Y a conflict of interest if RCMP investigate Crown?

7/27/2019 Y a conflict of interest if RCMP investigate Crown?

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Y a conflict of interest if RCMP investigate Crown?Attorney General Judicial like represents the Crown as guardian of the HE human enslaved interesthttp:www!scri"d!comdoc#$%&'($')*C+,-.arge-.tates-Apparently-/-0hought-1ere-Actually-Going-to-

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http:www!scri"d!comdoc#?'%$%)%FAte-6-Ate-con-sums-&&-eh

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2eyond the scope of the twitterhttp:en!wikipedia!orgwikiConflict8of8interest

A conflict of interest C/ occurs when anindividualor organiIationis involved in multipleinterestsone of whichcould possi"ly corruptthe motivation for an act in another!0he presence of a conflict of interest is independent from the e6ecution of impropriety! 0herefore a conflict of interestcan "e discovered and voluntarily defused "efore any corruptionoccurs! A widely used definition is: KA conflict ofinterest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional >udgement or actions regarding a primary interestwill "e unduly influenced "y a secondary interest!KL#M,rimary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession oractivity such as the protection of clients the health of patients the integrity of research and the duties of pu"licoffice! .econdary interest includes not only financial gain "ut also such motives as the desire for professionaladvancement and the wish to do favours for family and friends "ut conflict of interest rules usually focus on financialrelationships "ecause they are relatively more o">ective fungi"le and 9uantifia"le! 0he secondary interests are nottreated as wrong in themselves "ut "ecome o">ectiona"le when they are "elieved to have greater weight than theprimary interests! 0he conflict in a conflict of interest e6ists whether or not a particular individual is actuallyinfluenced "y the secondary interest! /t e6ists if the circumstances are reasona"ly "elieved on the "asis of paste6perience and o">ective evidence to create a risk that decisions may "e unduly influenced "y secondary interests!

Contents LhideM# Conflicts of interest related to the practice of law= Conflicts of interest generally unrelated to the practice of law) rganiIational conflict of interest( *elationship to medical research% 0ypes of conflicts of interests& E6amples&!# Environmental HaIards and Human Health&!= .elf-,olicing&!) /nsurance Claims Ad>usters&!( ,urchasing Agents and .ales ,ersonnel&!% Governmental fficials&!& inance /ndustry and Elected fficials&!? inance /ndustry and economists&!F .tock"rokers&!' +edia? 1ays to mitigate conflicts of interests?!# *emoval?!= Nisclosure?!) *ecusal?!( 0hird-party evaluations

?!% ConclusionF .ee also' E6ternal links#$ urther reading## *eferencesConflicts of interest related to the practice of lawLeditM

,rofessional responsi"ility

Nuties to the client

Confidentiality

=
http://www.scribd.com/doc/179505358/Ate-x-Ate-con-sums-66-ehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#%23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conflicts_of_interest_related_to_the_practice_of_law%23Conflicts_of_interest_related_to_the_practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conflicts_of_interest_generally_.28unrelated_to_the_practice_of_law.29%23Conflicts_of_interest_generally_.28unrelated_to_the_practice_of_law.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Organizational_conflict_of_interest%23Organizational_conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Relationship_to_medical_research%23Relationship_to_medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Types_of_conflicts_of_interests%23Types_of_conflicts_of_interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Examples%23Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Environmental_Hazards_and_Human_Health%23Environmental_Hazards_and_Human_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Self-Policing%23Self-Policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Insurance_Claims_Adjusters%23Insurance_Claims_Adjustershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Purchasing_Agents_and_Sales_Personnel%23Purchasing_Agents_and_Sales_Personnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Governmental_Officials%23Governmental_Officialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Finance_Industry_and_Elected_Officials%23Finance_Industry_and_Elected_Officialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Finance_Industry_and_economists%23Finance_Industry_and_economistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Stockbrokers%23Stockbrokershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Media%23Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Ways_to_mitigate_conflicts_of_interests%23Ways_to_mitigate_conflicts_of_interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Removal%23Removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Disclosure%23Disclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Recusal%23Recusalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Third-party_evaluations%23Third-party_evaluationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conclusion%23Conclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_confidentialityhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/179505358/Ate-x-Ate-con-sums-66-ehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#%23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conflicts_of_interest_related_to_the_practice_of_law%23Conflicts_of_interest_related_to_the_practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conflicts_of_interest_generally_.28unrelated_to_the_practice_of_law.29%23Conflicts_of_interest_generally_.28unrelated_to_the_practice_of_law.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Organizational_conflict_of_interest%23Organizational_conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Relationship_to_medical_research%23Relationship_to_medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Types_of_conflicts_of_interests%23Types_of_conflicts_of_interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Examples%23Exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Environmental_Hazards_and_Human_Health%23Environmental_Hazards_and_Human_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Self-Policing%23Self-Policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Insurance_Claims_Adjusters%23Insurance_Claims_Adjustershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Purchasing_Agents_and_Sales_Personnel%23Purchasing_Agents_and_Sales_Personnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Governmental_Officials%23Governmental_Officialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Finance_Industry_and_Elected_Officials%23Finance_Industry_and_Elected_Officialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Finance_Industry_and_economists%23Finance_Industry_and_economistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Stockbrokers%23Stockbrokershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Media%23Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Ways_to_mitigate_conflicts_of_interests%23Ways_to_mitigate_conflicts_of_interestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Removal%23Removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Disclosure%23Disclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Recusal%23Recusalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Third-party_evaluations%23Third-party_evaluationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Conclusion%23Conclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_confidentiality


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Avoiding conflict of interestNiligenceand competenceAvoid comminglingAvoid self-dealingEffective assistanceAvoid fee splitting1ithdrawal from representation

Nuties to the court

Nisclosure ofper>uryNisclosure ofadverse authority

Nuties to the profession

5imitations on legal advertising*eport misconduct

.ources of law

A2A +odel *ules

,enalties for misconduct

Nis"arment

Judicial misconduct

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Judicial dis9ualification also referred to as recusal refers to the act of a"staining from participation in an officialaction such as a court caseOlegal proceeding due to a conflict of interest of thepresiding court officialor administrativeofficer! Applica"le statutes or canons ofethicsmay provide standards for recusal in a given proceeding or matter!,roviding that the >udge or presiding officer must "e free from disa"ling conflicts of interest makes the fairness of theproceedings less likely to "e 9uestioned!L=M/n thelegal professionthe duty of loyalty owed to a client prohi"its an attorney or a law firm from representing anyother party with interests adverse to those of a current client! 0he few e6ceptions to this rule re9uire informed writtenconsent from all affected clients i!e! an Kethical wallK! /n some circumstances a conflict of interest can never "ewaived "y a client! /n perhaps the most common e6ample encountered "y the general pu"lic the same firm should notrepresent "oth parties in a divorce or child custody case!A prohi"ited or undisclosed representation involving a conflict of interest can su">ect an attorney to disciplinaryhearings the denial or disgorgement of legal fees or in some cases such as the failure to make mandatory disclosurecriminal proceedings! /n theDnited .tatesa law firm usually cannot represent a client if its interests conflict withthose of another client even if they have separate lawyers within the firm unless in some >urisdictions the lawyer issegregated from the rest of the firm for the duration of the conflict! 5aw firms often employ software in con>unctionwith their case management and accounting systems in order to meet their duties to monitor their conflict of intereste6posure and to assist in o"taining waivers!

Conflicts of interest generally unrelated to the practice of lawLeditM

.ociology

utline

0heory

)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dealinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_splittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_report_misconducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Model_Rules_of_Professional_Conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbarmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_misconducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Professional_responsibility&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-RepublicLost-2%23cite_note-RepublicLost-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNA_segment.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dealinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_splittinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_report_misconducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Model_Rules_of_Professional_Conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbarmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_misconducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Professional_responsibility&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-RepublicLost-2%23cite_note-RepublicLost-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theory


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History

,ositivismAntipositivismunctionalismConflict theories

+iddle-range+athematicalCritical theory.ocialiIation.tructure and agency

*esearch methods

PuantitativePualitative

HistoricalComputationalEthnographic4etwork-analytic

0opics.u"fields

ChangeCities

ClassCrimeCultureNevelopmentNevianceNemographyEducation

EconomyEnvironmentamilyGenderHealth/ndustry

(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociology


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/nternetBnowledge5aw5iterature+edicine

+o"ility+ovements4etworksrganiIations,olitics*ace < ethnicity*eligion

*ural.cience.oc! psychology.tratification0echnology

2rowse

,ortal.ociologistsJournals5ists

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+ore generally conflicts of interest can "e defined as any situation in which an individual or corporation eitherprivate or governmental is in a position to e6ploit a professional or official capacity in some way for their personal or

corporate "enefit!Nepending upon the law or rules related to a particular organiIation the e6istence of a conflict of interest may not inand of itself "e evidence of wrongdoing! /n fact for many professionals it is virtually impossi"le to avoid havingconflicts of interest from time to time! A conflict of interest can however "ecome a legal matter for e6ample when anindividual tries andor succeeds in influencing the outcome of a decision for personal "enefit! A director or e6ecutiveof a corporation will "e su">ect to legal lia"ility if a conflict of interest "reaches hisher Nuty of 5oyalty!0here often is confusion over these two situations! .omeone accused of a conflict of interest may deny that a conflicte6ists "ecause heshe did not act improperly! /n fact a conflict of interest can e6ist even if there are no improper actsas a result of it! ne way to understand this is to use the term Kconflict of rolesK! A person with two rolesQanindividual who owns stockand is also a governmentofficial for e6ampleQmay e6perience situations where those two

%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sociologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sociology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_Loyaltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sociologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology_listshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sociology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_Loyaltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government


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roles conflict! 0he conflict can "e mitigatedQsee "elowQ"ut it still e6ists! /n and of itself having two roles is notillegal "ut the differing roles will certainly provide an incentive for improper acts in some circumstances!As an e6ample in the sphere of "usiness and control according to the /nstitute of /nternal Auditors:conflict of interest is a situation in which an internal auditor who is in a position of trust has a competing professionalor personal interest! .uch competing interests can make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially! A conflict ofinterest e6ists even if nounethicalor improper act results! A conflict of interest can create an appearance of improprietythat can undermine confidence in the internal auditorthe internal auditactivity and the profession! A conflict ofinterest could impair an individualRs a"ility to perform his or her duties and responsi"ilities o">ectively!L)M L(M

rganiIational conflict of interestLeditMAn organiIational conflict of interest C/ may e6ist in the same way as descri"ed a"ove in the realm of the privatesector providing services to the Government where a corporation provides two types of services to the Governmentthat have conflicting interest or appear o">ectiona"le i!e!: manufacturing parts and then participating on a selectioncommittee comparing parts manufacturers! Corporations may develop simple or comple6 systems to mitigate the riskor perceived risk of a conflict of interest! 0hese risks are typically evaluated "y a governmental office for e6ample ina D!.! Government *, to determine whether the risks pose a su"stantial advantage to the private organiIation overthe competition or will decrease the overall competitiveness in the "idding process!*elationship to medical researchLeditM

0he influence of thepharmaceutical industryon medical research has "een a ma>or cause for concern! /n =$$' a studyfound that Ka num"er of academic institutionsK do not have clear guidelines for relationships "etween /nstitutional

*eview 2oards and industry!L%M0ypes of conflicts of interestsLeditM0he following are the most common forms of conflicts of interests:

.elf-dealing in which an official who controls an organiIation causes it to enter into a transaction with the official orwith another organiIation that "enefits the official! 0he official is on "oth sides of the Kdeal!Kutside employment in which the interests of one >o" contradict another!amily interests in which a spouse child or other close relative is employed or applies for employment or wheregoods or services are purchased from such a relative or a firm controlled "y a relative! or this reason manyemployment applications ask if one is related to a current employee! /f this is the case the relative could then recusefrom any hiring decisions! A"use of this type of conflict of interest is called nepotism!Gifts from friends who also do "usiness with the person receiving the gifts! .uch gifts may include non-tangi"le

things of value such as transportationand lodging!,ump and dump in which a stock "roker who owns a security artificially inflates the price "y KupgradingK it orspreading rumors sells the security and adds short positionthen KdowngradesK the security or spreads negative rumorsto push the price down!ther improper acts that are sometimes classified as conflicts of interests are pro"a"ly "etter classified elsewhere!Accepting"ri"escan "e classified as corruptionS almost everyone in a position of authority particularly pu"licauthority has the potential for such wrongdoing! .imilarly use of government or corporate property or assets forpersonal use is fraud and classifying this as a conflict of interest does not improve the analysis of this pro"lem! 4orshould unauthoriIed distri"ution of confidential information in itself "e considered a conflict of interest! or theseimproper acts there is no inherent conflict of roles see a"ove unless "eing a falli"le human "eingrather than saya ro"otin a position of power or authority is considered to "e a conflict!C/ is sometimes termed competition of interest rather than KconflictK emphasiIing a connotationof

naturalcompetition"etween valid interests rather than violent conflict with its connotation of victimhood and unfairaggression! 4evertheless denotativelythere is too much overlap "etween the terms to make any o">ectivedifferentiation!E6amplesLeditM

0he e6amples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the Dnited .tates and do not representa worldwide viewof the su">ect! ,lease improve this articleand discuss the issue on the talk page! April=$#)

Environmental HaIards and Human HealthLeditM2akerL&MsummariIed #?& studies of the potential impact of 2isphenol Aon human health as follows:L?M

unding Harm 4o Harm

&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Internal_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Internal_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_auditorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-theiia_coi_definition-3%23cite_note-theiia_coi_definition-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ccsf_coi_definition-4%23cite_note-ccsf_coi_definition-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-5%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dealinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Internal_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_auditorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-theiia_coi_definition-3%23cite_note-theiia_coi_definition-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ccsf_coi_definition-4%23cite_note-ccsf_coi_definition-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-5%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dealinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7


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/ndustry $ #) #$$T

/ndependent e!g! government #%= F&T ## #(T

5essigLFMnoted that this does not mean that the funding source influenced the results! However it does raise 9uestionsa"out the validity of the industry-funded studies specifically "ecause the researchers conducting those studies have aconflict of interestS they are su">ect at minimum to a natural human inclination to please the people who paid for theirwork! 5essig provided a similar summary of )=& studies of the potential harm from cell phone usage with results thatwere similar "ut not as stark!L'M

http:www!scri"d!comdoc#$%&'($')*C+,-.arge-.tates-Apparently-/-0hought-1ere-Actually-Going-to-/nvestigate-Government-Corruption-as-,er-Complaint

+craudshttp:?#!#F!#(%!=Fa"out'!html

.elf-,olicing LeditM

.elf-policingof any group is also a conflict of interest! /f any organiIation such as a corporation or government"ureaucracy is asked to eliminate unethical "ehavior within their own group it may "e in their interest in the short runto eliminate the appearance of unethical "ehavior rather than the "ehavior itself "y keeping any ethical "reaches

hidden instead of e6posing and correcting them! An e6ception occurs when the ethical "reach is already known "y thepu"lic! /n that case it could "e in the groupRs interest to end the ethical pro"lem to which the pu"lic has knowledge "utkeep remaining "reaches hidden!/nsurance Claims Ad>ustersLeditM/nsurance companies retainclaims ad>ustersto represent their interest in ad>usting claims! /t is in the "est interest of theinsurance companies that the very smallest settlement is reached with its claimants! 2ased on the ad>usterRs e6perienceand knowledge of the insurance policy it is very easy for the ad>uster to convince an unknowing claimant to settle forless than what they may otherwise "e entitled which could "e a larger settlement! 0here is always a very good chanceof a conflict of interest to e6ist when one ad>uster tries to represent "oth sides of a financial transaction such as aninsurance claim! 0his pro"lem is e6acer"ated when the claimant is told or "elieves the insurance companyRs claimsad>usteris fair and impartial enough to satisfy "oth theirs and the insurance companyRs interests! 0hese types ofconflicts could "e easily "e avoided "y the use of disclosures!

,urchasing Agents and .ales ,ersonnelLeditMA person working as the e9uipment purchaser for a company may get a "onus proportionate to the amount heRs under"udget "y year end! However this "ecomes an incentive for him to purchase ine6pensive su"standard e9uipment!0herefore this is counter to the interests of those in his company who must actually use the e9uipment!1! EdwardsNeminglisted Kpurchasing on price aloneK as num"er ( of his famous #( points and he often said things to the effectthat KHe who purchases on price alone deserves to get rooked!KGovernmental fficialsLeditM

conflict of interest in legislation*egulating conflict of interest in government is one of the aims ofpolitical ethics! ,u"lic officials are e6pected to putservice to the pu"lic and their constituents ahead of their personal interests! Conflict of interest rules are intended toprevent officials from making decisions in circumstances that could reasona"ly "e perceived as violating this duty ofoffice! *ules in the e6ecutive "ranch tend to "e stricter and easier to enforce than in the legislative "ranch!L#$M0wopro"lems make legislative ethics of conflicts difficult and distinctive!L##Mirst as James +adison wrote legislators

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-RepLostAll-8%23cite_note-RepLostAll-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://www.scribd.com/doc/105694093/RCMP-Sarge-States-Apparently-I-Thought-Were-Actually-Going-to-Investigate-Government-Corruption-as-Per-Complainthttp://www.scribd.com/doc/105694093/RCMP-Sarge-States-Apparently-I-Thought-Were-Actually-Going-to-Investigate-Government-Corruption-as-Per-Complainthttp://71.18.145.28/about9.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming#Key_principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-RepLostAll-8%23cite_note-RepLostAll-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://www.scribd.com/doc/105694093/RCMP-Sarge-States-Apparently-I-Thought-Were-Actually-Going-to-Investigate-Government-Corruption-as-Per-Complainthttp://www.scribd.com/doc/105694093/RCMP-Sarge-States-Apparently-I-Thought-Were-Actually-Going-to-Investigate-Government-Corruption-as-Per-Complainthttp://71.18.145.28/about9.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claims_adjusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming#Key_principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11


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should share a Kcommunion of interestsK with their constituents! 5egislators cannot ade9uately represent the interestsof constituents without also representing some of their own! As .enator *o"ert .! Berr once said K/ represent thefarmers of klahoma although / have large farm interests! / represent the oil "usiness in klahoma !!! and / am in theoil "usiness! !!! 0hey donRt want to send a man here who has no community of interest with them "ecause he wouldnRt"e worth a nickel to them!KL#=M0he pro"lem is to distinguish special interests from the general interests of allconstituents! .econd the Kpolitical interestsK of legislatures include campaign contri"utions which they need to getelected and which are generally not illegal and not the same as a "ri"e! 2ut under many circumstances they can havethe same effect! 0he pro"lem here is how to keep the secondary interest in raising campaign funds from overwhelming

what should "e their primary interest: fulfilling the duties of office!,olitics in the D!.!is dominated in many ways "y political campaign contri"utions!L=MCandidates are often notconsidered Kcredi"leK unless they have a campaign "udget far "eyond what could reasona"ly "e raised from citiIens ofordinary means! 0he pernicious impact of this money can "e found in many places most nota"ly in studies of howcampaign contri"utions affect legislative "ehavior! or e6ample the price of sugar in the D. has "een roughly dou"lethe international price for over half a century! /n the #'F$s this added U) "illion to the annual "udget of D.consumers according to .ternL#)Mwho provided the following summary of one part of how this happens:

Contri"utions from the sugar lo""y #'F)V#'F& ,ercent voting in #'F% against gradually reducing sugar su"sidies

W U%$$$ #$$T

U=%$$V%$$$ '?T

U#$$$V=%$$ &FT

U#V#$$$ (%T

U$ =$T

0his U) "illion translates into U(# per household per year! 0his is in essence a ta6collected "y a nongovernmentalagency: /t is a cost imposed on consumers "y governmental decisions "ut never considered in any of the standard dataon ta6collections!.tern notes that sugar interests contri"uted U=!& million to political campaigns representing well over U#$$$ return foreach U# contri"uted to political campaigns! 0his however does not include the cost of lo""ying! 5essigL#(Mcites si6different studies that consider the cost of lo""ying with campaign contri"utions on a variety of issues considered in1ashington NC! 0hese studies produced estimates of the anticipated return on each U# invested in lo""ying andpolitical campaigns that ranged from U& to U==$! 5essig notes that clients who pay tens of millions of dollars tolo""yists typically receive "illions!5essigLFMinsists that this does not mean that any legislator has sold his or her vote! ne of several possi"lee6planations 5essig gives for this phenomenon is that the money helped elect candidates more supportive of the issuespushed "y the "ig money spent on lo""ying and political campaigns! He notes that if any money perverts democracy itis the large contri"utions "eyond the "udgets of citiIens of ordinary meansS small contri"utions from common citiIenshave long "een considered supporting of democracy!L#%M1hen such large sums "ecome virtually essential to a politicianRs future it generates a su"stantive conflict of interestcontri"uting to a fairly well documented distortion on the nationRs priorities and policies!2eyond this governmental officials whether elected or not often leave pu"lic service to work for companies affected"y legislation they helped enact or companies they used to regulate or companies affected "y legislation they helpedenact! 0his practice is called the *evolving door! ormer legislators and regulators are accused of a using insideinformation for their new employers or " compromising laws and regulations in hopes of securing lucrativeemployment in the private sector! 0his possi"ility creates a conflict of interest for all pu"lic officials whose future may

depend on the *evolving door!inance /ndustry and Elected fficials LeditMConflicts of interest among elected officials is part of the story "ehind the increase in the percent of D. corporatedomestic profits captured "y the finance industry depicted in that accompanying figure!

F
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inance as a percent of D. Nomestic Corporate ,rofits inance includes "anks securities and insurance! /n #')=-#')) the total D. domestic corporate profit was negative! However the financial sector made a profit in those yearswhich made its percentage negative "elow $ and off the scale in this plot!L#&Mrom #')( through #'F% the finance industry averaged #)!FT of D!.! domestic corporate profit! 2etween #'F& and#''' it averaged =)!%T! rom =$$$ through =$#$ it averaged )=!&T! .ome of this increase is dou"tless due toincreased efficiency from "anking consolidation and innovations in new financial products that "enefit consumers!However if most consumers had refused to accept financial products they did not understand e!g! negativeamortiIationloans the finance industry would not have "een as profita"le as it has "een and the 5ate-=$$$srecessionmight have "een avoided or postponed! .tiglitIL#?Mnoted that the 5ate-=$$$s recessionwas created in part"ecause K2ankers acted greedily "ecause they had incentives and opportunities to do soK! 0hey did this in part "yinnovating to make consumer financial products like retail "anking services and home mortgages as complicated aspossi"le to make it easy for them to charge higher fees! Consumers who shop carefully for financial services typicallyfind "etter options than the primary offerings of the ma>or "anks! However few consumers think to do that! 0hise6plains part of this increase in financial industry profits!However a ma>or portion of this increase and a driving force "ehind 5ate-=$$$s recessionhas "een the corrosiveeffect of money in politics giving legislators and the ,resident of the D!.! a conflict of interest "ecause if they protectthe pu"lic they will offend the finance industry which contri"uted U#!? "illion to political campaigns and spent U)!("illion U%!# "illion total on lo""ying from #''F to =$$F!L#FML#'M L=$M0o "e conservative suppose we attri"ute only the increase from =)!%T of #'F& through #''' to the recent )=!&Taverage to governmental actions su">ect to conflicts of interest created "y the U#!? "illion in campaign contri"utions!0hatRs 'T of the U) trillion in profits claimed "y the finance industry during that period or U=?$ "illion! 0his representsa return of over U%$ for each U# invested in political campaigns and lo""ying for that industry! 0his U=?$ "illionrepresents almost U#$$$ for every man woman and child in the D!.! 0here is hardly any place outside of politicswith such a highreturn on investmentin such a short time!

inance /ndustry and economistsLeditMEconomists unlike other professions such as sociologists do not formally su"scri"e to a professional ethical code!Close to )$$ economists have signed a letter urging the American Economic Associationthe discipline3s foremostprofessional "ody to adopt such a code! 0he signatories include George Akerlof a 4o"el laureate and Christina*omer who headed 2arack "ama3s Council of Economic Advisers!L=#M0his call for a code of ethics was supported "y the pu"lic attention the documentary /nside Jo"winner of an Academy

Award drew to the consulting relationships of several influential economists!L==M0his documentary focused onconflicts that may arise when economists pu"lish results or provide pu"lic recommendation on topics that affectindustries or companies with which they have financial links! Critics of the profession argue for e6ample that it is nocoincidence that financial economists many of whom were engaged as consultants "y 1all .treet firms were opposedto regulating the financial sector!L=)M/n response to criticism that the profession not only failed to predict the =$$?-=$$F financial crisis "ut may actuallyhave helped create it the American Economic Association has adopted new rules in =$#=: economists will have todisclose financial ties and other potential conflicts of interest in papers pu"lished in academic >ournals! 2ackers arguesuch disclosures will help restore faith in the profession "y increasing transparency which will help in assessingeconomistsR advice!L=(M

'
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.tock"rokersLeditMA conflict of interest is a manifestation of the moral haIard pro"lem particularly when a financial institution providesmultiple services and the potentially competing interests of those services may lead to a concealment of information ordissemination of misleading information! A conflict of interest e6ists when a party to a transaction could potentiallymake a gain from taking actions that are detrimental to the other party in the transaction!L=%M0here are many types of conflicts of interest such as a Kpump and dumpK "y stock"rokers! 0his is when a stock"rokerwho owns a security artificially inflates the price "y upgrading it or spreading rumors and then sells the security andadds short position! 0hey will then downgrade the security or spread negative rumors to push the price "ack down!

0his is an e6ample of stock fraud! /t is a conflict of interest "ecause the stock"rokers are concealing and manipulatinginformation to make it misleading for the "uyers! 0he "roker may claim to have the KinsideK information a"outimpeding news and will urge "uyers to "uy the stock 9uickly! /nvestors will "uy the stock which creates a highdemand and raises the prices!0his rise in prices can entice more people to "elieve the hype and then "uy shares as well! 0he stock"rokers will thensell their shares and stop promoting the price will drop and other investors are left holding stock that is worth nothingcompared to what they paid for it! 0he "rokers are using their knowledge and position in a way to influence andcontrol others and gain personally which is morally wrong!ne ma>or e6ample of pump and dump would "e with Enron in which e6ecutives participated in an ela"orate schemethat fooled even the most e6perienced analysts on 1all .treet! Enron falsely reported profits which inflated stockprices and covered the real num"ers "y using 9uestiona"le accounting practicesS =' e6ecutives sold overvalued stockfor more than a "illion dollars "efore the company went "ankrupt!Lcitation neededM

+ediaLeditMAny mediaorganiIation has a conflict of interest in discussing anything that may impact its a"ility to communicate asit wants with its audience! or e6ample the1ikimedia oundationhas a conflict of interest in discussing the.topnline ,iracy Actor any other legislation or governmental action that could impact its a"ility to deliver content to itsintended audience!0he "usiness model of commercial media organiIations i!e! any that accept advertising is selling "ehavior change intheir audience to advertisers!L=&ML=?M L=FM However few in their audience are aware of the conflict of interest "etweentheprofit motiveand the altruistic desire to serve the pu"lic and Kgive the audience what it wants!K+any ma>or advertiserstesttheir ads in various ways to measure thereturn on investmentin advertising! Advertisingrates are set as a function of the siIe and spending ha"its of the audience as measured "y the4ielsen *atings! +ediaaction e6pressing this conflict of interest is evident in the reaction of*upert +urdoch Chairman of4ews Corp!

owner ofo6 to changes in data collection methodology adopted in =$$( "y the 4ielsen Company to more accuratelymeasure viewing ha"its! 0he results corrected a previous overestimate of the market share of o6!+urdochreacted "ygetting leading politicians to denounce the4ielsen *atingsas racists! .usan 1hiting president and CE of 4ielsen+edia *esearch responded "y 9uietly sharing 4eilsenRs data with her leading critics! 0he criticism disappeared ando6 paid 4ielsenRs fees!L='M+urdoch had a conflict of interest "etween the reality of his market and his finances!Commercial media organiIations lose money if they provide content that offends either their audience or theiradvertisers! 0he su"stantial media consolidation that occurred since the #'F$s has reduced the alternatives availa"le tothe audience there"y making it easier for the ever larger companies in this increasingly oligopolisticindustry to hidenews and entertainment potentially offensive to advertisers without losing audience! /f the media provide too muchinformation on how congress spends its time a ma>or advertiser could "e offended and could reduce their advertisinge6penditures with the offending media companyS indeed this is one of the ways the market system has determinedwhich companies won and which either went out of "usiness or were purchased "y others in this media consolidation!

Advertisers donRt like to feed the mouth that "ites them and often donRt! .imilarly commercial media organiIationsare not eager to "ite the hand that feeds them! Advertisers have "een known to fund media organiIations with editorialpolicies they find offensive if that media outlet provides access to a sufficiently attractive audience segment theycannot efficiently reach otherwise!Election years are a ma>or "oon to commercial "roadcasters "ecause virtually all political advertising is purchasedwith minimal advance planning paying therefore the highest rates! 0he commercial media have a conflict of interest inanything that could make it easier for candidates to get elected with less money!L=?MAccompanying this trend in media consolidation has "een a su"stantial reduction in investigative >ournalismL=?Mreflecting this conflict of interest "etween the "usiness o">ectives of the commercial media and the pu"licRs needto know what government is doing in their name! 0his change has "een tied to su"stantial changes in law and culture inthe D!.! 0o cite only one e6ample researchers have tied this decline in investigative >ournalism to an increased

#$
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-Mehran-25%23cite_note-Mehran-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-HermChom-26%23cite_note-HermChom-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-McC-polEcon-28%23cite_note-McC-polEcon-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_motivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_motivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Ratingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Ratingshttp://www.susan-whiting.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-Mehran-25%23cite_note-Mehran-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-HermChom-26%23cite_note-HermChom-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-McC-polEcon-28%23cite_note-McC-polEcon-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_motivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Ratingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Ratingshttp://www.susan-whiting.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-ProblemMedia-27%23cite_note-ProblemMedia-27


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coverage of the Kpolice "lotterK!L)$M0his has further "een tied to the fact that the Dnited .tates has the highestincarceration rate in the world!2eyond this virtually all commercial media companies own su"stantial 9uantities of copyrighted material! 0his givesthem an inherent conflict of interest in any pu"lic policy issue affecting copyrights! +cChesney noted that thecommercial media have lo""ied successfully for changes in copyright law that have led Kto higher prices and ashrinking of the marketplace of ideasK increasing the power and profits of the large media corporations at pu"lice6pense! ne result of this is that Kthe people cease to have a means of clarifying social priorities and organiIing socialreformK!L)#MA free market has a mechanism for controlling a"uses of power "y media corporations: /f their censorship

"ecomes too egregious they lose audience which in turn reduces their advertising rates! However the effectiveness ofthis mechanism has "een su"stantially reduced over the past 9uarter century "y Kthe changes in the concentration andintegration of the media!KL)=M1ould the Anti-Counterfeiting 0rade Agreementhave advanced to the point ofgenerating su"stantialprotestswithout the secrecy "ehind which that agreement was negotiatedQand would thegovernment attempts to sustain that secrecy have "een as successful if the commercial media had not "een a primary"eneficiary and had not had a conflict of interest in suppressing discussion thereof71ays to mitigate conflicts of interestsLeditM*emovalLeditM0he "est way to handle conflicts of interests is to avoid them entirely! or e6ample someone elected to political officemight sell all corporate stocksthat they own "efore taking office and resign from all corporate "oards! r that personcould move their corporate stocks to a special trust which would "e authoriIed to "uy and sell without disclosure tothe owner! 0his is referred to as a K"lind trustK! 1ith such a trust since the politician does not know in which

companies they have investments there should "e no temptationto act to their advantage!NisclosureLeditMCommonly politicians and high-ranking government officials are re9uired to disclose financial information - assetssuch as stock de"tssuch asloans andor corporate positions held typically annually! 0o protect privacy to somee6tent financial figures are often disclosed in ranges such as KU#$$$$$ to U%$$$$$K and Kover U=$$$$$$K! Certainprofessionals are re9uired either "y rules related to their professional organiIation or "y statute to disclose any actualor potential conflicts of interest! /n some instances the failure to provide full disclosure is a crime!However there is limited evidence regarding the effect of conflict of interest disclosure despite its widespreadacceptance!L))MA =$#= study pu"lished in theJournal of the American +edical Associationshowed that routinedisclosure of conflicts of interest "y American medical school educators to pre-clinical medical students wereassociated with an increased desire among students for limitations in some industry relationships! However there wereno changes in the perceptions of students a"out the value of disclosure the influence of industry relationships on

educational content or the instruction "y faculty with relevant conflicts of interest!L)(MAnd an increasing line of research suggests that disclosure can have Kperverse effectsK or at least is not the panacearegulators often take it to "e!L)%M

*ecusalLeditM0hose with a conflict of interest are e6pected torecusethemselves from i!e! a"stain from decisions where such aconflict e6ists! 0he imperative for recusal varies depending upon the circumstance and profession either as commonsense ethics codified ethics or "ystatute!or e6ample if the governing "oard of a government agency is consideringhiring a consulting firm for some task and one firm "eing considered has as a partner a close relative of one of the"oardRs mem"ers then that "oard mem"er should not vote on which firm is to "e selected! /n fact to minimiIe anyconflict the "oard mem"er should not participate in any way in the decision including discussions!Judgesare supposed to recuse themselves from cases when personal conflicts of interest may arise! or e6ample if a

>udge has participated in a case previously in some other >udicial role heshe is not allowed to try that case! *ecusal isalso e6pected when one of the lawyers in a case might "e a close personal friend or when the outcome of the casemight affect the >udge directly such as whether a car maker is o"liged to recall a model that a >udge drives! 0his is

re9uired "y law under Continental civil lawsystems and "y the *ome .tatute organic law of the/nternationalCriminal Court!

0hird-party evaluationsLeditMConsider a situation where the owner of a ma>ority of a pu"licly held corporation decides to "uy out the minorityshareholders and take the corporation private! 1hat is a fair price7 "viously it is improper and typically illegal forthe ma>ority owner to simply state a price and then have the ma>ority-controlled"oard of directorsapprove that price!

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-31%23cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-31%23cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-32%23cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-32%23cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement#Protestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement#Protestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-33%23cite_note-33http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1475179http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1475179http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1475179http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-34%23cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-35%23cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-31%23cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-32%23cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement#Protestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-33%23cite_note-33http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1475179http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-34%23cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest#cite_note-35%23cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors


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1hat is typically done is to hire an independent firm a third party well-9ualified to evaluate such matters tocalculate a Kfair priceK which is then voted on "y the minority shareholders!0hird-party evaluations may also "e used as proof that transactions were in fact fair KarmRs-lengthK! or e6ample acorporation that leases an office "uilding that is owned "y the CEmight get an independent evaluation showing whatthe market rate is for such leases in the locale to address the conflict of interest that e6ists "etween the fiduciary dutyof the CE to the stockholders "y getting the lowest rent possi"le and the personal interest of that CE toma6imiIe the income that the CE gets from owning that office "uilding "y getting the highest rent possi"le!Conclusion LeditM

Generally conflicts of interests should "e eliminated! ften however the specifics can "e controversial!.hould therapistssuch aspsychiatrists "e allowed to have e6tra-professional relations with patients or e6-patients7.hould a faculty mem"er "e allowed to have an e6tra-professional relationship with a student and should that dependon whether the student is in a class of or "eing advised "y the faculty mem"er7Codes of ethics help to minimiIe pro"lems with conflicts of interests "ecause they can spell out the e6tent to whichsuch conflicts should "e avoided and what the parties should do where such conflicts are permitted "y a code of ethicsdisclosure recusal etc!! 0hus professionals cannot claim that they were unaware that their improper "ehavior wasunethical! As importantly the threat of disciplinary action for e6ample a lawyer"eing dis"arred helps to minimiIeunaccepta"le conflicts or improper acts when a conflict is unavoida"le!

http:www!scri"d!comdoc#(%%FF?)(2ar-to-2ar-Justice-Causes-Eccentric-to-.addle-Dp-to-the-2ar

.ince codes of ethics cannot cover all situations some governments have esta"lished an office of the ethicscommissioner who can "e appointed "y thelegislatureand report to the legislature!.ee also LeditMCommunity of interestCrony capitalismElectoral fraudiduciary/nsider trading/ntra-household "argainingJudicial dis9ualification

Jury nullification5o""ying+edical ethics+oney loop+oral haIard,erverse incentive,olitics*ecusal*evolving door politics.ilvio 2erlusconi0a6 resistanceDnited .tates ffice of Government Ethics

Controversies surrounding .ilvio 2erlusconiE6ternal linksLeditM0hacker ,aul N!4ovem"er =$$&! KEnvironmental >ournals feel pressure to adopt disclosure rulesK! Environmental.cience < 0echnology($ ==: &F?)V&F?%!doi:#$!#$=#es$&=F$Fa!+cNonald +ichael!KEthics and Conflict of /nterestK! 1! +aurice @oung Centre for Applied Ethics! Archivedfromthe originalon =$$?-##-$)!urther readingLeditMAcocella 4!and Ni 2artolomeo G! and ,iac9uadio ,!G! L=$$'M XConflict of interest implicit coalitions and 4ashpolicy games3 in: XEconomics 5etters3 #$%: )$)-)$%!2lack 1illiam B!=$$%! 0he 2est 1ay to *o" a 2ank /s to wn ne! Austin 0Y:Dniversity of 0e6as,ress!/.24$-='=-?=#)'-$!

#=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbarredhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/145588734/Bar-to-Bar-Justice-Causes-Eccentric-to-Saddle-Up-to-the-Barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-household_bargaininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_nullificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Government_Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Silvio_Berlusconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_D._Thackerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fes062808ahttp://web.archive.org/web/20071103060225/http:/www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20071103060225/http:/www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Acocellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Acocellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_K._Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-72139-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disbarredhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/145588734/Bar-to-Bar-Justice-Causes-Eccentric-to-Saddle-Up-to-the-Barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-household_bargaininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_nullificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Government_Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Silvio_Berlusconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_D._Thackerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fes062808ahttp://web.archive.org/web/20071103060225/http:/www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_interest&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Acocellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_K._Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-72139-0


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Navis +ichaelS Andrew .tark =$$#! Conflict of interest in the professions! 6ford: 6ford Dniversity,ress!/.24$-#'-%#=F&)-Y!5essig 5awrence=$##! *epu"lic 5ost: How +oney Corrupts Congress -- and a ,lan to .top /t! 0welve!/.24'?F-$-((&-%?&()-?!5o 2ernardS +arilyn J! ield =$$'! Conflict of /nterest in +edical *esearch Education and ,ractice!1ashingtonNC:4ational Academies ,ress!/.24'?F-$-)$'-#)#FF-'!,orter *oger J!S 0homas E! +alone #''=! 2iomedical research: colla"oration and conflict ofinterest! 2altimore: Johns Hopkins Dniversity ,ress!/.24$-F$#F-(($$-=!

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Documents

Y a conflict of interest if RCMP investigate Crown?