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NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH CENTER

STRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNIT

OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I

MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION PROJECT

NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH CENTER

STRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNITSTRATEGIC RESEARCH UNIT

OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF OVERVIEW OF MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONSMAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONSMAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONSMAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS

INTOINTOINTOINTO

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN EGYPTN EGYPTN EGYPTN EGYPT

MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS

INTO

RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT


(GEWAMED)

2010

RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT


المركز القومى لبحوث المياه

NWRC

y

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1 2 3 X

Overview of Mainstreaming Gender Dimensions Into Water Resources Management in Egypt

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1

2.1 GEWAMED Project ...................................................................................................... 3

2. GENDER AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT .....................9

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9

2.2 Key Issues in Gender and Water Management ............................................. 9

2.3 Gender approach in IWRM ..................................................................................... 11

2.4 Importance of mainstreaming Gender into Water Management ........... 12

2.5 Factors influencing the mainstreaming of Gender concerns in IWRM: ... 13

2.6 The Process of Gender Mainstreaming in IWRM ............................................. 13

3. MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS INTO INTEGRATED WATER

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT .......................................................................... 16

3.1 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at the National Level ..................... 16

3.1.1 Urban Areas: ...................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2 Rural Areas ......................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at the Ministerial level ......................... 22

3.3 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at MWRI ................................................... 24

3.3.1 Occupation .......................................................................................................... 24

3.3.2 Gender unit in the MWRI ............................................................................ 25

3.3.3 Projects ................................................................................................................ 26

Annex A ................................................................................................................................ 34


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List of Tables

Table 1: Percentage of gender occupation in National Water Research Center in year 2002 [13] ..................................................................................................... 25

Table (a-1): Status of Women in Egypt ....................................................................... 35

Table (a-2) : The percentage distribution of workers (15 - 64) according to gender ..................................................................................................................... 36

Table (a-3): Task Force distribution (15 - 64) in 1990 & 2005 according to gender .......................................................................................................................... 36

Table (a-4): Women Percentage that are nominated in the high

administrative positions in the government, business section and

the public sector, to the no. of total workers during the period 1988 – 2005 .......................................................................................................................... 37

Table (a-5) : Numbers and percentage of research projects that are headed by women during the research projects of the fifth five-year plan (2001 – 2005) .................................................................................................. 38

Table (a-6): The no. of nominated persons in the high administrative

positions in the government, business section and the public sector during the period 1988 - 2005 ............................................................................. 39

Table (a-7): Number and Percentage of the members of the different syndicates according to gender for the year 2005 ....................................... 40

Table (a-8): The Expected age at the birth time for both males & Females for different years during the period between (1986 / 2006) ........................ 41

Table (a-9): Death Rates during the period (1986-2004) ..................................... 42

Table (a-10): Development of Female Workers in Egypt during the Perioud of 1984 – 2005 ............................................................................................................... 43

Table (a-11): No. of governmental Workers their Percentage Distribution according to the Economical Sector in 1 / 1 / 2005 ................................................ 44

Table (a-12): Total no. of Students and the Percentage of Female Students in Some Faculties .......................................................................................................... 45

Table (a-12): Total no. of Students and the Percentage of Female Students in Some Faculties (con.) ............................................................................................. 46


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Table (a-13): Total no. of graduates and the Female Percentage of This No. According to Graduation Year ............................................................................... 47

Table (a-14): Development of the Number of Female Workers in the Research Institutes and their Percentage ........................................................................... 48

Table (a-15): Characteristics of head of households by gender 1999/2000 [11] ........................................................................................................ 49

Table (a-16): Percentage of households with access to drinking and sanitation network year 2004 ................................................................................................... 50

Table (a-17): the percentage of gender occupation in MWRI 2006 .................... 52

Table (a-17): the percentage of gender occupation in MWRI 2006 (con.) ....... 53


d

List of Figures

Figure 1: The percentage of men and women's ownership of livestock in the

Egyptian governorates .......................................................................... 20

Figure 2: Number of men and women’s land ownership in the Egyptian

governorates ......................................................................................... 20

Figure 3: Gender Development Index for Egyptian Governorates .......................... 22

Figure 4: Gender Water Poverty Index for Egyptian Governorates ....................... 22


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a cross-sectoral policy approach to

respond to the growing demands for water in the context of finite supplies. It is an approach that

aims to ensure the coordinated development of water, land and related resources to optimize

economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of environmental systems

of the community, a community is not a collection of equal people living in a particular

geographic region. It is usually made up of individuals and groups who command different levels

of power, wealth, influence and ability to express their needs, concerns and rights. The most

important two groups in any community are women and men. The deferential impacts of

development initiatives on women and men can only be identified if monitoring and evaluation

mechanisms are sensitive to gender.

Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship

between them. Gender does not simply refer to women or men, but to the way their qualities,

behaviors and identities are determined through the process of socialization. Gender is seen as the

social construction of men’s and women’s roles in a given culture or location. Gender roles are

distinguished from sex roles, which are biologically determined. Gender refers to the socially

determined roles played by women and men. These different roles are influenced by historical,

religious, economic, cultural and ethnic factors. As women and men are defined in the weave of

specific social fabrics, the relation they share constitutes what is known as gender relations [1].

Gender relations and gender equality is an integral part of human rights that aims to

promote the full participation of women and men in society. Various definitions of gender

equality stress that gender equality does not mean that women and men should be treated the

same. Moreover, equal treatment of women and men will not necessarily lead to equality, as


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living conditions of women and men differ: As a main strategy for achieving equality between

women and men, the term "gender mainstreaming" came into widespread use with the adoption

of the Beijing Platform for Action in 1995. Since the fourth international women's conference in

Beijing, in 1995, there have been several attempts to mainstreaming gender , i.e. The integration

of gender perspective into policies and strategies at different levels: at the field, in programs and

projects, at institutional level, within development institutions and organizations and at the

governmental level [2].

Gender mainstreaming is predicated upon the assumption that gender relations are

significant to development work, and must be fully reflected in development agenda-setting and

policy-making. Gender mainstreaming is defined by UNDP as a process, or methodology which

allows us to: `take account of gender relations in all of our policy, programme, administrative,

and financial activities, and in our organizational procedures'. "Gender mainstreaming comprises

two elements: (i) data collection and analysis of gender differences and relationships, most

importantly with regard to the interaction of production and reproduction; and (ii) the

incorporation of this understanding into our work, principally by the deployment of strong skills

in advocacy and in participatory and consultative policy and planning methodologies [2].

In Egypt Women's struggle for their rights goes back to the early 1920s when the

Egyptian Feminist Union was formed. Its impact was increasingly felt from the 1950s. Egypt

ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

(CEDAW) with reservations in 1981, and has signed other international conventions of the

International Labour Organisation (ILO). The Constitution gives women equal access to

education, employment and work opportunities, equal pay for equal work, and social security [3].

In the area of integrated water resource management, since 1997, it has been working

towards the overall goal of mainstreaming gender in the policy framework and programmes of

the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) [3]. The present and future objectives

and strategies stated in the MWRI policy provide ample space to include attention to roles,


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responsibilities and relations of male and female water users. the main objective is to ensure the

sustainable utilization of water resources uses for all sectors in order to meet national and

regional development objectives [4].

MWRI through its entities has successfully carried out several programs to promote the

role of women participation in the water resources development process. Many activities were

performed through different projects' actions and their achievements in that regard have been

well recognized. Some examples of these programs are: Advisory Panel Project on Water

Management, NAWQAM Project, and Water Boards Project.

The most recent project is “MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS INTO

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN REGION” project (GEWAMED). The overall objective of the

GEWAMED is to contribute to the mainstreaming of gender dimensions in the Integrated Water

Resources Management (IWRM) in the Mediterranean Region, by promoting a dialogue among

the countries of the Region and establishing regional and national information networks and

coordination structures to promote the adoption of gender sensitive policies and build a common

knowledge base [5].

2.1 GEWAMED Project

Mainstreaming Gender Dimensions Into Water Resources Development And

Management In The Mediterranean Region" (GEWAMED) is a project financed by the INCO

(International Scientific Co-operation) Programme within the Six Framework Research

Programme of the European Commission (EC) and addressed to the countries of the

Mediterranean Region. The project is a Coordinated Action and this means that emphasizes

networking and co-ordination of on-going research activities. A total of 18 institutions from 14

countries from the Mediterranean Region participate in the project. The Project partners are:


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GEWAMED Partners

� Algeria (1) : Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement

(CREAD)

� Egypt (2): Strategic Research Unit (SRU), National Water Research Centre

(NWRC)

� Jordan (3): Faculty of Agriculture – University of Jordan (FA-UJ)

� Morocco (4): Association Marocaine de Solidarité et de Développement (AMSED)

� Palestine (5): Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees (PARC)

� Egypt (6): Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)

� Tunisia (7): Center for Arab Women Training and Research (CAWTAR)

� Turkey (8): Çukurova University – Faculty of Agriculture (CUKUR)

� Cyprus (9): Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)

� Greece (10): Mediterranean Information Office for Environment Culture and Sustainable

Development (MIO-ECSDE)

� Italy (11): Osservatorio Nazionale per l’Imprenditoria e il Lavoro Femminile in

Agricoltura (ONILFA)


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� Syria (12): General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)

� Italy (13): Comitato Italiano per l’Irrigazione, la Bonifica Idraulica e la Difesa del Suolo

(ITAL-ICID)

� Spain (14): Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer de la Junta de Andalucía (IAM-JA)

� Morocco (15): African Training and research Centre in Administration for Development

(CAFRAD)

� Lebanon (16): René Moawad Foundation (RMF)

� France (17): Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau)

The project plans to build an extensive knowledge base for mainstreaming gender

dimensions into the processes of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to which all

countries of the region are striving to. To achieve this objective the project built a regional

website and established at least 6 national ones in countries of the South East Mediterranean

Region (SEMR). The regional web site is essentially a mean for exchanging experiences,

disseminate results and allow for enhanced coordination among national project activities and

participants. The national websites is a powerful tool to store and disseminate gender information

at national level and could use local languages


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GEWAMED project website

The above mentioned objective is achieved through the following strategic

objectives:

1. Building a national and regional shared knowledge base on gender issues, policies,

actions and measures to support gender mainstreaming in all processes related to IWRM.

2. Develop a comprehensive and agreed set of gender-sensitive indicators. They will be

aimed at assessing the involvement of women and men in water resources development

and management at national, regional, programme, project and local level.

3. Enhance the cooperation and dialogue among Mediterranean countries but also within

each country promoting the exchange of information and its dissemination among

national governmental agencies, NGO’s research institutions, international organizations,

private sector and communication media involved in gender related issues and the water

sector.


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4. Contribute to the adoption of national policies and other related instruments (strategies,

approaches, guidelines, incentives and legislation) by involving decision makers and

politicians in the processes of mainstreaming gender dimensions in IWRM.

One of the main activity of the National Water research center (NWRC) in this project

is developing the Egyptian GEWAMED project website and developing developing gender

sensitive indicators for monitoring and evaluating mainstreaming gender dissemination into

water resources management in Egypt. The purpose of developing this website is to achieve one

of the main activity of GEWAMED project that are building an extensive knowledge base for

mainstreaming gender dimensions into IWRM through establishing regional and national

networks using internet technology in countries of the South East Mediterranean Region.

“Egyptian GEWAMED Website and Data Base”


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2. GENDER AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction

The quest for development has led to a consensus that participation by both men and

women, not as objects of development but as equal partners, is essential for sustained

interventions. This has encouraged the promotion and use of gender sensitive approach in water

and sanitation management and, more recently, in integrated water resources management

(IWRM) [6] .

Women and men perform distinctive tasks in water and

environmental management. Sustainable water and

environmental management can be achieved when women’s

and men’s tasks, rights, power relations and responsibilities

are taken into account and when women and men are equally

involved in the management of water and environment-

related services [7].

2.2 Key Issues in Gender and Water Management

IWRM is a cross – sectorial policy approach to respond to the growing demands in water in

the context of finite water supplies. It is an approach that aims to ensure the coordinated

development of water, land and related resources to optimize economic and social welfare

without compromising the sustainability of environmental systems [8].

Community participation and management approaches have failed to address these issues

largely because communities are often seen as a collection of people with a common purpose.


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For this reason, gender usually is fundamentally about power, subordination and inequality, and

gender mainstreaming is about changing these to secure equality in social manifestations.

Women worldwide play a key role in the provision of drinking water and water for other

household purposes Although women’s tasks in environmental management vary according to

region, age, socio-economic class, caste and vary within families, many women in rural areas in

some places all over the world have to go far to fetch water. They spend up to a day’s task

fetching water while many urban women have to wait long queuing for water. In many places,

women and children walk longer distances to secure clean water when water sources are

contaminated or reduced by humans, animals, or natural hazards such as drought. In some

parts of Africa, women and children spend eight hours each day collecting water [9].

As primary care givers, women further look after their family members suffering from

water-related diseases and take responsibility for the hygiene and sanitation education of their

children. In the absence of sanitary facilities, they are the ones who lack dignity due to societal

values on women’s privacy. Many women in urban slums have to relieve themselves after dark,

while women in rural areas have to walk far, both of them facing fear of harassment and sexual

assault.

Women further play a key role in agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries. Depending on

local customs and circumstances, they may be the only farmer in the household, take

responsibility for specific crops or subsistence farming, or they may take responsibility for

specific farming tasks such as weeding and transplanting. Many women further take

responsibility for fisheries, livestock and the collection of forest products. As part of their

agricultural work and knowledge, they contribute to the retention of plant and animal species,

the conservation of genetic resources, and in retaining indigenous knowledge.

Due to different tasks in water supply and food production, women have different

priorities, demands and knowledge on water management than men. However, women are


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not as widely consulted and women’s priorities and requirements are not given as much

attention due to different power relations between women and men.

One of the reasons for the limited consultation of women relates to women’s limited

control and access to land and water. Control over and access to resources is a determining

factor for decision making over the resource while land ownership is often linked to water

access. Women’s control over natural resources is limited because of societal values and

practices determining men as the ‘guardians’ of property, the ‘heads of the household’ and

the decision makers in the public sphere. Control over resources further depends on factors

such as ethnicity and socio-economic class, despite realizing that control over natural

resources is limited for basically all women worldwide [7].

As a result of women’s limited participation in decision making, valuable knowledge

and expertise is lost and decision making processes may result in failure of policies and

programmes. Lack of title deeds further limits women’s opportunities to access credit,

technical inputs, and training. In addition, lack of control over natural resources contributes to

limited opportunities for women to exercise their power to demand fulfillment of their human

rights and to negotiate responsibilities for a reduction of their time burden [7].

2.3 Gender approach in IWRM

It is not an easy task to mainstream a gender perspective into the framework of

commonly accepted international principles relating to IWRM characterized with the following

key points:

• Water should be treated as an economic, social and environmental good.

• Water policies should focus on the management of water and not just on the

provision of water.

• Governments should facilitate and enable the sustainable development of water


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resource including a regulatory framework.

• Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level.

• There should be recognition that women play a centered role in the provision,

management and safeguarding water [7].

2.4 Importance of mainstreaming Gender into Water Management

The importance of involving women as well as men in water resources management is not

only to improve women’s situation, but, also essential element for effective development,

utilization and management of water resources. There is an increasing urgency in the need to

mainstream a gender perspective at the overall water resources level because of the new

emerging international perspectives on water resources where [7]:

• When women’s and men’s roles are considered in the use, supply, administration, and

conservation of water resources, the links between people and the natural resources

they depend upon become clearer.

• Women are active players and leaders in the struggle for safe, affordable and

accessible drinking water. Women make difference in watershed and irrigation

management, in water sanitation, and in safeguarding water resources. Projects and

programs that neglect indigenous management and treat women as beneficiaries and

users, rather than water managers and decision-makers, hamper project outcomes and

diminish women’s position.

• Taking gender issues into consideration allows for a better understanding of the entire

hydrological cycle and the interaction of water with other natural and socio- economic

systems. Increased gender awareness in water resource management can foster greater

participation, collaboration, and consensus.

• A thorough, gender-based analysis of local situations helps to create more effective,


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equitable, and sustainable water policies and programs.

• Greater gender awareness contributes to a more balanced representation of women and men

in decision-making, and ensures that women’s perspectives are voiced.

• Collecting sex-disaggregated information is a first step toward developing gender-

responsive policies and programs. Data that provide information on women’s and men’s

resources use, access to resources and participation in environmental decision-making

contributes to sound policies.

2.5 Factors influencing the mainstreaming of Gender concerns in IWRM:

There are some factors affect influencing the mainstreaming of gender concern in IWRM

that can be summarized in the following [10]:

• Economic conditions: poverty level, income distribution, inflation rate, international

trade relation, structural adjustment programme.

• Demographic conditions: fertility rate, labor supply, internal migration patterns.

• Culture: prevalent norms and values, ethnicity.

• Legislation and regulations: national development policies.

• Training and educational levels: training facilities.

• Institutional arrangements: nature of government institutions, workers organizations,

NGOs , CDA.

2.6 The Process of Gender Mainstreaming in IWRM

The process of gender mainstreaming in IWRM can begin by doing the following [8]:

• Information: Disaggregate all relevant data and information by men and women, firstly

to identify the different needs of men and women and, secondly, to study the

differential impact of IWRM interventions on men and women. Gender analysis (an

examination of women’s and men’s roles, resources, needs and priorities in relation to


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water) should be part of all situation analysis; planning and evaluation processes; and

gender analytical studies should be commissioned to examine particular issued and

address in formation gaps.

• Consultation, Advocacy and Decision-Making: Involve men and women in planning

and implementing IWRM interventions on the basis of their various skills and the

contribution they can make rather than on the basis on what is considered as

“appropriate” by gender. This means promoting the involvement of women as well as

men in consultation and decision-making from the community level to the highest level

of organizational management. This will require further efforts to be made to create

space for women in planning and implementation processes and to facilitate their

participation through capacity building.

• Action to Promote Gender Sensitivity-Beneficiary Groups: This step should be based

on context specific sex disaggregated data and gender analytical information (step a) and

a clear understanding of women’s and men’s priorities (step b). Actions need to be

explicitly included in policy and project and frameworks, backed up with staff and

budgets, monitored and reviewed through appropriate indicator of change.

• Action to Promote Gender Sensitivity-Organizations: This step is directed to develop

the skills, knowledge and commitment of the staff involved in management and

implementation as well as addressing and understanding issues of gender differences and

inequality within developing organizations themselves. Appropriate capacity building

activities have to be explicitly included in policy, project documents and programs

framework.

In the abovementioned four key-steps of gender mainstreaming it is important for policy

makers to recognize, understand and take into account the following:


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• Without specific consideration of the differences and inequalities between women and

men, it is possible that several of the new policy trends could end up making women

situation worse.

• All data should be disaggregated by sex.

• Matching ability to pay and willing to pay may require redistribution of income of

women.

• Not only water but also women’s time is an economic good and that markets are likely to

undervalue women’s times.

• Gender barriers of effective and equitable management of water resources are more likely

to be overcome if women are organized into movements for change .

Division of labour in water collection: men collect water with means of transport for

business purposes, women collect water on foot for the family (WHO photo by A.S.

Kotchar)


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3. MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS INTO INTEGRATED

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

Women are important users of water

resources and are aware of their own situation in

relation to water resources and irrigation

management. Due to the errands and responsibilities

of men and women in irrigated agriculture and

related to the domestic area according to societal

norms and traditions. Differences in these errands

and responsibilities emerge to be based on socio-

economic issues, region, and time and are also

observed between male and female headed

households. In the area of integrated water resource management, the country has been working

towards the overall goal of mainstreaming gender in the policy framework and programmes

through the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) and other ministries,

organizations and institutions. The present and future objectives of this strategy provide sample

space to include attention to roles, responsibilities and relations of male and female water users in

order to ensure the sustainable utilization of water resources uses for all sectors to meet national

and regional development objectives.

3.1 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at the National Level

3.1.1 Urban Areas:

Women at the national are participation in planning, execution, and evaluation of different

development projects. They are also increasing in numbers as professional engineers, agricultural

sector, service providers as well as decision makers in different governmental and non-

governmental organizations. Although their presence in the cabinet of ministers, parliament,


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advisory political councils, and administrative local councils is still intermediate, nevertheless

they managed to increase their acceptance by the people at the communities’ level in the different

countries of the region. Annex a: Table (a-1 through a-14) illustrates the states of women

concerning health, education, and women labor force in Egypt.

3.1.2 Rural Areas

In rural areas women play an important role in the water management. They are most

often the collectors, users and managers of water in the household as well as farmers of irrigated

crops. In Egypt the roles of rural women in irrigation management are closely linked to the

socio-economic status of farming household and the possibilities to access land for agricultural.

While there are only little regional variation in the type of work women perform on the field and

at home, the extent of female labour input and their participation in decision-making depends on

the size of the household and how women's roles are perceived in various social settings. In what

follows a brief over view of the states of women in rural areas [11]

Activities

The majority of rural women participate in agricultural

activities, particularly those related to food security and animal

production. More than 50% of rural women are actively involved in

tasks such as fertilization, weeding, harvesting, sacking, marketing and

storage. Some also undertake ploughing and irrigation. About 70% of

their working time in agriculture is devoted to animal husbandry.

The division of labor between men and women varies by crop, overall men carry out most

of the land preparation, planting, weeding, irrigation and pest control. Women contribute

moderately to seed preparation, fertilization, harvesting, and significantly to storage and

marketing. In animal husbandry, men are primarily responsible for the care of water buffalo,

donkeys, cows and sheep, while women carry out most of the milking, processing and marketing


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of milk and animal products. In fisheries, fishing and marketing are primarily men's tasks, while

women contribute about 52% of the labour in fish processing and net-making, and carry out 42%

of net maintenance and repair.

Women are responsible for all domestic tasks, including water and fuel collection, and

food processing and preparation. Female-headed households make up a small portion of all

households, and in some cases have different characteristics than male-headed households.

Annex a table (a-16) shows the characteristics of head of households by gender for rural areas in

Egypt.

Sharing in decision-making

In general, rural women participate little in decision-making. The husbands have almost

exclusive authority to make decisions in matters related to the use of new seeds, source of seeds,

buying and selling of livestock, buying and selling of land, use of herbicides, use of agricultural

machinery, what to grow, and where to sell production. The wife makes decisions in buying and

selling poultry and in their vaccination.

Culture and Legal framework

There is no legal discrimination against women concerning education, equal pay for equal

work, and social security and welfare services. However, There are a number of constraints

that greatly limit the actives and contributions of rural women or decrease the returns of their

hard work. Most of these constrains arise from cultural and social factors. Critical ones include

illiteracy, high fertility rates, inadequate nutrition and health services, poor services in rural areas,

inadequate training programs, limited access to and control over resources such as credit and

extension services. In some areas women were still pressured by family members to give up their

share of lands that they get through inheritance for the sake of their brothers, in order that they

could enjoy their continued support particularly in cases of divorce.


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According to Islamic regulations, women enjoy the rights to possession and control of

their own property. The wife has complete decision-making power over her own property and

possession .she may sell or rent her property without first seeking the approval of her husband.

However in inheritance, females receive only half as much as males. This is because Islam

obliges men to support their wives and children as well as their mothers and sisters when in need.

It must be mentioned here that the Egyptian civil law agrees completely with Islamic teachings.

Access to services

Most rural areas suffered from inadequate infrastructure to furnish services such as clean

water, waste disposal, electricity, and roads. Basic health, educational and social welfare services

were also rather limited. Women can own land and livestock. The national constitution gives

women equal access to education, employment and work opportunities, and equal pay for equal

work. There is no law restricting women's ownership to land or livestock or their access to

credit. Any discrimination against women in these aspects is largely due to deeply rooted

customs and traditions, a lack of awareness among women themselves about their rights, and the

fact that laws are not always strictly implemented. However, the number of females who have

obtained land and livestock is lower than that of males. Figure 1 shows the percentage of

women's ownership of livestock and Figure 2 illustrated the number of land ownership in each

governorate in Egypt.


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Figure 1: The percentage of men and women's ownership of livestock in the Egyptian

governorates

Figure 2: Number of men and women’s land ownership in the Egyptian governorates


21

In the area of water supply and sanitation, the Government of Egypt has made great efforts

concerning the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all urban and rural

communities. The current coverage of water supply services has reached 97% for the urban

population and about 70% for rural communities [12]. Sanitary facilities are less developed, with

approximately 50% of the urban population and 6% of the rural population connected to a

sewerage system. Women and men have the same opportunity in this area. Annex (Percentage of

households with access to drinking and sanitation network

In a study that is performed to assess how far the concept of mainstreaming gender

dimensions in water resources management for rural development in Egypt is functional and

understood it is found that, in general, the concept of mainstreaming gender dimensions in water

resources management for rural development in Egypt could be considered functional and

understood in the Egyptian governorates except in 7 governorates which are Fayoum, North

Sinai, Menia, Beni Suef, Suhag, Assiut, and Matrouh [11]. The study analyzes the equality

distribution in education, life expectancy, income, participation in water management, access to

resources, save environment, and access to water. To achieve the previous objective of the study,

gender analysis tools, gender disaggregated data, and gender sensitive indices are applied. Where,

two gender indices; Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Water Poverty Index

(GWPI) are estimated for the rural areas in 23 Egyptian governorates by using a set of gender

sensitive indicators. The two indices examine how far the concept of mainstreaming gender

dimensions in water resources management for rural development in each Egyptian governorate

is functional and comprehend.

Figure 3 shows GDI for the rural areas in the Egyptian governorate ranked from the

highest one that are Domietta with a value 0.84 to the lowest value one that are el fayoum

governorate with the value 0.67. while, Figure 4 shows the estimated GWPI for the rural areas in

the Egyptian governorate ranked from the highest one that are New valley with a value 0.70 to

the lowest value that are Matrouh governorate with the value 0.43 [11].


22

Figure 3: Gender Development Index for Egyptian Governorates

Figure 4: Gender Water Poverty Index for Egyptian Governorates

3.2 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at the Ministerial level

In Egypt, Water management is fragmented among several ministries and authorities either

in a direct or indirect way. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) is the

ministry of sole responsibility to authorize water use and manage available water resources.


23

Other ministries and authorities involved in water resources management are: Ministry of

Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR), Ministry of Housing, Public Utilities and New

Urban Societies (MHUNC), General Organization for Industrialization (GOFI), Ministry of

Health and Population (MOHP), State Ministry for Environmental Affairs, River Transportation

Authority (RTA), Ministry of Local Development (MLD), and Ministry of Electricity (MOE).

The management of water resources in Egypt is the main role of MWRI. The management

of water pollution control in Egypt is fragmented among different authorities. Some ministries

have responsibilities for specific aspects of pollution control and monitoring activities. The

Ministry of Health and Population (MHP) main task is performing periodical water sampling and

analysis, mainly for municipal uses at the intakes of water treatment plants. It also directs the

MWRI to issue licenses for discharging or discarding solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes from

commercial, industrial, or tourist properties, shops or establishments, or from sanitary drainage

and other operations into the waterways. The industrial sector is responsible for pollution sources

originating from industrial activities. In the domestic sector the responsibility for pollution

control lies with several institutions. Individual households, local councils, sanitary drainage

authorities and Governorates all play a role in pollution control. In each ministry female as well

as male sharing in:

• Developing and following applying of Laws and legislation to ensure the sustainability of

water resources development and use, including the definition of suitability of water

quality for each specific use, and the control of water pollution

• Establishing the water quality-monitoring network along the irrigation and drainage

systems as well as in groundwater wells..

• Introducing and applying measures to control use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers

to minimize the pollution loads in drains plus encouraging organic agriculture techniques.

• Providing a comprehensive and accurate assessment of the environmental quality of the

surface water, groundwater and soil.

• Sharing in removing solid west from canals and drains.


24

3.3 Dissemination GENDER into IWRM at MWRI

3.3.1 Occupation

Since 1997, MWRI has been working towards the overall goal of mainstreaming

gender in the policy framework and programmes of the Ministry of Water Resources and

Irrigation (MWRI). The present and future objectives and strategies stated in the MWRI policy

provide ample space to include attention to roles, responsibilities and relations of male and

female water users the main objective is to ensure the sustainable utilization of water resources

uses for all sectors in order to meet national and regional development objectives.

The first engineering in the ministry have an occupation in 1965, The number of female

engineering increased to 340 at 1995, In 1995, 85% of the engineers male and 15% female, The

number of research scientists increased from 0 at 1965 to 24 at 1995, Around 10% of female

engineering are in decision making positioning. In the last 10 years the percentage of

engineering female was increased. In the last 10 years the percentage of engineering female was

increased [13]. Table 1 illustrates the percentage of gender occupation in national water research

Center- Ministry of Water resources and Irrigation at the technical level. Annex a Table (a.17)

shows the percentage of gender occupation in MWRI.

Female Engineering in the ministry sharing in:

• Sharing in the development of projects

• Making Policies, Strategies, and planning of water resources management

• Solving together with male water users problems related to water quantity (blockage of

the system) and environmental issues (pollution of water).

• Sharing in public awareness by holding seminars, different levels workshops, printing

materials,


25

• Development of scientific analysis, and planning documentations

• Sharing in training activities at the grass roots, institutional and policy levels

• Sharing in establishing the water quality-monitoring network along the irrigation and

drainage systems as well as in groundwater wells.

Table 1: Percentage of gender occupation in

National Water Research Center in year 2002 [13]

Female % Occupation

100% Head Mister of National Water Resources Center

25% Director of institute

25% Deputy for Director of Institute

100% Project Manager

25% Director of Department

25% Professor Researcher Assistor

30% Researcher

3.3.2 Gender unit in the MWRI

Since 1997 the MWRI has coordinated the mainstreaming of gender in its policy

framework and its programs through cooperation with the Royal Netherlands Embassy through

the Advisory Panel Project. The Panel member stressed the need for elaborating a gender

mainstreaming policy and strategies to serve as an orientation for the MWRI and its projects. To

activate this policy a Gender Unit in order to facilitate its policies and strategies was established.

The unit was established in November 2001 under the organization of the Irrigation Advisory

Service (IAS) of the MWRI. The main activities of this gender unit focus on: the institutional

linkage and cooperation between different departments of the MWRI and other ministries and

private organizations, building capacities within the MWRI administrative staff to apply gender


26

analysis while planning their activities, and Formulation and execution of a plan of action with

the objective to mainstream the gender concept throughout the MWRI activities.

3.3.3 Projects

The MWRI through its entities has successfully carried out several programs to promote the

role of women participation in the water resources development process. Many activities were

performed through different projects' actions and their achievements in that regard have been

well recognized. Some examples of these programs are addressed as follows [14]:

A. Advisory Panel Project on Water Management

The Advisory Panel Project (APP) on Water Management has performed various activities to

support Gender Mainstreaming into Policies, Strategies, and Programs of MWRI. Lots of efforts

have been exerted throughout the execution phase, and the results identified many critical issues

related to the roles and responsibilities of men and women in water resources and irrigation

management such as:

• Defining the specific responsibilities of women in the field of water quality and quantity

• Allowing female water users to voice their views regarding water use issues on equal

terms with male water users.

• Specifying channels of communication to reach female water users about water resources

and water use issues and their financial consequences.

• Providing space to female water users to discuss and solve together with male water users

problems related to water quantity (blockage of the system) and environmental issues

(pollution of water).

• Finding opportunities for female water users to play an active role in problem solving of

water use and management issues in a chance to give them the responsibility in decision

making about water related issues.


27

• The presence of area-specific strategies to overcome obstacles for female water users' in

getting involved in decision making in water resources management.

• Men in communities have preconceived ideas about women's responsibilities in water

resources and irrigation management; their influence on the irrigation system; and the

value of their concerns and suggestions.

• MWRI staff has preconceived ideas about the existing and potential role and

responsibilities of women in water resources and irrigation management.

Based on the above mentioned points, the APP project has listed down various

recommendations for addressing the above mentioned critical issues to achieve the MWRI gender

policy objectives. Generally speaking these recommendations were developed to incorporate

equal roles of men and women in the water resources and irrigation management and to fulfill the

above mentioned issues. Other activities were carried out by the APP team throughout its gender

component execution such as public awareness seminars, different levels workshops, printing

materials, applied scientific documentations. However, one of the main solid and sustainable

outputs of the APP action project's Gender component was the establishment of the MWRI

Gender Focal point.

B. NAWQAM Project

National Availability and Water Quality Management Project (NAWQAM) within the

NWRC has performed several Gender equality activities through the establishment of the Gender

component within the Project. The overall goal of this component was to activate the equal

participation of both male and female employees at all levels of the project by advancing

women’s equal participation with men as decision-makers in shaping the sustainable

development of the society; to support women in the realization of their full human rights and

reduce gender inequalities. Incorporating gender considerations and analysis at the planning,

management and implementation levels was a priority for the NAWQAM through a continuous

and serious collective effort of gender analysis, planning and training at the grass roots,


28

institutional and policy levels. The intention was to eliminate marginalized groups in the

community.

As a result of the NAWQAM gender activities, a Gender Focal Point was established within the

NWRC. This focal point considers the Gender mainstreaming in water resources management as

a continuous process. Several field training sessions were performed by this focal point as well as

the development of various public awareness materials and applied scientific documentations.

Training of trainees regarding Gender sensitive issues in water resources management was also

performed for sustainability purposes. The following points list the operational principles that

underlie the adopted strategy to integrate the Gender perspective into the NAWQAM project:

• Introduce the gender concepts, ideas and objectives to the working groups.

• Create a participatory and collaborative approach, with the active involvement of all

project planners, implementers, stakeholders, civil society and other donors working

on specific gender issues of relevance to CIDA’s programming .

• Integrate gender considerations into planned project activities, and in a responsive

manner to the changing needs of project implementers and other stakeholders.

C. Assessment of Water Users Associations in Egypt

Strategic Research Unit (SRU) – National Water Research Center- Ministry of Water

Resources and Irrigation has successfully carried out an applied research project for the

evaluation and assessment of the water users associations in Egypt. This was performed

through different perspectives utilizing various scientific approaches. One of the main issues

considered in this project was the Gender sensitive issues and the women roles and

participation in the associations. The study revealed that once the women were given the

opportunities to share in the water issues decisions along their mesqas, they proved strong

capabilities in carrying out their responsibilities in the implementation activities and in the

mutual discussions.


29

D. Water & Stability

SRU has just initiated another cooperative action with CARE Netherlands and CARE

Egypt to tackle water and stability issues within the Egyptian water sector. The main goal of

this action is to improve the capacity of MWRI and WUAs to promote equity, stability in the

water resources system. Specifically, the strategic objective of this action is to engage local

partners in mutually accountable resource management, advocacy, and dissemination of best

practices regarding managing the various water resources. Among the main issues that are

considered in this action is the Gender issue and the full participation of women with men in

managing the water resources at different levels (institutional, decision makers, grass roots,

NGOs, private sectors, and others) towards water sector development.

F. GEWAMED project

The most recent project is “MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS INTO

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN REGION” PROJECT (GEWAMED) [6]. The overall objective of the

GEWAMED is to contribute to the mainstreaming of gender dimensions in the Integrated Water

Resources Management (IWRM) in the Mediterranean Region, by promoting a dialogue among

the countries of the Region and establishing regional and national information networks and

coordination structures to promote the adoption of gender sensitive policies and build a common

knowledge base. The above mentioned objective will be achieved through the following strategic

objectives:

• Building a national and regional shared knowledge base on gender issues, policies,

actions and measures to support gender mainstreaming in all processes related to

IWRM.


30

• Enhance the cooperation and dialogue among Mediterranean countries but also

within each country promoting the exchange of information and its dissemination

among national governmental agencies, NGO’s research institutions, international

organizations, private sector and communication media involved in gender related

issues and the water sector.

• Contribute to the adoption of national policies and other related instruments

(strategies, approaches, guidelines, incentives and legislation) by involving decision

makers and politicians in the processes of mainstreaming gender dimensions in

IWRM.

E. Water Boards Project

Water Boards and Water Users Association are formed within the Egyptian water system, at

two different levels, to involve the grass root (farmers) in the decision process regarding the

water distribution and Environmental protection. Specifically the Water Boards involve farmers

and MWRI officers at the branch canal level. On the other hand, Water Users associations

involve the full participation of the farmers at the Mesqa levels without the interference of MWRI

officers. Water Users Associations exist in parts of the country and function as follows: farmers

on one mesqa select a representative to the association, which meets regularly with the district

irrigation engineer to determine the major repairs that need to be made. The association is also

responsible for organizing regular mesqa maintenance and resolving conflicts. Over the last years

successful pilots have been carried out with the establishment of user organizations above the

mesqa level (Branch Canal WUA, Water Boards). These organizations show potential in

coordinating local water management, in resolving water use conflicts, in planning for irrigation

and drainage improvement and in enhancing service delivery efficiency. Through the

establishment and activation of the water boards' project, a gender strategy was developed in

1999. During this project, three main strategies were developed:


31

1. Identify women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially

accepted.

2. Gradually build up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in

the water boards meetings

3. Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to

women in order to convey specific messages to them.

Throughout the gender analyses activities carried out within the water boards' project,

important elements for involving women in the implementation process were highlighted as

follows:

� Providing women with full information on the establishment, functions, and decisions of

water boards.

� Encouraging and training women to become leaders or representatives of their water

boards.

� Discussing with women groups their interests and incorporating their needs in concrete

action plans.

� Identifying and supporting mechanisms to channel women's interests to the water boards

and hence to the government.

� Raising the awareness of government officials and extension engineers towards

incorporating women's and small farmers' views into increasing the efficiency of the

irrigation system.

� Evaluating the impact of women's involvement on the efficiency of the system.

� Due to the vital importance of involving women in the water sector, a separate activity

named by "Enable Women leaders to fully participate in Water Board activities" was

initiated in the water boards' action project. Several indicators were developed along with

it in a way to measure its impact on the results.


32

4. REFERENCES

1. UNDP, 2003, "Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management", United Nation Development

Program,

http://www.undp.org/water/docs/resource_guide.pdf#search='UNDP%20%20Mainstreaming%

20Gender%20in%20Water%20Management'

2. UNDP, 1997, “Gender Mainstreaming in UNDP's Country Programmes”

http://www.sdnp.undp.org/gender/resources/synthesis.html#appendixA

3. Elvira G., Abdel Kader S., 2001, Fact sheet: Women, Agriculture and Rural Development",

Draft Report on a Consultancy Assignment for the Advisory Panel Project (APP), Egypt.

http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/WPdirect/WPre0016.htm

4. Gender in Water Resources and Irrigation Management to support Gender Mainstreaming in

the Policies, Strategies and Programmes of the MWRI, Consultancy report for the Advisory

Panel Project, Verona Groverman, Amsterdam, 30 October 2002.

5. GEWAMED, 2005, "Annex I – Description of Work", " MAINSTREAMING GENDER

DIMENSIONS into WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN

THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION project, Proposal/Contract No FP6-517696.

6. Hamdy, A., Quagliariello, R., Trisorio Liuzzi, G., (2006) “Mainstreaming Gender in

Integrated water resource management: major issues and challenges”,

http://www.gewamed.net

7. Saskia Ivens, “ Gender Perspectives in Integrated Water Resources Management”

http://www.unep.org/GC/GC25/ Docs/GC25-Presentationgenderperspectives.pdf

8. Hamdy, A., Quagliariello, R., (2003) “Gender mainstreaming in water management: A

Challenge to Sustainable Development” 3rd Arab Water Regional Conference: Research

Advancement in Managing Monitoring and Evaluation Limited Water Resources

9. Lorena Aguilar, Jackie Siles, and Silvia Lara.,(2003) “Gender Makes the Difference”

IUCN-Gender and Environment At www.genderandenvironment.org

10. Soumaya Ibrahim, “Gender and IWRM: How to integrate Gender Concerns into IWRM” at

www.genderandwater.org/content/download/7166/49590/file


33

11. El-Gafy I, 2008, “MAINSTREAMING GENDER DIMENSIONS IN WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT”, Water Science Journal, The

National water Research Center Journal, Vol. 39 & 40, pp. 38 - 99, October.

12. Attia B. 2004. Water as a human right: The understanding of water in the Arab countries of

the Middle East – A four country analysis, Heinrich Böll Foundation. Issue Papers, No. 11.

13. El Kady M., 2002, Seminar of scientific research and technology - for development, the role

of women in water resources, the National Council for Women

14. Abo-elfotoh N., 2006, Working paper by National Water Research Center- Strategic Research

Unit NWRC-MWRI/SRU , kick-of meeting of GEWAMED project, The Workshop was held

at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (MAI-B)


34

ANNEX A


35

Table (a-1): Status of Women in Egypt

Life expectancy

at birth (years)

Maternal mortality

rate (per10000

0 live births

Average age at first

marriage (years)

Gross enrolment ratios (%)

Females

(15+) with secondary or higher education

(%)

Professional

& technical

staff (% of

females)

Woman

in labor force (% of total)

Total

Basic education

Secondary

Primary

Preparatory

2004

2004

2004

2003/04

2004

2004

2004

2004

2004

2004

Cairo 71.2 73 28.2 99.4 113.2 102.0 88.6 38.9 60.8 21.8

Alexandria 71.4 90 29.5 100.2 111.2 109.8 81.3 33.2 60.6 12.5

Port Said 72.1 60 27 90.3 95.9 89.0 93.2 43.0 70.3 32.6

Suez 71.7 72 26 96.1 102.9 92.2 98.8 34.0 73.8 23.3

Urban Govs 71.6 74 28.3 99.1 111.3 103.3 87.1 37.2 66.4 22.6

Damietta 72.0 73 25.0 97.9 102.3 101.9 109.0 27.9 59.5 16.7

Dakahlia 71.2 56 25.1 94.8 101.5 102.3 96.9 25.6 43.8 21.2

Sharkia 70.7 80 24.7 96.8 115.1 103.4 86.8 21.1 28.6 30.9

Kalyoubia 72.1 54 25.0 85.4 104.7 84.7 72.5 24.4 41.3 25.4

Kafr El-Sheikh 70.1 60 25.5 93.2 94.1 100.1 89.4 18.8 50.1 18.2

Gharbia 71.7 72 25.9 93.5 96.0 102.3 88.3 26.7 26.6 31.1

Menoufia 71.0 79 25.1 88.8 90.8 91.4 85.1 24.1 28.3 28.2

Behera 71.0 46 25.5 89.2 95.2 95.9 67.6 16.2 8.1 41.2

Ismailia 69.9 72 26.3 93.8 101.8 94.8 84.2 28.5 63.2 26.3

Lower Egypt 71.1 66 25.2 92.1 100.3 97.4 84.2 22.9 47.6 23.7

Urban 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 35.0 78.9 25.1

Rural 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 17.8 32.8 23.3

Giza 69 54 25.5 86.1 101.2 90.1 60.6 27.1 65.8 12.7

Beni Suef 71.1 65 23.3 81.2 85.1 74.4 57.3 14.2 15.3 28.4

Fayoum 69.0 70 23.5 80.1 80.2 80.0 64.7 14.0 48.0 14.3

Menia 68.8 85 23.5 90.1 87.7 80.8 62.7 13.0 14.5 24.9

Assiut 70.2 62 24.5 84.2 88.4 90.3 57.2 15.2 51.6 16.7

Suhag 70.0 69 24.3 89.8 89.8 98.9 64.0 11.2 40.0 15.2

Qena 70.0 77 24.4 94.9 93.2 100.7 80.2 9.6 21.7 23.0

Luxor 69.4 94 25.0 98.1 96.5 114.2 95.8 15.6 18.0 17.6

Aswan 70.7 85 26.0 97.0 95.2 108.9 88.3 21.4 69.2 18.5

Upper Egypt 69.8 73 24.4 87.6 90.9 89.9 64.8 16.5 48.8 17.2

Urban 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 33.7 90.2 22.8

Rural 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8.0 23.5 14.3

Red Sea 70.7 43 27.6 70.7 69.6 78.1 77.7 27.7 47.6 19.2

New Valley 70.7 66 25.6 80.6 75.4 78.7 90.2 31.2 59.7 29.4

Matrouh 70.6 89 31.7 77.4 84.1 60.7 42.7 11.2 62.2 21.6

North Sinai 70.7 32 27.6 52.5 29.8 75.4 59.8 22.0 81.3 18.1

South Sinai 70.6 00 30.8 64.1 68.9 70.1 58.2 22.8 62.5 18.3

Frontier Govs 70.7 46 28.3 66.1 50.9 72.7 63.4 21.9 79.3 22.8

Urban 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30.3 78.0 23.0

Rural 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11.0 00 22.7

Egypt 70.6 68 26.1 90.9 96.4 95.1 77.2 23.5 33.5 23.9


36

Life expectancy

at birth (years)

Maternal mortality

rate (per10000

0 live births

Average age at first

marriage (years)

Gross enrolment ratios (%)

Females

(15+) with secondary or higher education

(%)

Professional

& technical

staff (% of

females)

Woman

in labor force (% of total)

Total

Basic education

Secondary

Primary

Preparatory

2004

2004

2004

2003/04

2004

2004

2004

2004

2004

2004

Urban 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 35.6 00 24.5

Rural 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 13.5 00 19.6

Source: UNDP, 2005,

Table (a-2) : The percentage distribution of workers (15 - 64) according to gender

Table (a-3): Task Force distribution (15 - 64) in 1990 & 2005 according to gender

Place 1990 2005

Average rate of annual

growth 1990 – 2005(%)

Women Men Women Men Women Men

Urban 1482500 5202200 2008500 7222800 2.02 2.19

Rural 2454100 6403800 2996100 9564400 1.33 2.67

Total 3936600 1160600 5004600 16787200 1.6 2.46

Source: CAPMAS, “ المرأة والعمل والتدريب: الباب الثالث –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-

img2/htms/womanman/work3.pdf

Sector urban Rural Total

Women Men Women Men Women Men

State 66.5 24.3 21.4 21.6 38.5 22.7

Public 3.9 7.2 0.8 3.6 2 5.1

Private / others 29.6 68.5 77.8 74.8 59.5 72.1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

CAPMAS 2005


37

Table (a-4): Women Percentage that are nominated in the high administrative positions in the

government, business section and the public sector, to the no. of total workers during

the period 1988 – 2005

Top posts 1988 1996 1999 2005

The rank of minister and abov, 1.4 2.6 2.8 3.8

Deputy minister 3 3.2 6 7.1

Excellent 0.9 3.3 5.1 13.4

High 4.3 8.5 13 21.7

General manager 8.8 17.5 21.6 15.4

Total 7.3 15.3 19.5 16.2

Source: CAPMAS, “ الحياة وتولى المناصب القيادية: الباب الرابع –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/htms/womanman/holelif.pdf


38

Table (a-5) : Numbers and percentage of research projects that are headed by women during

the research projects of the fifth five-year plan (2001 – 2005)

Source: CAPMAS, after Academy of scientific research 2006, “ المرأة والتعليم والبحث العلمى: الباب ا&ول –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-

img2/htms/womanman/educ1.pdf

The Field Total no. of

researches

The researches

headed by women percentage

The Field of food. Agriculture and irrigation researchs 39 2 5.1 The Field of livestock and fisheries researchs 13 4 30.7 The Field industry research 16 5 31.3 The Field of petroleum research 8 4 50 The Field of mineral resources research 12 - - The Field of electricity and energy researchs 9 4 45 The Field of medical research 12 6 50 The Field of environment and development researchs 4 4 100 The Field of transport research 5 1 20 The Field of construction research 11 2 18.2 The Field of economical sciences research 2 - - The Field of administrative sciences research 4 - - The Field of social and population sciences researchs 7 3 43 The Field of basic sciences researchs 9 1 11 The Field of sciences and space technology researchs 5 1 20 The Field of nutrition research and the food industry 2 1 50 The Field of research development of the village 10 3 30 The Field of research to risk management and insurance 12 1 8.3


39

Table (a-6): The no. of nominated persons in the high administrative positions in the

government, business section and the public sector during the period 1988 - 2005

Top posts 2005 1999 1996 1988

Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women

The rank of

minister and abov 76 3 72 2 74 2 73 1

Deputy minister 13 1 47 3 61 2 33 1

Excellent 253 39 517 28 623 21 795 7

High 1378 383 2766 414 3317 307 3007 134

General manager 7598 1378 11538 3174 13157 2782 9284 897

Total 1378 1804 14940 3621 17232 3114 13192 1040

Source: CAPMAS 1988, 1996, 1999, and 2005,

“ الحياة وتولى المناصب القيادية: الباب الرابع –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/htms/womanman/holelif.pdf


40

Table (a-7): Number and Percentage of the members of the different syndicates according to

gender for the year 2005

Syndicate Women Men Women

percentage

Men

percentage

Medical doctors 51800 98365 34.5 65.5

Dental doctors 9083 12239 42.5 57.4

Veterinary medical doctors 10509 19595 35 65.1

Pharmacy 35728 38375 48.2 51.8

Agricultural occupations 94622 299840 24 76

Educational jobs 497595 775080 39.1 61

Engineering professions 50457 303448 14.3 85.7

Commerce 395799 493373 44.5 55.5

Bar Association - - - -

Scientific professions 19441 46676 29.4 70.6

Press Professions 1600 4500 26.2 73.8

Actors 1155 1601 41.9 58.1

Cinema Professions 1170 2900 29 71.3

Music Professions 5606 17794 24 76

Nurses 171114 15468 91.7 8.3

Applied Syndicate 33805 626151 5.1 94.9

Artists 5999 6042 49.8 50.2

Social occupations 59900 48500 55.3 44.7

Guides 2784 4231 39.7 60.3

Sports occupations 12364 35834 25.7 74.3

Physiotherapy 1878 2332 44.6 55.4

Total 1462409 2852349 32.2 62.9

Source: CAPMAS Apr.2006,

“ الحياة وتولى المناصب القيادية: الباب الرابع –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/htms/womanman/holelif.pdf


41

Table (a-8): The Expected age at the birth time for both males & Females for different years

during the period between (1986 / 2006)

The year Females Males

1986 63.5 60.5

1989 65.2 61.9

1992 66.9 63.3

1995 68.5 64.7

1998 70 65.9

2001 71.5 67.1

2003 72.3 67.9

2005 73.2 68.8

2006 73.6 69.2

Source: CAPMAS,

“ الصحة وا&نجاب: الباب الثانى –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-

img2/htms/womanman/helth2.pdf


42

Table (a-9): Death Rates during the period (1986-2004)

The Ages 1986 1995 2004

Females Males Females Males Females Males

Less than one years 46 49 30 29 21.3 23.8

-1 7 6 2 2 1.7 1.8

-5 3 2 1 1 .8 .8

-10 1 1 1 1 .4 .7

-15 2 2 1 1 .6 1

-20 2 2 1 3 .7 1

-25 2 2 1 2 .8 1

-30 2 3 1 2 1.1 1.6

-35 3 4 2 3 1.6 2.6

-40 4 5 3 3 2.3 4.5

-45 6 8 4 4 3.4 7.4

-50 11 16 5 8 8 13.4

-55 17 25 11 11 11.6 18.9

-60 26 35 22 23 20.1 28.2

-65 55 49 29 39 33.2 42.6

-70 86 80 49 68 62 63

75 248 156 119 116 228 152

Source: CAPMAS,

“ الصحة وا&نجاب: الباب الثانى –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-

img2/htms/womanman/helth2.pdf


43

Table (a-10): Development of Female Workers in Egypt during the Perioud of 1984 – 2005

Years Percentage of Female Workers to the Total Workers

1984 18

1990 22

1993 17

1995 22

1997 22

1998 21

1999 21

2000 22

2001 21

2002 22

2003 22

2004 24

2005 23

Source: CAPMAS 1984 & 2005,

“ المرأة والعمل والتدريب: الباب الثالث –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-



44

Table (a-11): No. of governmental Workers their Percentage Distribution according to the

Economical Sector in 1 / 1 / 2005

Economical Sector

Sex %

Women Men Women Men

Agriclture & Irrigation 60601 276386 18 82

Industry, Petroleum and Mineral Resources 281 2162 11.5 88.5

Electricity and Energy 8147 40404 16.8 83.2

Transport, Communication and Civil

Aviation 23941 233121 9.3 90.7

Supply and Internal Trade 13608 38339 26.2 73.8

Money and Economics 39205 94359 29.4 70.6

Housing, Construction, Reconstruction and

New Cities 13504 61455 18 82

Health Services, religious and labor force 204662 456963 30.9 69.1

Education, Researches and Youth 827333 1352924 37.9 62.1

Culture and Information 34242 60412 36.2 63.8

Tourism 987 1074 47.9 52.1

Defense, Security and Justice 21301 33432 38.9 61.1

Presidential Service 8225 13499 37.9 62.1

Insurance and Social affaires 47583 57868 45.1 54.9

Public adminstration and local Councils 124132 316187 28.2 71.8

Total 1427752 3038585 32 68

Ministry of Adminstrative Development 2005

Source: CAPMAS, after Ministry of Adminstrative Development 2005

“ المرأة والعمل والتدريب: الباب الثالث –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-



45

Table (a-12): Total no. of Students and the Percentage of Female Students in Some Faculties

Choosen

Theoritical

Faculties

2003/2004

2000/2001

1996/1997

1975/1976

Female

Students

%

Total

no. of

Students

Female

Students

%

Total no.

of

Students

Female

Students

%

Total no.

of

Students

Female

Students

%

Total no.

of

Students

Faculty of Al-

Alsun 78 8499 79 6886 67 3455 59 1249

Faculty of

Ecomonics &

Political Sience

77 3067 72 2781 62 2096 55 2278

Faculty of art

education 74 1538 72 2427 69 2429 55 1203

Faculty of Arts 70 207870 58 185577 54 138824 52 37979

Faculty of

information 83 2115 77 1694 68 1289 50 1613

Faculty of

Commerce 39 335774 38 293192 37 226393 29 90508

Faculty of Low 37 184401 46 154532 33 128274 22 37036

The Total of

Theoritecal

Faculties

48 743264 47

105577

9

42 825136 35 248558

Source: CAPMAS,

“ المرأة والتعليم والبحث العلمى: الباب ا&ول –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-



46

Table (a-12): Total no. of Students and the Percentage of Female Students in Some Faculties

(con.)

Choosen

Practical

Faculties

2003/2004

2000/2001

1996/1997

1975/1976

Female

Students

%

Total

no. of

Students

Female

Students

%

Total no.

of

Students

Female

Students %

Total no.

of

Students

Female

Students

%

Total no.

of Students

Faculty of Fine

arts 67 10461 66 13801 57 11384 36 5188

Faculty of

Dentistry 58 9063 58 7536 44 4323 * *

Faculty of

Pharmacy 58 43127 12 39519 38 22069 * *

Faculty of

Medicine 47 59503 45 52176 35 30474 25 49016

Faculty of

Science 49 49512 46 38120 35 27715 31 13562

Faculty of

Agriculture 39 25146 20 29178 31 22656 22 37336

Faculty of

Veterinary

Medicine

55 15963 45 13574 32 7439 20 5096

Faculty of

Engineering 23 95057 24 98301 25 56583 16 35040

The Total of

Practical

Faculties

42 307832 49 335424 35 209403 22 173343

Source: CAPMAS,

“ المرأة والتعليم والبحث العلمى: الباب ا&ول –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/htms/womanman/educ1.pdf


47

Table (a-13): Total no. of graduates and the Female Percentage of This No. According

to Graduation Year

Choosen Theoritical Faculties

2003/2004

1996/1997

1975/1976

Female

graduates

%

Total

no. of

graduates

Female

graduates

%

Total

no. of

graduate

s

Female

graduat

es%

Total

no. of

graduate

s

Faculty of Ecomonics &

Political Sience 78 1617 70 599 67 161

Faculty of Al-Alsun 79 593 56 561 43 400

Faculty of art education 79 291 67 215 64 222

Faculty of Arts 68 38486 58 20725 56 5347

Faculty of information 76 918 68 174 45 231

Faculty of Commerce 39 60261 39 30013 234 11616

Faculty of Low 38 27595 31 14694 19 3124

The Total of Theoritecal

Faculties 49 129761 44 111468 38 33102

Faculty of Fine arts 63 2040 56 1116 42 769

Faculty of Dentistry 52 1741 41 392 38 457

Faculty of Pharmacy 58 9325 38 1829 35 1140

Faculty of Medicine 48 8150 35 3305 21 4061

Faculty of Science 52 8916 37 3975 35 2020

Faculty of Agriculture 47 5979 28 2889 24 5597

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 53 2622 25 817 17 714

Faculty of Engineering 25 18132 24 5712 13 3954

The Total of Practical Faculties 44 56905 34 23723 24 22772

Source: CAPMAS,

“ المرأة والتعليم والبحث العلمى: الباب ا&ول –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-



48

Table (a-14): Development of the Number of Female Workers in the Research Institutes and

their Percentage

Names of the Institutes

1981 for Construction

Years

2005

Years

No. of

Female

The

percent

age to

the

total

no.

No. of

Female

The

percen

tage to

the

total

no. The Council of industry researchs 81 1 1 11 8

1. The Council of livestock and fisheries researchs 89 7 5.8 12 10

2. The Council of food. Agriculture and irrigation 81 8 3.3 10 5.8

3. The Council of petroleum researchs 93 2 2.2 6 4.1

4. The Council of ekectricity and energy researchs 90 7 11.5 7 4

5. The Council of medical researchs 82 6 2.7 15 26.6

6. The Council of construction researchs 81 6 4.8 16 7.8

7. The Council of mineral resources researchs 93 3 2.6 5 5

8. The Council of enviroment and development

researchs 81 5 9.3 6 23.1

9. The Council of water and sewage researchs 84 2 6.3 6 21

10. The Council of transport and connunication

researchs 81 - - 2 1.8

11. The Council of economical science researchs 87 3 8.3 17 44

12. The Council of science and space technology

researchs 98 4 3.3 4 3.5

13. The Council of adminstrative science research 90 - - 1 2.5

14. The Council of social and population 87 7 14 43 36

15. The Council of basic of sciences researchs 81 4 4.7 4 11

Source: CAPMAS,

“ المرأة والتعليم والبحث العلمى: الباب ا&ول –وضع المرأة فى مصر ”, http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/ows-img2/htms/womanman/educ1.pdf


49

Table (a-15): Characteristics of head of households by gender 1999/2000 [11]

Head Characteristics Rural Areas

Male Female Total%

Age

Less than 15 years 00.010 0.010

15-30 13.320 10.820 12.960

45 43.960 26.580 41.420

60 26.700 34.800 27.880

Above 60 16.010 27.790 17.730

Marital Status

Below Age 00.079 00.068

Never Married 01.947 01.246 01.844

Legally Married 00.104 00.089

Married 95.508 22.989 84.892

Divorced 00.214 03.986 00.766

Widowed 02.148 71.779 12.342

Education

Illiterate 40.665 85.053 47.163

Read and write 27.159 07.117 24.225

Basic education 07.232 01.886 06.450

Secondary 15.758 04.626 14.129

Diploma 02.923 00.676 02.594

University 06.128 00.641 05.324

Higher than University degree 00.134 00.115

Participation Rate 92.640 56.726 87.382

Unemployment rate 00.217 00.753 00.268

Employment Status

Wage Earner 54.060 10.240 49.916

Self Employed hiring other 35.719 27.876 34.977

Self Employed Working Alone 10.174 60.619 14.945

worker without wages 00.046 01.264 00.161

Average expenditure per household 11921.857 5435.143 7564.474

Average expenditure per person 2736.126 1547.705 1440.048

Average household Size 04.357 03.512 05.253


50

Table (a-16): Percentage of households with access to drinking and sanitation network year

2004

Piped Water Sanitation

Urban Rural Urban Rural

Cairo 99.9 0 99.9 0

Alexandria 99.8 0 99.9 0

Port Said 98.6 0 100 0

Suez 99.8 0 100 0

Urban Govs 99.8 0 99.9 0

Damietta 97.8 92.8 100 99.1

Dakahlia 99.8 89.6 100 99.3

Sharkia 98.7 78.4 99.6 98.6

Kalyoubia 99.9 88.9 100 97.6

Kafr El-Sheikh 98.9 86.6 98 94.4

Gharbia 95.8 81.9 99.2 96.6

Menoufia 92.7 75.4 98.8 97.6

Behera 92.3 79.8 99 96.9

Ismailia 98.1 89 100 100

Lower Egypt 97.1 84.7 99.5 97.8

Giza 98.6 87 99.8 98.1

Beni Suef 93.5 61 97.7 79.4

Fayoum 92.6 79.6 97.3 75.5

Menia 96.9 62.7 97.6 87.4

Assiut 99.4 78.1 96.4 61.5

Suhag 92.4 72.3 92.4 72.2

Qena* 98.1 85.2 95.4 83.4

Luxor 98.3 86.1 98.3 89.4

Aswan 97.4 88.5 97.7 81

Upper Egypt 96.4 75.8 97.9 81.1


51

Piped Water Sanitation

Red Sea 94.8 82.9 99.3 100

New Valley 99.2 97.6 96.7 100

Matrouh 93.9 76.8 97.5 48

North Sinai 99.8 85.9 99.8 69.7

South Sinai 96.4 85.2 92.5 84.3

Frontier Govs 96.8 85.7 97.3 79.7

Egypt 97.5 82.1 99.6 78.2

Source: UNDP, 2005

http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/arabstates/egypt/egypt_2005_en.pdf


52

Table (a-17): the percentage of gender occupation in MWRI 2006


53

Table (a-17): the percentage of gender occupation in MWRI 2006 (con.)

Source: MWRI, 2006

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