Yakima Sahaptin Yakima Sahaptin Phonology and Phonology and

MorphologyMorphology

Linguistics 200Linguistics 200

Virginia BeavertVirginia Beavert

Spring 2002Spring 2002

The Sahaptin languageThe Sahaptin language

Proto-Sahaptian

2

Sahaptin Nez Perce

Plateau Plateau languageslanguages

PhonologyPhonologyConsonant phonemes

labiallabial alveolalveolarar

palatpalatalal

velarvelar labio-labio-velarvelar

uvularuvular labio-labio-uvularuvular

glottalglottal

stopsstops p p'p p' t t't t' k k'k k' kkww k kww'' q q'q q' qqww q qww''

affricatesaffricates sibilantsibilant ts ts'ts ts' cc c c''

laterallateral tt t t''

fricativesfricatives centralcentral ss šš xx xxww ww hh

laterallateral

nasalsnasals mm nn

laterallateral ll

glidesglides ww jj

PhonologyPhonologyVowel phonemes

frontfront centralcentral backback

highhigh i i:i i: u u:u u:

lowlow a a:a a:

Vowel contrastsVowel contrasts

ii [pip[pipšš]] pipsh pipsh 'bone''bone' uu [puq[puqpuq]puq] pupukkppúúkk 'soft, fluffy''soft, fluffy' aa [pap][pap] pappap 'daughter''daughter' [[ppcc''m]m] ppcch'h'mm 'bobcat''bobcat'

Long vs. short vowelsLong vs. short vowels [a] vs. [a:][a] vs. [a:]

[sts'at][sts'at] sts'atsts'at 'night''night' [sts'a:t][sts'a:t] sts'aatsts'aat 'dark''dark'

[i] vs. [i:][i] vs. [i:] [pi[piššiišš]] pishpishííshsh 'paternal aunt''paternal aunt' [[cci:i:šš]] chiishchiish 'water''water'

[u] vs. [u:][u] vs. [u:] [pju[pjušš]] pyushpyush 'snake''snake' [pu:[pu:šš]] puushpuush 'juniper''juniper'

Stress contrastsStress contrasts

[[jja]a] yyxxaa 'beaver''beaver'

[w[wa]a] wwxxáá 'foot''foot'

[pam[pamtata]] pamtápamtá ‘‘toad’toad’

[[pamta]pamta] pámtapámta ‘‘nephew!’ (woman's nephew!’ (woman's brother's child)brother's child)

[[akak]akak] ákakákak 'goose''goose'

[[kak]kak] kákkák 'your maternal uncle''your maternal uncle'

[[]]

= voiceless lateral fricative= voiceless lateral fricative

[[ajajajaj]] áyáyayay 'rash, pimples''rash, pimples'

[[p’up’u]] p’up’u 'teardrop''teardrop'

[[aapp]] apap 'leaf''leaf'

cf. [l]cf. [l]

[[apapll]] ápápll 'apple''apple'

[k] vs. [k'][k] vs. [k']

[[kupi]kupi] kúpikúpi 'coffee''coffee'

[[k'usi]k'usi] k'úsik'úsi 'horse''horse'

[kaas][kaas] kaaskaas 'train''train'

[[k'ask'as]k'ask'as] k'ásk'ask'ásk'as 'small''small'

[k] vs. [q][k] vs. [q]

[qaj[qajli]li] kkaylíaylí 'shoe''shoe'

[kaj[kaj]] kaykayxx 'drinking glass''drinking glass'

[qaw][qaw] kkawaw 'separate''separate'

[kaw[kaw]] kawkawxx 'shiny''shiny'

[q] vs. [q'][q] vs. [q']

[qaj[qaj]] kkayayxx 'light, bright' 'light, bright'

[q'a[q'ajik]jik] kk'ayík'ayík 'colt, calf' 'colt, calf'

[qa:[qa:ššqa:qa:šš]] kkaashaashkkááashash 'roan''roan'

[q'a:[q'a:]] kk’aa’aaxx 'torn''torn'

[q[qww] vs. [q] vs. [qww']']

[[qqww'a'aššqqww'a'ašš]] kkw'w'ááshshkkw'ashw'ash 'crane''crane'

[[qqwwalqalqwwal]al] kkwwáállkkwalwal 'turkey''turkey'

[q[qwwttqqwwt]t] kkwwttkkwwtt 'thorny''thorny'

[q[qww''ššm]m] kkw'shw'shmm 'mischievous''mischievous'

MorphologyMorphology

singular dualsingular dual pluralplural

[[p’u:s]p’u:s] [ [p’u:sp’u:sin]in] [[p’u:sp’u:sma]ma] 'cat' 'cat'

p'p'úúus us p'p'úúusinusin p'p'úúusmausma

[[spiljaspilja] [] [spiljaspiljajin] [jin] [spiljaspiljama]ma] 'coyote' 'coyote'

spspíílya splya spíílyayinlyayin spspíílyamalyama

Affixation

Reduplicative compounding

singular singular pluralplural

[t[t'pi:p]'pi:p] [[tt'pi:p t'pi:p t'pi:p]'pi:p] 'wingdress''wingdress'

tl'piiptl'piip tl'ptl'pííip tl'piipip tl'piip

[šp’aw][šp’aw] [[šp’awšp’aw šp’aw]šp’aw] 'ball''ball'

shp'awshp'aw shp'shp'ááw shp'aww shp'aw

[tk’u][tk’u] [[tk’utk’u tk’u]tk’u] 'cattail''cattail'

tk'utk'u tk'tk'úú tk'u tk'u

Consonant symbolismConsonant symbolism

biggerbigger smallersmaller

n n ll

šš ss

[[timaš]timaš] tímashtímash ‘book’‘book’

[[timas]timas] tímastímas ‘paper’ ‘paper’ 

[[mjanaš]mjanaš] myánashmyánash ‘child’‘child’

[[mjalas]mjalas] myálasmyálas ‘infant’‘infant’

AffixationAffixation

Verb structure: Verb structure:

pronominal prefix- root(s) - direction - tense pronominal prefix- root(s) - direction - tense - pronominal suffixes- pronominal suffixes

Some verb roots:Some verb roots:

[[qqnajwi]-qqnajwi]- kkkknnááywi-ywi- 'be busy' 'be busy'

[[q'inu]-q'inu]- kk''íínu-nu- 'see' 'see'

[[tiwi]-tiwi]- ttííwi-wi- 'fight' 'fight'

A verb paradigm A verb paradigm

paradigmparadigm = set of related words = set of related words

[a[anawi]- annawi]- anááwi-wi- 'be hungry''be hungry'

-[-[šša] -shaa] -sha imperfective imperfective (ongoing action)(ongoing action)

A verb paradigmA verb paradigm

1sg1sg [a[anawinawišša:a:š]š] ananááwishaashwishaash 'I'm hungry''I'm hungry'

2sg2sg [a[anawinawišša:m]a:m] ananááwishaamwishaam 'you're hungry''you're hungry'

3sg3sg [i[iaanawinawišša]a] i'ani'anááwishawisha 'he/she is hungry''he/she is hungry'

1du1du [a[anawinawiššana]ana] ananááwishanawishana 'we 2 are hungry''we 2 are hungry'

1pl1pl [a[anawinawiššataataš]š] ananááwishatashwishatash 'we are hungry''we are hungry'

2pl2pl [a[anawinawiššapam]apam] ananááwishapamwishapam 'you (folks) are 'you (folks) are hungry'hungry'

3pl3pl [pa[paaanawinawišša]a] pa'anpa'anááwishawisha 'they're hungry''they're hungry'