Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference 4 main things were agreed to at the Yalta Conference: which 4 main things were agreed to at the Yalta Conference: which

was held at the Livadia Palace, built for Czar Nicholas II, 1911was held at the Livadia Palace, built for Czar Nicholas II, 1911 1) Germany would be divided into 4 zones which each main 1) Germany would be divided into 4 zones which each main

Allied power, France, U.S., England, Russia, overseeing a Allied power, France, U.S., England, Russia, overseeing a zone. (The city of Berlin would be divided in a similar way.) zone. (The city of Berlin would be divided in a similar way.) Problem? Berlin was in Russia’s zone.Problem? Berlin was in Russia’s zone.

2) Stalin agreed to allow open, democratic elections in all 2) Stalin agreed to allow open, democratic elections in all countries Russia had liberated from Germanycountries Russia had liberated from Germany..

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference 3) Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange 3) Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange

for control of the Kurile Islands and Outer Mongolia.for control of the Kurile Islands and Outer Mongolia. 4) The borders and the politics of Poland were agreed to, 4) The borders and the politics of Poland were agreed to,

on paper. (Russia got some of the land in eastern Poland on paper. (Russia got some of the land in eastern Poland while Poland was allowed to extend its western boundary while Poland was allowed to extend its western boundary into Germany.)into Germany.)

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific Because of the enormity of Pearl Harbor, no one noticed that on the Because of the enormity of Pearl Harbor, no one noticed that on the

same day, Dec. 7, Japan launched an attack on the U.S. Air Force same day, Dec. 7, Japan launched an attack on the U.S. Air Force Base of Base of Clark FieldClark Field in the Philippines. in the Philippines.

The U.S. commander was The U.S. commander was Douglas MacArthur.Douglas MacArthur. ½ of our planes were destroyed there.½ of our planes were destroyed there. Japan followed with an invasion a few days later.Japan followed with an invasion a few days later. After 4 months, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to retreat to Australia, After 4 months, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to retreat to Australia,

leaving behind thousands of U.S. soldiers.leaving behind thousands of U.S. soldiers. On his hurried departure, Mac. vowed “I shall return.”On his hurried departure, Mac. vowed “I shall return.”

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March The remaining Americans and Filipinos fought for another month before The remaining Americans and Filipinos fought for another month before

76,000 surrendered April, 1942.76,000 surrendered April, 1942. Japan divided them into groups of 500-1,000 and marched them 60 miles Japan divided them into groups of 500-1,000 and marched them 60 miles

inland to a railroad where they were sent to prison camps for the remainder inland to a railroad where they were sent to prison camps for the remainder of the war.of the war.

This horrible 12 day journey was known as the This horrible 12 day journey was known as the Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March because over 10,000 people died from it from starvation, illness, or because over 10,000 people died from it from starvation, illness, or executions.executions.

Pacific CampaignPacific CampaignJapan had been quickly advancing through the Pacific while we were Japan had been quickly advancing through the Pacific while we were recovering from Pearl Harbor & the Philippines.recovering from Pearl Harbor & the Philippines.

But in May, 1942, the Battle of Coral Sea took place northeast of Australia.But in May, 1942, the Battle of Coral Sea took place northeast of Australia.

This was the first naval battle where the ships involved never even saw This was the first naval battle where the ships involved never even saw each other. The Battle was fought totally by planes that launched from each other. The Battle was fought totally by planes that launched from aircraft carriers.aircraft carriers.

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea• At the Battle of Coral Sea, Both the Japanese and the Americans At the Battle of Coral Sea, Both the Japanese and the Americans

claimed victory. How???claimed victory. How???• The Japanese claimed victory because the U.S. lost slightly more in The Japanese claimed victory because the U.S. lost slightly more in

ships and aircraft than we did. ships and aircraft than we did. USS LexingtonUSS Lexington was lost and the was lost and the YorktownYorktown was badly damaged was badly damaged

• We claimed victory because this is where the Japanese advance in the We claimed victory because this is where the Japanese advance in the South Pacific finally was stopped.South Pacific finally was stopped.

• It also prevented them from getting close enough to launch an attack It also prevented them from getting close enough to launch an attack against Australia.against Australia.

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway• Early June, 1942, in battles fought similarly to Early June, 1942, in battles fought similarly to

Coral Sea, Coral Sea, Admiral Chester NimitzAdmiral Chester Nimitz soundly soundly defeated the Japanese, sinking 4 aircraft carriers, defeated the Japanese, sinking 4 aircraft carriers, one of which contained their explosives above one of which contained their explosives above deck. It had 250 planes on board, losing them all.deck. It had 250 planes on board, losing them all.

• This battle ended Japanese advancement in the This battle ended Japanese advancement in the Pacific.Pacific.

Battle of GuadalcanalThe target of the U.S. was the Solomon Islands, late in 1942.

At the Battle of Guadalcanal, the U.S. had about 11,000 troops against 2,200 Japanese, but they were fighting a new war, jungle guerrilla warfare.

After months of fighting and heavy casualties, one morning, the Japanese were just gone.

Island HoppingIsland Hopping From this point on, the U.S. began the practice of From this point on, the U.S. began the practice of Island Island

HoppingHopping. . Gen. MacArthurGen. MacArthur would advance from the south from would advance from the south from

Australia, while Australia, while Admiral NimitzAdmiral Nimitz would advance from the would advance from the east after Midwayeast after Midway

Plan: to continue to advance close enough to Japan to Plan: to continue to advance close enough to Japan to allow us to launch an air raid at the mainland and be allow us to launch an air raid at the mainland and be able to return to the ships, about 400 miles from Japan.able to return to the ships, about 400 miles from Japan.

Return to the Philippines Roosevelt had ordered MacArthur to bypass the

Philippines but MacArthur was adamant that he keep his promise to return to the Philippines & Roose. gave in.

Oct. 1944, the U.S. invaded with 160,000 men. With many reporters and cameramen, Mac. Finally was

allowed to go ashore & proclaim “I have returned”.

Battle of Leyte Gulf At this time, the biggest naval battle in history took place, the Battle

of Leyte Gulf. 280 war ships were involved. This was also the time when Japan started the practice of using

Kamikaze Pilots, meaning “Divine Wind”. These were the suicide pilots.

The Japanese were badly defeated, losing at least 80,000 men. Finally in June, 1945, when Manila, the capitol, fell, Japan

surrendered.

Iwo Jima Nov. 1944, 700 miles from Japan, we began over 2 months of steady

bombing before finally storming the beaches of Iwo Jima. After 1 month of heavy fighting, we secured the island, but we lost 25,000

men. This is the sight of the famous Marine Memorial on Mount Surabachi based

on the picture taken by Joe Rosenthal.

Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa June, 1945, we June, 1945, we

attacked attacked OkinawaOkinawa, , only 350 miles from only 350 miles from mainland Japan, mainland Japan, close enough to close enough to launch an air raid.launch an air raid.

The results were The results were very similar to Iwo very similar to Iwo Jima.Jima.

180,000 marines 180,000 marines landed, with about landed, with about 50,000 deaths.50,000 deaths.

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project Back in 1939, Back in 1939, Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein, the , the

great physicist who fled great physicist who fled Germany during the rise of Hitler, Germany during the rise of Hitler, revealed to Roosevelt the revealed to Roosevelt the possibility of building a huge possibility of building a huge explosion by causing a chain explosion by causing a chain reaction by splitting uranium reaction by splitting uranium atoms & that Germany was atoms & that Germany was possibly researching the same.possibly researching the same.

We began a top secret project We began a top secret project called the called the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project..

The scientist in charge was The scientist in charge was Dr. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer.Robert Oppenheimer.

Our first test bomb, Our first test bomb, TrinityTrinity was was on July 16, 1945, in New Mexico.on July 16, 1945, in New Mexico.

Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs Should we continue on our present path until we can attack Should we continue on our present path until we can attack

mainland Japan, or should we drop the bomb?mainland Japan, or should we drop the bomb? Whose decision was it??Whose decision was it?? Harry Truman’sHarry Truman’s, because on April , 1945, Roosevelt dies., because on April , 1945, Roosevelt dies. August 6, 1945, August 6, 1945, The Enola GayThe Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb, dropped the first atomic bomb,

“the Little Boy”, on “the Little Boy”, on Hiroshima.Hiroshima. 140,000 died immediately. 140,000 died immediately.

Nagasaki 3 days later, the 2nd bomb was dropped on Nagasaki with very

similar results. On August 14, Emperor Hirohito orders a surrender. August 15, the day of the surrender, is celebrated as V-J Day. The official surrender is signed aboard the USS Missouri on

Sept. 2, 1945.