25th December (Christmas day) 1066

90. Who were the first three marcher earls (loyal Norman Earls appointed by King William I, to be in charge of the new earldoms on borderlands to Wales, Hereford, Shrewsbury & Chester)?

a) Hugh d’Avranches b) William FitzOsbern c) Roger de Montgomery

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Subject: French Year 11 – Unit 2

Week 1: Voudrais-tu aller à l’université? Would you like to go to university ? 1. En premier lieu, je ne sais pas ce que je voudrais faire

à l’avenir. In the first place, I do not know what I would like to do in the future.

2. Après avoir fini mes études, je voudrais voyager After having finished my studies, I would like to travel

3. et faire du bénévolat à l’étranger car je pense que and to volunteer abroad as I think that

4. cette expérience me rendrait plus apte au travail. this experience would make me more employable.

5. Quant à l’université, d’une part c’est super cher mais c’est si utile pour l’avenir.

As for university, on the one hand it’s really expensive but it’s so useful for the future.

Week 2: Préférerais-tu travailler ou étudier? Would you prefer to work or study ? 6. Ce que je trouve difficile, c’est l’idée de continuer

avec What I find difficult, is the idea of continuing with

7. mes études car je fais des études depuis l’âge de quatre ans !

my studies as I’ve been studying since I was four years old!

8. Deuxièmement, si je fais des économies maintenant Secondly, if I save now

9. je pourrai aller à l’université sans des inquiétudes. I will be able to go to university without any worries.

10. Je crois qu’une licence sera essentielle pour ma carrière future.

I think that a degree will be essential for my future career.

Week 3: As-tu un petit job? Do you have a part-time job ? 11. Je voudrais bien un emploi à temps partiel, donc I would really like a part-time job, so

12. le week-end dernier j’ai fait une demande d’emploi pour être serveuse.

last weekend I applied to be a waitress.

13. Aujourd’hui j’ai reçu un mail – quelle chance! - Today I received an email – what luck! -

14. j’ai un entretien demain! I have an interview tomorrow!

15. L’emploi serait idéal pour moi parce que j’ai entendu que les employées sont bien payés.

The job would be ideal for me because I heard that the employees are well paid.

Week 4: Quel est ton travail idéal ? What’s your ideal job ? 16. Je devrais dire que mon travail idéal serait bien payé. I would have to say that my ideal job would be well paid.

17. Quand j’étais jeune, je voulais être policier mais When I was young, I wanted to be a policeman but

18. maintenant le risque du boulot me fait peur ! now the risk of the job scares me!

19. En ce moment, j’aime bien étudier l’histoire et l’anglais

At the moment, I enjoy studying history and English

20. donc je dirais que je pourrais devenir avocat. So I would say that I could become a lawyer.

Week 5: Quel était ta fête préférée What was your favourite celebration last year ? l’année dernière ?

21. L’année dernière, ma fête préférée était Pâques Last year, my favourite celebration was Easter 22. car je restais chez ma tante avec tous mes petits

cousins. because I was staying at my auntie’s house with all my little cousins.

23. Alors, je pouvais cacher tous les œufs au chocolat So, I was able to hide all the chocolate eggs 24. dans le jardin et dans la maison pour que les petits in the garden and in the house so that the kids 25. puissent les trouver et les manger ! C’était bien de

passer du temps en famille. could find them and eat them! It was good to have some family time.

Week 6: Comment as-tu célébré Noël How did you celebrate Christmas last year ? l’année dernière ?

26. Pendant les dernières vacances de Noël, ma famille et moi,

During the last Christmas holidays, my family and I

27. sommes allés aux Alpes pour faire du ski pour la première fois !

went to the Alps to ski for the first time !

28. Ma mère a pris tous les cadeaux avec elle dans sa valise

My mum took all the presents with her in her suitcase

29. afin que nous avions quelque chose d’ouvrir le jour de Noël.

so that we had something to open on Christmas Day.

30. Nous sommes restés dans un chalet afin que mon père puisse préparer le repas de Noël.

We stayed in a chalet so that my dad could cook a Christmas meal.

Week 7: Es-tu allé à une fête de musique Did you go to a music festival last summer ?

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l’été dernier ? 31. L’été dernier, je suis allé à une fête de musique qui Last summer, I went to a music festival which 32. s’appelle Glastonbury. Je suis allé avec mes amis du

collège is called Glastonbury. I went with my school friends

33. et on logeait dans une tente pendant le week-end. and we were staying in a tent for the weekend. 34. On a écouté beaucoup de musique de mes chanteurs We listened to a lot of music from my favourite 35. préférés et on a bien dansé ensemble. Cependant, il

y avait beaucoup de pluie et de boue! C’était dommage !

singers and we danced a lot together. However, there was a lot of rain and mud! It was a shame!

Week 8: Décris une fête internationale. Describe an international festival. 36. En France, il y a une fête chaque année qui s’appelle

la Fête de la Bastille. In France, there is a festival each year which is called Bastille Day.

37. C’est un jour férié en France où il n’y a pas de travail, It is a bank holiday in France where there is no work, 38. ni de collège pour tous les Français. nor any school for all French people. 39. Elle commémore la fin de la monarchie et le début de

la République. It commemorates the end of the monarchy and the start of the Republic.

40. On la fête le 14 juillet normalement en famille avec des barbecues, des piqueniques et des feux d’artifices.

We celebrate it on the 14th of July normally with family with barbeques, picnics and fireworks.

Week 9: Décris ton partenaire idéal. Describe your ideal parner. 41. Il faut que mon partenaire soit charmant, intelligent

et It’s necessary that my partner should be charming, clever and

42. ambitieux car c’est comme ça que je me vois. ambitious because that is how I see myself. 43. Je veux que mon partenaire ait les cheveux bruns et

les yeux bleus comme mon acteur préféré. I want my partner to have brown hair and blue eyes like my favourite actor.

44. D’ailleurs, il est essentiel qu’il veuille se marier avant l’âge de trente ans

Moreover, it is essential that he wants to get married before the age of thirty

45. étant donné que c’est mon rêve depuis toujours d’avoir une famille.

given that it’s always been my dream to have a family.

Geography Year 11 Unit 2 - The Challenges of an urbanising world and The changing Economic world

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Week 1: RAG

1. Where are megacities appearing?

Megacities are appearing in NEEs and LICs. As they develop, vast numbers of people migrate into cities.

2. Why is Rio an important city?

Locally - provides vast amounts of jobs. Nationally - centre of international trade and banking. Internationally - attracts businesses from abroad. Rio is well connected to the world.

3. Rio SOCIAL opportunities

Potential for better quality housing, better education for children, better healthcare, better social activities.

4. Rio ECONOMIC Opportunities

Potential for better paid jobs for people. Chance to create businesses.

5. Rio SOCIAL Challenges Lack of healthcare, lack of decent housing, lack of services such as water and energy.

6. Rio ECONOMIC Challenges

Many jobs are low paid, high unemployment in the favelas. Many informal jobs that do not pay tax.

7. Rio ENVIRONMENTAL Challenges

Traffic congestion causing air pollution, water pollution from 200 tonnes of sewage entering rivers and the sea each day. Waste pollution from poor waste collection.

8. Favela Challenges High crime (drug wars), few jobs, poor access to services and education, poorly built houses.

9. Favela Bairro Project (FBP)

Aims to improve favelas by paving roads, adding water supply, naming roads, securing hillsides to prevent landslides and building new health facilities.

10. FBP Success - Complexo do Alemao

The project has been successful, a new cable car has increased access, the police have moved out the drugs gangs, people have used credit to improve their homes.

Week 2:

11. FBP failures Newly built infrastructure is not maintained well, there are too many favelas, rents are rising in favelas that improve forcing out the poorest people.

12. How has NATIONAL migration changed Rio?

Many young people have moved to Rio to find work (rural-urban migration). This has caused the growth of favelas and a rise in birth rates in the city.

13. How has INTERNATIONAL migration changed Rio?

Business people from abroad, from places such as South Korea and China have brought businesses and new cultures and ideas to the city. There has also been an influx of poorer people from neighbouring countries causing some tensions.

14. Why is Bristol an important city?

Locally - The largest city in the South West of the UK, providing jobs, services and education to local people. Nationally - Has 2 universities, major manufacturer of silicon chips, provides culture and entertainment (wallace and gromit). Internationally - High tech industries attract investment from abroad, international airport connects it to the world, super fast broadband connects it to the world,

15. How has NATIONAL migration affected Bristol?

Many young people have moved to Bristol to study at the universities. Many of these stay to get jobs in the high-tech industries. This has brought new ideas, culture and entertainment to the city (bars, restaurants, art galleries, clubs etc).

16. How has 50 countries are represented by Bristol’s population. Many people from poorer

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INTERNATIONAL migration affected Bristol?

countries have moved to Bristol to take low made service jobs. This has brought new cultures, languages and food to the city. St Pauls Carnival attracts 40000 people each year and celebrates migrants in Bristol.

17. Urban sprawl in Bristol After WW2 Bristol expanded into the countryside with new houses built on the edge of the city in places like Bradley Stoke.

18. Brownfield sites in Bristol.

Bristol has reduced the amount of urban sprawl by building on Brownfield sites, much of this has taken place around the docks and the harbour. by 2026, 30000 new homes will be built on brownfield sites and only 6% of homes on Greenfield.

19. Urban greening in Bristol.

27% of the city is to be a wildlife network. 30% of the city is to be covered in trees. 90% of the population live within 350m of parkland.

20. Bristols integrated transport system

Aims to double the number of cyclists by 2020. 100 electric car charging points. Bus routes and the train station linked so all parts of the city can be accessed. Bristol is the second most congested city in the UK.

Week 3:

21. Why did theTemple Quarter in Bristol need regenerating?

Run down, old heavy industry, lots of disused buildings, home of the railway station, the first area seen by visitors to Bristol.

22. Enterprise zone status THis has attracted new businesses to the Temple quarter by offering tax breaks to businesses.

23. Improved access Roads into the Temple quarter have been widened and there has been a new bridge over the river Avon.

24. Refurbished buildings By 2020 240,000 cubic meters of building space will be regenerated for new homes, offices and businesses.

25. Bristol Arena built Holds up to 1200 people, for sporting events, attracts tourists to Bristol.

26. Brunel's Engine Shed Cost 1.7 million to regenerate, now holds high tech businesses such as micro chip firms.

27. Freiburg: a sustainable city

100,000 people are employed in environmental businesses. Local planning takes in advice from local people and local people can invest in schemes. 1,000 people are employed in the solar industry.

28. Sustainable water People in Freiburg are given financial incentives to collect rainwater and have roof gardens. The city’s tramways are unpaved and roads and footpaths are made of permeable material to allow water to soak into the ground.

29. Freiburg - green space 40% of the city is forest. 440000 trees have been planted, 56% of forests are nature conservation areas.

30. Freiburg integrated traffic plan.

400km of cycle paths, reduction in parking spaces, all event tickets automatically have transport tickets included. Busses, trams, trains and bike hire all link up. Car use has gone down by 30000 journeys per year and car ownership has gone down.

Week 4:

31. Development The positive change that makes things better.

32. The Development Gap The difference in the standard of living between the worlds richest and poorest countries.

33. Gross National Income GNI - the total value of goods and services earned by a country in a year. It is not such a good indicator as it only shows the money made by a country it does not show the quality of life within a country.

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34. Human development Index

HDI- this uses life expectancy, GNI and education to produce a score showing a country's level of development. This is a better way of measuring development as it uses a mixture of social and economic indicators.

35. The Demographic transition model.

Shows the birth rates and death rates and population change in a country over time.

36. Population pyramids Show the % of a population in each age group. Poorer countries tend to have younger populations, Richer countries tend to have older populations.

37. Physical causes of uneven development

Diseases such as Malaria. A lack of water supply. Lots of natural hazards. mountains and lack of access to oceans. All these things can slow economic development.

38. Economic causes of uneven development

Unfair trade - rich countries decide the price of goods, form trade blocs to protect their own producers, insist on buying only primary products from poor countries.

39. Political causes of uneven development

Corrupt governments often steal money meant for development. Poorer countries have faced many wars based on political decisions.

40. Historical Causes of uneven development

European countries took over the running of many poorer countries. This prevented many countries from developing naturally. Natural resources were often removed from the poorer countries and little training or preparation was given to locals to prepare for independence.

Week 5:

41. Consequences of uneven development - Migration.

The Middle East to Europe. hundreds of thousands of people have tried to move to the EU to escape wars. The EU to the UK - poorer countries joining the EU has made it possible for people to migrate to the UK to find work.

42. Investment (reducing the development gap)

This is where richer countries and TNC’s invest in a country creating jobs. This can kick off the multiplier effect.

43. Tourism (reducing the development gap)

Countries like Kenya have developed large tourist industries, this brings in money and can kick off the multiplier effect.

44. Aid (reducing the development gap)

Help given by countries, charities, companies or Non governmental organisations.

45. Intermediate technology (reducing the development gap)

This is technology that is appropriate to the people it is meant for. It is no good if technology meant for development breaks and the local people cannot fix it. Examples include water wells and quality hand tools.

46. Fair trade (reducing the development gap)

Where farmers receive a fair price for their products.

47. Fair trade benefits Farmers can send their children to school and hopefully they can then have a better quality of life.

48. Fair trade problems Relatively few farmers benefit from the scheme globally. Fair trade products are more expensive so are often ignored by consumers in wealthy countries.

49. Debt relief (reducing the development gap)

Where countries that have little chance of paying back their loans are let off. This enables them to spend on development rather than debt.

50. Microfinance (reducing the development gap)

Small loans are given to small companies to start them off. This can kick off the multiplier effect.

Week 6:

51. Trans-national corporations advantage

Bring jobs to poorer countries, employees get a reliable often higher income, TNC’s often spend money improving the local infrastructure like roads. New technology and skills can be brought into a country.

52. Trans-national Employees often have to work long hours and the wages are poor compared to

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corporations disadvantages

richer countries, TNC profits mostly go back to the richer countries and TNC’s can move if they find somewhere better to go.

53. India Importance Regionally - Is a NEE and has a rapidly growing economy bringing wealth into South East Asia. India has nuclear weapons which make it a powerful force. Internationally - Indian companies have started investing in other countries in South America and Africa.

54. India's Industrial sectors

India’s Industrial sectors are changing as it becomes a wealthier country. Less people are being employed in the primary sector (farming), the secondary sector has grown (manufacturing) the Tertiary sector is growing quickly as more people are employed in services.

55. India - role in the world

India is improving relationships with its neighbours such as China, lots of Indian companies are starting to trade in other countries. Bollywood is becoming more internationally recognised. India has nuclear weapons.

56. Short term Aid Also known as emergency aid, India suffers from natural disasters such as cyclones and earthquakes. After a disaster countries often send money and help.

57. Long term aid India does receive some development aid but the amount is reducing as it gets richer and is more able to help itself.

58. Top down Aid This is where the government or companies carry out large scale projects in the hope that the benefits will trickle down to the poorest in society.

59. Bottom up aid This is where small schemes usually aimed at local people to help them out of poverty.

60. Deindustrialisation the decline of traditional businesses such as manufacturing due to the rise in the tertiary and quaternary sectors. This has happened across the UK since WW2.

Week 7:

61. Globalisation Connections around the world have become easier and quicker, therefore many businesses have moved abroad to capitalize on cheap labour.

62. UK tertiary sector This has increased massively in the UK, people no longer want to work in the primary and secondary sectors. There are high paid service jobs such as in banking and low paid service jobs such as in cleaning.

63. Quaternary sector This is research and design, there has been a massive increase in the number of science parks in the UK with lots of high paid jobs.

64. The North South divide

This is where the north of the UK has lost most of its heavy industry and has basically become less wealthy than the south where many of the new Tertiary and quaternary jobs have been located.

65. Rural population decline in the UK

Some places such as the Outer Hebrides have suffered population decline. This is where the young people move away due to the lack of jobs and opportunities. This causes local services such as schools to shut down.

66. Rural population increase in the UK

Some places such as South Cambridgeshire have had large increases in its population due to its location close to London. This has caused overcrowding in schools, traffic congestion and loss of services such as busses as people drive everywhere.

67. Enterprise Zones Enterprise zones try to encourage businesses to poorer parts of the UK by giving them tax breaks.

68. Devolving Powers Giving regions more power to make decisions, it is hoped this will cause money to be spent more wisely and make the areas more wealthy.

69. UK transport improvements

Rail - HS2 Air - New runway at Heathrow Roads - Smart motorways

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Sea - New ports such as the London Gateway

70. UK links to the wider world

The EU - 28 countries that trade together and protect businesses The commonwealth - 53 countries with close ties and links to the old British Empire.

Week 8:

71. Sustainable industry Industry that does little damage to the environment.

72. Science Parks Where groups of science based industries group together. Normally near universities, on the edge of towns and near good transport links.

73. Business Parks Where businesses group together on the edge of towns where there is more space and room for parking and rents are cheaper. Also near to good transport links.

74. Why is Rio an important city

Locally - provides vast amounts of jobs. Nationally - Centre of international trade and banking. Internationally - Attracts businesses from abroad. Rio is well connected to the world.

75. Rio Social opportunities

Potential for better quality housing, better education for children, better healthcare, better social activities.

76. Rio Economic Opportunities

Potential for better paid jobs for people. Chance to create businesses.

77. Rio Social Challenges Lack of healthcare, lack of decent housing, lack of services such as water and energy.

78. Rio Economic Challenges

Many jobs are low paid, high unemployment in the Favelas. Many informal jobs that don't pay tax.

79. Rio Environmental Challenges

Traffic congestion causing pollution, Water pollution from 200 tonnes of sewage entering rivers and the sea each day,

80. Why is Bristol an important city?

Locally - The largest city in the South West of the UK, providing jobs, services and education to local people. Nationally - Has 2 universities, major manufacturer of silicon chips, provides culture and entertainment (wallace and gromit). Internationally - High tech industries attract investment from abroad, international airport connects it to the world, super fast broadband connects it to the world,

Week 9:

81. How has national migration affected Bristol?

Many young people have moved to Bristol to study at the universities. Many of these stay to get jobs in the high-tech industries. This has brought new ideas, culture and entertainment to the city (bars, restaurants, art galleries, clubs etc).

82. How has international migration affected Bristol?

50 countries are represented by Bristol’s population. Many people from poorer countries have moved to Bristol to take low paid service jobs. This has brought new cultures, languages and food to the city. St Pauls Carnival attracts 40000 people each year and celebrates migrants in Bristol.

83. Urban Sprawl in Bristol

After WW2 Bristol expanded into the countryside with new houses built on the edge of the city in places like Bradley Stoke.

84. Brownfield sites in Bristol.

Bristol has reduced the amount of urban sprawl by building on Brownfield sites, much of this has taken place around the docks and the harbour. by 2026, 30000 new homes will be built on brownfield sites and only 6% of homes on Greenfield.

85. Urban Greening in Bristol.

27% of the city is to be a wildlife network. 30% of the city is to be covered in trees. 90% of the population live within 350m of parkland.

86. Bristols integrated transport system

Aims to double the number of cyclists by 2020. 100 electric car charging points.

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Bus routes and the train station linked so all parts of the city can be accessed. Bristol is the second most congested city in the UK.

87. Economic causes of uneven development

Unfair trade - rich countries decide the price of goods, form trade blocs to protect their own producers, insist on buying only primary products from poor countries.

88. Political causes of uneven development

Corrupt governments often steal money meant for development. Poorer countries have faced many wars based on political decisions.

89. Historical Causes of uneven development

European countries took over the running of many poorer countries. This prevented many countries from developing naturally. Natural resources were often removed from the poorer countries and little training or preparation was given to locals to prepare for independence.

90. Fair trade benefits Farmers can send their children to school and hopefully they can then have a better quality of life.

Science – Year 11 – Unit 2 –Biology Paper 2

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Week 1: RAG

1. Human Nervous System

The human nervous system consists of: ● the central nervous system (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord ● the peripheral nervous system – nerve cells that carry information to or from

the CNS

2.

Nerve Cells

Nerve cells are also called neurones. They are adapted to carry electrical impulses from one place to another:

● they have a long fibre (axon) which is insulated by a fatty sheath ● they have tiny branches (dendrons) which branch further as dendrites at

each end

3. Stimulus

(plural: stimuli) a change in the external or internal environment that are detected by receptors.

4. Receptors Cells that detect stimuli.

5. Effectors Areas (usually muscles or glands) that bring about responses in the body.

6. Sensory Neurone

Neurone that carries impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS).

7. Motor Neurone Carry impulses from the CNS to the effector organs.

8. Relay Neurone Links a sensory neurone to a motor neurone in the CNS.

9. Reflex Arc

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response (bypassess brain in the CNS)

10. Synapse A gap between two neurones where chemicals pass from one to another.

Week 2:

11. Homeostasis

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to internal or external changes.

12. Pituitary gland

The endocrine ‘master gland’ found in the brain that secretes a number of hormones into the blood in response to different conditions to control other endocrine glands in the body.

13. Hormones

Chemicals produced in one area of the body of an organism that have an effect on the functioning of another area of the body. In animals, hormones are produced in glands.

14. Internal conditions that are regulated:

● body temperature ● blood sugar (glucose) level ● water content

15. Insulin Hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels.

16.

Action of insulin

17. Glucagon (H) Hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels.

18. Diabetes

Type 1 – a disorder where the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. Type 2 – a disorder where the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas.

19. Negative feedback

Systems that work to maintain a steady state.

20. Negative feedback mechanisms

● if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it ● if the level of something falls, control systems raise it

Week 3:

21. Thyroxine (H) Produced by the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate.

Low glucose High glucose Effect on pancreas Insulin not secreted

into the blood Insulin secreted into the blood

Effect on liver Does not convert glucose into glycogen

Converts glucose into glycogen

Effect on blood glucose level

Increases Decreases

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22. Adrenaline (H) Hormone that prepares the body fight or flight.

23. Ovulation The release of a mature egg every 28 days.

24. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Causes the eggs in the ovary to mature (the eggs grow surrounded by cells called the follicle).

25. Luteinising hormone (LH)

Stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation.

26. Oestrogen

Secreted by the ovaries stimulates the growth of the uterus lining and the release of LH and inhibits FSH.

27. Progesterone

Produced by the empty follicle after ovulation. It maintains the uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH.

28. Testosterone

Main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production.

29. Contraception To prevent the egg and sperm meeting or the fertilised egg implanting in the uterus.

30. In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A form of fertility treatment used if the oviducts have been damaged or blocked or long-term infertility.

Week 4:

31. Sexual reproduction

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes producing genetic variation in the offspring.

32. Asexual reproduction

Involves only one individual and the offspring is identical to the parent.

33. Gametes Sex cells (e.g. sperm and egg)

34. Meiosis

Two stage process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number of daughter cells. It is involved in making gametes for sexual reproduction.

35. Diploid containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

36. Haploid having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

37. Fertilisation a male gamete and a female gamete join together in sexual reproduction.

38. DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) is the complex chemical that carries genetic information. DNA is contained in chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of most cells.

39. Genome The genome of an organism is its hereditary information encoded in DNA.

40. Alleles A variant of a gene.

Week 5:

41. Homozygote Individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic.

42. Heterozygote Individual with different alleles for a characteristic.

43. Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual for a particular characteristic (e.g. hair or eye colour).

44. Phenotype The physical appearance / biochemistry of an individual for a particular characteristic.

45. Punnett square A diagram / way of modelling genetic cross and predicting the outcome.

46. Polydactyly

A dominant inherited disorder that results in babies born with extra fingers and / or toes.

47. Cystic fibrosis

An inherited disorder (through a recessive allele) that affects the lungs, digestive and reproductive system.

48. Nature The natural, physiological, and material world. Factors passed on by parents.

49. Nurture The environment around a growing individual, including from other individuals.

50. Variation Difference, either between species or inside a species.

Week 6:

51. Natural Selection Those with more favourable phenotypes are more likely to survive to breeding age.

52. Selective Breeding

Humans selecting individuals to mate in order to have young with favourable characteristics.

53. Genetic Engineering

Directly modifying an organism’s genotype using biotechnology.

54. Evolution The change in inherited characteristics of a species over generations.

55. Extinction When the last survivor of a species dies and no more succeed it.

56. Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria that are not affected by antibiotics multiply, passing on this gene

57. MRSA Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - Resistant to a wide range of antibiotics.

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58. Classification The process by which scientists sort species into separate groups.

59. Domains The highest taxonomic level. Split into: Eukaryota, Bacteria, and Archaea.

60. Communities Populations of different species that are interdependent living in one habitat.

Week 7:

61. Interdependence The relationship between different species that allows for survival.

62. Abiotic Non-living factors (Light, Temperature, Moisture, Soil pH, Wind, O2 and CO2)

63. Biotic Living factors (Food, Predators, Pathogens, Competition)

64. Quadrats Randomly sampling an area using a square frame.

65. Line Transect Sampling along a line to show how distribution changes with abiotic factors.

66. Adaptation Special features due to ability to compete and survive to breeding age.

67. Extremophile Species that are adapted to live in extreme conditions.

68. Camouflage The ability of a species to blend into their environment.

69. Reproductive age

The age at which a species can start to reproduce and pass on their genes.

70. Competition The interaction between organisms in which there is a limited supply of a resource that both need.

Week 8:

71. Biomass Food for the next trophic level in the food chain.

72. Primary consumer

Second trophic level of the food chain. Species that eat plants.

73. Secondary consumer

Third trophic level of the food chain. Species that eat animals that eat plants.

74. Producer First trophic level of the food chain. Photosynthesizers.

75. Decomposer Species that feed on dead and decaying matter.

76. Carbon Cycle A series of processes that convert carbon compounds in the environment (involving photosynthesis, respiration, decay and combustion).

77. Water Cycle A series of process by which water moves around the planet (involving evaporation, condensation, transportation, precipitation and percolation).

Week 9:

78. Bioaccumulator An organism that accumulates toxins. The toxin level increases further up the food chain.

79. Eutrophication Nutrient runoff (fertiliser from farmland) that causes dense growth of surface plant life in water.

80. Global Warming Increase in global temperatures.

81. Climate Change Change in local climates (rainfall patterns, temperature) that impact life.

82. Global Dimming Decrease in sunlight reaching the Earth due to carbon particles.

83. Acid Rain Caused by sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions dissolving in rain.

84. Biodiversity The number of different species that coexist in an environment.

85. Ecosystem The interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.

86. Abundance The evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community.

87. Deforestation Removal of a large area of trees without replanting (destroys habitats and reduces photosynthesis).

Documents

Year 11 Unit 2 - Aspirations