Y11 GCSE Handouts · The end of feudalism led to landowners fencing off their land (enclosures) Property: Poaching became more common as people trespassed on enclosures Changes in

Y11 GCSE Handouts

Anglo – Saxon crime (1000-1066)Crimes against the person- Murder- Assault- MaimingCrimes against property- Theft- Arson- Stealing a nun!Crimes against authority- Treason

Moral crimes- Sex before marriage - Breaking the rules of the Church

Community responsibility

Church responsibility

Anglo – Saxon law-enforcement (1000-1066)

Collective Responsibility- Divided into tithings (men over 12)- 1 man from each tithing met with Shire Reeve- Hue and cry

Oath taking- Criminals could swear that they were innocent

Trials by ordeal- Trial by hot iron- Trial by boiling water- Trial by cold water

Based on God’s judgement

Anglo – Saxon punishment (1000-1066)Blood feuds- Revenge system between families- Ineffective (created more violence)Wergild- Compensation for damage- Paid to victim’s family- Ineffective (Allowed wealthy people to commit crimes)

Capital punishment- HangingCorporal Punishment- Maiming- Stocks/Pillory

Deterrents

Norman laws (1066-1154)

Murdrum fine- When a Norman was killed by Anglo-Saxons and nobody was punished, the

people of that hundred would be fined.- Encouraged people to inform on their neighbours- Continuation of collective responsibility

Forest laws- William created large private forests for hunting- 40 villages destroyed

Norman law enforcement/punishments (1066-1154)

Continuity- Executions/maiming- Community responsibility continued

Change- Wergild ended- More crimes punishable by death- Branding/Blinding introduced- Trial by combat introduced (for nobles)- Death penalty introduced for poaching

Law enforcement/crime (1154-1500)

Context- Henry II became king in 1154- Growth of towns in 13th/14th centuries- London’s population reached 30,000- More opportunity for crimeStatute of labourers 1348- Prevented peasants from getting higher wages- Allowed nobles to control peasants- Showed that nobles were making more decisionsHeresy - In 1382 heresy became a crime- Punished by burning after 1401New law-enforcement- Coroners (1194)- Justice of the peace (1361)

Punishment (1154-1500)

Main purpose was still to deter

New punishment- Hanging, drawing and quartering for high-treason

End of trials by ordeal- Ended in 1215 after the pope ordered it to stop

Influence of the church (1154-1500)

Context- Owned 20% of England’s wealth- Collected 10% of England’s taxes- In charge of decided whether people were innocent or guilty- Trial by ordeal ended 1215Benefit of clergy- Clergy were tried in church courts- Used the ‘neck verse’ (Psalm 51) to get away with crimes- Clergy were often found innocent Sanctuary- Criminals could ask for the help of the clergy- Had to leave the country in 40 days- Anyone who didn’t leave was outlawed- Ended in 1536 under Henry VIII

Changes to crime 1500-1700

Changes in society Led to increase in crimes against…

Increase in population and the end of the feudal system led to high unemployment and urbanisation.

The person: Theft/Vagabondage became more of a problem

The end of feudalism led to landowners fencing off their land (enclosures)

Property: Poaching became more common as people trespassed on enclosures

Changes in people’s religious beliefs after Henry VIII and the reformation

Authority: More people charged with Heresy during the reigns of Henry VIII & Mary I.

Import taxes introduced in 17th century on certain goods led to rising prices

Authority: Smuggling increased as people didn’t want to pay high prices

There were huge social and religious changes in the Early Modern period which led to changes in the nature of crime.

Law enforcement 1500-1700

Continuity

• Hue and cry continued to be part of law enforcement

• England still had no national police force, so the community was responsible

Change

• As of 1576 the clergy were no longer tried in church courts, and the church was only responsible for ‘moral’ crimes

• As of 1623 sanctuary was abolished by James I

• Night watchmen & Town constables introduced

The role of the church in justice was

reduced!

Punishments 1500-1700

Continuity

• Fines

• Stocks/Pillory

• Flogging/Maiming

• Hanging

• Burning

Change

• Number of capital crimes increased to 50 by 1688. This was known as the Bloody Code.

Deterrents/Retribution

Case Studies: Early Modern

The Gunpowder Plot 1605 Witch-Hunts 1645-47

• Catholic plot to blow up King James I and his parliament

• Catholics were angry at poor treatment of Catholics in England

• The plot failed and the plotters were all punished

• Several of the plotters were executed for treason (hung/drawn/quartered)

• Example of harsh punishments/deterrent

• English Civil War had caused people to be more suspicious

• It had also weakened the control of local authorities

• Economic problems caused by the war made people angry

• Matthew Hopkins led witch hunts 1645-47

• 300 people investigated, 112 executed

• Example of how seriously witchcraft was taken

Changing Crimes

Smuggling

• Grew massively in early 18th century

• People wanted cheaper goods because of high import tax

• Smuggling gangs developed (Hawkhurst Gang 1735-49)

• Seen as a ‘social crime’

• Difficult to police

Changing Crimes

Highway robbery

Also grew in 18th century due to:

• More trade

• Better roads (Turnpike trusts)

• Less people in countryside

Seen as a serious crime because:

• It involved the theft of important documents

• The crime was committed on the king’s highway

• It affected the rich more than the poor

Oh bugger

Changing Crimes

Poaching

• Continued to grow in 18th century because food was expensive

• Was a capital offence 1723-1823 (Black Act)

• Seen as a serious crime because it affected the rich


Witchcraft

• Decriminalised in 1736 by George II

• Required scientific evidence to convict witches (which was usually not available!)

• Enlightenment focussed on science rather than blind obedience to religion


Tolpuddle Martyrs, 1834

• Group of farm labourers from Dorset, Kent

• Led by George Loveless

• Formed a ‘friendly society’ to protest about low wages. Their wages were 6 shillings as opposed to the national average of 10 shillings!

• Accused of taking an ‘illegal oath’

• Transported to Australia

• Significant because of huge public outcry. 100,000 people protested! 4 years later the martyrs returned home.

• First example of public opinion influencing government decisions

Changing punishments

Declining use of death penalty

The death penalty was reduced because:

1. Not seen as humane

2. Not seen as an effective deterrent

3. Ideas about rehabilitation

4. Alternative punishments (transportation)

Public execution was banned in 1868!

Changing punishments

Transportation

• After 1783 people were transported to Australia as a punishment

Major crime = 14 years/Minor crime = 7 years

• 160,000 people transported to Australia 1783-1868 (1/6th of these were women)

Advantages:

- Seen as a good alternative to death penalty

- Helped populate new colonies- More humane

Disadvantages:

- Caused an increase in crime in Australia- Took jobs away from Australians

- Failed as a deterrent

Prison reform

Changing role of prisons

• Prison was seen as a better alternative to other punishments

It’s main advantages were:

Rehabilitation

Good deterrent

Could ‘give back’ to society

Separated criminals from everyone else

Prison reform

Elizabeth Fry (Early 1800s)• Appalled by conditions at Newgate Prison• Hated the idea of mixed cells• Believed in rehabilitation • Ensured women and children were guarded by women• Organised prison education• Wrote to the government about conditions

John Howard (Late 1700s)

• Outraged by conditions in Bedfordshire

• Published ‘The State of Prisons in England and Wales’ (1777)

• Believed in rehabilitation

• Campaigned to give wages to gaolers

• Campaigns for religion in prisons

Prison reform

Key dates

1815 – Gaolers paid

1823 – Separate system

1835 – Prison inspections

1865 – Prisons Act (made conditions harsh in prisons)

Prison reform

Poor living conditions

• Thick walls to stop communication

• Prisoners worked in cells

• Wore face masks whenever they left their cells

• Led many to suffer ‘psychosis’!

Task: Write a letter from me (Elizabeth Fry) to the government explaining how I might have felt

about Pentonville Prison

Conditions got even worse after 1865 Prison Act!


Bow street runners, 1748

• First ‘crime-fighting force’ in England

• Set up by Henry and John Fielding

• Paid by the government after 1785

The Met, 1829

• Set up by Robert Peel

• First professional police force

• 2,800 recruits

• Grew slowly because the public didn’t want to pay!

• Regional differences held them back

Why is this significant?


Improvements in the Met, 1856-1900

• 1856 Police Act meant every area had to have a police force

• 1869 National Crime Records were set up

• 1878 CID introduced (Criminal Investigations Dept.) – 600 detectives by 1883

Robert Peel

Peel’s 9 principles (simplified)

1. Prevent disorder

2. Public must support police

3. Police must win respect

4. Physical force will lose respect

5. Police must be impartial

6. Persuasion before violence

7. Police serve the public, not the government

8. Police should not overstep their authority

9. No crime = good policing

Looks like the criminals have Met

their match…

Changes to crime 1900-present

Even though the 20th/21st centuries have seen a lot of change, many old crimes have remained. Some of them have changed slightly, though. Discuss which crimes these might be, and how they might have changed…

Terrorism Smuggling Fraud/Theft

Changes to crime 1900-present

New crimes and their causes

Race crimes (1968 Race Relations Act) were

criminalised due to huge immigration to Britain

Hate crimes (2006 Religious Hatred Act) were

criminalised due to an increase after 9/11 and 7/7

bombings

Driving offences became a criminal offence due to the increase in the number of

vehicles on the road

Supplying/taking certain drugs was criminalised (1971 Misuse of

Drugs Act) after a huge increase in drug taking in the 1960s

Cyber crimes were defined following the invention of

the internet, which changed

the way many old crimes were committed

Law enforcement 1900-present

Key changes

• Technological advancements (CCTV, vehicles, forensics etc.)

• Specialist police units set up (drug squads, MI5 etc.)

• Neighbourhood Watch set up in 1982

• PCSOs introduced in 2002

“What similarities are there to earlier time

periods?”

Task: Make a mind-map of technological advances and how they might aid law enforcement.

Changes to punishment 1900-present

Continuity

• Prisons still used as main punishment for criminals

• Capital/corporal punishment still used 1900-1950

• Prisons still aimed at reforming prisoners

Change

• Death penalty abolished in 1964 due to controversial cases and focus on rehab

• Non-custodial punishments introduced (tag/community service/ASBOs)

Case Studies: 20th CenturyConscientious Objectors – Those who refuse to fight on moral/religious grounds

WW1 WW2

16,000 men refused to fight 59,000 men refused to fight

Military courts decided if COs were genuine

Civilian courts decided if COs were genuine

400 men were officially permitted not to fight (2.5%)

12,204 were officially permitted not to fight (20%)

COs were imprisoned and forced to do hard labour

COs were imprisoned but treated fairly

What can we learn from this comparison about how things changed over the course of the 20th century?

Case Studies: 20th CenturyThe Derek Bentley case 1953 – the end of Capital Punishment?

The execution of Derek Bentley was significant because…

• It highlighted the inconsistencies in murder punishments

• Turned public opinion against the death penalty

• First time the media had openly supported a criminal rather than the government

• Largest public protest against an execution

• Capital punishment abolished soon after as a result

Whitechapel – The historic environment

Whitechapel

How do these images support your own

knowledge?

WhitechapelUse the revision booklet to consolidate your knowledge on the following:

All of these are connected!

Local context (p.26)

Tensions in Whitechapel (p.27)

Policing (p.28-29)

Section 2 – Exam Questions

Structure of Paper 1

Section A – Whitechapel

• Describe 2 features of… (4 marks)

• How useful are Sources A & B for an enquiry into…? (8 marks)

• How could you follow up Source A/B to find out more about…? (4 marks)

Section B – Crime & Punishment

• Explain one way in which… was similar/different to… (4 marks)

• Explain why… (12 marks)

• ‘Statement’ – How far do you agree? (16 marks)

Describe two features of… (4 marks)

• The work of a ‘beat’ constable in Whitechapel c1870-c1900

• Workhouses in Whitechapel

• Housing in Whitechapel

• Employment in Whitechapel

2a) How useful are Sources A & B for an enquiry into problems facing police in Whitechapel? (8 marks)

2a) How could you follow up Source B to find out more about problems facing police in Whitechapel? (4 marks)

Detail in Source B that I would follow up:___________________________

Question I would ask:___________________________

What type of source I could use:___________________________

How this might help answer my question:___________________________

3) Explain one way in which… (4 marks)

• The purposes of punishments for crimes were different in the 18th and 20th

centuries• Law enforcement in the 17th century was similar to law enforcement in the

20th century• The nature of prisons changed between the 16th century and the 19th

century• Punishments for crimes against authority changed between 1066-1700• Smuggling in the 17th century was similar to smuggling in the 20th century• Terrorism in the 17th century was different to terrorism in the modern period

3) Explain why… (12 marks)

• There were changes to the number of capital crimes in the period 1800-2000- Bloody Code- Derek Bentley

• Certain crimes became more prominent in the period 1500-1700- Heresy- Matthew Hopkins

• There were developments in prisons in the 18th/19th centuries- John Howard- Hard Labour

4) How far do you agree?… (16 marks + SPaG)

• ‘William’s Forest Laws were the most significant changes to crime in Norman England’

- Murdrum Fines- Church Courts

• ‘Law enforcement was the responsibility of communities between 1300-1700’

- Hue and cry- Justices of the Peace

• ‘The main purpose of punishments in the period 1500-1900 was retribution’- Treason- Prison reforms

The Early Settlement of the West

Plains Indians Early Migration Law & Order

2. Buffalo: Food, shelter, clothing, equipment

1. Gold Rush 1849: Mining towns / growth in farming

2. Donner Party: Lack of planning / unsuccessful

Mining towns: Claim jumping, road agents, saloons, racial tensions

Fort Laramie Treaty 1851Indians allowed govt. to build roads/army

posts through their lands / permitted railroad surveyors on land / allow migrants

to travel through land safelyPaid annuities in food – dependence

Identification of territory for each tribe –1st step to reservations

1. Land: Sacred; farming / mining disrespectful

3. 1834 Permanent Indian Frontier : Border to keep Indians and settlers apart

4. 1851 Indian Appropriations Act*

3. Mormons: planned in groups / range of skills. Young’s leadership in SLV –worked together to settle

Who treated the sick?

•Barber surgeons• Apothecaries

• Wise women/ care at home

• Physicians

*Indian Appropriations Act; Began moving Indians on reservations and encouraged them to farm the land.

Problems of farming

Ploughing normal ploughs broke/’sod-busters’ Crops failed due to climate Lack of water droughts/too dry for crops Few trees no timber houses/fences

Law enforcers: Sheriffs poorly paid/trained, covered wide areasVigilantes: lynching

Mining courts: Oversaw disputes in mining towns


1 At the start of this period the Great Plains were home to the Plains Indians, who

lived a nomadic life. The Americans who came to the Plains were just travelling

through and at first relations were peaceful. However, increasing numbers of

Americans and the development of the settlement on the Plains brought the two

into conflict. Meanwhile, as this settlement ran ahead of the forces of the law,

there were problems with lawlessness.

Key events

2 1824 Bureau of Indian Affairs set up

3 1830 Indian Removal Act passed

4 1836 Oregon Trail opened

5 1845 Concept of Manifest Destiny becomes popular

6 1845-48 Mexican-American War

7 1846-47 Mormon migration

8 1849 California Gold Rush

9 1851 - January Indian Appropriations Act passed

10 1851 - September Fort Laramie Treaty signed

11 1854 Kansas – Nebraska Act passed

12 1857-58 Mormon War

13 1859 Colorado Gold Rush

14 1861 American Civil War

Key Concepts

15 The Plains Indians – Lived a nomadic lifestyle and shared a sense of unity with

nature. They did not believe that land could be owned. In war, ‘counting coup’

was the highest form of honour. Their lifestyle meant many white Americans saw

them as ‘savages’ and ‘uncivilised’.

16 Increased Migration and Settlement – The opening of the Oregon Trail, the

California Gold Rush and Mormon persecution led to a huge increase in migration

and settlement on the Plains. In turn, this led to increased conflict between the

Plains Indians and the white settlers.

17 Fort Laramie Treaty 1851 – Fear of Indian attack led US government to go back

on earlier agreements of a ‘permanent Indian frontier’. Language barriers and

different styles of government meant the treaty would ultimately fail.

18 Lawlessness – US Federal Government found it difficult to implement law and

order on Great Plains due to increased number of mining camps. This led to the

organisation of vigilance committees who took the law into their own hands and

were often corrupt.

Key Words

19 Tribe The name given to the different groups of Plains Indians.

E.g. Sioux, Cheyenne and Blackfoot

20 Band Indian tribes were divided into ‘bands’

21 Chief Leader of a band. Chosen because of their wisdom/ skills

as a hunter/ warrior.

22 Warrior Society The best warriors from each band. Supervised hunting and

protected bands from attack.

23 Nomadic Having no permanent home, travelling from place to place

to find fresh pasture for animals.

24 Counting Coup Landing a blow on an enemy and getting away without

injury (highest form of honour in war).

25 Indian Trade and

Intercourse Act

An agreement that set out a permanent Indian frontier

(divided Indian territory from Eastern states).

26 Indian

Appropriations

Act

US Government allocated money for setting up Indian

reservations in modern day Oklahoma.

27 Fort Laramie

Treaty

Treaty that set out territories for the Plains Indians, white

settlers were allowed into Indian territory in exchange for

resources provided by US government.

28 Manifest Destiny Belief that it was God’s will that white Americans should

settle over all America and spread their ‘civilised’ way of

life.

29 The Gold Rush The discovery of gold in California which led to migration

of ‘forty-niners’ – people who wanted to find a fortune.

30 Oregon Trail The main pathway for American emigrants searching for

new lands and opportunity in the West.

31 Mormon Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

founded by Joseph Smith, 1830.

32 Vigilance

Committees

Group of ordinary citizens that decides to punish a group

of law-breakers itself instead of relying on the official

justice system.

33 Miners’ Courts Courts set up by miners to settle disputes over claims to

land.

Knowledge Organiser: The American West 1835 - 1895KT1: The Early Settlement of the West 1835 - 1862

Development of the Plains

Significance of Civil War? New developments Cattle industry

The Indians Wars 1862-681862 Little Crow’s War: Attack on Agency due to starvation – harsh repercussions 1864 Sand Creek Massacre: Attacks on settlers due to starvation – massacre1866-68 Red Cloud’s War: Use of Bozeman Trail (hunting grounds) attacks on army –led to second Fort Laramie Treaty 1868

RivalryRanches needed public grazing land; homesteaders buying this up –ranchers threatened homesteaders with violence/accused them of rustling.

Homestead Act 1862 160 acres/anyone file a claim for $10, live 5 years then pay $30Settled over 6m acres by 1876 but ranch owners got employees to file claims

Pacific Railroad Act 1862Indians lost rights to land along route/companies promoted cheap land

1. Windmills pumped water out ground to irrigate crops2. Barbed wire fenced crops to protect from livestock3. Steel ploughs make ploughing easier4. Turkey Red wheat5. Timber & Culture Act 1873Extra 160 acres if trees planted on ¼ land

P. Grant’s Peace Policy (1868)

Result of more white settlers moving West. Improved management of reservations to stop corruption – Indians who refused to move = hostile.

Goodnight trails to Wyoming and Colorado - reservationsMcCoy Abilene on Kansas Pacific Railroad transportIliff ranching on the Plains –cattle barons large ranches and herds of cattle


1 To encourage migration West, the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railroad Act are

passed resulting in the Transcontinental Railway being built making migration

easier. Meanwhile, the demand for beef explodes leading to an increase in cattle

drives and eventually the introduction of cattle ranching on the Plains. Cow towns

create problems with law and order and there is conflict between ranchers and

homesteaders. Meanwhile, conflict between Indians and US Govt increases as all

of these changes lead to changes in the lives of the Plains Indians who are moved

to reservations by force.

Key events

2 1862 Homestead Act passed

3 1862 Pacific Railway Act passed

4 1862 Little Crow’s War

5 1864 Sand Creek Massacre

6 1864-67 The Cheyenne Wars

7 1865 Civil War ends

8 1866-68 Red Cloud’s War

9 1867 – Cattle drives to railroad towns begin

10 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty signed

11 1868 President Grant’s ‘Peace Policy’

12 1871 Indian Appropriations Act signed

13 1873 Timber Culture Act

14 1874 Barbed wire invented

Key Concepts

15 Increased Migration and Settlement – The US Govt encourage settlement in the

West after the Civil War ends by passing laws such as the Homestead Act and the

Pacific Railroad Act 1862. They want families to settle there, as opposed to rich

land owners.

16 Treatment of Plains Indians– US Government are seen to go back on the terms

of Fort Laramie Treaty. They allow prospectors to settle on Indian land and move

Indians to reservations. They even break their promises to supply the Indians

with food. As a result, there are a number of wars in this period.

17 Cattle Ranching and Law and Order– The beef bonanza leads to the introduction

of cattle ranching on Plains. There is conflict between ranchers and

homesteaders and cowboys have a reputation for being lawless

18 Changes to Indians– Changes lead to Indians being forced on to reservations and

becoming dependent on the help of US Govt as the buffalo herds decline and the

land to which they are entitled decreases.

Key Words

19 Civil War a war fought within a country. The US Civil war was fought between sides with pro-slavery and anti-slavery views.

20 Militia a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

21 Confederate a pro-slavery soldier, based predominately in the South

22 Unionist an anti-slavery soldier, based predominately in the North

23 Transcontinental (especially of a railway line), crossing a continent

24 Freight goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft

25 Barbed wire wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at short

intervals along it, used to make fences or in warfare as an

obstruction

26 Sulky Plow A ride-on steel plough that made ploughing tough prairie

land much easier.

27 Outlaw a person who has broken the law, especially one who

remains at large or is a fugitive.

28 Long Drive herding cattle (or other animals) over long distances

29 Cattle Trail Routes used for driving cattle: these needed to have access

to both grass and water.

30 Ranch A large farm for breeding and keeping cattle, rather than

for crops.

31 Rustler An animal thief

32 Open Range A large area of unfenced land over which livestock roamed

freely.

33 Ranch War Violent conflict between ranchers and homesteaders

34 Reservation An area of land ‘reserved’ for use by American Indians and

managed by the Federal Government.

35 Total War US Army adopted policy of Total War which meant waging war against whole Indian population, not just individual tribes.

Knowledge Organiser: The American West 1835 - 1895KT2: Development of the Plains 1862-1876

Conflicts & ConquestThe Cattle Industry Problems of Law & Order Destruction of PI life

Billy the Kid; showed justice system in Lincoln county weakWyatt Earp; Deputy sheriff ; violent approach – forced outRail and telegraph enabled better law enforcementJohnson County War 1892 showed corrupt cattle barons had influence over law but led to smaller ranches/less power

Continued growth of settlementExoduster Movement 1879; black

Americans moving to Kansas taking up Homestead claims.

Oklahoma Land Rush 1893; leftover Indian territory from Dawes Act put up

for sale and divided up into 160 acre sections for white settlers to claim.

Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876:Changed public opinion – PI seen as a real threat –pressure on govt. to crush Indian resistance.

Fall in demand, Great Die Up 1886-87 & overstocking put end to open rangeThis meant smaller ranches, fenced with barbed wireAs cattle increased, buffalo numbers declined; grass diet - some Plains Indians worked as cowboys/ranches

Extermination of buffalo to get Indians on reservations Life on reservations encouraged Indians to disregard their traditionsDawes Act 1887 allocated PI families 160 acre plots to farm1890 Indian Frontier was closed – Indians lost half the land they had in 1887

New farming methodsDry farming: trapped rainwater under surfaceWind pumps: drew up water from undergroundBarbed wire: cheap to fence land

Mechanisation: efficient

Conflicts and Conquest:

1 Changes in farming (new machinery/ techniques) means survival on the Plains is

much easier for the Homesteaders. In addition, the Exoduster Movement and the

Oklahoma Land Rush means that the number of homesteaders rapidly increases.

This leads to conflict between homesteaders and ranchers in the form of Range

Wars. Meanwhile, US Govt attempt to move the Indians into reservations which

leads to several wars and ultimately destroys their way of life.

Key events

2 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn

3 1876-77 The Great Sioux War

4 1878 Lincoln County War

5 1879 Exoduster Movement

6 1881 Gunfight at the OK Corral

7 1883 Destruction of northern buffalo herd completed

8 1885 All Plains Indians confined to reservations

9 1886-7 Harsh Winter

10 1887 Dawes Act

11 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre

12 1890 Indian Frontier is closed

13 1892 Johnson County War

14 1893 Oklahoma Land Rush

Key Concepts

15 Changes in Farming – Technology such as barbed wire, the sod buster plough

and windmills became readily available and cheaper. The result was that more of

the land could now be farmed and survival for the homesteaders was much

easier and many prospered.

16 Changes in Cattle Industry – Demand for beef declines and then cattle barons

were greatly impacted by the Harsh Winter of 1886-7 and many went bankrupt.

This led to the end of the open range and smaller ranchers were more successful.

This led to changes in the previously ‘wild’ life of a cowboy.

17 Range Wars– On the whole, the problem of law and order improves but range

wars and town conflicts such as Lincoln County War, Gunfight at OK Corral and

the Johnson County war prove that lawlessness still exists as many law

enforcement officers were ex-criminals.

18 Plains Indians – After short term success at Bighorn, the Plains Indians eventually

surrender and are confined to reservations. Their way of life is destroyed and the

buffalo are exterminated. It leads to the closure of the frontier.

402241

19 Dry Farming An experimental farming technique that aimed to conserve

water in the soil.

20 Wind Pump A machine used to pump water from underground.

21 Mechanisation The process of changing from working by hand or with animals to the use of machines.

22 Overstocked The situation when too many livestock animals are relying on the same area of pasture: the grass gets eaten up, the soil erodes and animals weaken due to hunger.

23 Sharecropping When a landowner allows a tenant to use some of their land in return for a share of the crops they grow.

24 Ku Klux Klan A racist organisation of terrorists who intimidated and

used violence against Black Americans

25 Outlaw A person who has broken the law, especially one who

remains at large or is a fugitive

26 Corral An enclosure for cattle and horses.

27 Assimilate To become like something else: for the Plains Indians, it meant becoming US citizens and rejecting all their old culture, beliefs and ways of life.

Knowledge Organiser: The American West 1835 - 1895KT3: Conflicts and Conquest 1876-1895

Anglo-Saxon Society

Government:Witan – aristocracy/bishopsEarldomsShire, hundred, hides- tithingsShire reeve/ sheriffFyrd – select/general

Law:Blood feud/ wergild/ tithings

Economy:Wool/burhs

Church:Fusion of church and stateBishops v. important

CHAPTER 1: ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST

Godwins

Very powerful because – marriage/money/land/church1064/65 – embassy to Normandy – why did Harold go? 1) Rescue Wulfnoth? 2) Swear an oath to William?Rebellion against Tostig because – tax/ assassinations/ Malcolm/ unjust laws/southern/DanelawHarold didn’t support Tostig because…Edward was dying and he saw him as a rival

Succession Crisis

5 Jan 1066 – Edward dies (witnessed by ... Stigand, Edith & Harold)Four contenders:Harold Godwinson - royal blood, rich, strong, pledged to William?Edgar – 15, too young, nephew of EdwardHarald Hardrada - feared, Viking, related to Cnut, DanelawWilliam – pledged by Harold, foreign, Pope

Harold crowned on same day as funeral – chosen by WitanRaised huge fyrd – defeated Tostig’s invasion from FlandersSept – stood fyrd down

Battle of Fulford Gate20 Sep 1066Edwin & Morcar vs Hardrada and TostigPoor tactics, backed against marshViking victory

Battle of Stamford Bridge25 Sep 1066Harold G vs Hardrada and TostigSurprise attackVikings had no armourTostig & Hardrada deadBeacon signals – march south

Battle of HastingsNorman knights – cavalry, kite shield, chain mail, lanceHousecarls – foot, axe, shield wall, chain mail, javelin

Reasons for victory:Luck – wind direction, storm, standing down fyrd, arrow to the eye, timing of Viking attackTactics – shield wall failed, feigned retreat successfulLeadership – Harold didn’t wait in London and disbanded fyrd, William well prepared and disciplined

KING EARLSTHEGNSCEORLS/PEASANTSSLAVES

Social mobility

Power of king Limits to king

Minting Earls e.g. Godwin 1050

Law making Danelaw

Military – fyrd Witan

Tax – geld

oaths

Godwin – GythaHarold Leofwine Tostig Gytrh Wulfnoth Edith

Submission of the earls, 1066•William wins Battle of Hastings

•Edgar Aethling crowned king and waits in London•Wililam marches to London but it is too strong

•Attacks a number of towns around the edge of London until Edgar submitted the crown at Berkhamstead

Why did they submit?-William had cut off London from reinforcements

- Most of his best soldiers died at Hastings- Wililam seized the treasury at Winchester

- People feared William

Rewarding loyalty•William wanted a trouble-free takeover

Rewarding Anglo-Saxons:•Left many major earls in power (eg. Edwin & Morcar in

Northumbria)•He promised land to those Anglo-Saxons who swore

loyalty Rewarding his followers•Sent gifts to the Pope•Established ‘geld tax’ to pay for mercenaries•Declared that all land in England belonged to him•Gave Godwins’ earldoms to followers (eg. Gave Kent to his half-brother Odo)

Marcher EarldomsNames:What were they?Key Features:1. Size of a shire (small and compact)2. Special building allowances3. The earl was in control of law making4. Exempted from tax5. Could build castles where necessary

Motte and Bailey CastlesDescription:Advantages:1. 2. 3.Disadvantages:1.2.3.

Why were castles important?1. Strategic locations2. Could be used as a base3. Dominated territory4. Symbolic

How were they different to burhs?Smaller, private, more defensive.Burhs were used to protect Anglo-Saxons, castles were used to control them

Main rebellions 1068-75Edwin and Morcar, 1068•Unhappy with Castles, Taxes, Loss of lands, poor government•Rebels took towns in the north, including York.•Had support of Edgar Aethling•William responded by taking Warwick and Nottingham and building castles along the way•Edwin and Morcar surrendered

Outcomes/Reasons for failureEdwin and Morcar were pardoned Edgar escaped to Scotland Showed that rebellions were uselessShowed that rebels were not unitedE+W imprisoned for life

Main rebellions 1068-75Edgar the Aethling, 1069•Edgar, Malcolm III, King Sweyn of Denmark•Caused by death of Robert Cumin •Followed quickly by an uprising in York•William arrived and destroyed the whole city of York•Anglo-Danish attack on York then defeated the Normans (killed 3,000)

OutcomesWilliam had to pay the Danes a huge sum of money to make them leave (Danegeld)Very embarrassing!Harrying of the North

Main rebellions 1068-75Hereward the Wake, 1070-1•Danes returned in 1070•Set up camp in Ely (East Anglia) because it is marshland and hard to attack)•Also part of Danelaw•Danes robbed the Cathedral at Ely but were soon attacked by William

Outcomes•Normans captured Ely and Hereward escaped – never to be seen again•End of Anglo-Saxon Rebellions•William attended lots of royal ceremonies to show his right to be king

Main rebellions 1068-75Revolt of the Earls, 1075•Waltheof, Roger de Breteuil, Ralph de Gael•Loss of land•Loss of power•Rebellions•William’s absence•Powerful allies (Danes)Wanted to divide England into 3 and take over while Lanfranc was in charge

Outcomes•Failed when earls were threatened by Lanfranc with excommunication•Failed to get Anglo-Saxon support•Waltheof was imprisoned and executed in 1076•Roger was imprisoned for life

Feudal systemKingTenants-in-chiefUnder-tenants/vassalsPeasantsLand held called a ‘fief’

Tenants-in-chiefMilitaryFought for king with band of knights. Put down opposition/rebellionSocialOrganised land transfer from AS Normans (reliefs/forfeiture)Held court cases in their baronyEconomicCollected tax – owed king a portion but kept a portion for themselvesPoliticalRoyal council

Church

King head of church Lanfranc head of churchFusion of church and state separation of church and stateChurches rural churches urbanSimple architecture lavish architectureRole within justice own role in justice (trial by c)Priests married celibacy/monastic

System of government – centralisationChurchFiefs, homage – land transferDemesne/forest – private crown lands – forest lawsFeudal system – dependence on the kingKnight serviceEconomy – geld tax etcDomesday bookReduced role of earls – smaller earldoms, Wessex/Mercia got rid ofRegents – used while William was away (e.g. Lanfranc 1075, Odo & Fitzosbern in 1067)Sheriffs – more power

Culture/ AristocracyWealth shown through buildings, not possessionsIncreased influence of religion e.g. penanceSuperiority of Norman culture – language latin/FrenchLandholding – passed to one heir not several

Bishop OdoHalf brotherBishop of BayeuxContributed greatly to Battle of HastingsMade Bayeux tapestry

Made earl of Kent – co-regent 1067 – brutal and unpopular – second kingTried for illegally seizing landLed soldiers against Pope – imprisoned by William but freed on William’s deathbed

William’s deathFallen out with Robert Curthose – prank, raids from Flanders, embarrassed on battlefieldRobert made Duke of Normandy, William Rufus King of England – against Norman tradition – deicided by Lanfranc (God)Odo supported Robert in rebellion – Robert seen as easy to control, Normans wanted a single lordLack of support from Norman aristocrats/English population William II v popular afterwards and made promises he would not keep

Domesday BookRecorded landholding, possessions of landFinancial – set levels of tax, get rid of privelegesLegal – settle legal disputes/enable land transfer Military – view to how many soldiers could be provided from

the fyrd

Tax/reliefsKnight/military services

Farmingrent

Peaceland

AS NORMAN

Get the knowledge!Weimar Republic 1918-29• Mind map the following:

• End of WWI – Kaiser abdicates, start of Weimar Republic, Weimar Constitution (strengths/weaknesses).

• Early Weimar problems– ToV (LAMB), Spartacists (1919), Kapp Putsch (1920), Ruhr invasion, hyperinflation.

• Stresemann – Rentenmark (1923), Dawes Plan (1923) and Young Plan (1929), Locarno Pact (1925), League of Nations (1926), ‘dancing on a volcano’.

• Living standards in Weimar – working classes, women, culture and leisure.

Get the knowledge!Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919-1933• Mind map the following:

• Nazi Party in early 1920s – Hitler, 25 Point Programme, SA, Munich Putsch.

• Wilderness Years – change in tactics.

• LIMP PAPER (1930-33).

Get the knowledge!Nazi Control and Dictatorship 1933-39

• Mind map the following:• GREEN TOP (1933-34).

• Totalitarian State – propaganda, SS, Gestapo, SD, legal system, concentration camps.

Get the knowledge!Life in Nazi Germany 1933-39

• Mind map the following:• Religion – Catholic, Protestant, German Faith Movement.

• Opposition – Church, youth.

• Women – Kinder, Kirche, Kuche, Motherhood Cross, Loans.

• Workers – RAD/DAF, Beauty of Labour, Volkswagen, Strength through Joy, Volksgemeinschaft.

• Youth – Education and youth groups.

• Nazi discrimination – Aryans/Asocials, Jews – Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht(1938).

Documents

Y11 GCSE Handouts · The end of feudalism led to landowners fencing off their land (enclosures) Property: Poaching became more common as people trespassed on enclosures Changes in