Xy; ,d; laup - All In Diaryallindiary.org/wp-content/uploads/All-In-Diary-Tamil-2008.pdf · Xy; ,d; laup gpupTr; Rl;bf;fhf ,q;Nf mOj;jTk; tsq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ mit GjpanjhU rhsuk;

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,t; ,Utl;L ‘g`hK’ (Fahamu) tpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. www.fahamu.org

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2. mdu;j;jq;fSf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jKk; gjpy; eltbf;ifAk;

mdu;j;jq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;jy; ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk; mtrufhy Kd;dhaj;jj;ij epWTjy; I eh epWtdj;jpd; FO mZFKiw mfjpfSk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;NjhUk; cjtpfis ,yf;Fitj;jy; ghJfhg;ig Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; mbg;gil cjtpr; Nritfis (Logistic) Vw;ghL nra;jy; ePu;> kyryk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa ‘];gpau;’ epakq;fs; tPlikg;G> FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; czty;yhjit gw;wpa ‘];gpau;’ epakq;fs; czTg; ghJfhg;G> Nghriz kw;wk; czT epthuzk; gw;wpa ‘];gpau;’ epakq;fs; Rfhjhu Nritfs; gw;wpa ‘];gpau;’ epakq;fs; #oy; njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;jy; FbapUg;Gf;fisj; jpl;lkply; tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifia elhj;Jjy; cs-r%f cjtpfis toq;Fjy;

3. nraw;jpl;lq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; epjp Nrfupj;jy; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; epjp Kfhikj;Jtk; mwpf;iffis vOJjy;

4. r%fq;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy; gy;ypdf; fyhrhuq;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy; kf;fis <LgLj;jy; $l;L Kaw;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy; rpWtu;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy; ghy;epiy r%f NtWghLk;; (Gender) vr; I tp Ak; gaDs;s $l;lq;fs; gy nkhopf; $l;lq;fs; gapw;rpg;gl;liwfis elhj;JjYk; trjpaspj;jYk; gy; Clf (Multi Media) tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

5. kf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; Copau;fisj; njupT nra;jYk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;jYk; tpsf;fkspj;jYk; xg;gilj;jYk; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G Rfhjhukhf ,Uj;jYk;> kdtOj;jj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk; fw;wYk; njhopy; tpUj;jpAk;

6. Nkw;Nfhl; Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,Utl;Lf;fspd; tsq;fSf;fhd crhj;Jiz ed;wpfs; nul; Mu;- ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt epGzj;Jtk; kjpg;gPLk; gpd;D}l;lYk; (feedback)

kdpjhgpkhdf; nfhs;iffs;

nraw;jpl;lq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

r%fq;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy;

mdu;j;j Kd;dhaj;jKk; gjpy; eltbf;ifAk;

kf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

nghJj; jfty;fs;

cs;Su;g; gpd;dzpfs; “ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdg; gjpy; eltbf;ifj; njhFjpahdJ> cs;Su; epiyikfis Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf kpfTk; fbdkhf ciof;f Ntz;bAs;s mNjNtis> cs;Su;f; fl;likg;Gf;fSlDk;> fl;likg;Gf;fs; ClhfTk; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njhiy J}utplq;fSf;F vt;tsT cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld vd;gijtpl> cs;Su; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; ,aysTfisf; nfhz;L mtu;fSf;F Vw;wtpjkhf gzpfisr; nra;tjw;Nfw;w Kiwapy; cupatpjj;jpyhd cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ldth? vd;gij cWjp nra;tNj Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.” Rdhkp kjpg;gPl;L $l;lzpapd; gupe;Jiu: njhFf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if (a+iy 2006) www.allindiary.org ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;

fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs;:

- mq;Nf njhopw;gLfpd;w murhq;fnkhd;Ws;sjh?

- ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf ehl;bDs; cldbahd cjtpfspy; <LgLfpd;w FOf;fs; ahit?

- mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; ehL Kfq;nfhLj;j Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; vd;d?

cjhuzk;. murpay;> nghUshjhuk;

- FWfpafhy mdu;j;j epthuzg; gzpfspy; ,it vj;jifa jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd?

cjhuzk;. ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; tha;g;Gs;s FOf;fs;> mjpfhu cwTfs;

- ePz;lfhy Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; Gdu;epu;khzg; gzpfspy; ,it vt;thW ghjpg;igr; nrYj;jyhk;?

- ntspj; jiyaPLfs; njhlu;ghf cs;Su; kf;fspd; czu;Tfs; vt;thWs;sJ?

kdpjNear; nraw;ghLfspy;> ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ehl;bd; gpd;dzp epiyikfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

jpBnud epfOk; mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; ‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ntspaplg;gLk; NghJ> mtru epiyikfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehL my;yJ ehLfs; gw;wpa 5 gf;fq;fs; tiuapyhd mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;;.

,j;jfty;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;:

mbg;gil tiuglq;fs; g+Nfhstpay; kw;Wk; Gs;sptpgutpaw; juTfs; murpaw; r%fg; nghUshjhuj; juTfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs; Ntz;ba fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nkw;ghu;it

nghJj; jfty;fs;

epthuzr; nra;jpfSk; jfty;fSf;fhd %ytsq;fSk; mtrufhy epiyikfspd; NghJ gaDs;s tpjj;jpw; gjpy; eltbf;iffspy; cjTtjw;fhf> jdpg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; ,izaj; jsq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf

kpfr; rpwg;ghd NtWgy ,izaj; jsq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ReliefWeb – (upyPg;ntg;) – www.reliefweb.int cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; rpf;fyhd mtrufhy epiyikfs;> kdpjhgpkhd epthuzr; nraw;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd md;whlr; nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpa> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; kdpjhgpkhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhd xUq;fpizg;gpd; gpujhd ,izaj;jsk;. ;Alertnet – (vNyu;l;new;) – www.alertnet.org gpe;jpa kdpjhgpkhdr; nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpajhf> epthuzr; Nritfs; epWtdq;fSf;fhd ‘uha;lupd;’ Nrit. Humanitarian Information Centre (kdpjhgpkhdj; jfty; epiyak;)- www.humanitarianinfo.org . ghupa kdpjhgpkhd mtrufhy epiyikfspd; NghJ> If;fpa ehLfs; epWtdj;jpdhy; nghJthf kdpjhgpkhdj; jfty; epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;. OneWorld Country Guides – (xNu cyf ehLfs; topfhl;b)- http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/countries - 50w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfSf;fhd gaDs;s topfhl;b. International Crisis Group – (neUf;fbfSf;fhd ru;tNjrf; FO)- www.crisisgroup.org - Aj;jq;fis jLg;gjw;fhfTk;> jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; gzpahw;Wfpd;w mur rhu;gw;w epWtdnkhd;whFk;> cyfpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w rkfhy Aj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpupthd jfty;fis ,jd; ,izaj;jsk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Emergency Disaster Database – (mtruepiyik mdu;j;j juTj;jsk;)

www.em-dat.net ehLfs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;j tpguq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf> 1900 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;w vy;yh mdu;j;j epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghfTk; Kf;fpa jfty;fis ,J cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. MapAction - (nkg;vf;rd;) www.mapaction.org ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; FOf;fspd; ,lq;fs;> gazpf;f KbAkhd ghijfs;> vj;jifa kUj;Jt trjpfs; cs;sd vd;gd njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Jy;ypakhff; fhz;gpf;fpd;w> rkfhy tiuglq;fis ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. IRIN- Integrated Regional Information Networks- (xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l

gpuhe;jpaj; jfty; tiyaikg;G) www.irinnews.org ehshe;j kw;Wk; thue;jr; nra;jpfs; cs;slq;fyhf> Mgpupf;f cg rfhuh> kj;jpa fpof;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpa ehLfs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisAk; NkYk; Kf;fpa jfty;fisAk; ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. BBC News – (gpgprp nra;jpr; Nrit) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/country_profiles/default.stm ehLfspd; tuyhW> murpay;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp vd;gd njhlu;ghd Jupj topfhl;ly;fisAk;; vy;iyfisAk;> kw;Wk; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa KO tpguq;fisAk; ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. www.allindiary.org ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhf gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;

Fwpg;Gf;fs;:

ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehL my;yJ ehLfs;> mdu;j;jj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; cupa gjpy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd epthuz Kaw;rpfspd; jd;ik vd;gd njhlu;ghd rkfhyj; jfty;fs;

kdpjhgpkhd topfhl;lw; nfhs;iffSk; epakq;fSk;

mtru epiyikfspYs;s jdpegu;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;

ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lq;fs; (1949 k; Mz;bd; nIdPth gl;lak; kw;Wk; 1977 k; Mz;bd;

tpOkpaq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf) - Aj;jq;fspd; NghJ> nghJkf;fspdJk; kw;Wk; Aj;jq;fspy;

<LglhNjhu;fspdJk; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

kdpj cupikfs; rl;lk; (1948 k; Mz;bd; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rhrzk;) - vy;yh epiyikfspYk; jdpegu;fspd; cupikfisg;

ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.

topfhl;lw; nfhs;iffSk; epakq;fSk;

nrQ;rpYit / nrk;gpiwr; rq;fk;

kdpj ,d;dy;fs; vq;F fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;iw jLj;jYk; ,y;yhnjhopj;jYk; - mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; - elj;ij tpOkpaq;fs;

‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;lk;

kdpj cupikfisAk; kdpjhgpkhd nfhs;iffisAk; Fiwe;jkl;l epakq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit kl;lq;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy;. - mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;fhd kdpjhgpkhdg; gl;lak; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jkl;l epakq;fs;

kdpjhgpkhd nghWg;Gf;$wy; $l;LKaw;rp - ru;tNjrk;

gadhspfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $Wk; tpjj;jpy; kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffis cUthf;Fjy; - nghWg;Gf; $wYf;fhd mbg;gilfs;

‘gPgy; ,d; va;l;’

cjtp eltbf;iffspy; <LgLgtu;fspdJ Kfhikj;Jtq;fspd; rpwe;j eilKiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; - ed;dlj;ij tpOkpaq;fs;

cau; juj;jpyhd kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfSf;fhd Nkyjpfj; Jiwrhu; Muk;g Kaw;rpfs;

< rP gP (ECB) nraw;jpl;lk;; (mtru tY Nkk;gLj;jy;)

nray; tpisT kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy;fs; njhlu;ghd Muk;gpg;Gf;fs; www.ecbproject.org

vy;eg; (ALNAP) (nghWg;Gf;$wYk; nraw;ghLfSk; njhlu;ghd

capu;g;ghd fw;ww; FO)

Jiwrhu; kjpg;gPLfSk;> fw;wYk; nghWg;Gf; $wYk;. www.alnap.org

rpwe;j kdpjhgpkhd ed;nfhil

toq;fSf;fhd Muk;g Kaw;rpfs;

ed;nfhil toq;Ftjpy; cau; nghWg;Gf; $wy;fisAk; rpwe;j nraw;ghLfisAk; (good practice) Cf;Ftpj;jy;. www.goodhumanitarian donership.org

A.Mu;.b FO (URD Group)

cau; juj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf Nfs;tp Nfl;ly; mZFKiwia Cf;Ftpj;jy; www.urd.org

‘nfhk;gh]; nfhypb’ (Compas Qualitie)

Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffisg; guPl;rhu;j;jkhf nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ cau; juj;ij NgZtjw;fhd mZFKiwia Cf;Ftp;j;jy; www.projetqualite.org

‘Rl;’ xUq;fpizg;G (Sud Coordination)

cau; juj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhd xUq;fpize;j mZFKiwia Cf;Ftpj;jy;: cau; juj;ij vt;thW milayhk;.

www.coordinationsud.org

kdpjhgpkhd

f; nfhs

;iffs;


kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lq;fs;

Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s vjpu;tpisTfis my;yJ toq;fg;gLfpd;w epthuzq;fspd; Nkhrbfisf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy mdu;j;jq;fSf;fhf Kd;dhaj;j

eltbf;iffis tYg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL> Aj;jq;fspdhy; my;yJ mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

cjtpfSf;fhd> cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;JtNj kdpjhgpkhd elj;ijf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lk; ,J> MAj Aj;jq;fspd; ghjpg;Gf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L kdpjhgpkhdf; fhuzpfSf;fhd rl;ljpl;lj; njhFjpnahd;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfs;> gpd;;tUtd cs;slq;fshf> kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lj;jpdhYk; gyjug;gl;l ru;tNjr epakq;fspdhYk;> elj;ij tpOkpaq;fspdhYk; topfhl;lg;gLfpd;wd: 1948 d; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rhrdk;. 1949 k; Mz;bd; n[dPth rkthaKk; 1977 k; Mz;bd; Nkyjpf xOf;f

KiwfSk; (protocols). ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiwr; rq;fq;fspdJk;> mdu;j;jg; gjpy;

eltbf;ifr; nraw;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspdJk; elj;ij tpOkpaq;fSf;fhd mbg;gilfs;.

‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;l (2004) kdpjhgpkhd gl;laKk; mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iffspy; Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fSk;.

kdpjhgpkhd eilKiw nghJkf;fspdJk;> Aj;jj;jpw; rk;ge;jg;glhjtu;fspdJk>; ghJfhg;G> czT> ePu;> kyryr; Rfhjhuk;> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G vd;gtw;wpw;fhd mbg;gil Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy;> rhjhuz tho;f;iff;Fj; jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; vd;tw;wpw;F cjtp nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw ,J cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. gpd;tUk; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspdhy;; kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfs; top ehlhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjhgpkhdk; - Mj;k mgpkhdj;Jld; xt;nthU jdpegUk; tho;tjw;fhd

cupik kw;Wk; capu;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; ,d;dy;fis xopg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;wtu;fSf;Fs;s flikfs;.

gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik – Njitapd; mbg;gilapw; ghFghbd;wpr; nraw;gly;. eLepiyik – VjhtJ xU FOTf;Nf my;yJ kw;iwa FOTf;Nfh

Kd;Dupik toq;fhJ nraw;gLjy;. Rjj;jpuj;jd;ik – murpay;> nghUshjhu my;yJ ,uhZtj; Njitfspd;

Mu;tq;fspy; ,Ue;J kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfs; Rje;jpukhdjhf ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

Aj;j epiyikfspy;; kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfspw; ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: ‘jPq;F tpistpj;jy;’ (doing harm) my;yJ J\;gpuNahfq;fspD}lhf

Aj;jj;jpw;F NkYk; vupa+l;Ljy; my;yJ tpNrl ftdpg;Gf;fSf;fhf epthuzq;fis jpirjpUg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd mghak;.

epthuz cjtpfisj; jLg;gjpd; Clhf kdpj cupikfis tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; my;yJ mjw;F vjpuhf MAjg;gilfSld; rkurg;gLjYf;fhd mghak;.

murpay;> r%f kw;Wk; ,dg; gpd;dzpfis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; mtrpak;. cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpt+l;liy Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; rpwe;j

kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfspd; mbg;gilfSf;fhd epaha MjuTNjly; (advocacy) kw;Wk; guk;gyilar; nra;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

mOj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ jilfis mfw;Wtjw;F cs;Su; epWtdq;fSlDk;> r%f ,af;fq;fSlDk; xUq;fpizg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkply;fspy; Aj;j czu;T mZFKiwfisf;; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

www.allindiary.org ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.

rpwe;j kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfs;:

kdpj ,d;dy;fis Fiwf;fpd;wJ my;yJ jLf;fpd;wJ.

Njitf;F Vw;w gq;if toq;Ffpd;wJ.

mJ gf;fr;rhu;gw;wjhfTk; Rje;jpukhdjhfTk; cs;sJ

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; gytpjj;jd;ikf;Fk;> cupikfSf;Fk;; Ranfsutj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;fpd;wJ.

,J> cjtpaspg;NghUf;Fk;> gadhspfSf;Fk; nghWg;Gf; $Wtjhf mikfpd;wJ.

cupa epiyikfSf;fhd nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYf;F cjtpaspf;fpd;wJ.

vjpu;fhy mghaq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

Rakhfr; nraw;gLk; epiy kw;Wk; cs;Su; gjpy;eltbf;if ,aysT vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.undmtp.org/modules_e.htm http://www.icrc.org/eng/ihl

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UN DMTP (1997) Disaster Management Ethics © ICRC (2004) What is humanitarian law?


ed;dlj;ij tpOkpaq;fs; ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit> nrk;gpiwr; rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;fhdJ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfSf;F ,t;tpOkpaq;fs; Mjutspg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. ,J> czT epthuz cjtpfis vt;thW fzpg;gplyhk; my;yJ mfjp Kfhnkhd;iw vt;thW mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ Nghd;w epu;thf eilKiw gw;wpajy;y. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mdu;j;jj;jpd; NghJ cau; juj;ij NgZtjw;Nf ,J Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.

,lu;fSf;fhd gjpy; eltbf;ifr; nraw;jpl;lq;fsp;d; 10 mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs;:

• Njrpa my;yJ ru;tNjr> rpwpa my;yJ ngupa – rfy mur rhu;gw;w

epWtdq;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;j KbAkhdJ.

• vq;fspd; elj;ij epakq;fis ghJfhf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.

• njhz;lu; NritahfTk; Ra fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; mikfpd;wJ.

• jhk; Ntiy nra;Ak; epWtdq;fspd; elj;ij tpOkpaq;fis mstpLk; msTNfhyhf> mur epWtdq;fs;> ed;nfhil toq;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; cynfq;fpYKs;s mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; ,jid gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

1. kdpjhgpkhd mtrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fNs Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk;.

2. rhjp> kj ek;gpf;iffs; my;yJ gadhspapd; Njrpa ,dk; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shkYk; ve;jtpjkhd ghFghLfspd;wpAk; epthuz cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

3. Fwpj;jnjhU murpay;> rkaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;fhf epthuz cjtpfisg;

gad;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ.

4. murpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffspd; MAjq;fshf nraw;glhjpUg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis ehk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

5. fhyrhuq;fSf;Fk; rk;gpujhaq;fSf;Fk; ehk; kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;fhd cs;Su; ,aysTfis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis ehk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

7. epthuz cjtpfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjpy; gadhspfis <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd topfis fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.

8. epthuz cjtpfs;> mbg;gilj; Njitfis g+u;j;jp nra;tNjhL> vjpu;fhy

,lughaq;fSf;fhd jd;ikapypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

9. cjtp nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;g;gtu;fSf;Fk;> tsq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

gadhspfSf;Fk; ehk; nghWg;Gf; $Wtjw;Ff; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.

10. vkJ jfty;fspYk;> mwptpg;Gf;fspYk; kw;Wk; tpsk;gu eltbf;iffspYk;> mdu;j;jg; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd kf;fis nfsutkhdKiwapy; kjpg;gspg;gNjhL> mtu;fis vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fsw;w rlq;fshfr; rpj;jupg;gijAk; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; NghJ> ,e; elj;ij tpOkpaq;fs;> ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.


mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; cyfpd; gpujhd epWtdq;fspdhy;> ,e;elj;ij tpOkpaq;fs; 1994y; ,lk;ngw;w $l;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

2007 tiu 300w;Fk; mjpfkhd epWtdq;fs; ,jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sd.

,lnuhd;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jkf;F cjt Kd;tUgtu;fsplkpUe;J cupa epakq;fis mile;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ,tw;iw vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cupikAs;sJ

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ICRC (1994) Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Cresent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/conduct/code.asp


‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;lk; kdpjhgpkhdg; gl;laKk; mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fSk; kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfspd; NghJ> epthuz cjtpfspd; juj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W cyfshtpa uPjpapy; vOe;j Nfs;tpia fUj;jpw;nfhz;Nl ‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfis> Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fSf;fhd ife;E}y; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> juk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jg;gLtijAk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. vy;yhj; JiwfSf;Fk; nghJthd Fiwe;jkgl;r epakq;fs;. vy;yh epiyikfspYk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba> gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba xt;nthU njhopEl;gj; JiwfSf;Fk; nghJthd> epWtdq;fspdJk;> jdpegu;fspdJk; nghWg;Gf;fis ,g;nghJ epakq;fs; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. 1. gq;Fgw;Wjy; cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; - kjpg;gPL nra;jy;> tbtikj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; Mfpa vy;yhj; gpupTfspYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wjiy vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;? vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wdth? 2. Muk;g kjpg;gPLfs; capu; tho;tjw;fhd mghaq;fs;> nfsutk;> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; Mfpa epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd njspthd Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk; epiyikapd; gFg;gha;T tpguq;fs; vd;gd cq;fsplKs;sjh? kpfg; nghUj;jkhd gjpy; eltbf;ifia kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf> cupa mjpfhupfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;Js;sPu;fsh? 3. gjpy; eltbf;if kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l cz;ikahd NjitfSf;fhfth ePq;fs; gjpy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wPu;fs;? jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> cjtpfspy; ,ilntspfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfTk;> NkYk;; gpujpgyd;fis cau;j;Jtjw;fhfTk; Vida epWtdq;fSld; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wPu;fsh? 4. ,yf;Fitj;jy; jdpegu;fspdJk; FOf;fspdJk; mdu;j;j eypTj; jd;ikiaAk; (vulnerability) NjitfisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> rkkhfTk; ghFghbd;wpAk; cjtpfs; my;yJ Nritfs; toq;fg;gLtij ePq;fs; vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;j KbAk;? 5. fzpg;gPL nra;jy; gpur;rpidnahd;wpw;Fg; gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;ghl;ilf; fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf> kPs;tbikg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf my;yJ Njitf;fika epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUe;jr; nra;tjw;fhf vj;jifa nraw;ghLfs; eilKiwapYs;sd? vy;yhj;JiwfspD}lhfTk;; vt;thW jfty;fs; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd? 6. kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhff; fw;w ghlq;fis gjptjw;fhfTk;> nghWg;Gf; $wiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> KiwahfTk;> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wpAk; cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lj;ij vt;thW kjpg;gPL nra;ag;Nghfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf mtjhdk; nrYj;jpAs;sPu;fsh? 7. cjtp Copau;fspd; jFjpfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; cq;fspd; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd njhopEl;g jFjpfSk; mDgtKk; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? mg;gb ,y;iyahapd;> mjid vt;thW eptu;j;jpf;fyhk;? cs;Su; epiyikfs; njhlu;ghfTk;> nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; kw;Wk; cq;fspd; rf Copau;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; Nghjpa mwpT cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? 8. Nkw;ghu;it> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jdpegu; cjtpfs; cq;fspd; flikfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd Nghjpa Nkw;ghu;itiaAk; cjtpfisAk; ngWfpd;wPu;fsh? ,aysit tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfTk; fw;wy;fis gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ePq;fs; ,ize;J nraw;gl KbAkhd /Ntiy nra;a KbAkhd Vida epWtdq;fs;> epGzu;fs;> rf Copau;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; fhzg;gLfpd;wduh?

www.allindiary.org ,izaj;;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.

‘];gpau;’ ife;E}y; vd;why;

vd;d? Fiwe;jkl;l epakq;fs; - epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba

Nritfspd; kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lj;ij- juj;jpYk; msTfspYk; tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.

gpujhd fhl;bfs; - cupa epaknkhd;W

milag; ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; ‘rkpq;iQ’ ntspg;ghLfis my;yJ tpisTfis kjpg;gpLtjhf mikfpd;wJ.

topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gf;fs; - fhl;bfis

cs;slf;fq;fSld; njhlu;G gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.

- fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpNrl Fwpg;Gf;fs;.

- eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.

- neUf;fbah gpur;rpidfs; - jw;Nghija mwptpw;

fhzg;gLk; ,Ujiyf;nfhs;sp epiyfs;> fUj;J Kwd;ghLfs; my;yJ ,ilntspfis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

‘];gpau; ife;E}ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ’

Fiwe;jkl;l epakq;fis epWtdq;fs; miltjw;F cs;Su; epiyikfs; jilahf mikayhk;. ,t;thwhd epiyikapy;> mdu;j;j epiyikf;Fg; nghWj;jkhdtpjj;jpy; va;j KbAkhd epakq;fisAk; fhl;bfisAk; vy;yh nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; tiuaiw nra;aJ nghJ cld;ghl;bw;F tu Ntz;Lk;

mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; cupikfis tpgupf;fpd;w kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;l cgfuzq;fisAk; ed;dlj;ij tpOkpaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa kdpjhgpkhdg; gl;laNk ,f;

ife;E}ypd; mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.

• ‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;lkhdJ Nkyjpf nryTfspd;wp ey;y nraw;ghLfSf;F toprikf;fpd;wJ.

• epjpfis Ntz;Ltjw;Fupa <u;g;G eltbf;iffSf;F ‘];gpaiu’ gad;gLj;jyhk;.

• kf;fs; nfsutkhd Kiwapy; tho;f;ifia miltjw;F mtrpakhd Njitfspd; mstPl;il kjpg;gpLtjw;F ‘];gpau;’ cjTfpd;wJ.

• ‘];gpau;’ ife;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;fq;fis cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wjh?

• mJ ‘];gpaupd;’ msTNfhy;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wjh?

• mJ Fiwe;jkl;l epakq;fis g+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wjh?

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © The Sphere Project (2004) Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response.

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.sphereproject.org/ - muG> rpq;fsk;> cUJ> Neghs> gpud;R> Urpa> ];ghdpa>rPd> ghrh> tpal;dhk;> ag;ghdpa> xupd; nkhopfspYk; ,J ,izaj;jpw; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.


‘gPgy; ,d; va;l;’ ed;dlj;ij nraw;ghl;L xOf;f tpjpfs; ed;dlj;ijr; nraw;ghl;L xOf;ftpjpfSf;fhd mbg;gilfs;: 1. kdpj tsq;fSf;fhd mZFKiw epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;F mtrpakhd jFjpahd Copau;fs; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L jFjpahd Neuj;jpy; gjtpaku;j;jg;gLtij ePq;fs; vt;thW cWjp nra;a KbAk;? mtu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;Jtjw;Fk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fk;> cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;Fkhd tsq;fs; cq;fsplKs;sjh? 2. Copau; nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk; cq;fspd; Copau; nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk; vy;NyhuhYk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sj; jf;fjhfTk; vOj;J %ykhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? cupa rl;l ntspg;ghLfisAk; fhyhrhu eilKiwfisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> mit vy;yh Copau;fSf;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahf mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjh? mit epahakhditahfTk; gaDilahdthfTk; kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahditahfTk; mike;Js;sdth? 3. kf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; vy;yh Copau;fSf;Fk;> njspthd Ntiy Nehf;fq;fSk; ngWNgw;W epakq;fSk; (performance standards) fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? Kfhikahsu;fs;> rpwg;ghf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhfg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Lk; cjtpaspf;fg;gl;Lk; cs;sduh? mwptpg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;ba gbKiwfs; (reporting line) njspthditahf cs;sdth? 4. fye;jhNyhrpj;jYk; njhlu;ghlYk; jkJ njhopiyg; ghjpf;fpd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf vy;yh Copau;fSk; mwpt+l;lg;gl;Lk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gl;LKs;sduh? vt;thW njhlu;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WtJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis Kfhikahsu;fSk; Copau;fSk; mwpe;Jitj;Js;sduh? 5. Ml;Nru;g;Gk; njupT nra;jYk; jFjptha;e;j tpz;zg;gjhupfspd; tpupthd njhFg;nghd;iw ftu;tjw;Fupa> njupT nra;tjw;Fupa tpjj;jpy; cq;fspd; nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? cq;fspd; nraw;ghl;L topKiwfs; njspthdjhfTk;> epahakhdjhfTk; kw;Wk; cWjpahdjhfTk; cs;sjh? 6. fw;wy;> gapw;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vy;yh Copau;fSf;Fk; Muk;g mwpKfKk; njspgLj;jYk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? vj;jifa gapw;rpfisAk;> tpUj;jpiaAk; jhk; vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk; vd;gij Copau;fs; mwpe;J itj;Js;sduh? mjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; epahakhd Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wjh? 7. Rfhjhuk;> eyd; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Copau;fspd; ghJfhg;G> ew;Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; eyd; vd;gd cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gpujhd nghWg;Gf;fshFk;. cq;fsplk; njspthd vOj;J%ykhd nfhs;iffs; ,jw;fhf cs;sdth? mit> ghJfhg;G kjpg;gPLfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhu mghak; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sdth? mtutu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf Kfhikahsu;fSk; Copau;fSk; njspthdtu;fshfTk; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshfTk; cs;sduh?

‘gPgy; ,d; va;l;’ ed;dlj;ij nraw;ghl;L xOf;f tpjpfspypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. KO tpguq;fSf;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; topfhl;ly;fSf;Fk; gpd;tUk; njhlu;ig gad;gLj;jTk;.


jkJ kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epWtdq;fSf;F cjTk; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUtpahf ‘gPgy; ,d; va;l;’ ed;dlj;ij nraw;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;tpOkpaq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w epWtdq;fspd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; tpidj;jpwDk;> nkhj;j tpistpy; mjpfupg;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mNjNghy;> Copau;fs; <LgLj;jg;gLfpd;w xt;nthU fs kl;lg; JiwfSk; my;yJ nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; ,f; nfhs;iffspd; eilKiw uPjpapyhd gad;ghl;il fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ mtrpkhFk;.

,Jgw;wpa Nkyjpf topfhl;ly;fis kf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tJ njhlu;ghd gf;fq;fspypUe;J ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gzpf;$w;iw (mission) va;Jtjw;fhf kf;fNs Kf;fpakhdtu;fshf mikfpd;wdu;. cq;fs; epWtd Copau;fs; vt;thW Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ

mtu;fspd; tpidjpwdpw; ghjpg;igr; nrYj;Jk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © People in Aid (2003), People in Aid Code of Good Practice ;.

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.peopleinaid.org/code/online.aspx


kdpjhgpkhdg; nghWg;Gf;$wy;

ePq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wtw;wpy;> ed;nfhil toq;Fgtu;fspdJk; Copau;fspdJk;> tpNrlkhfg; gadhspfspdJk; Mu;tq;fs; vt;thW

gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mjid vt;thW Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jPu;fs; kw;Wk; ,Wjpg; ngWNgWfs; vd;d? vd;gd njhlu;ghf kdpjhgpkhdg; nghWg;Gf;$wy;

<LghLfhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“ vq;fspd; jdpg;gl;l njhopw;ghLfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; NtWgl;litfshf mike;jhYk;> kdpjhgpkhd Nritahsu;fs; vd;w tifapy; ehk; ,Wjpahfg; nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;baJ ehk;

Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fSf;Nf……..” Ihd; ,fpYz;l;> kdpjhgpkhdg; gupkhw;wk;> ,y 30> a+d; 2005

mjpfhuq;fs; nghWg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij nghWg;Gf;$wy; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;:

• ePq;fs; ahUf;Fg; nghWg;Gilatu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gijAk; cq;fSf;F ahu; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

• cq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;d> mjid vt;thW milag;Nghfpd;wPu;fs;.

• nghWg;Gf;fs; milag;ngw;Ws;sij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd nghwpKiwfs;.

• mtrpaNkw;gLk; NghJ jpUj;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fupa gbKiwr; nraw;ghLfs;.

gaDs;s nghWg;Gf;$wYf;Fk;> nghWg;Gld; mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gpd;tUtd mtrpakhfpd;wd.

• Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kbtpdhy; ahu; ghjpf;fg;glg; Nghfpd;whu;fs; vd;gjpy; <LgLk; KbntLj;jw; gbKiwfs;.

• njhopEl;gf; jl;Lg;ghLfisAk; nkhopj;NjitfisAk;; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> KbtpdhYk;> Kd;nkhopTfspdhYk;> eltbf;iffspdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F Kw;whf mwptpg;Gr; nra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghlw; njhFjpfs;.

• mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> el;l<Lfis my;yJ gupfhuq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> rkkhf mile;Jnfhs;jYf;Fk;> vy;yhf; FOf;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;jw;Fkhd eilKiw.

nghWg;Gf; $wYf;fhd VO nfhs;iffs; 1. rl;l uPjpapyhd kdpjhgpkhdg; gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jYk;

gpugyg;gLj;jYk;.

2. cq;fspd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghWj;jkhd epakq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

3. ,e;epakq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;> mjidf; ftdpg;gjw;fhd cupik njhlu;ghfTk; gadhspfSf;F mwptpg;Gr;nra;jy;.

4. nraw;jpl;lj; jpl;lkplypy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jypy;> kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy; kw;Wk; mwptpg;Gr; nra;tjpy; gadhspfis mu;j;jKs;stpjj;jpy; <LgLj;jy;.

5. fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; mwptpg;Gr; nra;jypD}lhf mtu;fspd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp

NtiyfSf;Fupa epakq;fs; nghUe;Jtij ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. 6. gadhspfSk; Copau;fSk; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; epthuzq;fis ehLtjw;fhfTk;

Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk trjpNaw;gLj;jy;. 7. gq;fhsp epWtdq;fSld; nraw;gLk; NghJk; ,t;tbg;gilfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

© HAPI Principles of Accountability (2003) y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ. www.allindiary.org ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.

HAPI (vr;.V.gp.I) kdpjhgpkhdg; nghWg;Gf;$wYf;fhd $l;LKaw;rp - ru;tNjrk;

“kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfis

gadhspfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $Wtjhf;Fjy;.”

1996 Kjy; Utz;lhtpy; ,dg;gLnfhiyfSf;fhd ru;tNjr xUq;fpize;j kjpg;gPl;bd; ntspg;ghlhf> 2003k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; HAPI (vr; V gp I) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. HAPI (vr;.V.gp.I) apd; gzpf;$w;W kdjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfis Ra fl;Lg;ghLfspD}lhfTk;> xg;Gjy;fspD}lhfTk;> mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jy;fspd; ClhfTk; ju cWjpg;gLj;jy;fspD}lhfTk; ,yf;Fg; gadhspfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$wy;. gq;fhsu; epWtdq;fspd; xd;WNru;jiy ikakhf itj;J ,aq;Ffpd;w ru;tNjr Ra fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;Ng HAPI MFk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: HAPI (2001) Humanitarian Accountability: Kf;fpa mq;fq;fSk; eilKiwf;fl;likg;Gk; HAPI (2007) nghWg;Gf;$wypd; mbg;gilfs; Rtnuhl;b kdpjhgpkhd ed;nfhil toq;fSf;fhd mbg;gilfSk; ed;dlj;ijfSk; 2003

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.hapinternational.org http://www.alnap.org/publications/meta_evaluation.htm http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/resources/downloads/Good_Enough_Guide.pdf http://www.ecbproject.org/outwork.htm


If;fpa ehLfspd; njhopw;ghL cyfshtpa murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Ng If;fpa ehLfshFk; (I.eh). nghJthf> cyfpd; vy;yh ehLfSk; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ru;tNjr

nghUshjhu> r%f> fhyhrhu kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gJ mjd; Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;. mdu;j;jk; kw;Wk; mtru epthuzg; gzpfspy; If;fpa ehLfspdJk; mjd; epWtdq;fspdJk; tfpghfq;fshtd:

• kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;FjYk; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;jYk;.

• mdu;;j;jq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; cjtp nra;jYk;.

• mfjpfisg; ghJfhj;jYk; cjtpaspj;jYk;.

gpujhd I.eh. kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fs; czT kw;Wk; tptrha ];jhgdk; (FAO) Vw;glKbAkhd czT neUf;fbfs; njhlu;ghd Kd;dwptpg;Gf;fisr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; cynfq;fpYKs;s czT toq;fw; gpur;rpidfspy; cjtpaspj;jy;. kdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf czTg; ghJfhg;gpd;ik fhzg;gLk; ehLfspy; czT epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. www.fao.org Gyk;ngau;jYf;fhd ru;tNjr ];jhgdk; (IOM) mfjpfis khw;wPL nra;tjw;Fk;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;NjhUf;Fk;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr Fbafo;Tr; Nritfs; Njitg;gLNthUf;Fk; ,J cjtpaspf;Fk;;. ,J If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyaj;Jld; xUq;fpize;J nraw;gLk; ru;tNjr epWtdnkhd;whFk;. www.iom.int kdpjhgpkhd tplaq;fis xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd I.eh. fhupahyak; (OCHA) kdpjhgpkhd gjpy; eltbf;iffs;> nfhs;if tpUj;jpnra;jy; vd;gtw;iw xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;Ak; kw;Wk; ‘epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd Fuy; nfhLf;Fk; FO’ (ASC) tpD}lhf> mbg;gilapy; kdpjhgpkhd epaha MjuT Njly; vd;gtw;wpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd epWtdkhFk;. http://ochaonline3.un.org kdpj cupikfSf;fhd I.eh caup];jhdpfu; fhupahyak; (OHCHR) cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;tjw;fhd fhuzpahfTk;> mtu;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; mikAk;. ,J ghJfhg;Gf; FOtpd; jiyik epWtdkhFk;. www.ohchr.org If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; (UNDP) ,aw;if mdu;j;jf; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffs;> jLg;Gk;; Kd;dhaj;jKk; vd;tw;iw xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd epWtdkhFk;. Njrpa kl;lj;jpyhd epthuz kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;tspj;jy; Kaw;rpfspy; I.eh mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; ‘tjptpl ,izg;ghsu;fs;’ ; ; xUq;fpizg;ghsu;fshfr; nraw;gLtu;. www.undp.org kdpjf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd I.eh kj;jpa epiyak; (UN HABITAT) ,J> Aj;jq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk;> ,aw;if mdu;j;j Gdu;tho;tspj;jypd; NghJk; tPlikg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTs;s mtru epiyikfspy; <LghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. www.unhabitat.org

If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak; (UNHCR) tpNrlkhf> Aj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ> mfjpfisAk;> ehLfsw;w kf;fisAk;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;NjhiuAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd cyfshtpa ru;tNjr eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;jYf;fhd jiyik epWtdk;. www.unhcr.org If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF) rpWtu;fspd; cupikfis epiyehl;Ltjw;fhfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ. Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> ePu;> fopT kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Nkk;gLj;jy;fSk;; ghJfhg;Gk; vd;gd ,jd; gzpfspy; Kf;fpakhditfshFk;. mtru epiyikfspd; NghJ gyjug;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; tfpghfNkw;Fk;. www.unicef.org cyf czTj; jpl;lk; (WFP) czT epthuzq;fspd; Kf;fpa toq;FduhFk;. cgfhur; Nritf; FOtpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijj; jhq;Fk;. www.wfp.org cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdk; (WHO) Rfhjhug; gzpfSf;fhd topfhl;bahfTk;> xUq;fpizg;ghsuhfTk; njhopw;gLk;. Rfhjhuf; FOtpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijj; jhq;Fk;. www.who.org


mur> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> I eh epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w gy

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> mtru epiyikfSf;F xNu Neuj;jpw; Jyq;fiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

$l;L Kaw;rpia jpwd; kpf;fjhfTk; rupahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

vy;NyhUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpYk; xUq;fpize;j

fl;likg;nghd;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

tifapYk; OCHA ,tu;fSld; Ntiy nra;Ak;.

mJ gpd;tUdtw;iwf;nfhz;L xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;:

- nghJthd cgha khu;f;fj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jYk; epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd nghWg;Gf;fis gpupj;J xg;gilj;jYk;.

- epiyikfisAk; NjitfisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy;@ jpl;lkpLjYk; fzpg;gPL nra;jYk;.

- xUq;fpizg;Gf; $l;lq;fis elhj;Jjy;.

- ,ize;j Ntz;Ljy; eilKiwapd; Clhf tsq;fisAk; epjpiaAk; jpul;Ljy;.

- epWtdq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fg; nghJthd gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy;.

- xUq;fpizg;ig Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.

Basic Fact about UN gf;fk; 245-256 y; ,Ue;j ngwg;gl;lJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © United Nations (2004) If;fpa ehLfs; kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilj; jfty;fs;

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: www.reliefweb.int www.lrinnews.org Nkyjpf tplaq;fs; : Humanitarian Affairs

2005 k; Mz;by; ,lk;ngw;w epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd epiyg;ghl;Lf; FO kPsha;tpd; NghJ> kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfSf;fhd mZFKiw> FO

mZFKiwia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Kf;fpa gpupTfspd; (elements)

kPs;;tbtikg;gpw;fhd top vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. (I eh FO eilKiw njhlu;ghd

gf;fj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;)


fytuk; njhlu;ghd czu;T cUthf KbAkhd fytuq;fs; my;yJ fhzg;gLfpd;w Aj;j epiyikfs; cf;fpukiljy;

vd;gd njhlu;ghfTk;> ePq;fs; nraw;gLk; gpd;dzpf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpYkhd czu;Tld; Ntiy nra;tNj fytuk; njhlu;ghd czu;thFk;.

o tWik fhuzkhf (mjhtJ> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nritfs; my;yJ tsq;fSf;fhd Nghl;b fhuzkhf) my;yJ ghFghLfs; fhuzkhf (mjhtJ> ,dq;fSf;F> kjq;fSf;F> murpaw; FOf;fSf;fpilapy;) fytuq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

o fytuj;jpw;F toprikf;Fk; Kiwg;ghLfs; ,yFtpy; jdpg; Nguhiraha; khwyhk;. o Nghuhspfs; Kjypy; epjpr; Nrfupg;gpy; / czTr; Nrfupg;gpy; <LgLtu;. vd;whYk;>

gykhd murpay; Mu;tq;fspdhy; ,it vLj;njupag;gLk;. mjhtJ> nfhs;is> jLg;Gf;fs;> fg;gk;> rl;ltpNuhj tpahghuq;fshf khWk;.

o cjtp toq;fy;;fspd; Ntw;Wikfs; my;yJ ghFghLfs; fhuzkhff; fytuq;fs; cf;fpukilAk; mghaj;ij kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fytuq;fSf;fhd fhuzpfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd mZFKiwfs;: o kdpjg; ghJfhg;ig Cf;Ftpj;jy;> kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> murpay; /

epjpj;Jiw khw;wq;fs;. o Vw;gLk; Kiwg;ghLfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfr; rkdw;w jd;ikiaAk;> xJf;fg;gliyAk;>

ghFghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;. o rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;JjiyAk;> epiyahd mgptpUj;jpiaAk; xUq;fpizj;jYk;>

FWfpa fhy kdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspD}lhf rptpy; r%fq;fis tYt+l;lYk;.


fytuk; njhlu;ghd czu;Ts;s mZFKiw mjid vt;thW milayhk;

• ePq;fs; nraw;gLkplk; njhlu;ghd gpd;dzpia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• me;jg; gpd;dzpf;Fk; cq;fs; nray; jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.

• ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; (jPq;F tpistpf;fhik) rhjfkhd tpisTfis mjpfupg;gjw;fhfTk; ,t;twpitg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• fytuk; njhlu;ghdnjhU gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;sYk; njhlu;r;rpahf kPsha;T nra;tJk;.

• cq;fspd; jiyaPl;bw;fhf> fytu kPsha;itr; nraw;jpl;l tl;lj;Jld; ,izj;jy;.

• ghjfkhd tpisTfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; cs;slq;fyhf> cq;fs; nraw; jpl;lj; jpl;lkply;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; vd;gtw;iw fytuk; njhlu;ghd czu;Tld; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

fytuk; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;T gpd;dzpia gFg;gha;Tnra;jy; - ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw Ma;T nra;jy; - ghJfhg;G> murpay;> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;. - fytuj;ij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; fhuzpfisAk;> Vw;gl KbAkhd tpisTfisAk;> Kiwg;ghLfspd; tYitAk;> Mu;tk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw milahsk; fhzy;.

Vida gjpy;fis jpul;ly; - ru;tNjr kw;Wk; cs;Su; ghJfhg;G> murpay;> epjp> r%f kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdq;fspd; Mu;tq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; fz;lwpjy;. - mit fytuj;jpw;Ff; fhuzpahf my;yJ gjpy; eltbf;ifahf mikfpd;wdth vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;.

cq;fs; mZFKiwia tbtikj;jy;

- nghJthd mZFKiw xd;wpw;F Mjutspg;gijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;. - gFg;gha;Tf;fikaj; jiyaPLfspy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. - fytuj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfis rkhspf;Fk; tpjj;jpyhd murpay;> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; r%f khw;wq;fSf;F Mjutspj;jy;.

jPq;F tpistpf;fhik fytuk; njhlu;ghd czu;tpd;wp toq;fg;gLk; kdpjhgpdkhd cjtpfspdhy;> fytug; gyhj;fhuq;fs; mjpfupg;gw;Fk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cjtp tsq;fs; tPzhf;fg;glTkhd mghaq;fs; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd tha;g;gpUg;gNjhL> cq;fspd; jiyaPL fhuzkhfg;

ghjpf;fgl;ltu;fspd; epiyik NkYk; NkhrkhfTk; $Lk;.

jPq;F tpistpf;fhj Kiwapy; fytu czu;Tldhd mZFKiwia cs;thq;Fjy;: o fytuj;jpw;fhd cs;shu;e;j kl;lj;ij (potential)> my;yJ tha;g;igf; Fiwj;jy;. o gadhspfspd; kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd Copau;fspd; ,wg;Gf;fhd kw;Wk; fhag;gLjYf;fhd

mghaj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;. o gpur;rpidj; jPu;tpdhy; tsq;fs; tPzbf;fg;gLtij my;yJ moptijf; Fiwj;jy;. o nraw; jpl;lj; jhkjq;fis> Kbtiljy;fis my;yJ thg]; ngwg;gLk; mghaq;fisf;

Fiwj;jy;. o Jupj kPsikg;G kw;Wk; epd;W epiyj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

fytuk; njhlu;ghd mZFKiw xd;wpw;fhd mbg;gil topfhl;ly;fs;: cs;Su; epiyikfSf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy; vy;yhj; Njhw;wq;fSk; (aspect) tbtikf;fg;gly;. gq;Fgw;wy; eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; Kud;ghlhd Nehf;FfisAk;> Mu;tq;fisAk;>; Vida vy;yhg; gq;fspg;ghsu;fspdJk; czu;TfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy; gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wpAk; eLepiyikahfTk; ,Uj;jy;. njhlu;ghlypYk; mZFKiwapYk; ntspg;gilahf ,Uj;jy; fytuk; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; nghWg;GlikfSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;. cq;fspd; nrhe;j eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wy;. Vida gq;fspg;ghsu;fSld; $l;LwTlDk; xUq;fpizg;GlDk; Ntiy nra;jy; cs;Su; ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; Vidatu;fspd; Kaw;rpfSld; xj;Jg;Nghjy; kw;Wk; mtw;iwf; fl;baikj;jy; cq;fspd; gjpy; eltbf;iffis cupa fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Goodhand, Vaux & Walker / DFID Conducting conflict assessments © Africa Peace Forum, Center for Conflict Resolution, CHA, FEWER, International Alert, Saferworld (2003), Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peace building, Chapter 1 © CARE (2001) Benefits Harms Handbook

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.transcend.org/ http://www.saferworld.co.uk/ ; http://www.international-alert.org http://www.codep.org.uk/; http://www.cdainc.com/publications/cda_books.php


Mgj;jpy; cs;stu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gld; ,Ug;gjd; %yKk; mtw;iw $ba tpiutpy;

mwptpg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yKk; ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l eltbf;iffspdhYk;> Mgj;jpy; cs;stu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F vy;yh epthuzg; gzpahsu;fSk; cjtpaspf;fyhk;.

ghJfhg;G Ntiyfspd; mbg;gilfs;

kf;fspd; ngsjpfj; Njitfisg; Nghd;Nw> mtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;iaAk;;> Ra nfsutj;ijAk; Neu;ikiaAk; (integrity) ghJfhf;Fk; tpjj;jpw; nraw;gLkhW fs Copau;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

jkf;F Mjutspj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpYk;> milahsk; fhZk; tpjj;jpYk; kf;fSld; Neubahf Ntiy nra;jy;> mtu;fis mtu;fshfNt ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpYk; mtu;fspd; cupikfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sYk; tpjj;jpYk; Ntiy nra;jy;. me;juq;fq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; KbTfSf;F> tpNrlkhf FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; rk;ge;jg;gLk; ghypay; kw;Wk; ghypay; ghFghl;L gyhj;fhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd KbTfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

ghJfhg;ngd;gJ vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghWg;nghd;whFk;. ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd> mfjpfs; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fspw; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd tsq;fs; jq;fpAs;sd. KOikahd rl;lg; nghWg;G murpw; jq;fpAs;sJ. murpdhy; mtu;fspd; kdpjhgpkhdg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwT nra;a Kbahjtplj;Jr; rpy epWtdq;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk;. (cjhuzk;. I.eh. mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak;> If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak;> kdpj cupikfSf;fhd I eh caup];jhdpfu; fhupahyak; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;). ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l eltbf;iffspd; %yKk;> fzpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf fsj;jpw; ghJfhg;ig eilKiw uPjpahfr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; cjtpaspf;fyhk;.

gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpw; ghJfhg;gpy; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; cjtpaspf;f KbAk;: - ghJfhg;G mf;fiwfs; (concern) njhlu;ghf> mur mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; my;yJ Vida mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;F mit epfOk; NghJ> czu;T g+u;tkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy;@ - ,t;tf;fiwfs; njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fisAk; Clfq;fisAk; tpopg;gilar; nra;jy;@ - mur kw;Wk; cs;Su; mjpfhupfspilNa ru;tNjr juq;fis gpugy;ag;gLj;jy;@ - rl;l kw;Wk; r%f MNyhridfis> mwpT kw;Wk; gapw;rpfis toq;fy;@ - kdpj cupikfis fzpg;gPL nra;jy;.

- cq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ,Ug;Gf; fhuzkhf (cjhuzk;. gpd;tpisTfs;> Coy;) ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; tha;g;ig mjpfupj;jy;. - J\;gpuNahf mZFKiwfspy; epthuzq;fis xd;W Nru;j;jy;; (cjhuzk;. tYf;fl;lha ,lk;ngau;Tfs;) - gyhj;fhuq;fis my;yJ Fw;wthspfis mwpahky; rl;lg+u;khf mq;fPfupj;jy;. (cjhuzk;. czTg; gQ;rq;fspd; NghJ Ntz;Lnkd;Nw gl;bdpia mDkjpj;jy;) - gf;fr;rhu;G czu;T my;yJ gf;fr;rhu;G (cjhuzk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fs;> mtw;iw Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLtij Ntz;b epw;gjhy;> ‘ngWk; ,lq;fs;’ vd;w tifapy; Mgj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.) - ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l Ntiyfs;> kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfis murpay;kag;gLj;Jk;> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ikia kPWk; Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. - NtiyahdJ> czT> tPlikg;G> ePu; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghfty;yhJ ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fSf;fhdjhf mikjy;.


kf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> Ra nfsutj;jpw;Fk; Neu;ikf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jy;

jkJ RaghJfhg;gpy;> Mgj;jpYs;s kf;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhspfs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

mjpfhupfspdJk; jdpegu;fspdJk; rl;lg; nghWg;Gf;fSldhd <LghLfs;

gy;NtW gjpy; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf Vidatu;fSld; xd;whf Ntiy nra;jy;

gpioahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ jtwhf cUthf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffspdhy;; kf;fspd; Mgj;Jf;Fs;shFk; jd;ik mjpfupf;fg;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy;. cjuhzk;.

cq;fspd; nkhj;jg; ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Kw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. - ePq;fs; ahiug; ghJfhf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wPu;fs; kw;Wk; vjpypUe;J mtu;fisg; ghJfhf;f Kw;gLfpd;wPu;fs;? - mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F kf;fsplKs;s ,aysTfs; vd;d? - mtu;fSf;F ePq;fs; vt;thW cjTtPu;fs; kw;Wk; vj;jifa tsq;fis ePq;fs; gad;gLj;JtPu;fs;? - mjid mtu;fSld; vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;tPu;fs;? - ePq;fs; ntw;wpaile;jhy; mjid vt;thW mwpe;Jnfhs;tPu;fs;?

ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w kPwy;fSk;

FiwghLfSk; (ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> tNahjpgu;fs; kw;Wk; tyJFiwe;Njhu; kpfTk; Mgj;jpYs;stu;fshf mikayhk;) jdpg;gl;l fytuq;fs; - njupT nra;ag;gl;l nfhiyfs;> fhag;gly;> ,lk;ngau;jy;> iftplg;gly; my;yJ fhzhky; Nghjy;. - ghypay; td;KiwfSk;; J\;gpuNahfq;fSk;. - rpj;jputij kw;Wk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhf my;yJ ,opT gLj;Jk; tpjkhf elhj;Jjy;. ,of;fr; nra;jy; - nrhj;Jf;fisf; ftu;jy; my;yJ mopj;jy;. - epy Nkhrb my;yJ epy cupik kPwy;. - Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> nrhj;Jupik> ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fspw; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghFghLfs;. - ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilNa fytuq;fSk; jpwe;Jtplg;glYk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l elkhl;lKk; ngWjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; - rpWtu;fisg; gyte;jkhfg; gilfspw; Nru;j;jy;> tpgr;rhuk;> ghypaw; J\;gpuNahfq;fs;> mj;Jld;> flj;jy;fs;> jLj;J itj;jy;> kw;Wk; mbikg;gLj;jy;. - gyte;jkhd my;yJ jw;nryayhd FLk;gg; gpupTfs; my;yJ epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;l kPs; Fbaku;j;jy;fs;. - mlf;FKiwapyhd elkhl;lj; jilfs;> epu;g;ge;jj;Jldhd kPsj; jpUk;gy;> jz;lid uPjpapyhd Culq;Fr; rl;lq;fs; my;yJ fsj;ij> re;ijia> njhopiy> FLk;gj;ij> ez;gu;fis kw;Wk; r%f Nritfis mile;Jnfhs;tijj; jLf;Fk; tPjpj; jilfs;. - Nritfspd; njupT nra;ag;gl;l mopTfs; fhuzkhf my;yJ tho;thjhuj;ij kWg;gjd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; jhfk;> grp> Neha; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu neUf;fbfs;. - gq;Fgw;Wk; tha;g;G> xd;W $lYf;fhd Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkar; Rje;jpuk vd;gw;wpw; fl;Lg;ghLfs;. - milahsj;ij> cupikia> kw;Wk; gpuIhTupikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; ,og;Gf;fs; my;yJ fsTfs;. ALNAP guide for humanitarian agencies ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ODI (2006) Protection- An ALNAP guide for humanitarian agencies; © IASC (2002) Growling the Sheltering Tree, Protecting Rights through Humanitarian Action; © IASC (2006) Protecting persons affected by natural disasters

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.theecentre. net/resources/e_library/doc/Protecting%20Refugees%2 0-%20A%20Field%20Guide%20for%20NGOs.pdf


mdu;j;jq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; mdu;j;jq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjhdJ vjpu;fhy mdu;j;j mghaq;fisf; Fiwf;f

cjtpaspf;Fk;. ,aw;if my;yJ kdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mdu;j;j mghaq;;fspd; (hazard) ghjpg;Gf;fis

kf;fshy; jhq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahjtplj;J mdu;j;jq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd.

eypTj;jd;ik (vulnerability)

• ,aw;ifahd (mjhtJ> vupkiy my;yJ epyeLf;fk;) my;yJ kdpjuhy; cUthf;fgl;ljhf (mjhtJ> njhopw;rhiy tpgj;Jf;fs;> Aj;jk;> cs;ehl;Lf; fytuq;fs;) mike;J> Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s mgha vr;rupf;iffNs ‘eypTj;jd;ik’ vdg;gLk;.

• fhzg;gLfpd;w r%f> nghUshjhu> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; murpay; mOj;jq;fs; fhuzkhf> ViofSk; gytPdkhdtu;fSk; ghupa mdu;j;j Mgj;Jf;fSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;f KbahJs;sikapdhy; mdu;j;jk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

• tWik my;yJ r%fj; jilfs; cs;slq;fshf gytPdj;jd;ikf;fhd fhuzpfs; kf;fis ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;fspy; ( mjhutJ> epyeLf;fk;> kz;rupT> nts;sk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s gpuNjrq;fs;) my;yJ ghJfhg;gw;w tpjj;jpy; kf;fis trpg;gjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jpAs;sJ (mjhtJ> eypthd tPlikg;Gf;fs; my;yJ tptrhaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhfj; jq;fpapUj;jy;).

mdu;j;j mghak; + gytPdj;jd;ik = mdu;j;jk;

mdu;j;j mghak; + gytPdj;jd;ik = mdu;j;jk;

UN DMTP (1992) Overview of disaster management y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ

mdu;j;j mghaj;ijf; Fiwj;jy; gytPdkhd kf;fis my;yJ ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l mdu;j;j mghaq;fs; ghjpf;Fk;NghJ ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fSld; mdu;j;j mghaf; Fiwg;G njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ. mdu;j;jj;jpd; ghjpg;Gf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffspd; %yk; mghaq;fisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;:

• epu;khz uPjpapyhd eltbf;iffs; (mjhtJ> fl;ll tbtikg;Gf;fs;> ngsjpfj; jilfs;)

• Rw;whlw; fl;Lg;ghLfs; my;yJ epyg; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd fl;Lg;ghLfs;> gapw;rp kw;Wk; nghJ tpopg;Gzu;t+l;ly; Nghd;w epu;khz uPjpapyy;yhj eltbf;iffs;.

kw;Wk;> vjpu;fhy mdu;j;jq;fSf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jq;fs;. mjhtJ.

• jpl;lkplYk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifj; njhFjpfSk;

• fsQ;rpag;gLj;jYk; r%fj;jpd; gjpy; eltbf;if ,aysTfis Nkk;gLj;jYk;.


nraw;ghLfSf;fhd ‘`NahNfh’ eltbf;iff; fl;likg;G cghakhu;f;f Nehf;fq;fs;:

mdu;j;jj; jpl;lq;fs;> ,lu;

Fiwg;G> Kd;dhaj;jk; kw;Wk; gytPdk; vd;gtw;wpw;F tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;> epiyahd mgptpUj;jpapy vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk;; ,lu;

mghaf; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffis xd;W Nru;j;jy;.

mdu;j;j mghankhd;wpw;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;Fk; epiyia

(resilience) vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf>

epWtdq;fisAk; nghwpKiwfisAk;

r%fq;fspd; ,aysitAk; tYt+l;Ljy;.

mtru eltbf;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> gjpy; eltbf;if kw;Wk; kPsikg;G

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspy; mghaf; Fiwg;ig cl;GFj;jy;.

2005 k; Mz;bd; ,lu; Fiwg;gpw;fhd khehl;by; cyf r%fj;jpdupdhy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;: tWik jilfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fs;

gytPdj;jd;ikapd; tsu;r;rp

nraw;ghl;L mOj;jq;fs;: tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,aysTfs; rdj;njhif tsq;fs;

ghJfhg;gw;w epiyik: tWik jilfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fs;

mdu;j;jk;

Cf;Ftpf;Fk; epfo;Tfs;: epyeLf;fk; twl;rp nts;sk; Aj;jk; vupkiy

mdu;j;j mghahk;

jw;Nghija gjpy; eltbf;if> mLj;j mdu;j;jj;jpw;F r%fj;ij NkYk; gytPdkhf;Ftijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf> epthuzk;> Gdu;epu;khzk;> kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

vd;gtw;Wld; kdpjhgpkhd eilKiwfs; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Action Aid (2005) Participatory Vulnerability Analysis – a guide for field workers © ADPC (2004) Community Based Disaster Risk Management – field practitioners handbook

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid=43 http://203.159.16.18/adpc/IKM/Default.asp


,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk;

ePz;l fhy mgptpUj;jpahdJ> mdu;j;jj;jpdhy; gpd; efu;j;jg;glyhk;. vd;whYk;> ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l mdu;j;j kPs;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mdu;j;j mghaf; Fiwg;G

eltbf;iffs; %yk; ,J Nkk;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Ke;jpa mghaf; Fiwg;G mtj;ij

mdu;j;j tpisT mdu;j;jg; Kd;dhaj;jk; gjpy; eltbf;if epthuzk; Kd;dhaj;jk; ,lu; Fiwg;G GdUj;jhudk; ,lu; Fiwg;G GdUj;jhudk; kPs;fl;likg;G kPs;fl;likg;G mdu;j;jj;jpw;F gpe;jpa mghaf; Fiwg;G

mtj;ij ‘,aw;if / tpiuthf epfOk; mdu;j;jk; ‘kdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l’ / jpBnud epfOk; mdu;j;jk;

UNDTMP apd; Overveiw of Disaster Management 1992 y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ

,lu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fs;

• ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ,Wjpg; nghWg;ig murhq;fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cs;Su; mjpfhu epWtdq;fSldhd njhlu;r;rpahd xj;Jiog;Gk;> cs;Su; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwj; NjitfSf;F xj;Jg;NghjYk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gjpy; eltbf;iff;fhf mtrpakhfpd;wd.

• Aj;j epiyikfspd; NghJk;> neUf;fb epiyfspd; NghJk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisg; ghJfhf;fTk; cjtpaspf;fTk; ,ayhjtplj;Jk; I eh kw;Wk; Vida mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; cjtpaspf;f Kd;tuyhk;.

• r%f kl;l ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt ,aystpd; Fiwthd kjpg;gspj;jiyAk; jhz;b> Muk;gj;jpNyNa r%fj;jpd; gq;fsp;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Neuj;ijAk; tsq;fisAk; kPjg;gLj;jTk; jtWfisAk; fytuq;fisAk; jLf;fTk; KbAk;.

epthuzk;> Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iwj; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;F kpf Kf;fpa Mgj;njhd;whf mdu;j;jk; mike;jhYk;> ‘rpwg;ghff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F’> mjhtJ> ghJfhg;ghd tPLfs;> Kiwahd epyg; gad;ghL> jPu;Tfhzy;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd re;ju;g;gkhfTk; ,J mikfpd;wJ. Mgj;ij mjpfupg;gjd; %yk;> mjhtJ Rw;whlw; ghjpg;Gf;fs;> fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mgptpUj;jpahdJ mdu;j;jj;jpw;F toprikf;fyhk;. vd;whYk;> r%fj;jpd; Kd;dhaj;jj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;iff;fhd ,aysTfis fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Mgj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpahdJ toprikf;Fk;. epthuzj;ijAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; gaDs;s tpjj;jpy; ,izg;gjw;fhd mtrpa Njitfshtd:

• FWfpa fhy epthuz xg;gilfSf;F ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l gjtpaku;j;jy; mZFKiwnahd;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis xg;gilf;Fk; Kiwnahd;Wk; ,Uj;jy;.

• gjpy; eltbf;if kw;Wk; GdUj;jhudk; vd;gtw;wpd; KbntLj;jy;fspYk;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; gbfs; vy;yhtw;wpYk;> gadhspfspdJk; cs;sf r%fq;fspdJk; <Lghl;ilg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l> ePz;lfhyj; Njitfisj; jPu;j;Jitj;jy;. mjhtJ> tho;thjhu tha;g;Gf;fs;> epyk;> mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahjpUj;jy;> kw;Wk; gytPdkhd FOf;fSf;fhd cjtpfs; vd;gd.

• epiyahd mgptpUj;jpj; Njitfis miltjw;fhd Nghjpa tsq;fs;.

• GdUj;jhudr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa gpupnthd;whf ,lu; mghaf; Fiwg;G (,lu; Fiwg;G kw;Wk; Kd;dhaj;j eltbf;iffs;) nrad;Kiwfis xd;W Nru;j;jy;.


,lu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mtj;ijfs; epthuzk; NjLYk; kPl;G eltbf;ifAk;> jg;gpatu;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; czT> ePu;> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tPlikg;Gj; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; <LgLjy; cs;slq;fyhf mdu;j;jj;jpw;F gpd;du; cldbahf epfOk; fl;lkhFk;. GdUj;jhudk; ‘rhjhuz’ tho;f;ifia (r%fk;> Rfhjhuk;> tho;thjhuk;> fy;tp) Vw;gLj;Jk; fhyg;gFjpahFk;- mj;Jld; mdu;j;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fhyg;gFjpAkhFk;. kPs;fl;likg;G cl;fl;likg;G> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Ke;jpa NritfisAk; r%f epiyikfisAk; kPs; epu;khzpf;fpd;w kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;w fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,lu; Fiwg;G mdu;j;jnkhd;wpd; Mgj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; Kd;dhaj;jk; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; capu;r; Nrjq;fisAk; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;> tpiuthd kPl;G> epthuz kw;Wk; GdUj;jhud eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s cjtpaspg;gjw;fhfTk; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; Nkw;;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;.

Kd;ndr;rupf;if

mtru epiyik

epthuzk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UN DMTP (1992) An overview of disaster management © UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies © ADPC (2000) Tools and resources for post disaster relief

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid=37&publicationid=121#121 http://www.unisdr.org; http://www.redr.org.uk


mdu;j;j Kd;dhaj;jj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

r%f kl;lj;jpyhd eltbf;iffs;> mdu;j;j mghaq;fspd; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; kPs;fl;likg;Gf;Fk; (recovery)

toprikf;Fk;

mdu;j;j Kd;dhaj;jj; jpl;lkply; gaDs;s Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;Su; Kd;dhaj;jkhdJ gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;:

• gytPdk; njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPL – capu;fSf;Fk; clikfSf;Fk; Vw;glty;y Nrjq;fs;> gytPdkhd FOf;fs;> mtrpag;glyhk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; epthuzj; Njitfs; vd;gtw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> r%f nghUshjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; cs;slq;fshf mjdhy; Vw;gl KbAkhd mdu;j;j mghaq;fisAk; mjd; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;ifj; jpl;lk; - mtru epiyikfspd; NghJ> murpd;> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; kw;Wk; cs;Su; FOf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fis xg;gilj;jYf;Fk; njhspthd Nehf;fq;fis tiuaiw nra;jYf;Fkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• epWtd tYt+l;ly; - fhzg;gLfpd;w epGzj;Jtj;ij milahsk; fhZjy;;> xUq;fpizg;Gk;; njhlu;ghlw; fl;likg;Gk;> fhzg;gLfpd;w ,ilntspfis ,dq;fhZjy;; cupa tpjj;jpy; tfpghfq;fis xg;gilj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• jftw; njhFjpfs; - gjpy; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLgtu;fSf;fpilapYk; nghJ kf;fspilNaAk; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> Nrfupg;gjw;fhd toptifahfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

• tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy; - epjp> nghUs; toq;fy;fs;> nraw;ghl;L cjtp Vw;ghLfs; (logistics), kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G vd;gtw;wpw;fhfj; njspthd Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; eilKiwapYs;sJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• Kd;ndr;rupf;ifj; njhFjpfs; - nghJ kf;fSf;fhd kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kl;l tpopg;g+l;ly;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.

• gjpy; eltbf;ifg; nghwpKiwfs; - Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;Su; kl;lj;jpyhd gyjug;gl;l gjpy; eltbf;ifr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd ,aysTfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfTk; epWTtjw;fhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• nghJkf;fis mwpt+l;lYk; gapw;Wtpj;jYk; - r%f kl;lr; nraw;ghLfis gaDs;s tpjj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhdJ.

• guPl;rpj;jy; - eilKiwg;gLj;jpg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk; Nkk;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;.

r%f kl;l mdu;j;j mgha Kfhikj;Jtk; r%f kl;l eltbf;iffs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;:

• r%f kl;l mdu;j;j mgha/ mgha / gytPdj; jd;ik kw;Wk; ,aysTfs; vd;gtw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;jYk; r%f kl;l mdu;;j;jj; jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jYk;.

• Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa mdu;j;jf; FOf;fis cUthf;FjYk;> Kd;dhaj;jKk; gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;fhd tfpghfq;fSk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisj; jahu; nra;jYk;.

• Vw;gltha;g;Gs;s cs;Su; mdu;j;j mghaq;fSf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy;> ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; jhf;fq;fisAk; Fiwf;fty;y nraw;ghLfis> mjhtJ> xg;gilg;G tPLfs;> jhdpaf; fsQ;rpaq;fs; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis milahsq;fhzy;.

• gyjug;gl;l FOf;fSf;fhd jhf;Fg;gpbj;jw; nghwpKiwfisAk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifj; njhFjpiaAk; fz;lwpjy;.

• Row;rp Kiwapy; r%ff; FOf;fSld; nghJkf;fSf;fhd tpopg;g+l;ly;fisAk; (fw;gid) epfo;TfSf;fhd (Scenario) jpl;lq;fisAk; jpl;lkply;.

• r%f kl;l njhlu;ghlw; njhFjpfis epWTjy;.

• tho;thjuj;jpd; gpupTfSf;F> mjhtJ> epyj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTjy; %yk; cjtpaspj;jy;.


UNDMTP apd; Disaster Preparedness ,y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ. r%fr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUk; tpjj;jpy; Mjutspf;fyhk;:

• nghJkf;fSf;fhd jfty; / njhlu;ghlw; njhFjpfisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; (material) tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• ];gpau;> mtru epiyikfSf;fhd Kd;dhaj;jk; Nghd;wd njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

• cs;Su; epWtdq;fspd; gjpy; eltbf;if kw;Wk; epWtd ,aysTfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• mdu;j;j Mgj;Jf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd ngsjpf> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Kd;dhaj;jKk; gjpy; eltbf;iffSf;fhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhf cjtpaspj;jy;. mjhtJ> tpupthd tho;thjhuk;> czTg; ghJfhg;G Nghd;wd.

Kd;dhaj;j kw;Wk; ,lu; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhd mZFKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd rpwe;j re;ju;g;gkhf

mdu;j;jnkhd;wpw;Fg; gpe;jpa epiyiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Danish Red Cross (2005) Preparing for disaster – a community based approach © UNDMTP (1994) Disaster preparedness © UNDMTP (1994) Disaster mitigation

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.undmtp.org/modules_e.htm http://www.benfieldhrc.org/


I eh tpd; FO mZFKiw

2005k; Mz;by; kdpjhgpkhd kPsikg;G epfo;r;rp epuypd; gFjpnahd;whff; FO mZFKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd cau; Cf;fnkhd;iw ,J cUthf;fpaJ – I eh / I eh my;yhj gq;fhspfspd; cz;ikahd

xUq;fpizg;igAk; KbntLj;jiyAk; epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd Muk;gp;g;nghd;iw ,J Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

kdpjhgpkhdg; gjpy; eltbf;if ,aysTfisAk;> vjpu;T $wy;fisAk;> nghWg;Gf; $wy;fisAk;> kw;Wk; $l;L Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtij ,J Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;Nf 9 FOf;fs; fhzg;gLtNjhL> mtru epiyik epthuz xUq;fpizg;ghsUf;F (cyfshtpa kl;lj;jpy;) my;yJ kdpjhgpkhd xUq;fpizg;ghsUf;Fg; (ehlshtpa kl;lj;jpy;) nghWg;Gf; $Wk; tpjj;jpy;> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l jiyikj;Jtnkhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfshtpa kl;lj;jpy;> gpujhd gpupTfspy; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; nghWg;Gf; $wiyAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> Kd;dhaj;jk; kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;iff;fhd ,aysTfis tpUj;jp nra;tij ,J Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehlshtpa kl;lj;jpy;> xd;Wgl;Lg; gaDs;s Kiwapw; gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gy;NtWgl;l mYtyfq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w FOf;fis mzpjpul;b> mjw;fhd xUq;fpizg;G> jfty; gupkhw;wk;> kw;Wk; cgha khu;f;f Kiwnahd;wpd; Clhfg; gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtij ,J Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. FOf;fs; cyfyhtpa FOj; jiyikj;Jtk;

njhopEl;gg; gFjpfs;

mtru FbapUg;Gf;fs; If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak; (UNHCR) ($l;L mtru epiyikfs; ) ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; (IFRC) (,aw;if mdu;j;jk;) – ‘xUq;fpizg;ghsu;’

ePu;> fopg;giwr; Rfhjhuk;> Rfhjhuk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF) Nghrhf;F If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF) Rfhjhuk; cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdk; (WHO) FWf;fWf;Fk; (cross cutting) gFjpfs; Kfhk; xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; Kfhk; Kfhikj;Jtk;

If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak; (UNHCR) (fytuq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mdu;j;jq;fs;) Gyk;ngau;jYf;fhd ru;tNjr ];jhgdk; (IOM) (,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;)

tpiuthd kPsj; jpUk;gy; If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; (UNDP) ghJfhg;G If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak;

(UNHCR) (fytuq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mdu;j;jq;fs;) If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; ];jhdpfuhyak; (UNHCR) / kdpj cupikfSf;fhd I eh caup];jhdpfu; fhupahyak; (OHCHR) / If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF) (,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; / fytuq;fspy; ,Ue;J nghJkf;fs;)

nghJthd Nritg; gFjpfs;

mtru njhiyj; njhlu;ghly;fs; kdpjhgpkhd tplaq;fis xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd I eh fhupahyak; (OCHA) (nraw;ghl;L)

kdpj cupikfSf;fhd I eh caup];jhdpfu; fhupahyak; (OHCHR) kw;Wk; cyf czTj; jpl;lk; (WFP) (Nrit toq;Fdu;)

nraw;ghl;L cjtp Vw;ghLfs; cyf czTj; jpl;lk; (WFP)

‘mbg;gilj; jftw; gupkhw;wq;fSf;Fk; gjpy; eltbf;iffspd; eilKiwj; jilfis eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;Fkhd fye;Jiuahly;fisj; jhz;bf; $l;lq;fs; nry;Yk; NghJk;> ntspg;gLfpd;w NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gjpy; eltbf;iffis cghakhu;f;fq;fSld;; (strategically) jpl;lkpLk; NghJk; ,f; FO mZFKiw Ntiy nra;fpd;wJ.’ 2006 brk;gu; khj nghJ kPsikg;G Kd;itg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. kdpjhgpkhd cjtpg; gpupT OCHA

www.allindiary.org ,izajsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.

FOj; jiyikj;Jt epWtdq;fs; - FO mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa

xUq;fpizg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf cjtpaspj;jy;

- ,ize;J Ntiy nra;tij Cf;Ftpj;jy;

- fhzg;gLfpd;w

topfhl;ly;fSf;Fk; epakq;fSf;Fk; Vw;w tpjj;jpy; gjpy; eltbf;iffs; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;

- jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jYk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;jYk;.

- gjpy; eltbf;iffspw;

fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis milahsk; fhzy;

- Vida khw;W topfs; fhzg;glhjtplj;J ,Wjp cjtpaspg;ghsuhfr; nraw;gLjy;.

FO mq;fj;jtu;fs;

kdpjhgpkhdg; gjpy; eltbf;iffspy; Ntiy nra;fpd;w vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;: - njhlu;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; - jfty;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy; - FOj; jiyikj;Jtj;Jld;

Ntiy nra;jy; - vy;yhj; NjitfSk; epiwT

nra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jy; - xNu tplaq;fs; jpUk;gr;

nra;ag;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy; vy;yhg; gq;fhspfspdJk; xj;Jiog;GlNdNa FO mZFKiwapdhy; rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gl KbAk; IASC apd; 2006 etk;gu; topfhl;lw; Fwpg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UN (2006) UNOCHA Update on Humanitarian Reform © UN (2006) Report on Implementation of Global Cluster Capacity Building 1 April 2006-31 March 2007 © IASC (2006) Guidance Note on Using The Cluster Approach to Strengthen Humanitarian Response

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.reliefweb.int/humanitarianreform/ http://www.reliefweb.int/humanitarianreform/IASC%20GUIDANCE%20NOTE%20ON%20CLUSTER%20APPROACH.pdf http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/ocha-gen-02sep.pdf


mfjpfSk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fSk;

cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; • ,aw;if my;yJ kdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mdu;j;jq;fspdhy;> tpNrlkhf>

ghJfhg;gpd;ik my;yJ kdpj cupik kPwy;fspdhy;> kf;fs; gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;glNth my;yJ jkJ tPLfis tpl;Lk; ntspNawNth $Lk;.

• ru;tNjr vy;iynahd;iwj; jhz;lhj Kiwapy; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fis I eh> cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fs; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

• ru;tNjr vy;iynahd;iwj; jhz;l Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;w> kj> ,d my;yJ murpay; uPjpapy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fytuq;fs; my;yJ gypthq;fy;fs; Nghd;w ‘epahakhd fuhzq;fspdhy;’ kPsj;jpUk;g KbahJs;s ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fs;> I eh tpdhy; mfjpfs; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• 1951 k; mfjpfs; rkthak; (convention) %yk;> mjw;Fg; gq;Fjhuu; my;yhjtu;fs; cs;slq;fyhf> vy;yh ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;wtpjj;jpy; mfjpfspd; cupikfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ,jpw; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kpf Kf;fpakhd cupik ahnjdpy;> mfjp me;j];Jf; Nfhug;gLk; ehL mfjpfisg; gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wNth my;yJ guhgl;rk; fhl;lNth KbahJ. mj;NjhL jkJ ehl;L kf;fSf;Fs;s mNj r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cupikfs; mfjpfSf;Fk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

• vy;yh mfjpf; FOf;fSk; khWgl;lit: ve;jnthU FOTk; xNu tifapyhdjhf mikahJ.

• mdu;j;j;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;fhd> kPsikg;gjw;fhd> kw;Wk; Kd;dhaj;jj; jpl;lkply;fs; njhlu;ghd Mw;wy;fSk; ,aysTfSk; mfjpfspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;jy; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil topfhl;ly;fs; 1-4 nghJthd nfhs;iffs; - rkTupikfSk; rk nghWg;Gf;fSk; - cyfshtpa uPjpapw; gad;gLj;jy; - mfjp me;j];ijf; NfhUtjw;fhd cupikfs; - ghJfhg;gjw;fhd murpd; flikfs; 5-9 ,lk; ngau;Tg; ghJfhg;G - ,lk; ngau;itj; jLj;jy; - ,lk; ngau;tpd; ghuJ}uj; jd;ikiaAk; mit mbf;fb epfo;tijAk; jLj;jy; - RNjrf; FOf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; 10-15 ngsjpfg; ghJfhg;Gk;; efu;TfSf;fhd cupikAk; - tho;tjw;fhd cupik> ,iwik kw;Wk; Ra nfsutk; - mwptpf;fg;glhj ifJfspypUe;J> jLj;J itj;jy;fspypUe;J> gyte;jkhd jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G - ,lq;fisAk; tjptplq;fisAk; njupT nra;jy; - gyte;jkhd ,uhZt Ml;Nru;g;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J> tpNrlkhf rpWtu;fisr; Nru;g;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G 16- 17 FLk;g kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G - FLk;g xw;Wik kw;Wk; kPsr; Nru;j;jy; - mlf;f];jyq;fSf;Fk; rtr; rhiyfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; nfsutkspj;jy; - FLk;g tho;f;iff;F kjpg;gspj;jy; 18-23 nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu cupikfs; - Nghjpa tho;f;if kl;lq;fSk; NritfSk;

- Rfhjhu> kUj;Jt kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fg; guhkupg;G - milahs Mtzq;fs;. tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fSf;fhdJ - nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk; kw;Wk; kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;jYk;; - njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; - Ngr;R kw;Wk; kj ntspg;ghLfSf;fhd Rje;jpuk; - nrhe;jf; fhyhrhuj;jpw;Fk; nkhopf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy; - fw;gjw;fhd toptifapUj;jy; 24-27 kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; - guhgl;rkpd;wp ,jid toq;Fjy; - Njrpa mjpfhu epWtdq;fspd; mbg;gilg; nghWg;Gf;fs; - cjtpaspg;gjw;fhd kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fSf;fhd cupikfSk; cjtpfSf;F Mjutspg;gJ njhlu;ghd mrupd; flikfSk; - ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;FtJ njhlu;ghd kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; - kdpjhgpkhd cjtpahsu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; 28-30 kPsj; jpUk;Gjy;> kPs; Fbaku;j;jy; kw;Wk; xd;WNru;j;jypd; NghJ ghJfhg;G toq;fy; - Rakhf kPsj; jpUk;Gtjw;fhd my;yJ Fbaku;tjw;fhd cupik - guhgl;rkhd guhkupg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;G - nrhj;Jf;fis kPs miltjw;fhd cupiiAk; jtiwr; rPu;gLj;jYk; - kPsf; Fbaku;jYf;fhd jPu;TfSf;F cjtpaspg;gjw;fhd murpdJk; kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fspdJk; nghWg;Gf;fs;

- mfjpfs;> jhk; mfjp me;j];Jf; NfhUk; ehl;d ghJfhf;fg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,r;nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F me;ehLfSf;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk; If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd

cau; ];jhdpfuhyak; (UNHCR) nghWg;Gtha;e;j epWtdkhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

- nghWg;gspf;fg;gltpy;iyahapDk;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fs;> mfjp me;j];Jf; NfhUNthu;> nrhe;j ehLfSf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;l mfjpfs;> tpUe;jhspr; r%fq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk; mjpfk; cjtpaspj;J tUfpd;wJ.

- I eh tpd; ‘ghJfhg;G’ kw;Wk; ‘Kfhk; xUq;fpizg;Gk; Kfhk;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fkhd’ FOf;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Ffpd;wJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UNHCR (2004) Handbook for Reintegration and Repatriation © UNHCR (2006)1951 Refugee convention Q & A © Jallow & Malik (2005) UNHCR handbook for planning and implementing Development Assistance for Refugee programmes © UNOCHA (2004) Guiding principles on internal displacement © UNHCR (1999) Protecting refugees – a field guide for NGOs

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.networklearning.org/ http://www.unhcr.org/publ.html http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/principles.htm


cjtpfis ,yf;Fitj;jy;

kpfTk; gytPdkhdtu;fspd; jq;fpthOk; epiyiaf; Fiwf;fpd;w mNjNeuk;> mtu;fspd; Njitfis g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpw; tpidjpwid (efficiency)

,aYkhdjhf;Fjy;.

vg;NghJ gjpT mtrpakhfpd;wJ? gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ gupe;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy

• gjpy; eltbf;if mtj;ijapYk; ePz;l nraw; jpl;lq;fspYk;

• fhzg;gLfpd;w tsq;fspYk; Fiwthd gadhspfs; fhzg;gLkplj;J

• ,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l epthuz epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf

• jdpaplnkhd;wpypUe;J tpepNahfq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkhdtplj;J.

• Kiwahd gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahjtplj;J.

• ,yf;Fr; r%fq;fis miltjw;F ngsjpf / murpaw; jilfs; fhzg;gLkplj;J.

• njhlur;rpahf kf;fspd; ,lk;ngau;Tfs; fhzg;gLkplj;J.

• gjpT nra;tjw;Fj; jFjpahdtu;fisf; fhzg;gLfpd;w cs; (vested) Mu;tq;fs; mr;r%l;Lk; nghOJ.

• jkJ nrhe;j kPsikg;Gf;fis gadhspfNsh / cupa r%fq;fNsh Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkhdtplj;J.

• FWfpafhy xg;gilfspd; NghJ. ODI Relief & Rehabilitaion Network Good Practice Review 5 (1997) y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ czT kw;Wk; czty;yhj epthuz cjtpfisg; gfpu;tjw;fhd nghwpKiw cau;thd

cau;thd

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• epiyikAk; <LgLgtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;

• tpepNahfj;jpw;F Mjutspg;gjw;F fhzg;gLfpd;w tsq;fs;

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• Nghrizf; FiwghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;fs;> Ra nfsutj;ij Fiwg;gjhfTk>; Fiwthd czt+l;liy Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTk; mikAk;.

• r%ff; FOf;fspdhy; / kuGf; FOf;fspdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nghwpKiwfspdhy;> njhFjpf;F ntspNaAs;stu;fs; cs;slf;fg;glhJ Nghfyhk;. cjhuzk;: mdhijfs;> ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fs;> Mjpf;fkw;w r%fq;fs; / kuGf; FOf;fs;

epUthf ,yf;Fitj;jy;

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• Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; eypthd FOf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; cs;slq;fyhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis mgptpUj;jpapy; <LgLj;Jjy;.

• ,yf;Fitj;jy;; nghwpKiwapd; %yk;> Ranfsutk; ghjpf;fg;gly;> mdu;j;jg; gytPdq;fSf;F my;yJ J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F ntspg;gLjjg;gly; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Mgj;J mjpfupf;fhkypUg;gij cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• gaDs;s Nkw;ghu;itnahd;wpw;fhf ,yf;F itj;jy; / tepNahfj; njhFjpfs; njhlu;r;rpahf epfo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhf ‘];gpau;’ jpl;l kdpjhgpkhdg; gl;laj;jpd; nghJ epakq;fs; 4 Ig; ghf;fTk;.

gadhs

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tsq;fs; khjpup 1 : jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Clhf gadhspf;

FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

khjpup 2 : FLk;ge; jiytu;fspd; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

khjpup 3 : FLk;gj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l jiyikj;Jtf; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UNHCR (2003) Handbook of Registration © UNHCR (1997) Commodity distribution © ODI (1997) RRN Good Practice Review 5 – Counting & identification of beneficiary populations

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G:


ghJfhg;ig Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

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kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fspd; ftdk; mjpfupj;JtUfpd;wJ.

rpwe;j ghJfhg;G Kfhikj;Jtk; xd;wpD}lhf ,j;jifa ngUk;ghyhd Mgj;Jf;fs; jtpu;f;fg;glyhk; my;yJ Fiwf;fg;glyhk;.

ghJfhg;G Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;likg;G epiyik njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;T: vj;jifa gpd;dzpapy; ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wPu;fs;? cq;fs; nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd epu;thfg; nghWg;gpd; (mandate) vy;iyfs; vd;d? cq;fspd; mghag; gFg;gha;T vd;d? ,j;jifa mghaq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhkh?

Mgj;J (Threat)

epfo;tjw;fhd tha;g;G (Probability)

tpisT (Impact) mghak; (Risk) (P X I = R)

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Mgj;jpd;ikf;F toprikf;f KbAkhd vy;yh tha;g;Gf;fisAk; gl;baypLq;fs;. cjhuzk;. fhu; tpgj;J> FWf;fhd Jg;ghf;fpr; #L

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Xg;gPl;L uPjpapyhd mgha kl;lj;ij mstpLtjw;F epfo;tjw;fhd tha;g;ig tpistpdhy; ngUf;Fq;fs;.

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2

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jw;nray; epfo;TfSf;fhd jpl;lkply; tpgj;Jf;fSf;F vt;thW gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

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fsnkhd;wpy; tpgj;njhd;wpw;Fr; nraw;gLtJ vt;thW vd;gJ njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpdhy; tpgj;J vt;thW Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gf;fs;. xt;nthUtUk; ,j;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;jpUg;gJk;> nghWg;Gf;fs; njspthf ,Ug;gJk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

cjhuzk;. thfd elkhl;lq;fs;> epjp Kfhik> Nrhjidr; rhtbfs;> njhlu;ghly;

cjhuzk;. kUj;Jt ntspNaw;wq;fs;> Copau;fspd; ,wg;G> flj;jy;fs;> jhf;Fjy;fs;> gJq;fpj; jhf;Fjy;> ntb Fz;L mghak;> gpd;thq;fy;fs;

tpgj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w mwptpg;G> tprhuiz kw;Wk; Copau;fSf;fhd cjtpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

RedR-IHE apd; Engineeing in Emergencies y; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ


Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

ghJfhg;G jLj;jy;

epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;Gk; jftw; gupkhw;wKk;

• ghJfhg;Gj; jfty;fisg;

gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xj;Jiog;ig tpUj;jp nra;tJ epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.

• khw;wkilAk; ghJfhg;G epiyikfspy; KbTfis epWtdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf> tpupthd ghJfhg;Gr; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w tpNrl tpgj;Jf;fSk; jfty;fSk; Vida epWtdq;fSld; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• rk mstpyhd Mgj;ij vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy@ xt;nthU epWtdKk; ghJfhg;G epiyiknahd;wpw;F gy;NtW tpjkhfj; Jyq;fis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

• gpd;tUtd cs;slq;fyhf> jsj;jpw; fhzg;gLfpd;w jftw; gupkhw;wg; nghwpKiwapy; epWtdq;fs; capu;g;ghfr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;:

- jfty; tiyg;gpd;dy; - epWtdq;fSf;fpilapw; njhlu;r;rpahd ghJfhg;Gf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; my;yJ $l;lq;fs;. - kdpjhgpkhdj; jfty; kj;jpa epiyak; (Humanitarian Information Centre) my;yJ mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;G xd;wpak; Nghd;w kj;jpa ghJfhg;Gj; jftw; njhFjpfs;. People in Aid Information Sheet – Enhancing Staff Security ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Care International Safety & Security Handbook © ECHO (2004) Generic Security Guide for humanitarian agencies

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.interaction.org/files.cgi/687_Security_Planning_Guidelines.pdf ; http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0717 http://www redr org/london/training/trainingForTrainers/index htm

ghJfhg;G cghakhu;f;fq;fs;

gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; 1 nkw;wpf; nlhd; fsQ;rpa trjpf;F: jhdpaq;fs; = 2 rJu kPw;wu; kUe;Jg; nghUs; = 3 rJu kPw;wu; jsu;r;rpahd Nkyhilfs; = 9 rJu kPw;wu; 25 FLk;gf; $lhuq;fs; = 4-5 rJu kPw;wu;

mdu;j;j Kd;dhaj;jKk;; gjpy; eltbf;ifAk;

cjtp Vw;ghLfis (Logistics) Nkw;nfhs;sy; cjtp Vw;ghLfs; rupahd nghUis rupahd mstpy; rupahd ,lj;jpy; rupahd Neuj;jpy; toq;Fk; toq;fw; (supply) njhlu; cl;nry;Yk; ntspNaw;Wk; JiwKfk; miw Muk;gf; Kd;nrYj;Jk; fsQ;rpak; fsQ;rpak; Muk;gpf;Fk; ngWgtu; ,lk; ifahSjy; FWfpa jLg;G

ePz;l jLg;G

UNDTMP apd; Logistics 1993 ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ

epthuz cjtpg; nghUl;fs; nry;Yk; Xl;lNk (flow) toq;fw; njhluhFk;. nghUl;fs;> cl;nry;Yk; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J (flw; JiwKfnkhd;wpd; my;yJ ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyankhd;wpd;) Muk;gf; fsQ;rpak; tiu nry;Yk;. mit gpd;du; ePz;l J}uk; (1000 fp kP w;Fk; mjpfkhd) Gifapujk; my;yJ ghupa buf; tz;bfs; (20-30 nkw;wpf; nlhd;) %yk; gadhspfSf;F (100-300 fp kP) mUfpYs;s Kd;nrYj;Jk; fsQ;rpaj;jpw;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;ag;gLk;. gpd;du; mit Kfhk;fspYs;s my;yJ r%fq;fspYs;s ntspNaw;Wk; fsQ;rpaq;fSf;F rpwpa buf; tz;bfs; (5-6 nlhd;) %yk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. mtru epiyikfspd; Nghjhd Nghf;Ftuj;J

o mtrpakhd thfdq;fis thq;Fjy; my;yJ thliff;fku;j;jy;> njhlu;r;rpahd ghuhkupg;Gk; cjpupg;ghfq;fspd; ifapUg;Gk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

o vupnghUl; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jiy> tpiutpw; jPu;e;J NghFk; toq;fypy; xd;whff; fUJq;fs;.

o Aj;j my;yJ mdu;j;j Mgj;Jf;fspdhy; (nts;sk;> kz;rupT> Fg;igfs;> fz;zpntb Nghd;wtw;wpdhy;) Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lyhk;. ,jd;NghJ> toq;fy;fSf;fhd khw;wPlhd ghijfs; mtrpag;glyhk;.

o tpNrlkhf czTfis fg;gNyw;Wtjpy; Vw;gLk; - murpaw; nry;thf;Ffspdhy;> flj;jy;fs;> kw;Wk; jhkjq;fs; fhuzkhf- tpepNahf tiyg;gpd;dy;; (Nghf;Ftuj;J / fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;) ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jYk; ifapUg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghLk;

o nghUl;fspd; tiffs;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;Ak; Kiw (thd;> ghij) Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd topfs; kw;Wk; tpepNahf Kiwfs; (Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;J my;yJ tPl;Lf; FOf;fSf;F) vd;gd ,lj;ijAk; mtrpakhd fsQ;rpa tiffisAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk;.

o nghUl;fis ntspNaw;Wfpd;w mNj Neuk;> JiwKfq;fspy; mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

o nghUl;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk; tpjj;jpYk;> fhyepiyapdhy; my;yJ gPilfspdhy; Nrjq;fisj; jtpu;f;Fk; tpjj;jpYk;> jhkjq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ jhq;fw; ifapUg;nghd;iw (buffer storage) NgZk; tpjj;jpYk;> cyu;e;j ,lq;fspy;> jl;ilahd fsq;rpa trjpfSld;> Vw;wp ,wf;Ftjw;F trjpahd Kiwapw; fsQ;rpa trjpfs; tbtikf;fg;glTk; epu;khzpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

o Neuj;ijAk; nryTfisAk; kPjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; Fiwe;jstpw; nghUl;fis ifahYq;fs;.

o Rpwpa fsQ;rpaq;fistpl ngupa fsQ;rpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJk; guhkupg;gJk; ,yFthdjhFk;.

o nghUl;fs; Row;wg;gLtjd; %yk; ‘Kjypy; cs;tUgit Kjypy; ntspr; nry;Yk;’ Kiwia cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. cs;tUk; nghUl;fisAk;> ntspNaWk; nghUl;fisAk;> fsQ;rpaj;jpy; kPjKs;s nghUl;fisAk; kw;Wk; fsQ;rpaj;jpYs;s kpff;Fiwe;j kPjp ,Ug;G vd;gtw;iwAk; ifapUg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjp gjpT nra;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

www.allindiary.org ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; juTuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jy; epthuzg; nghUl;fSf;fhd epakf; FwpaPLfs;: czT - rptg;G cil kw;Wk; tPl;L cgfuzq;fs; - ePyk; kUj;Jt tpepNahfq;fSk; cgfuzq;fSk; - gr;ir o ,Wjpahfr; nrd;wilAk;

,lj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpYk; gpuQ;R nkhopapYk; my;yJ cupa cs;Su; nkhopapYk; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;

o cilaf; $ba nghUl;fs;>

fsQ;rpag;gLj;j Ntz;ba ntg;gepiy> kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw njspthff; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;

o Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;Ak; NghJ

xU egupdhy; J}f;f KbAkhd mstpy; nghjp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf 25 fp fp>

o ntspNaw;Wk; Kftu;fis

gad;gLj;Jq;fs; my;yJ tpkhd epiyaq;fSld;> epjp kw;Wk; Rq;f mjpfhupfSld; ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

o jPu;it tpyf;fspg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghf mtjhdpAq;fs;. o Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;tjw;fhf>

ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf> fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kw;Wk; khw;wPL nra;tjw;fhf epjp xJf;fPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UNDMTP (1993) Logistics © Concern, Aid Workers Network (2007) 4WD Vehicle Maintenance Checklist

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.aidworkers.net/?q=advice/logistics http://www.unjlc.org/field_manual/


‘];gpau;’ - ePu;> Rj;jk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;.

ePu;> MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ew; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd (WASH)

eilKiwfs;> mdu;j;jnkhd;wpd; Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; jg;gpg; gpiog;gjw;F (survival) kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhditahFk;.

Neha;fs; flj;jg;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gJk;> kf;fs; ew; Rfhjhuj;JlDk;;;> Ra nfsutj;JlDk;> trjpahfTk;; ghJfhg;ghfTk; tho;tjw;F tha;g;gspg;gJk;> fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ‘nth\;’ (WASH) Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fspd; Nehf;fhFk;. 1. Rj;jj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy; (gf;fk; 60)

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; (ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jty;y) gytPdq;fs;> Njitfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; njhlu;ghf> tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf jpl;l tbtikg;Gf;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (fopg;giwr;) Rfhjhu trjpfspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mtw;iw guhkupg;Gr; nra;tjy; vd;gtw;wpy; gadhspfs; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. ePu; tpepNahfk; (gf;fk; 63)

• vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; rk mstpy; mile;Jnfhs; KbAkhd> Fbg;gjw;Fk; rikg;gjw;Fk;> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; tPl;Lr; Rfhjhuq;fSf;Fkhd Nghjpa mstpyhd ePu; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nghJ ePu; epiyfs; tPLfSf;F Nghjpastpy; mz;ikahdjhf mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ePu; tpUk;gj;jf;f (RitAila)jhfTk;> Fbg;gjw;Fg; NghjpajhfTk;> Kf;fpa Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jhjjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; ePiur; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;Fk;> cupa mstpy; ePiug; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> kw;Wk; ePiug; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fkhd mtrpa trjpfSk; toq;fy;fSk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3. kyf; fopTfis ntspNaw;Wjy; (gf;fk; 71)

• tpiuthdJk; ghJfhg;ghdJkhd kw;Wk; ,uT gfy; vy;yh Neuj;jpYk; nry;y KbAkhdtpjj;jpy;> FbapUg;Gf;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa mz;ikapy;> kf;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifahd fopg;giwfs; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• ghuhkupg;gjw;F trjpahfTk;> Rj;jkhdjhfTk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd tpjj;jpYk; fopg;giwfs; epiyepWj;jg;gl;L tbtikf;fg;gl;L epu;khzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

4. gPilf; fl;Lg;ghL (gf;fk; 77)

• Neha;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilfspy; (Neha;fisf; fhTk; capupfs;) ,Ue;Jk; mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpitAk; topfisAk; jdpegu;fSk; FLk;gq;fSk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk; ey; tho;tpw;Fk; ghupa Mgj;ij mit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• Vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; kl;lj;jpy; gPilfis> tpNrlkhf Esk;Gfisf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUg;gjw;Fupa ngsjpf> Rw;whly;> kw;Wk; ,urhadg; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; eilKiwapw; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• Nghf;FtujJ kw;Wk; ,urhadg; nghUl; ghtidspd; NghJ> kf;fisAk; Rw;whliyAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; tpjj;jpy;> ghJfhg;ghd njupTfis cWjpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

5. jpz;kf; fopT Kfhikj;Jtk; (gf;fk; 83)

• kUj;Jtf; fopTfs; cs;slq;fyhf> jpz;kf;fopTfspdhy; njhw;Wf;F cs;shf;fg;glhjnjd Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkhdJk;> jkJ tPl;Lf; fopTfis trjpahfTk; gaDs;s tpjj;jpYk; ntspNaw;wtjw;Fupa topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJkhd #onyhd;W kf;fSf;Ff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

6.tbfhy; (gf;fk; 86)

• mUtp ePu;> nts;s ePu;> tPLfspd; fopT ePu; cs;slq;fyhf kw;Wk; kUj;Jt trjpfspd; fopT ePu; Fiwf;fg;gl;L> frpTfspdhYk; Njq;fpa ePupdhYk; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; Vida Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glhjtpjj;jpyhd Rw;whlnyhd;W kf;fSf;Ff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

];gpau; ife;E}ypd; gf;fq;fNs ,q;F Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ – epakq;fs;> Kf;fpa msTNfhy;fs;> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfspy; tfpghfq;fs;> gpur;rpidg; gFg;gha;T> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkply;> kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jTk;.


Kf;fpa msTNfhy;fspd; khjpupfs;

Rfhjhu eilKiwfs;

,J> tapw;Nwhl;ljij 35% j;jpdhy; my;yJ mjw;Fk; mjpfstpy; Fiwf;Fk;

• rtu;f;fhukpl;Lf; if fOTjy;

• FopAldhd fopg;giw xd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; rpWtu;fspd; kyj;ij ntspNaw;wy; (dispose)

• tPLfspYs;s ePupd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.

WELL Factsheet ,ypUe;J

ePu; tpepNahfk;

• ehnshd;wpw;F xUtUf;F 15 yPw;wu; tPjk; (topfhl;lw; Fwpg;G 1 (gf;fk; 64)

• tPl;bypUe;J ePu; epiyf;fhd mjp $ba J}uk; 500 kPw;wu;

• kyj;jpD}lhd njhw;Wf;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gij Rfhjhu Ma;Tfs; fhz;gpj;jy;

• khjnkhd;wpw;F xUtUf;F 250 fpuhk; Fspaw; rtu;f;fhuk; tPjk;

• 100 NgUf;F xU ryitg; ghj;jpuk; tPjk;

kyf;fopTfis ntspNaw;Wjy;

• mjp $baJ xU fopg;giwf;F 20 Ngu; tPjk;

• ,Ug;gplq;fspy; ,Ue;J 50 kPw;wUf;F Fiwthd njhiytpy; fopg;giwfs;

• tbtikg;Gj; njhlu;ghfg; gadhspfSld; (tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fs;) fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;

• epyj;J ePupypUe;J fopg;giwf; Fopfs; Fiwe;jJ 30 kPw;wu; Nra;ikapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;

gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• gPilfspdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Neha;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtw;iwj; jLg;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; kf;fs; mwpe;jpUj;jy;

• Esk;Gfs; ngUf;fkilAk; ,lq;fspypUe;J fhw;wpw;F vjpuhf> 1-2 fpNyh kPw;wu; njhiytpy; Kfhk;fs; mike;jpUj;jy;

jpz;kf; fopT

• 10f; FLk;gq;fSf;F 100 yPw;wu; fopTg; ghj;jpuk; tPjk;

• vy;yhf; FLk;gq;fSk; fopTg; ghj;jpuj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; / my;yJ nghJf; fopTj; njhl;bapypUe;J 100 kPw;wu; njhiytpw;Fs;Sk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

WASH FOtpw;fhd jiyikj;Jtj;ij UNICEF nfhz;bUf;Fk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © WHO (2005) Essential hygiene messages; © WHO (2005) Minimum water quantity needed; © WHO (2005) Emergency sanitation; © OXFAM (2006) Vulnerability considerations for PHE in emergencies; © OXFAM (2006) Excreta disposal for people with disabilities,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/who_Technical_notes_for_emergencies/ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/emergencies/how_we_work/resources/watsan.htm; http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/publications/results.php?keyword=&subject=0&sort=title


‘];gpau;’ – czTg; ghJfhg;G> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; czT epthuzk;

kf;fs; tho;tjw;F czT mtrpakhfpd;wJ. czTj; jl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fg; gy fhuzpfs; fhuzkha; mikfpd;wgbahy;> epiyikiaj;

njspthf czu;e;j jiyaPL mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wJ.

cz;gjw;F Nghjpasthd Nghrhf;Fzit kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahjtplj;J ghupa czTj; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;> fytuq;fs;> murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikapd;ik> ngUshjhu tPo;r;rpfs; my;yJ vr; I tp (HIV) Nghd;w njhw;W Neha;fspdhYk; ,it J}z;lg;glyhk;. czTg; ghJfhg;G (gf;fk; 120) czTg; ghJfhg;G = RWRWg;ghdJk; RfhjhukhdJkhd tho;f;ifia elhj;Jtjw;F> jw;NghJk;> vjpu;fhyj;jpYk;> mtrpakhd Nghrhf;Fzit> NghjpastpYk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; jkJ czTj; NjitiaAk; czT tpUg;gj;ijAk; epiwT nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; mile;J nfhs;s Kbjy;. ,J njhlu;ghf ];gpau; epakq;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ:

• tho;f;ifia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> nrhj;Jf;fspd; mopitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Ra nfsutj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fk; Vw;wtpjj;jpw; Nghjpastpyhd rupahd czitAk; czty;yhj nghUl;fisAk; mile;Jnfhs;s tha;g;gpUj;jy;.

• Muk;g cw;gj;jpg; nghwpKiwfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lk; cjtpaspf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uj;jy;.

• KbAkhapd; rupahd tUkhd topfSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis miltjw;fhd tha;g;gpUj;jy;.

• re;ijg; nghUl;fisAk;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; tpahghupfs; vd;w tifapy; NritfisAk; ghJfhg;ghf miltjw;fhd tha;g;gpUj;jy;.

Nghrhf;F (gf;fk; 137) Nghrhf;fpd;ikahdJ> kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhd nghJr; Rfhjug; gpur;rpidnahd;whf mikayhk;. Nghrhf;fpd;ikia jLg;gjw;Fk; eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;> nghJ epakq;fspYk; Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fis miltJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. tpthjj;jpw;Fupa gpur;rpidfs; (issues) gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;:

• ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk;> tiffisAk;> kl;lq;fisAk; kw;Wk; Nghrhf;fpd;ikapd; guk;giyAk;> mjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd gjpy; eltbf;ifiaAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.

• nghJkf;fspdJk;. mghaj;jpYs;s tpNrl FOf;fspdJk; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy;.

• ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l Nkyjpf czt+l;lyhdJ> nghJthf kpjkhd Nghrhf;fpd;ikf;fhd rup nra;jyhfTk;> mjp Nghrhf;fpd;ikf;fhd jLg;G eltbf;ifahfTk; mikAk;.

czT epthuzk; (gf;fk; 157) neUf;fb epiyikfspd; NghJ czTg; ghJfhg;gpd;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mtrufhy czT cjtpfs; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLk;. nghJthd czT xJf;fPl;L tpepNahfk;> Nghrhf;F uPjpapy; gytPdkhd FOf;fSf;fhd njupT nra;ag;gl;l czt+l;ly; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mJ cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Njitf;Fk; mtu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; czT tsq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapw; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspia epwg;Gk; tpjj;jpy; czT xJf;fPl;L tpepNahfq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gLk;.

• toq;fg;gl;l czTfs; NghJkhditahfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtupdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;litahfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL> tPl;L kl;lj;jpy; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jj; jf;fjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l czTfs; cupa juj;ijAilaitahfTk; kdpj Efu;Tf;F Vw;wjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• tPl;L kw;Wk; r%f kl;lq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;bYk;> cupa tpjj;jpy;> ghJfhg;ghfTk; czTfs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl> rikf;fg;gl kw;Wk; Efug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• tsq;fs; (ngUl;fSk; cjtp epjpfSk;) ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;ifj; njhFjpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ed;F Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• nrad;KiwahdJ> gjpyspg;gjhfTk;> ntspg;gilahdjhfTk;> epahkhdjhfTk; kw;Wk; cs;Su; epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

];gpau; ife;E}ypd; gf;fq;fNs ,q;F Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ – epakq;fs;> Kf;fpa msTNfhy;fs;> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfspd; tfpghfq;fs;> gpur;rpidg; gFg;gha;T> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkply;> kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jTk;.


‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ENN (2004) Targeting Food Aid in Emergencies © OXFAM Briefing Note (2005) Making the Case for Cash, © WHO (1995) Rapid Nutritional Assessment © UNHCR (1999) Nutritional Essentials

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.fantaproject.org/ http://www.wfp.org/ http://www.the-ecentre.net/toolkit/home.htm


czTg; ghJfhg;G

• cs;Su; nghUshjhuk;> r%fg; gpizg;Gf;fs;> tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; kjpg;gPLfs; njhlu;ghd gjpy; eltbf;ifapd; ghjpg;Gf;fs; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gly;.

Nghrhf;F

• xUtUf;F ehnshd;wpw;Fr; ruhrupahf 2>100 fpNyh fNyhup tPjk;@ nkhj;jr; rf;jpj; Njitapy; 10 – 12 % Gujj;jpypUe;Jk;@ nkhj;jr; rf;jpapy; 17 % tPjk; nfhOg;gpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gly;.

• 90 % w;Fk; mjpfkhd ,yf;F kf;fs;> Nkyjpf czt+l;lYf;fhd cyu; czT tpepNahf epiyaj;jpypUe;J < 1 ehSf;Fs;shd jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk; J}uj;ij nfhz;bUj;jy;.

czT epthuzk;

• fu;g;gpzp kw;Wk; ghY}l;Lk; jha;khu;fspd; czTfs; njhlu;ghd VjhtJ (%l) ek;gpf;iffs; cs;slq;fyhf> tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; czTfs; rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu eilKiwfSf;F xj;Jg;Nghtjhf mike;jpUj;jy;.

• czT epthuz tsq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gadhspfis miljy;

Nghrhf;Ff; FOtpw;fhd jiyikj;Jtj;ij UNICEF nfhz;bUf;Fk;

cq;fspd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; czT cjtpfspy;

<LglhkypUe;jhYk;> Vida Jiwfspd; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;

tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd tpopg;g+l;liyg; ngw;wpUg;gJ

xUq;fpize;j gjpy; eltbf;ifia

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpkhdjhFk;.


‘];gpau;’ – tPL> FbapUg;G kw;Wk; czty;yhjit tho;tjw;F tPlikg;G mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wJ.

mNjNeuk; ghJfhg;igAk;> mutizg;igAk; Ra nfsutj;ijAk; mJ toq;FtNjhL> FLk;g kw;Wk; r%f tho;f;ifia epiyj;jpUf;fr;

nra;tjw;Fk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

,tw;iw ,yf;F itf;Fk; ve;jnthU cjtpAk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

• Ra epiwT kw;Wk; Ra Kfhikj;Jtk;

• Rw;whlYf;fhd ghjpg;igf; Fiwj;jy;

• tho;thjuj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis mjpfupj;jy;

cs;Su; epiyikfs; Kf;fpakhditahFk; - mdu;j;jj;jpd; jd;ikAk; msTk;> fhyepiy> Rw;whly;> murpay; epiyikfs;> cs;Su;r; r%fq;fspd; ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; tsq;fs;.

tPlikg;Gk; FbapUg;Gf;fSk; 1. mZFKiwj; jpl;lkply; (gf;fk; 211) • Vw;ndNt fhzg;gLfpd;w tPlikg;G kw;Wk; FbapUg;Gf;fSf;fhd jPu;Tfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; ( nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;Gjy; my;yJ Mjutspf;Fk; r%fj;Jld; my;yJ FLk;gj;Jld; tho;jy;) mj;NjhL> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; ghJfhg;G> Rfhjhuk;> mutizg;G> kw;Wk; eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xd;W Nru;e;j FbapUg;Gf;fs; (ghupa fl;llq;fs; my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kfhk;fs;) Fiw epug;Gg; gjpy; eltbf;ifahf mikaf; $lhJ.

2. ngsjpfj; jpl;lkply; (gf;fk; 215) • fhzg;gLfpd;w r%fg; gpizg;Gf;fspdhy; jpl;lkply; topfhl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;@ ghJfhg;ghdJk;

gj;jpukhdJkhd ePu;> Rj;jk;> Rfhjhuk;> jpz;kf; foptfw;wy;> mlf;f];jyq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f trjpfs; cWjpg;gLj;jy;@ cupa tpjj;jpyhd ,ufrpaj; jd;ik> kw;Wk; jdpj;jdpahd tPLfSf;fpilapy; gpupg;Gf;fs;> gytPdkhd FOf;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fs;.

3. kiwf;fg;gl;l tho;tplq;fs; (gf;fk; 219) • nfsutkhd jq;Fkplq;fSf;fhfTk;> mtrpakhd jdpj;Jt me;juq;fj; jd;ikf;fhfTk;

(privesy), mj;jpahtrpa tPl;L NtiyfSf;fhfTk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhfTk; ,lkspf;Fk; tpjj;jpw; Nghjpastpy; kiwf;fg;gl;l ,ilntspia toq;Fjy;.

4. tbtikg;G (gf;fk; 221)

• tbtikg;G> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfTk; fhyepiyfSf;F trjpahd KiwapYk;> J}a fhw;W> Ranfsutk;> Rfhjhuk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;G vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpYk;> fhyepiyapypUe;J ghJfhg;G toq;Fk; tpj;jpYk; mikjy;.

5. epu;khzk; (gf;fk; 224)

• ghJfhg;ghd cs;Su; epu;khz eilKiwfSf;F mikthfTk; tho;thjhu trjpfSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfupf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; epu;khzq;fs; mikjy;.

6. Rw;whlw; jhf;fq;fs; (gf;fk; 227) • ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> ngUl;fSf;fhd %y tsq;fs; kw;Wk; epu;khzj;

njhopEl;gq;fspd; Clhf Rw;whlYf;fhd ghjkhd jhf;fq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gly;.

czty;yhj nghUl;fs; Ra nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; eyNdhk;G vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

xt;nthUtUk; my;yJ xt;nthU tPLk; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• cLJzpfs;> Nghu;itfs; kw;Wk; fl;bw;Jzpfs; (gf;fk; 230)

• jdpg;gl;l Rj;jk; - rtu;f;fhuk; kw;Wk; Vida nghUl;fs; (gf;fk; 232)

• rikj;jy; kw;Wk; cztUe;jYf;fhd ghj;jpuq;fs; (gf;fk; 233)

• mLg;Gf;fs;> vupnghUl;fs; kw;Wk; vupa+l;ly; nghUl;fs; (gf;fk; 234)

• tPLfis epu;khzpg;gjw;fhd my;yJ epUthfj;jpw;fhd fUtpfSk; cgfuzq;fSk; (gf;fk; 236)

];gpau; ife;E}ypd; gf;fq;fNs ,q;F Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ – epakq;fs;> Kf;fpa msTNfhy;fs;> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfspy; tfpghfq;fs;> gpur;rpidg; gFg;gha;T> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkply;> kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

www.allindiary.org ,izj;jsj;jpD}lhfg; gf;fq;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fisAk; jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.


jpl;lkply;

• r%ff; fl;likg;G> ghy;epiy r%f NtWghl;L (gender) tfpghfq;fs;> gytPdkhd FOf;fs; vd;gd fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

ngsjpfj; jpl;lkply;

• r%fj;jpd; Njitfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;

• 2-4 % rupT rpwg;ghdjhFk; • Fiwe;jJ xUtUf;F 45 rJu

kP;w;wu;

• FOthd tPLfs; xd;whf

• ,U tPLfSf;fpilapy; 2 kPw;wu;> tPl;Lj; njhFjpfSf;fpilapy; 6 kPw;wu;> njhFjp tPl;Lg; gpupTfSf;fpilapy; 15 kPw;wu; ,ilntsp

tjptplj;ij kiwj;jy;

• xUtUf;F 3.5 rJu kPw;wu; epyg;gug;G

tbtikg;G

• cs;Su;> gof;fkhd> my;yJ fhyhrhu uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epu;khzg; nghUl;fs;

epu;khzk;

• vjpu;fhy ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;

• cs;Su; ghuhkupg;ig toq;f Kbjy;

Rw;whlw; jhf;fq;fs;

• KbAkhd tplj;J kuq;fis ntl;lhjpUj;jy;

czty;yhj nghUl;fs;

• khjnkhd;wpw;F 200 fpuhk; ryitr; rtu;f;fhuk;

• khjtplha;f;Fupa Rfhjhug; nghUl;fs;

• kPsj; Jitf;f KbAkhd 12 fPohilfs;

• xUtUf;F: %bAld; rikaw; ghj;jpuk;> Ngrpd;> rikayiwf; fj;jp 1 tPjk;> mfg;igfs; 2 tpjk;> czTg; ghj;jpuk;> Nfhg;ig> fuz;b 2 tPjk;

• kPs epwg;gg;gl Ntz;ba Njitfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;

Kfhk; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; (Aj;jj;jpdhy; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;fhd) mtru epiyik tPlikg;Gf; FOtpw;fhd jiyikj;Jtj;ij UNHCR k; ,aw;if mdu;j;jj;jpdhy; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fSf;fhd mtrufhy tPlikg;ig IFRC Ak; Kfhk; Kfhikj;Jtj;ij IOM ck; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © WVI (2006) The Sphere Pocket Guide © UNDRO (1982) Shelter After Disaster © ODI (2003) Housing Reconstruction after conflict and disaster,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: NRC Flyktninghjelpen - Leirdrift - Camp Management Project and Toolkit http://www.shelterlibrary.org http://www.aidworkers.net/?q=advice/shelter


‘];gpau;’ – Rfhjhur; Nritfs;

mdu;j;jq;fs; NeubahfNth (cjhuzk;. fhaq;fs;> cstpaw; ghjpg;Gf;fs;) my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth (cjhuzk; Neha;fs;> Nghrhf;fpd;ik)> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; nghJ Rfhjhuj;jpYk; eyj;jpYk; ghupa jhf;fj;ij nghJthf vg;NghJk; Vw;wgLj;Jfpd;wd.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l mdu;j;jq;fspd; nghJ Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs;

ghjpg;G rpf;fyhd mtru

epiyik

epyeLf;fk; Gaw; fhw;W (nts;sk; ,d;wp)

nts;sk; jpBu; nts;sk; Rdhkp

,wg;G gy gy rpy rpy gy

ghupa fhaq;fs; NtWgLk; gy eLj;juk; rpy rpy

njhw;W Neha;fSf;fhd

mgha mjpfupg;G

cau;thdJ rpwpaJ rpwpaJ NtWgLk; rpwpaJ

czTj; jl;Lg;ghL

nghJthdJ re;ju;g;gk; FiwT

re;ju;g;gk; FiwT

NtWgLk; nghJthdJ

Kf;fpa kf;fs; Fbngau;Tfs;

nghJthdJ (mjpfk; ghjpfg;gl;l

efuq;fspy; Vw;glyhk;)

re;ju;g;gk; FiwT

re;ju;g;gk; FiwT

nghJthdJ NtWgLk;

Rfhjhuj; njhFjpAk; cl;fl;likg;Gf;fSk; (gf;fk; 259) fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpjj;jpy; Rfhjhu Nritfis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs; kf;fSf;fpUj;jy;.

• ,wg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fkhd (Neha; epiyikfs;) gpujhd fhuzpfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;nfd Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhu Nrit.

• fhzg;gLfpd;w Rfhjhuj; njhFjpf;F> fl;lig;Gf;fSf;F kw;Wk; Nrit toq;FNthUf;F Mjutspj;jy;.

• cau; tpisitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gy;NtW epWtdq;fSf;fpilNaAk; JiwfSf;fpilNaAk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu Nrit.

• cupa mbg;gil Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G> mbg;gilj; jj;Jtq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kunghOq;F KiwfisAk; (protocol) topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; epakg;gLj;jpg; gpd;gw;Wk; tpjj;jpy; kUj;Jt epiya Nritfs; mike;jpUj;jy;.

• cupa nghJ Rfhjhuj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd> gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xUq;fpize;j njhFg;gpd; topfhl;ly;fSf;fika> Rfhjhu Nritfspd; tbtikg;Gk; mgptpUj;jpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.

njhw;W Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• njhw;W Neha;fisf; fl;LgLj;Jtjw;nfd tbtikf;fg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; NritfisAk; mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs;.

• 6 khjk; Kjy; 15 taJ tiuapyhd vy;yhr; rpWtu;fSk; rpd;dk;ikf;F vjpuhd epu;g;gPlzj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy.

• jLf;f KbAkhd kuzq;fspdJk; ghjpg;Gf;fspdJk; mjpfupg;ig mjpfstpw; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; ,j;jifa njhw;W Neha;fSf;fhd gaDs;s Neha;f; fz;Lgpbg;G (diagnosis) kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir toq;fw; Nritfis mile;Jnfhs;stjw;fhd toptiffs;.

• njhw;W Neha;g; guty;fSf;fhd (outbreaks) Kd;dhaj;j kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;if Vw;ghLfs;.

• gaDs;s tpjj;jpYk; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpYk; njhw;W Neha;g; guty;fspd; mjpfupg;Gf;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> guPl;rpj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

• vr; I tp / va;l;]; guTjiyj; jLg;gjw;Ff; Fiwe;j nrytpyhd Nritfis kf;fs; mile;Jnfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy;.

njhw;Wjypd; %yk; guthj Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kf;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd toptifapUj;jy;:

• fhaq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhd Nritfs; ,Uj;jy;.

• FLk;g Rfhjhur; NritfSf;fhd Fiwe;j Muk;gr; Nritj; njhFjp (Minimum Initial Service Package)

• r%f kw;Wk; cs Rfhjhur; Nritfs;

• fhyq;fle;j Neha;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;Gf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F mtrpakhd rpfpr;irfs;.

];gpau; ife;E}ypd; gf;fq;fNs ,q;F Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ – epakq;fs;> Kf;fpa msTNfhy;fs;> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfspy; tfpghfq;fs;> gpur;rpidg; gFg;gha;T> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkply;> kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jTk;.



Rfhjhuj; njhFjpfs; • Kbe;jstpw; Rfhjhu mikr;rpd;

gpujpepjpfspdhy; Rfhjhuj; Jiwg; gjpy; eltbf;iffs; jiyik jhq;fg;gly;.

• NritfSk; jiyaPLfSk; r%fj;jpdhYk;> fyhrhu uPjpahfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfTk; cupa njhopEl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtjhfTkpUj;jy;.

• ngz;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfg; ngz; Rfhjhu Copau;fs; flikapypUj;jy;.

• ehnshd;wpw;F 50 NehahspfisAk; tpl mjpfupf;fhj tpjj;jpw; rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd kUj;Jt epiya Copau;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

njhw;W Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• ‘nth\;’ (WASH), FbapUg;G kw;Wk; czTg; ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;Wldhd xUq;fpizg;G eltbf;iffs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy;.

• re;Njfkhd Neha;g; guty;fis 24 kzpNeuj;jpDs; mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy;.

• <30>000 kf;fspy; thunkhd;wpw;F 5 Nehahspfs; my;yJ Nehahspfspd; vz;zpf;if 3 thuq;fspDs; ,Uklq;fhf mjpfupj;jyhdJ Neha;g; gutiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

Njhw;Wf;fspd; %yk; Vw;glhj Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

• Nehahspfis tifg;gLj;jYf;fhd epak eilKiwfs; epWtg;gl;bUj;jy;.

• eilKiwapYs;s@ mdu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; epthuz eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd ek;gfukhd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fSf;F tha;g;gpUj;jy;.

• ghlrhiy kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F eltbf;iffisr; rpWtu;fs; $ba tpiutpy; mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;.

Rfhjhuf; FOtpw;fhd jiyikia WHO nfhz;bUf;Fk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ENN (2006) Infant & Young Child Feeding in Emergencies,IFE Core Group © PAHO (2006) Management of Dead Bodies after disasters,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izj;js ,izg;G: www.cdc.gov ; www.cred.be ; www.ifrc.org ; www.who.int ; www.pano.org


Rw;whly; njhlu;ghff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;

r%fq;fs; jhk; thOfpd;w kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhfj; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w ngsjpf> ,urhad> capupay; kw;Wk; r%fr; Rw;wpapUg;Gf;fNs Rw;whly;

vdg;gLfpd;wJ

2004 ];gpau; jpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ

mdu;j;jq;fs; #oYf;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikfpd;wJ

• mdu;j;jq;fSld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j Mgj;Jf;fs; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth ghjfkhd tpisTfis #oYf;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

• ,t;tpisTfis milahsk; fhz;gJk; mtw;iwj; jutupirg;gLj;JtJk;> capu;fSf;Fk; eyd;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;Ls;s Mgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd tpiuthd Rl;bf;fhl;lnyhd;iw toq;Fk;. cjhuzkhf tof;fkw;w nts;sg;ngUf;Ffspdhy; kz; njhw;Wf;Fs;shjy;.

• epthuzk; kw;Wk; Gdu;epu;khzk; vd;gtw;wpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tsj; Njitfs; njhlu;ghd rupahd kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ> mdu;j;jq;fspd; ghjf tpisTfspdhy; #ow; ghjpg;giltijf; Fiwg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhfpd;wJ.

• rupahd #oy; tpisT kjpg;gPLfisAk; eltbf;ifj; jpl;lq;fisAk; jahupg;gjw;fhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis <LgLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

• mdu;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; epiwT nra;ag;gl;bUf;fhjtplj;J> rupahd kjpg;gPLfSk;> Gdu;epu;khz ,yf;FfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;ida mgptpUj;jp kl;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;j cjtyhk;.

• capu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> #oYf;F Vw;glty;y ghjpg;Gf;fis mwptJ mtrpakhfyhk;. mdu;jj;jnkhd;wpd; NghJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj tpisTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,it cjtyhk;.

#oy; tpisTfspd; fLikiag; ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs;

Gtpapay; r%f #oy;

rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp> ghjpf;fg;gl;l/ ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mdu;j;j ,lj;jpd; gug;gsT> fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs;

Ra epiwT kl;lk;> tpUe;jhspr; r%fj;jpd; MjuT> #oYf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> r%f / gyf; fl;likg;Gf;fs;> tho;thjhuj; njupTfs;

#oypd; jhf;Fg;gpbf;Fk;; kw;Wk; epd;W epiyf;Fk; jd;ik. cjhuzkhfg; ghjf tpisTfSf;F epd;W epiyf;f Kbjy; kw;Wk; kPsikg;Gf;fhff; fopTfis cs;thq;Fk; ,aysTfs;

mdu;j;j epthuzq;fspd; ghjkhd gpd;tpisTfs; epthuz kw;Wk; kPsikg;G eltbf;iffs; #oYf;Fg; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Vw;glKbAkhd tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;nthd;W ,jw;fhd jLg;G eltbf;if mZFKiwfSf;fhf mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

epthuz eltbf;iffs; mghaq;fs; gapur; nra;ifia mjpfupj;jy; kPs; epug;Gjy; (restock) tpijfSk; cuq;fSk; ePu;g;ghrdk; kPd;gpb Rfhjhuk; ePu; tpepNahfk; epu;khzk;

capupaw; gy;ypdj; jd;ik Fiwtiljy;> kz;zupg;G> fhlopg;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fspd; Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jy; ePu; ts %yq;fs; ghjpg;giljy; ePupd; tifgpupj;jy;> Neha; flj;jy; mjpfupj;jy; fhzg;gLk; thoplq;fis mopj;jy;> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; ghjpg;G epyk;/ePu; khriljy;> mghafukhd fopTfs;> Neha; guTjy; rdj;njhif mlu;j;jp mjpfupj;jy;> Neha; flj;jg;gLjy; mjpfupj;jy; cs;Su; tsq;fs; moptiljy;> nts;sk;/ mdu;j;j mghaq;fs; mjpfupj;jy;

Rapid Environmental Impact Assesment in Disaster Response gjpg;Gupik 2003 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere. Inc (CARE) ,ypUe;j ,g;gf;fk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. mDkjpAld; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.


#oiyg; ghjpf;Fk; mdu;j;j Mgj;Jf;fs; nts;sk; njhw;Wf;Fs;shd nghUl;fis flj;jpr; nry;yy; kz;zupg;ig Vw;gLj;jy; ePiu khrilar; nra;jy; cl;fl;likg;ig ghjpj;jy; mghafukhd fopTfis cUthf;Fjy; fhw;W gapu;fSf;Fk; cl;fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jy; jP tspia khrilar; nra;jy; tPlikg;Gf;fisAk; cl;fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; moptilar; nra;jy; kz;zupg;Gf;F toprikj;jy; twl;rp fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; kz;zupg;gpw;F toprikj;jy; gapu;fisAk; ePu; tsq;fisAk; ,oj;jy; kz;rupT cl;fl;likg;igg; ghjpg;gilar; nra;jy; ePiuj; njhw;Wf;Fs;shf;Fjy; epy eLf;fk; cl;fl;likg;Gf;fis ghjpj;jy; mjpfstpyhd fopTfis cUthf;Fjy; kz;rupTfis Vw;gLj;jy; Aj;jk; cl;fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; NritfisAk; moptilar; nra;jy; ,urhad> capupay;> mZj; njhw;Wf;fs; tho;thjhuq;fis mopj;jy; kw;Wk; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; mjpfupf;fg;gly; Vida mghafukhd nghUl;fs; gdp kio my;yJ %Lgdp> vupkiyfs;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Benfield Hazard Research Centre & CARE International - Guidelines for rapid environmental impact assessment in disasters (2005) © UNDMTP Disasters and the Environment (1995)

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.encapafrica.org www.unep.org www.benfieldhrc.org/rea_index.htm www.healthcarewaste.org.


FbapUg;Gf;fisj; jpl;lkply; ,lj;ijf; fz;lwpjy; gaDs;s kw;Wk; tpiuthd kPs; epu;khzj;jpw;F> ,lj;ijj; njupT nra;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjw;fhfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;:

• mfjpfs; my;yJ cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;Njhupdhy; tpUe;jhspr; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; my;yJ mtu;fis cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy;.

• Gjpa FOf;fs; njhlu;ghfr; r%fj;jpd; czu;Tfs;. cjhuzkhf@ rkak;> fyhrhuk;> mtu;fspd; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpisTfs;.

• vy;NyhupdJk; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhty;. cjhuzkhf@ Aj;jq;fs; my;yJ Aj;jg; gpuNjr vy;iyfspypUe;J J}uk;> ngz;fspd;> rpWtu;fspd; kw;Wk; tNahjpgu;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;G> ghypay; uPjpapyhd ghy;epiyr; r%f NtWghl;L td;KiwfSf;fhd Mgj;J.

• ngz;fspd;> rpWtu;fspd; kw;Wk; tNahjpgu;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhty;.

• mbg;gilj; Njitfis mjhtJ> ePu;> Rj;jk;> ghlrhiy> Rfhjhuk;> rkak;> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; r%f trjpfs; vd;gtw;iw mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;.

• epyk;> re;ij> kw;Wk; tho;it elhj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfis mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;.

• ,aw;if tsq;fis mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;. cjhuzkhf@ vupnghUs;> epu;khzq;fSf;fhd %ytsq;fs;.

• njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; ,lk;nghau;Tf;fhd Rje;jpuk;. cjhuzkhf@ tPjp> ghyq;fs;. • FLk;gj;ij my;yJ csSu;f; FOf;fis kPs xd;W Nru;j;jy;.

,lj;ij Ma;T nra;jy;

gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpupthf cs;slf;fp> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ,lk; njhlu;ghf tpupthd kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

- ,lj;jpd; msT - miktplk; kw;Wk; ,lu; Mgj;jpw;fhd J}uk; - ,lj;jpd; Gtpapay;> ,aw;if tbfhy; - kz; tif - mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;

- ePu; %ytsq;fs; kw;Wk; ePupd; juk; - jhtu tsu;r;rp> ,aw;if tsq;fs; kw;Wk; vupnghUl;fs; - #oypay; kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; - #oy; tpisTfs;

FbapUg;Gf;fspd; tbtikg;G kPs;FbapUg;Gj; njupTfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;@ - tpUe;jhspf; FLk;gq;fSld; (ez;gu;fs;> cwtpdu;fs; my;yJ Vida FLk;gq;fSld;) jq;fpapUj;jy; - ghjpg;gile;j nrhj;Jf;fis jpUj;jpaikj;jy; my;yJ nrhe;jf; fhzpfspy; fl;llq;fis epu;khzpj;jy;

- nghJf; fl;llq;fspy; (ghlrhiy> topghl;Lj; jsq;fs;) trpj;jy; - $lhu Kfhk;fis mikj;jy; - Kfhk;fis mikj;jy; my;yJ jdp> $l;L tPLfspy; FbapUf;fr; nra;jy;

tpUe;jhspf; FLk;gq;fSld; jq;fpapUf;fr; nra;jy; my;yJ mtutu;fspd; nrhe;jf; fhzpfspy;

FbapUf;fr; nra;jNy rpwe;j njupthf mikAk;. Kfhk;fs; my;yJ FbapUg;Gf;fs; vd;gd ,Wjpj; njupthf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mtrpakhapd;@ o cupa rhjhuz tho;f;;iff;Fj; jpUk;Gtjw;F trjpaspg;gjw;fhf> cs;Supy; ,lk;

ngau;e;j kf;fis> epiyahd FbapUg;Gf;fis epu;khzpf;f ,aYkhd ,lq;fspy;FbapUf;fr; nra;jy;.

o FbapUg;Gj; jpl;lkply;fspy; ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fspdJk; tpUe;jhspr; r%fj;jpdJk; gpujpepjpfis <LgLj;Jjy;.

o cupa xg;ge;jq;fspd; Clhf ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fSk; tpUe;jhspr; r%fKk; jkJ cupj;Jupikfs; (entitlements) kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;jiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

FbapUg;G tbtikg;gpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;@ o KbAkhapd; jdpj;jdpahd tPlikg;Gj; NjitfSf;Fk; njupTfSf;Fk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jy;. cjhuzk; tPlikg;G tbtikg;G o ePz;l fhyg; guhkupg;G> ngUl;fis kPsg; gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

mtw;iw mfw;Wjy; (dismantling) o cs;Su; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;JjYk; ,aw;if #oYf;F mjdhy; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfSk;. o rdj;njhifg; Gs;sptpgutpaw; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdkhd egu;fspd; miktplq;fs;. o epiyahd vupnghUs; %ytsq;fs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhu cjtpfs;. o fhty; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs;. o jP guTtjw;fhd mghak; kw;Wk; gPilfspd; fl;Lg;ghL.


FbapUg;G tbtikg;G FbapUg;ngd;gJ ntWk; fl;likg;nghd;whf kl;Lk; mikahJ – mJ ,aw;ifahf trpf;fj;jf;f ,lnkhd;whFk;. tPL vd;gJ: - Rfhjhuj;ij ghJfhf;Fk;> - ntapy;> kio> Fspu;> Neha;fs; Nghd;w fhuzpfspypUe;J kf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;. - ghJfhg;ig> me;juq;fq;fis> nfsutj;ijg; fl;bf;fhf;Fk;. - FLk;g tho;f;iff;F jpUk;Gtjw;F cjtpspf;Fk;. - tho;thjhu trjpfs; kPsj;jpUk;Gtjw;F cjtpaspf;Fk;. tbtikf;Fk; NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait: - cs;Su; mdu;j;j mghaq;fSf;Fj; jhf;Fg;gpbj;jy;. - jP jLg;G eltbf;iffs; - nts;s kw;Wk; ePu; jLg;G eltbf;iffs;. - ePbj;Jiof;Fk; jd;ik (FbapUg;Gf;fSf;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tho;f;iff; fhyj;ijg; nghWj;J> cjhuzkhf> 3 khjq;fs; Kjy; 5 tUlq;fs; tiu> mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %yg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;) - ,yFtpy; mfw;w Kbjy; - cs;Su; epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUe;Jjy;. - Nghjpa fhw;Nwhl;lk; - ngz;fspdJk; rpWtu;fspdJk; ghJfhg;G. - cs;Su; %yg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. - cldbahfg; guhkupf;f Kbjy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © NRC (2004) Camp management toolkit © UNOCHA (2004) A Guide to the use and logistics of family tents in humanitarian relief – doc. Ref. OCHA/ESB/2004/19 © Corsellis, T. and Vitale, A. (2005) Shelterproject, Transitional Settlement Displaced Populations

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.sheltercentre.org http://www.nrc.no/camp


tho;thjhuKk; tho;nthd;iw elhj;JjYk;

kf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis> nrhj;Jf;fis kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis mopg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ

tPo;j;Jtjd; %yk;> mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuk; epiyj;jpUg;gij mdu;j;jq;fs; Fiwj;JtpLk;.

gpd;tUk; nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L kf;fspd; tho;thjhuk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

kdpj KjyPLfs; epjp KjyPLfs; ,aw;if KjyPLfs; r%f KjyPLfs; ngsjpf KjyPLfs;

Mw;wy;> mwpT> $yp Ntiy> Rfhjhuk; Nrkpg;G> rk;gsk;> fld; epyk;> ePu;> Rw;whly; tsq;fs;> capupaw; gytpjj; jd;ik r%f tpjpKiwfs;> ek;gpf;if> FOf;fs;> ,izg;Gf;fs;> rq;fq;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J> FbapUg;G> rf;jp> njhlu;ghly;

tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd mdu;j;jq;fspd; ghjpg;Gf;fs;

- jkJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikfpd;w tpjj;jpy;> tPLfisAk; r%fq;fisAk; mdu;j;jq;fs mjpf mjpu;r;rpf;Fk; kdtOj;jj;jpw;Fk;>; ntspg;gLj;jptpLk;. - kdpj KjyPLfis vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; Neha;g;guty; vd;gd cilj;JtpLtNjhL> twl;rp> nts;sg;ngUf;F> gPilfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;F Neha;fs; vd;gd epjp kw;Wk; ,aw;if KjyPLfis mopj;JtpLk;. - epyk; kw;Wk; epjpr; nrhj;Jf;fis ,og;gjw;Fk;> ngsjpf tsq;fspd; moptpw;Fk;> r%f cjtpf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; moptpw;Fk; fytuq;fs; toprikf;Fk;. - mdu;j;jj;jpd; cldbg; ghjpg;gpypUe;j gyu; jg;gpg;gpiof;fyhk;. vd;whYk;> nrhj;Jf;fspdJk; jhf;Fg;gpbg;gjw;fhd ,aysTfspdJk; moptpdhy;> vjpu;fhy mdu;j;j mghaq;fSf;F mtu;fs; NkYk; eypthdtu;fshfpd;wdu;. - czTj; jl;Lg;ghLfspd; Kf;fpa jhf;fj;ijAk;> mijj; njhlu;e;J Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs;> ePz;lfhy tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;gpd;ik vd;gtw;iwAk; ngz;fSk; rpWtu;fSk; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. - tpNrlkhf> ehl;bw;Fs; czT ,Ue;Jk; mjid mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd trjp kf;fspilNa fhzg;glhjtplj;J> czT epthuz cjtpfs; tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mikayhk;.

tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;gpd;ikia kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

- tho;thjhuf; Nfs;tpfSf;F Mjutspj;jYk;> nraw;ghLfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tPl;L kl;lj;jpy; tho;f;ifia elhj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,aysTfs; vd;gtw;iw njupe;Jnfhs;jYk;. - Nghjpa njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf tpupthd gFg;gha;nthd;W mtrpakhfpd;wJ- ,J> mdu;j;j epthuzq;fis ePz;lfhy epiyahd mgptpUj;jpAld; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;.

gFg;gha;Tj; Jiwfs; gFg;gha;tpw;fhd fUtpfs;

gpd;dzp – nghUshjhuk;> Rw;whly;> murpay;> tuyhW> r%fk;> fyhrhuk;

mur Mtzq;fis> mbg;gilj; jfty;fis> Gs;sp tpguq;fis> Ma;Tfis> kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis thrpj;jy;>

tho;thjhur; nrhj;Jf;fs;- kdpj> r%f> epjp> ,aw;if> ngsjpf %yjdq;fs;

nrhj;J kjpg;gPl;Lj; jutupirg;gLj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;L Ma;Tfs;> Kf;fpa jfty;fs; / tPl;L Neu;fhzy;fs;> FWf;F Ma;Tfs;.

epWtd / mikg;Gf;fspd; nry;thf;F – muR> rptpy; r%fk;

‘ntz;’ tupg;glk;> gq;fspg;ghsu; tiuglg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T

tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;G cghakhu;f;fq;fs; - cw;gj;jp> KjyPLfs;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;> khw;wPLfs;> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> tpahghuq;fs;.

ehl;fhl;bfs;> ,yf;Ff; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;> FWf;F Ma;Tfs;> Xl;l tiuglk;.

tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;G ntspaPLfs; - cjhuzk; - Nghrhf;F kl;lk;> Rw;whlw; ghJfhg;G> Mw;wy; tpUj;jp

kjpg;gPl;L Ma;Tfs;> mbg;gil juTfs;> ju tupirg;gLj;jy;.

tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf ,lughaj;ijf; Fiwg;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wJ.


tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

jiyaPLfs;:

- r%f kl;l mdu;j;j mgha Kfhikj;Jtk;. - vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; vapl;]; njhlu;ghd tpopg;g+l;lYk; mtw;iwj; jLj;jYk;. - gz uPjpapyhd milahsf; nfhLg;gdTfs;. - czTf;fhf Ntiy nra;jy; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G Gdu;epu;khz Muk;gpg;Gf;fs;. - eypthd FOf;fSf;fhd Nkyjpf czt+l;ly; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;. - khw;Wr; rf;jp tsq;fs; kw;Wk; kio ePu; Nrfupg;G. - tpij tpUj;jpfs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; gapu; tiffSf;fpilapyhd ,df;fyg;G Muk;gpg;Gf;fs;. - epy cupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; tptrha Muk;gpg;Gf;fs;. cjhuzk;. ku eLif.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © CARE (2002) Household Livelihoods Security Assessment – a toolkit for practitioners © Practical Action Technical Brief – Rainwater harvesting

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.ifpri.org, www.iied.org, www.fao.org http://www.itdg.org/ , http://www.agromisa.org/ , http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/


csr; r%f Mjuit toq;fy; ePz;l fhyj; Jauq;fs;> FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; tUkhd ,og;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpw;

jdpegu;fspYk; r%fq;fspYk; ghupa cs kw;Wk; r%f tpisTfis mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk;.

csr; r%fj; jiyaPLfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;@ o cs ntspg;ghLfSf;Fk;> GydwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fk; (cognitive development)

Mjutspj;jy;. o cwTfis tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; jg;gpg; gpioj;jpUj;jYk; (survival) fl;Lg;ghLk;

njhlu;ghd czu;it kPsikf;Fk; tpjj;jpw; r%fr; nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;. csr; r%fg; ghjpg;Gf;fs;

o ,J> mdu;j;jj;jpd; my;yJ fytuj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; msT> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; fyhrhuk;> ek;gpf;iffs; (values) > mj;NjhL> jdpg;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fs;> Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l epiyikfs;> fhzg;gLfpd;w tsq;fs;> kPsikg;gpw;F cjTtjw;fhd ,aysTfs; vd;gtw;wpw; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

o ngsjpff; FiwghLfs;> kdtOj;jk;> ngWkjpaw;w czu;T> fl;Lg;ghl;il ,oj;jy;> r%fj;jpypUe;J xJq;fpapUj;jy;> ntWg;Gzu;T> Nfhgk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis ,oj;jy; vd;gd csr; r%f eyg; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfshf mikayhk;.

o cau; kd mOj;jk;> irNfhrp]; (csNeha;)> jkf;F my;yJ VidatUf;F Mgj;jhdtuhjy;> Nkdpah (gpj;Jg;gpbj;jy;)> kw;Wk; fhf;fha;typg;G vd;gd cs;slq;fshf mjp fLikahd cstpaw; ghjpg;Gf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. vd;whYk;> ,j;jifa cstpaw; ghjpg;Gf;fspw;; ngUk;ghytw;wpw;F mjd; Ke;jpa mwpFwp epiyikfs; fhzg;gLk;. mdu;j;jj;jpw;F cldbahfg; gpd;du; kw;Wk; gjpy; eltbf;if mtj;ij

kPs;fl;likg;G mtj;ij

r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;: (consideration) o mtru epiyik njhlu;ghf> vspa>

czu;T g+u;tkhd> ek;gfukhd jfty;fis toq;fy;.

o FLk;gq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fis xd;WgLj;jYf;fhf cjTjy;.

o FLk;gf; FOf;fis xd;whff; Fbaku;j;jy;.

o ftiy> kdf;fpow;rp> kw;Wk; jLkhw;wk; vd;gd njhlu;ghf czu;T g+u;tkhfr; nrayhw;Wtjw;F Copau;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

o rka> fyhrhu kw;Wk; r%f trjpfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; tbtikg;gjw;Fk; kPs Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; r%fj;ij <LgLj;jy;.

o cw;rt uPjpapyhd <kr;rlq;FfSf;F Neuj;ij xJf;Fjy;.

o fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk;> epiyikfSf;Fk; Vw;wtpjj;jpw; rpWtu; nghOJNghf;F epfo;Tfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.

o fy;tp eltbf;iffis kPs Vw;gLj;jy; o epiyahd nraw;ghLfspw; r%fq;fis

<LgLj;jy;. mj;Jld;> tpjitfs;> mdhijfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; mw;wtu;fis vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfspYk; cs;slf;Fjy;

o kdtOj;jk;> kw;Wk; csg;ghjpg;G (trauma) vd;gtw;wpw;fhd rhjhuz vjpu;r; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd vspa> mikjpahd jfty;fis toq;Fjy;.

csr; r%f xJf;fPLfs; (provisions) o cs Neha; epiyikfis> fhzg;gLfpd;w

Muk;g Rfhjhu njhFjpfspy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk; kUe;Jfis/ rpfpr;irfis toq;FjYk;.

o nrtpkLj;jy;> md;Gfhl;Ljy;> mbg;gilr; Nritfis mile;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;> FLk;g / r%f MjuT> kdtOj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf rLjpahd csr; Rfhjhu epiyikfSf;F cjtpaspj;jy;.

o gapw;rpfis toq;fy; kw;Wk; njhz;lu; r%f Nritahsu;fspd; Clhf jilg;glhj r%f kl;l czu;T Mjuit Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;: (consideration) o epthuz mtj;ijapYs;sthW r%f

<LghLfisj; njhlu;jy;. o cs Neha;fs; kw;Wk; rhjhuz csg;

ghjpg;GfSf;fpilapYs;s NtWghLfs; gw;wp nghJkf;fSf;F tpopg;g+l;Ljy;.

o cs;sfj; jhf;Fg; gpbf;Fk; nghwpKiwia Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

o nghUshjhu Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;Fk;; tUkhdk; <l;Lk; topfSf;Fk; cjtpaspj;jy;.

csr; r%f xJf;fPLfs; (provisions) o epthuz Copau;fisAk; r%fj;

jiytu;fisAk; mbg;gil cstpaw; guhkupg;Gj; njhlu;ghfg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. cjhuzkhf> czu;T Mjuit toq;fy;> vjpu;ghu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jy;> cseyg; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhzYk; jfty; ngwYk;.

o cs eyr; rpfpr;irfis toq;fy;> cgNjridr; Nrit> jw;nfhiyj; jLg;G> Nkyjpf rpfpr;irf;fhf mDg;gp itj;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghf Muk;g Rfhjhu Copau;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

o NehaspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir toq;Fjiyj; njhlu;jy;.

o czu;T Mjuit toq;fy;> kdtOj;j Kfhikj;Jtk;> r%f mzpjpul;ly;> Nkyjpf rpfpr;irf;fhf mDg;gp itj;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghfr; r%fg; guhkupg;G Copau;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jiyj; njhlu;jy;.

o ghuk;gupa kUj;Jtu;fSld; xd;wpizjy;. o r%f kl;lr; Ra MjuTf; FOf;fisAk;

r%ff; FOf;fisAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;.


mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs;: guhkupg;Gf;Fk; cjtpfspd; epiyg;Gf;Fk;> r%f kl;l kw;Wk; Kjw;jur; Rfhjhug; guhkupg;Gr; Nritfis> eLj;ju / ePz;lfhy kl;lj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy. fhzg;gLfpd;w Rfhjhu Nrit toq;Fdu;fSld; Ntiy nra;jYk; vy;yh cs;Su;r; r%fq;fSk; mjidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;jiy cWjpg;gLj;jYk;. FLk;g kw;Wk; r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; Clhfg; guhkupg;G toq;fg;gLtij cr;rg;gLj;Jjy;. jiyaPl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpw;fhf> cs;Su; epiyikfs; njhlu;ghd rpwg;ghd kjpg;gPL xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;. tuyhW> Rw;whly;> gpur;rpidapd; jd;ik> mtyepiy kw;Wk; csNeha;fs; njhlu;ghd cs;Su; kNdhghtq;fs;> nghJthd jhq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; cghakhu;f;fq;fs;;. mj;Jld;> r%f ,aysTfSk; tsq;fSk; vd;gd njhlu;ghf kjpg;gpLjy;. xNu Jiwapy; Ntiy nra;Ak; Vida mur kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jiog;igAk; xUq;fpizg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;. njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gPl;ilAk; kjpg;gPl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL nraw;ghLfspy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © WHO (2003) Mental health in emergencies The Psychosocial Working Group (2003) Psychosocial intervention in complex emergencies – A conceptual framework © John H Ehrenreich (2001) Coping with Disasters – a Guidebook to Psychosocial Intervention

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.forcedmigration.org/psychosocial/ http://www.psychosocialnetwork.org/resources.htm http://psp.drk.dk/sw27987.asp http://www.who.int/topics/mental_health/en/

jpl;lq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

jpl;lnkhd;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

jpl;lr; rf;fu Kfhikj;Jtk; jpl;lr; rf;fug; gbfs;: kjpg;gPLk; gFg;gha;Tk;:

• neUf;fb epiyikf;F Kd;duhd Ma;T epiyik

• neUf;fbapd; gpd;tpisit tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; ,aysTfisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; milahsk; fhzy;. cjhuzk; gq;fspg;ghsu; gFg;gha;T

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

• jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpNu> jpl;l msTNfhy;fspd; Clhf Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; ngWNgWfisAk; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;.

• mtrpakhdtplj;J> nraw;ghLfisAk; tsq;fisAk; khw;wpaikj;jy;

• Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; kPsha;itAk; kw;Wk; ngWNgw;W kjpg;gPl;ilAk; nkw;nfhs;sy;.

tbtikj;jYk; tsq;fisj; jpul;lYk;

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; nraw;gLjy;

• gpur;rpid Ma;T nra;jYf;F trjpaspj;jy;.

• rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;jYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jYk;. cjhuzkhf> ku tbtg; gpur;rpid Ma;T (problem tree analysis).

• cupa ,yf;Ffis mila toptFj;jy;.

• tsj;Njitfis / %ytsq;fis milahsk; fhzy;

• jpl;lkply; / ‘nyhf;’ rl;lk; (log framework) xd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

• ,yf;Fr; r%fq;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;jYk; mzpjpul;lYk;.

• Copau;fisAk; gq;fhspfisAk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;

• tpiykZf; Nfhuy;> nfhs;tdT kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• mbg;gil epu;thf cjtp kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J

• epjp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

nraw; jpl;lj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; ‘nyhf;’ rl;lk; ePq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wtw;iw (nraw;ghLfis) guPl;rpg;gjw;Fupa fUtpnahd;whf ‘nyhf;’ rl;lk; mikfpd;wJ. ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; khw;wj;ij (,yf;F) miltjw;Fk;> gpur;rpidapy; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; (Nehf;F) mJ toprikf;Fk;.

RUf;fk; msTNfhy; Xg;gpLk; toptif vLNfhy;fs;

Fwpf;Nfhs; (tpupthd Nehf;fk;)

Nehf;fk; (tpNrl Nehf;fk;)

ntspg;ghLfs;

nraw;ghLfs; cs;sPLfs; (inputs)

Fwpf;Nfhs; (Goal) : jpl;lk; toq;Ffpd;w> tpupthd> ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffs;;. Nehf;fk; (Objective) : jpl;lj;jpdhy; milag;ngw;w> gpur;rpidiaf; ifahy;fpd;w epiyahd khw;wq;fs;. ntspg;ghL (Output) : nraw;ghLfspd; my;yJ nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; cz;ikahd ngWNgWfs;. nraw;ghL (Activity) : vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ngWNgWfis miltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;. msTNfhy; (Indicator) : jpl;lj;jpd; ntspg;ghLfisAk; Nehf;ifAk; mstpl KbAkhd tptupg;Gf;fs;. xg;gpLk; top (MOV) : msTNfhy;fis xg;gpLtjw;fhfr; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; %yhjhuq;fSk; jfty; tbtKk;. vLNfhy;fs; (Assumptions) : eilKiwg;gLj;jiy / epd;W epiyf;Fk; jd;ikiag; ghjpf;fpd;w fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj fhuzpfs;.


fw;wy;fs;

kjpg;gPLk; gFg;gha;Tk;

tbtikj;jYk; tsq;fisj; jpul;lYk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; fzpg;gPL

kjpg;gPL

mdu;j;jk;

jpl;lr; rf;fuk;: • vz;zq;fisr;

nraw;ghLfshf khw;Wtjw;fhd Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiw

• jpl;lnkhd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; - tpupthfj; jpl;lkpLtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. fl;likg;Gj; jpl;lkply; (framework planning) / ‘nyhf;’ rl;lq;fs; (log frames) vd;gd ,jw;fhfg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwfshFk;.

• rf;fuj;jpd; gbfs; jdpj;jdpahdit my;y – xt;nthU gbfspYk;> gbfSf;fpilNaAk; njhlu;r;rpahd kPsha;TfSk; khw;wq;fSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• eilngWfpd;w Kfhikj;Jtk;> tbtikg;G> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w rupahd jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhff; fw;wy; vd;gJ jpl;lr; rf;fuj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © BOND (2003) Log Frame Analysis © EC EuropeAid Cooperation Office Project Cycle Management Manual

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: www.ngomanager.org www.aidworkers.net


kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

cupa KbTfis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> jpwd; kpf;f mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;iff;fhfj; jahu;gLj;jy; jpl;lkplYf;fhfTk; kjpg;gPLfs;

mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

gpd;tUtdtw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd jftw; Nrfupg;igAk; gFg;gha;itAk; kjpg;gPLfs; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;:

• mdj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpisTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Mgj;Jf;fSk;.

• jg;gpg; gpioj;jtu;fspd; capu;fisf; fhg;gjw;Fk; epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;tjw;Fk; mtrpakhd cldb mtru eltbf;iffis Kf;fpag;gLj;jy;.

• ,j;Njitfis miltjw;fhff; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fSk; ,aysTfSk;.

• kPsikg;G kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fSk; mZFKiwfSk;.

kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw mdu;j;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kjpg;gPLfspd; NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait

• ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhdr; rl;lq;fisAk; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

• cs;Su; ,aysTfis milahsk; fhzy;> mj;Jld;> kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fspd; ek;gfj; jd;ikaia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;ifiaAk; Kd;dhaj;j ,aysTfisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; ‘kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;’ mdu;j;j mghaj;ij Fiwg;gjw;;fhfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis <LgLj;jy;.

• gpd;dzp epiyikfisAk;> xUq;fpize;j vy;yhj; Jiwfspd; NjitfisAk; Vida epWtdq;fspd; gjpy; eltbf;iffisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;.

• Jupj gjpy; eltbf;ifiaAk; gaDs;s xUq;fpizg;igAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sy;.

• Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;Su; mjpfhu epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; rl;lj; Njitfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;.

• kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd epak eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; gFg;gha;Tfspd; NghJk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSld; fw;wupe;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf njhlu;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• taJ> ghy;epiyr; r%f NtWghL> kw;Wk; gytPdj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ntt;Ntwhfj; juTfisr; Nrfupj;jYk; mjd; cz;ik epiyia khw;W %ytsq;fs; %yk; rupghu;j;jYk;.

• fhyj;jpw;Fupa Mdhy; fyhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;w jftw; Nrfupg;G mZFKiwapD}lhf ghy; epiyr; r%f NtWghl;bw;fhd kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO xd;iwf; flikapy; <LgLj;jy;.

• khw;wkilAk; epiyikfSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpYk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpYk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;fhfj; njhlu;r;rpahd kPs; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.


jftw; NjitfisAk; %yq;fisAk; milahsk; fhzy; - gjpy; eltbf;ifj; jiyaPLfspd; Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUj;jy;. - gyjug;gl;l gq;fspg;ghsu;spD}lhf ek;gfukhd %yq;fisj; NjLjy;. - khw;wPlhd %yq;fspypUe;J jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;. juTr; Nrfupg;G - fhzg;gbd;> mbg;gilj; juTfis milahsk; fhzYk;> Vw;nfdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w Nrfupg;Gj; njhFjpapypUe;J juTfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;. gFg;gha;Tk; juTfspd; fUj;Jg; ngau;g;Gk; - fhzg;gLfpd;w tsq;fspy; / ,aysTfspd; ,Ue;J toq;fg;gl;lit. - cs;Su; Kd;DupikfspdhYk;> Vida epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; ngwg;gl;lit. - gadhspfisg; gFg;gha;tppy; <LgLj;Jjy;. mwpf;ifj; njhFg;G - KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; ed;nfhilahsu;fSf;fhf mwpf;if njhFj;jy;. mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;ifia tbtikj;jy; / nrg;gdpLjy; - Nehf;fq;fis tiuaiw nra;jy;. - tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;. - kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

jftw; NjitfisAk; %yq;fisAk;

milahsk; fhzy;

juTr; Nrfupg;G

gFg;gha;Tk; fUj;Jg; ngau;g;Gk;

mwpf;ifj; njhFg;G

mdu;j;jg; gjpy; elbtbf;ifia

tbtikj;jy; / nrg;gdpLjy;

mdu;j;jk;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UNDMTP (1994) Disaster Assessment © USAID (2005) Field Operations Guide v4 © ADPC (2000) Post disaster damage assessment and needs analysis

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;;js ,izg;G: http://www.reliefweb.int http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/ http://www.alertnet.org


epjpr; Nrfupg;G epjpr; Nrfupg;gpw;fhd cldb MNyhrid vJTk; fpilahJ – epWtdnkhd;wpd; njhlu;r;rpahd Nrit> ed;kjpg;G kw;Wk; Neu;ik vd;gdNt ntw;wpapd; Kf;fpa

mbj;jsq;fshFk;. rupahd mZFKiw

• ePq;fs; ahu;> vjiid vjw;fhfr; nra;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij njhlu;ghLtjw;F> njspthd epWtd cghakhu;f;fnkhd;W (stratergy) mtrpakhfpd;wJ. cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij vJ Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• Mf;fg+u;tkhfTk; mZ$ykhd KiwapYk; Copau;fspilNa njhlu;ghlg;gl;l nghJthd cld;ghnlhd;W (conviction) Mjuit Ml;rpg;gLj;Jk;.

• rupahd> rkfhy kw;Wk; ed;F jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; mtrpag;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf> gjpT Mtzk;> epjpj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fk;> gpe;jpa fzf;fha;T mwpf;if> epWtd cghakhu;f;fq;fs; > epWtdf; fl;likg;G> epu;thf Vw;ghLfs;> gupe;Jiuf; fbjq;fs;> kw;Wk; Kd;ida mDgtq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;.

epjp jpul;lYf;fhd cghakhu;f;fq;fs; epjp jpul;lYf;F tsq;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vd;whYk;> cupa Kiwapw; jpl;lkplg;gltpy;iyahapd;> mit tPdhf;fg;gl;L epWtdj;jpd; ed;kjpg;G ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

• tha;g;Gs;s ed;nfhil toq;Fdu;fspd; Mu;tq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> cq;fspd; epWtd Mu;tj;Jld; / Nehf;Fld; njlu;Ggl;l 10- 15 ed;nfhil toq;Fdu;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.

• mjid> cq;fspd; epWtd cghakhu;f;fj;JlDk;> jpl;l Nehf;FlDk; ed;F njhlu;GgLk; tpjj;jpy; 3-4 Mff; Fiwg;gjw;F NkYk; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• njspthd Nehf;fq;fisAk;> khw;wq;fSf;Fk; epd;W epiyj;jYf;Fkhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cghakhu;f;fnkhd;iw cila> fhy tiuaiwAila nraw; jpl;lq;fis ed;nfhil toq;Fdu;fs; nghJthf tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.

• nraw;jpl;l (nrad;Kiw)r; nryTfs; epWtd (eilKiwr;) nryTfSf;F vjpuhf kjpg;gplg;gl;L> epakkhf ,j;njhif 10 % ,Yk; Fiwthdjhf Ngzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• gq;fhsp epWtdnkhd;Wld; tpz;zg;gk; nra;tjhdJ tpz;zg;gnkhd;iw NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;. nghJthd eilKiwahf ‘ePq;fs; jFjpaw;wtnudpy; - tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;lhk;!’

epjp %ytsq;fs; jdpg;gl;l Mjuthsu;fSld; cwTfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; ntw;wp jhkjkhfyhk;. vd;whYk; cq;fspd; njhlu;Gfs; tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ mit Kd;Ndw;wkilAk;. cs;Su; %ytsq;fs;: cs;Su; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs; (cjhuzk;- nuhlup rq;fk;)@ mur kw;Wk; khtl;l epWtdq;fs;@ tpahghu / $l;LwT tha;g;Gf;fs; (cjhuzk;- tq;fpfs;) ru;tNjr %ytsq;fs;: njhz;lu; epjp epWtdq;fs; (cjhuzk;- (rka) Mu;tyu;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ejpaq;fs;)@ ru;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fs; (I eh> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> cyf tq;fp> Mgpupf;f my;yJ Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp)@ ,Ugf;f (bi lateral) epWtdq;fs; (A.v];.vapl;> rPlh> b.vg;.I.b) rpW epjp kw;Wk; tpNrl JiwfSf;fhd epjpj; jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l ntspehl;L Kftufq;fs;.


epjp Kd;nkhopTfSf;F mtrpakhd jfty;fs;

- epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhSk; Nehf;fq;fSk; - ,yf;Ff; FO njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; (,yf;fk;> miktplk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G) - gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mwpf;if kw;Wk; jpl;l Nehf;fq;fSld; mjd; njhlu;G

- gq;fhsp epWtdq;fs; - jfikfSld; Copau;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguk; - nraw;ghLfSf;fhd eilKiwg;gLj;jw; jpl;lk; - epjp xJf;fPLk;; tsq;fSk; njhlu;ghd jpl;lk; - Kd;nkhoptpd; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

epjp ngWk; gq;fhspfspy; vjid epjp toq;Fgtu;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;whu;fs;? nghJthd Nehf;F ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; - cq;fspilNa jpwikahd epu;thfKk; Kfhikj;JtKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; gadhspfs; vt;thW <LgLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;? xj;Jiog;Gf;fSk; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fSk; NtW ahu; rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;? tpgupf;f KbAkhd tpisTfs; ntw;wpfs; vt;thW Nju;T nra;ag;gLk;> kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;? xj;Jg;Nghjy;. gpur;rpidf;Fk; cs;Su; epiyikfSf;Fk; Kd;nkhopT xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wjh? epd;W epiyf;Fk; jd;ik gad;fs; vt;thW njhlug;glyhk;? cf;fpuj; jd;ik kw;Wk; EZf;fk; vt;tsT EZf;fkhf Kd;nkhopT Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;wy; - ,J vt;thW Kd;nkhopit xj;jpUf;Fk; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vt;thW gupkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLk;? www.onlinevolunteering.org vd;w ,izaj;jsj;jpd; Clhf ePq;fSk; tuT nryT kw;Wk; jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfisj; jahupg;gjw;Fupa cq;fspd; njhz;lu; Nritia toq;fyhk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: : Networklearning – a guide to fundraising (2006) © J. Bradshaw (2003), VSO Fundraising Guide for NGOs © CIIR (2005), Capacity Building for local NGOs – chapter 6

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.bond.org.uk/funding/index.html http://www.ngomanager.org/dcd/4_Managing_Finances/Fundraising/ http://www.npguides.org/


fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfisf; fzpg;gPL nra;jy; nraw; jpl;lk; mjd; Nehf;if vt;tsT rpwg;ghf milfpd;wJ vd;gjid mstpLtjw;Fk;>

mtrpakhd rupnra;jy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,J vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

• gf;fr; rhu;gw;w tpjj;jpy; cjtpaspg;gjw;fhf> ghy; epiyr; r%f NtWghL> taJ kw;Wk; gytPdf; FOf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jdpj;jdpahd juTfs;.

• njhFjpia vspikahf itj;jpUj;jYk;> cq;fSf;F mtrpakhd jfty;fis kl;Lk; Nrfupj;jYk;.

• Vw;nfdNt fhzg;gLk; jfty; %yq;fis gad;gLj;jYk; nghJthd Nrfupg;G eilKiwiag; gad;gLj;jYk;.

• fzpg;gPl;L eltbf;iffspy; vy;yhg; gadhspf; FOf;fspdJk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;F Mjutspj;jy;: - Nehf;fj;ijAk; msTNfhy;fisAk; tiuaiw nra;tjpw; gadhspf; FOf;fs; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;? - mit ru;tNjr my;yJ cs;Su; epakq;fspdbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? - jftw; Nrfupg;gpw;fhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FOf;fis ePq;fs; vt;thW gq;Fgw;wr; nra;ayhk;? - ngWNgWfs; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSf;Fg; gpd;D}l;lyhf toq;fg;gLk;.

• jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiw neLfpYk; njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghnlhd;Nw fzpg;gPlhFk;.

• rupnra;jy; eltbf;ifapd; Clhff; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;jy; nkhj;jr; rhjpg;Gf;fs;> fw;w ghlq;fs;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ngWNgWfis mjpfupf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkhd Nkk;gLj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wiy Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw

milahsk; fhz;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

• kjpg;gPlhdJ fw;wYf;F cjtpaspf;Fk; epWtdf; fUtpnahd;whFk;. gpur;rpidfisAk; NjitfisAk; milahsk; fhz;gjdhYk;> gadhspg; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wikapdhYk; fw;wYf;fhd tha;g;ig kjpg;gPLfs; ghupastpy; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

• epr;rakw;w jd;ik> Jupjkhf khw;wkilAk; #oy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW gq;fspg;ghsu;fspd; gytpjj;jd;ik vd;tw;wpd; fhuzkhf kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ rthyhdjhf mikfpd;wJ.

• ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;baitAk;> Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfj; jpl;lkplYk; kjpg;gPl;bd; vy;iyfSk;. - kjpg;gPl;bdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gad;ghL ahJ? - ,j;jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; gadhspfs; ahu;? - kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfdf; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs; vd;d? - gadhspfs; ahu; - ahu; ahu; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; <LgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;? - ngWNgWfs; vt;thW> ahu; ahUld; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?

• Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;l Nehf;fj;JlDk; ‘];gpau;’ nraw;jpl;lk; Nghd;w Fiwe;jgl;r epakq;fSlDk; kjpg;gPl;ilj; njhlu;GgLj;jy; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ff; FOf;fspdhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;; NjitfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjh> nraw;jpwd; kpf;fjh> Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljh> Kuz;ghlw;wjh> tpisTfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajh vdf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;.

• vt;thW> ahupdhy; kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;. - cs;Su; epiyikfSf;F> vj;jifa Ma;thsu; / FOr; rpwg;Gf;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> xUq;fpizg;G Mw;wy;> nkhop> gadhspf; FOf;fspdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Nghd;wd? - Ma;thsu;fisj; njupT nra;tjpYk; Mjutspg;gjpYk; gadhspfs; vt;thW cjtyhk;? - jdpahd kjpAiu NfhwYf;fhd Vw;ghLfs; mtrpakhfpd;wjh> cjhuzkhfg; ngz;fSf;F? - Vida epWtdq;fSld; Nru;e;J ,ize;j kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkh?

• kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd Neuk; Vida nraw;ghLfSf;F kw;Wk; vjpu;kiwahd NjitfSf;F / ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; jilfSf;F> mjhtJ fhyj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghLfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J my;yJ ghJfhg;Gj; jilfs;> tho;thjhuk;> ghlrhiy my;yJ gps;isg; guhkupg;G vd;gtw;wpw;F ,lkspf;fpd;wjh?

• fhyj;jpw;Fs; vOjg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; ngWNgWfs; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiaAk; nghWg;Gf; $wiyAk; Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> ntspg;ghLfisAk; fw;w ghlq;fisAk;> cjtpaspg;gtu;fSlDk; kw;Wk; Vida Copau;fSlDk;> gadhspfSlDk;> ed;nfhilahspfSlDk;> Vida kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fSlDk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;F cjtpaspf;Fk;.


fzpg;gPl;bYk; kjpg;gPl;bYk; gq;fspg;Gf;F cjTtjw;fhd

fUtpfs; ,yf;Ff; FOf;fs; / re;jpg;Gf;fs; - gyjug;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jtw;F cjtpaspf;Fk;. rpy epiyikfspd; NghJ jdpg; ghy; FOf;fs; crpjkhdjhFk;. jdpg;gl;l Ngl;bfs; - Neuj;ij nryT nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;whYk; Gupe;Jzu;it tsu;g;gjw;F cjtpaspf;Fk;. Ngl;baspg;gtupd; ghJfhg;G mghak; njhlu;ghff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. mstpLjy; - vz;zpf;if uPjpapyhd juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F gaDilajhFk;. vspikahdjhfTk;> epiyikf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpYk; gpd;D}l;ly; r%fj;jpw;Fg; gadspg;gjhfTk; nraw;ghL fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJk; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; NghJk; guhkupg;G mtrpakhdjhFk;. jpwe;j ehl;fs; - jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd js tpIaq;fs;> tpsq;fg;gLj;jy;fs;. ngauw;w fUtpfs;- mjhtJ> Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J> fUj;Jg; ngl;b gpd;D}l;lw; nghwpKiw – Fof;fs;> Ntiyf; FOf;fs; Nghd;wd. tiuglf; fUtpfs; - ifalf;f ml;ltizfs;> FWf;F eilfs;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ECB Project (2007) Impact measurement and accountability in emergencies – Good Enough Guide © BOND (2005) Monitoring and evaluation © Innovation Network, Data Collection – Developing a survey

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/resources/downloads/Good_Enough_Guide.pdf http://www.alnap.org/publications/meta_evaluation.htm http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource-guides/manuals-andtoolkits/ participation-manuals-and-toolkits

gjpT nra;jy;

jpl;lk;

fzpg;gpLjy;

fl;Lg;ghL


epjp Kfhikj;Jtk;

gaDs;s nraw;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply;> tsq;fspd; xJf;fPL> jpwd;fspd; fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; gq;fhspfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wy;> mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;F epjp

Kfhikj;Jtk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

cs;tUk; kw;Wk; ntsptUk; epjp khw;wPLfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd rupahdnjhU gjpT Kiw mtrpakhdjhFk;.

ePq;fs; nra;Ak; midj;ijAk; gjpT nra;Aq;fs; kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T (Audit) nra;ag;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; %yk; fzf;Fg; gjpTfis ,d;DnkhUtuhy; Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs; :

• xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l : eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtijAk; Mtzq;fs; cupa tpjj;jpw; Nfhg;ghfg; Ngzg;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• cWjpahdJ : khjj;jpw;F khjk;> ePq;fs; nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd nrad;Kiwfspy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;.

• rkfhyj;jpw;FupaJ : nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ rupahd vy;yh epjpg; gjpTfisAk; epug;Gq;fs;.

Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fSk; njhlu;ghd ngWkjpahd jfty;fis fzf;Fg; gjpTfs; toq;Fk;. ------------------------------------- vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; vy;yhr; nryTfisAk; tUkhdq;fisAk; cs;slf;fp> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapDs; nraw;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F mtrpakhd tsq;fisf; fhz;gpf;Fk; epjpj; jpl;lNk tuT nrythFk;. tuT nrynthd;W gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

• mtrpa mstpy; tpguq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; Kbe;jsT rupahdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;. • cq;fspd; Kfhikahsu;fs;> ed;nfhilahsu;fs;> rf Copau;fs; kw;Wk;

gadhspfspd; mDkjpia ngw;wjhf. • xt;nthU ed;nfhilahsuplkpUe;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tUkhdj;ij njspthf

NtWgLj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLtjhf. • cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;F mtrpakhd vy;yh tsq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf. • cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fis

toq;Ftjhf. ……………………………………………… nraw;jpl;lq;fspdJk;> jpl;lq;fspdJk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis Kfhikahsu;fs; mstpLtjw;F epjpf; $w;Wf;fs; tha;g;gspg;gNjhL> epjp toq;Fgtu;fSf;Fk; gadhspfSf;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahf ,J toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fspd; cz;ikahd tUkhdj;ijAk; nryTfisAk; tuT nryTld; xg;gpLq;fs;.

• ePq;fs; mjpfk; my;yJ vjpu;ghu;j;jij tplf; Fiwthfr; nryT nra;fpd;wPu;fsh? mJ Vd;?

nraw;jpl;l Nehf;if miltjw;fhd cq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gPLq;fs;.

• fhyj;jpw;F Vw;wtpjj;jpYk;> tuT nryTf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpYk; cq;fspd; Nehf;fj;ij mile;Js;sPuh?

• cq;fspd; jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhfpd;wjh?

• ePq;fs; ahUf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Kfhikahsu;> fhupahyaj; jiytu;> epjp toq;Fgtu;?

cupa gq;fhspfSld; tuT nryT kw;Wk; / my;yJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis kPsha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

• Nkyjpf epjp> tuT nryT kPs; xJf;fPL my;yJ nraw;jpl;lf; fhy ePbg;G mtrpakhfpd;wjh?

………………………………………………………………………. jtWfSf;fhd Mgj;Jf;fisf; Fiwj;jy;> ifahly;fs; my;yJ tsq;fspd; jpUl;Lf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf (nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;> gzj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;yy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jy;> fhNrhiyfspy; ifnahg;gkply;> nfhLg;gdTfis cWjpg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w ) fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpnahd;W mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd rupghu;j;jw; Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ml;ltizfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; Vida epjp Kfhikj;Jt tplaq;fisAk; ,ytrkhfj; jutpuf;fk; nra;tjw;F www.fme-online.org ,izaj;jsj;ij ehlTk;.


rpwe;j epjp Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwfSf;F> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk; Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fk; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; cjtpaspf;Fk;:

• fhzg;gLfpd;w tsq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.

• epjp toq;Fgtu;fSf;Fk; Vida gq;fhspfSf;Fk; mjpfk; nghWg;Gf; $Wtjhf (accountable) mikjy;.

• epjp epWtdq;fspdJk; gq;fhspfspdJk; ed; kjpg;igAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; mjpfupj;jy;.

• tsg; gw;whf;Fiw mjpfupg;ig ntw;wpnfhs;sy;.

• ePz;l fhy epd;W epiyj;jy; kw;Wk; Rakhd epjpnahd;iwg; gbg;gbahf Vw;ghL nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhfj; jahuhjy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © BOND (2005) project budgeting and accounting; © MANGO (2005) Financial Management Health Check. Available in Spanish, French, Arabic, Sinhala & Tamil versions; ©Bristol Myers-Squibb Foundation , Secure the Future NGO Financial Management Pocket Guide

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.aidworkers.net http://www.mango.org.uk/guide/resources.aspx http://www.fme-online.org/systems/resources.aspx


mwpf;if vOJjy;

vjpu;fhyr; nraw;ghLfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpa Kfhikj;Jtf; fUtpnahd;whf mwpf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mwpf;iffspd; %yk;

jfty;fisAk;> ,jd; tpisthf fw;w ghlq;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sTk; Kbfpd;wJ.

vd;whYk;> mwpf;iffis ,yFtpy; thrpf;f Kbahtpbd;> ngUk;ghYk; mJ vtuhYk; gadila Kbahj xd;whfNtapUf;Fk;. ey;y mwpf;iffis vOJtjw;F fhyKk;

Kd;dhaj;jKk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

gpd;tUk; topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gf;fisg; gpd;gw;wp cq;fspd; mwpf;iffspd; juj;ij mjpfupAq;fs;.

Nehf;fk; - cq;fspd; Mtzj;jpd; %yk; vjidr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wPu;fs;? (Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;ifia) rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhfth> (topfhl;lw; Fwpg;G tiuaiwfis) mwptpg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhfth> my;yJ (fw;w ghlq;fis) ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfth? tplak; mwpf;ifapy; vj;jifa jfty;fs; ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;? - cjhuzk;. ngWNgWfSk; rhjpg;Gf;fSk;@ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;@ nrytplg;gl;l gzk;

thrfu;fs; mwpf;ifia thrpg;gtu;fs; ahu;? vt;tsT jfty;fs; mtu;fSf;F mtrpakhfpd;wd? Vw;nfdNt ,Jgw;wp mtu;fs; vjid mwpe;J itj;Js;sdu;? - thrfu;fSf;F mwptpg;Gr; nra;tij Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;ifnahd;W Nehf;f;fhff; nfhz;bUg;gpd;;> gpe;jpa jfty;fs; kl;LNk mtrpakhfpd;wJ. - tha;g;Gs;s epjp toq;Fgtu; xUtUf;Fj; jpl;lnkhd;iw Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ ePq;fs; mjpf tpsf;fj;ij toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba nkhop kl;lj;ijAk; (cjhuzkhf> fiyr; nrhw;fs;> RUf;f tbtq;fs;) kw;Wk; nkhopngau;g;G mtrpakhfpd;wjh vd;gjidAk; ,yf;Ff; FO jPu;khdpf;Fk;.

fl;likg;G VjhtJ epak tbtnkhd;Wk; mwpf;iff;fhd jiyg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? epak tbtnkhd;iwg; gpd;gw;WtJ Neuj;ij kPjg;gLj;Jk;. mj;Jld; Kd;ida mwpf;iffSld; xg;gpLtjw;F trjpahfTk; mikAk;. nghJthf ePq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;:

- mwpKfk;: mwpf;if vJ njhlu;ghdJ@ vj;jiyg;Gf;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> vit cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy@ jfty;fs; vt;thW ngwg;gl;ld@ mwpf;if Vd; vOjg;gl;lJ@ mwpf;ifapd; Nehf;fk;. - gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;T: gpur;rpid vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;> ,g;gpur;rpid Vd; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; mjid eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;F vj;jifa jfty;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. - Kiwapay;: vt;thW jfty; ngwg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd RUf;ff; Fwpg;G> ngWNgWfSk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; ntspg;ghLfSk;. - ngWNgWfspd; KbTfs;: Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfspd; RUf;fk;. - gupe;Jiufs;@ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspd; ntspg;ghlhf vj;jifa eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. - gpd;dpizg;Gf;fs; - tpupthd tpsf;fq;fs;> cjhuzq;fs;> E}y;fs; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa jfty;fs;.

ePsk; Mff; $ba vz;zpf;ifahff; Fwpj;j njhifg; gf;fq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wjh? ePz;l mwpf;iffs;> mjd; Muk;gj;jpy; Kf;fpa jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa tpjj;jpy; Nky;kl;lr; RUf;fk; xd;iw Ntz;b epw;fyhk;.

fhyk; mwpf;if vg;NghJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ> Kjy; tiuit vOJtjw;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l fhyk;> kw;Wk; mjidg; guPl;rpj;jYk; kPsikj;jYk; njhlu;ghd cld;gLjy;. njhlu;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iff;fhd fhy tPr;R njhlu;ghf cld;gLjy;.


mwpf;if vOJjy;

- mtrpakhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy; - ju;f;f uPjpapy; jfty;fis XOq;FgLj;jYk; fl;likg;ghdJ ed;F eLepiyg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; cWjpg;gLj;jYk;. - cq;fspd; thrfupd; nkhopapy; vOJjy; kw;Wk; RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;wd. - thrpg;gjw;F ,yFthdjhf mikj;jy;: FWfpa trdq;fSk; FWfpa ge;jpfSk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;. - ml;ltizfisAk; tiuGfisAk; Kbe;jstpw; gad;gLj;Jjy;: tiuglq;fs;> Fwpj;j tplaj;ijj; Jy;ypakhfTk;> mjpfk; ftUk; tpjj;jpy; tpiuthf tpsf;Fk;. - tupfSf;fpilapYk; ge;jpfSf;fpilapYk; ,ilntspfisAk; njspthd jiyg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;ljhff; fl;likg;ig Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;. - vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; rku;g;gpg;Gg; (presentation) gpiofs; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifiar; rupghu;j;jy;. - rku;g;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; NtW xUtUf;F mjid thrpg;gjw;F nfhLj;Jg; gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; njspthdjhfTk;> thrpg;gjw;F ,yFthdjhfTk; kw;Wk; ,yFtpw; fz;lwpa KbAkhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; ,Wjpr; rupghu;j;jy;: - mwpf;if mtrpakhd Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilaspf;fpd;wjh? - mJ ju;f;f uPjpahdjh? - gf;fq;fs; ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sjh?

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: : © Multi-media publishing, (1975) Report Writing – a Take Away Guide,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.networklearning.org/writing-reports.html


gy;ypdf; fyhrhuq;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy;

kf;fis tpj;jpahrkhf;FtJ vd;d? ghypaw; r%f NtWghL> rhjp> ,dk;> Njrpa ,dk;> rkak;> ghy; epiy> ngsjpf kw;Wk; cs Mw;wy;fs;> taJ> nghUshjhu epiyik> murpay; njhlu;Gfs;> tFg;G> Fyk;. Nkw;gug;gpw;Ff; fPohy; kiwe;Js;sJ vd;d? ek;gpf;iffs;> ngWkjpfs;> czu;Tfs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;> elj;ijfs;> vLNfhs;fs;. ehq;fs; xd;whf Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij mJ vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wJ? ,dj;Jtk; - kw;WnkhU fyhrhuj;jpd; cyfyhtpa fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahik ghFghL – ntt;NtW tifahd ftdpg;Gf;fs; Kj;jpiuFj;jy; - FOnthd;W njhlu;ghd mgpg;gpuhak; fyhrhu uPjpapyhd FUL – NtWghLfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;. fyhrhu uPjpapyhd epiyg;ghL – vy;yhk; epiwT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd ek;Gjy;

fyhrhu NtWghl;L Kiwfs; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s NtWghLfs; rupahditNah my;yJ jtwhditNah my;y –

,it> ntt;NtW tpjkhd Gupe;Jzu;Tfs; kl;LNk.

juhjuq;fs;> cwTfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; vd;gd vt;thW khWglyhk; Mw;wy;fisAk; gjtpfisAk; nghWj;J juhjuq;fs; mikAk;> ju;f;f uPjpapdbg;gilapy; cz;ikfs; mikAk;. cilia tplTk; / tpOkpaq;fis tplTk; rk me;j];J Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Kiwrhu; / vOj;J tbtj; njhlu;ghly;fs;> xNutpjkhd cld;ghl;lhd epiyg;ghl;Lr; nraw;ghLfis Ml;rp nra;fpd;wd.

MSikiaAk;; njhlu;GfisAk; nghWj;Jk;> cz;ik kw;Wk; ,ay;Gepiy njhlu;ghd gyjug;gl;l czu;Tfisg; nghWj;Jk; juhjuq;fs; mikAk; cilfs; / tpOkpaq;fs; kjpg;gpd; milahsq;fshFk; Kiwrhuh / tha; %yj; njhlu;ghly;> kjpg;gPLfs; vd;gd jdpj;jdp epiyikfisg; nghWj;Nj cUthfpd;wd. mit> epakq;fis / rl;l jpl;lq;fisg; nghWj;J cUthtjpy;iy

epWtdq;fSk; Neuj;ijg; NgzYk; vt;thW khWgLfpd;wd Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ vjpu;T $w Kbjy;> fhuzj;Jldhd jpl;lkply;> nraw;ghl;L kw;Wk; njhFjp Nehf;FilaJ. Neue; jtwhikf;fhd ngWkjpAk; kjpg;gspj;jYk; fw;wy; kw;Wk; jftw; gupkhw;wk;

kf;fisAk; ,aw;ifiaAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ czu;T g+u;khd nefpo;thd jpl;lkply;> cwTfs; kw;Wk; epiyikf;F Vw;wJ Neuj;ij tpl kf;fSf;F kjpg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ fw;wy; xU gykhf gad;gLtNjhL czu;tw;wjhf my;yJ ntspg;gLj;jg;glhjjhf mikayhk;

Kfhikj;Jtg; ghzpAk; tpidj;jpwDk; vt;thW mstplg;gLfpd;wd Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Ntiyfspd; gpupTfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fspd; Clhf KbTfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jdpegu; njhlu;Gfspd; ClhfTk;> mjpfhu tbtikg;Gf;fspd; ClhfTk; KbTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Nehf;fq;fspd; Clhf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

cwTfspd; Clhd Kfhikj;Jtk;

tpku;rdk;> nfsutpg;G kw;Wk; MNyhridfs; vd;gd njhopypd; gFjpnahd;whFk;

tpku;rdk;> nfsutpg;G kw;Wk; MNyhridfs; vd;gd mjpfk; jdpj;Jtkhdjhf fUjg;gLtNjhL Fw;wkhfTk; vLf;fg;glyhk;

“… fsj;jpYs;s kf;fSld; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j ];jhdj;jpy; vq;fshy; Ntiy nra;a Kba Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; nra;tij ehk; ek;ghkypUf;fyhk;. vd;whYk;> mtu;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Mu;tKk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; vkf;F mtrpakhfpd;wd. mj;Jld;> mtu;fs; ru;tNjr nfhs;iffisj; jkJ nrhe;j tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk;> jftYf;Fk;> kw;Wk; nra;Ak; Kiwnahd;wpw;Fk;; khw;wpf;nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; mtufSf;F cjtTk; Ntz;Lk;.

Njhuah m`kl;> UNFPA epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsu;


fbdkhd epiyikfspYk; gy;NtW

fyhrhuq;fSf;Fupa kf;fis mdu;j;jq;fs; xd;W Nru;f;fpd;wd.

fyhrhu uPjpapy; czu;Ts;s

mZFKiwnahd;wpw;fhd Fwpg;Gf;fs;:

cq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;;> cq;fspd; nrhe;jf; fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs;.

ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghf mwpe;jpUq;fs;.

mikjpahf ,Uq;fs; - xU fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghf vy;yh tplaq;fSk; xNu jlitapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glkhl;lhJ.

nrtpkLq;fs;.

gpur;rpidia Vida Nfhzq;fspy; Nehf;Fq;fs;.

ngWkjp kjpg;gPLfisj; (value judgments) jtpUq;fs;

nkhop czu;it gad;gLj;Jq;fs. ;

xd;W Nru;g;gjhf ,Uq;fs;> xUq;fpizg;ig vjpu;ghUq;fs;.

vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; mZFKiwfSf;Fk; ftdQ;nrYj;Jq;fs;.

kf;fspd; ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

gykpf;f FOf;fs; NkNyhq;fp epw;gijj; jtpUq;fs;.

UNFPA – 24 d; tips for culturally sensitive programming ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;;lJ

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: Save The Children UK (2006), Making a Difference - CGIAR Gender & Diversity programme (2003), Working with Diversity in collaboration – tips and tools

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.unfpa.org/culture/index.htm http://www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html

ntspg;gLk; fyhrhu NtWghLfs;

ntspg;glhj fyhrhu Ntu;fs;


kf;fis <LgLj;jy;

mdu;j;jg; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd kf;fspilNa Kf;fpa Mw;wy;fSk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,Wjpapy; mtu;fNs jkJ vjpu;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

epiyg;Gf;Fk; nghWg;ghdtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wk; NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;

• gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fupa kf;fspd; ,aYikfspYk; tpUg;Gf;fspYk;> Fwpj;j neUf;fb epiy vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ?

• kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; czu;Tfs; vd;d?

• mj;jifa tiuaiwfis vg;gbahd gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiw cs;thq;f;pf;nfhs;Sk;;?

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wypd; ntspg;ghnlhd;whf> mtu;fspilNa milaKbahj vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; Njhd;Wtij vt;thW jtpu;f;fyhk;?

• cs;Su; r%fg; gbj;juq;fs; vd;d? kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; vt;thW Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

• gq;Fgw;wiy vj;jifa ngsjpf my;yJ fyhrhuj; jilfs; jLf;fpd;wd?

• mq;Nf vj;jifa murpay; ,af;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gpujhd gq;fhspfs; ahu;?

• cs;Su;g; gpd;dzpapy; ahu; gyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; kw;Wk; kpfTk; gytPdkhdtu;fspdJk; gykw;wtufspdJk; rk gq;Fgw;wiy ePq;fs; vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jtPu;fs;?

• gytPdkhd FOf;fs; xJf;fg;gly; kw;Wk; mr;r%l;lg;gly; vd;gtw;wpd; mjpfupg;gpw;Fg; gq;Fgw;wyhdJ vj;ijf Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; ,jid vt;thW jLf;fg;glyhk;?

• epthuz Copau;fspdJk; gadhspf; FOf;fspdJk; fhty; my;yJ ghJfhg;G Mgj;ijg; gq;Fgw;wy; vt;thW mjpfupf;fyhk; kw;Wk; ,jid vt;thW eptu;j;jp nra;ayhk;?

• epWtd kw;Wk; gadhspfspd; Neu xJf;fPLfs; vj;jifaJ kw;Wk; tsj; jl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;d?

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis ,izg;gjw;F> fhzg;gLfpd;w Kaw;rpfis my;yJ rkhjhdj; jiyaPLfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh?

• cq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; eLepiyikiaAk; gq;Fgw;wy; vj;jifa tpjj;jpw; ghjpf;Fk;?

• ,e;j eLepiyikia ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSld; vt;thW njhlu;e;J Ngzyhk; kw;Wk; mjid mtu;fSld; vt;thW njhlu;ghlyhk;?

• ,e;j eLepiyikia ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fSld; vt;thW njhlu;e;J Ngzyhk; kw;Wk; mjid mtu;fSld; vt;thW njhlu;ghlyhk;?

• gue;j epthuzq;fspy; my;yJ kPsikg;G eltbf;iffspy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fspy; cs;Su; gq;fspg;ghsu;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiy vt;thW Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;. mjhtJ. jftw; gupkhw;wj;ij> nkhopngaug;Gr; Nritfs;> ngWg;Gf; $wy;/ ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• gue;jstpyhd gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiwia cs;thq;Ftjw;Fk; milahsk;> fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk; vt;tifahd jfty;fs; my;yJ epGzj;Jtk; cq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhfj; Njitg;gLfpd;wd?

gaDs;s gq;Fgw;wwy; fUtpfs; nraw;jpl;l tl;lj;jpy; fUtpfSk; mjd; gad;ghLfSk; njhlu;ghf Nkyjpf jfty;fis mwptjw;F> ,Utl;L tsj;jpYs;s vy;dg; (ALNAP) eilKiwg;gLj;JNthUf;fhd topfhl;lw; Fwpg;igg; ghu;f;fTk; tiuglkhf;fy; ngsjpf> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu ,ay;Gfs;> mghak;

kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs; jkJ gpuNjrj;ij vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;whu;fs; vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

fhyj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghl;L ehw;fhl;b gaDs;s tpj;jj;jpy; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; Vw;gltha;g;Gs;s jilfs; vd;gd njhlu;ghfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghLfis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ

gq;fhsu; / njhlu;Gfs; gFg;gha;T gy;NtW FOf;fis milahsk; fhzy; (xJf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; cs;slq;fyhf) mj;Jld;> mtu;fspd; tfpghfq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;s;> Mu;tq;fs;> gyq;fs; / nry;thf;Ffs; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fis mwpjy;

nrhj;Jf;fis tifg;gLj;jy; nrhj;Jf;fspd; / r%fj; juhjuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp> guk;gy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ

,aysTfs; / gytPdq;fs; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;T

jkJ nrhe;jg; gytPdq;fs;> ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; Mgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghff; FOf;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; nra;jy;.

FOf;fs;> czT / Ntiyf;fhd gzk; nraw;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypYk; FOf;fspd; capNuhl;lkhd gq;Fgw;wiy Vw;gLj;jy;


ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; Kiwfs;

kiwKfkhd – jpl;lq;fs; / nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs; mwpt+l;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

jfty;fis toq;fy; - ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspdhy; jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLjy;. mjhtJ nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhj tpjj;jpy; kjpg;gPLfSf;F cjTjy;

kjpAiungWjy; - ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ngwg;gl;ly;> Mdhy; KbntLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; mtu;fs; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy

nghUs; uPjpapyhd

guprspg;Gf;fs; – gzj;jpw;fhf

my;yJ gupRg; nghUl;fSf;fhf kf;fs; jkJ nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; toq;Fjy;.

nghUl;fis gzj;ij my;yJ Copaj;ij toq;Fjy; - ngUkjpia kPsg; ngUjypd; mbg;gilapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F kPsikg;Gf;fhf cs;sPLfis toq;Ftjy;.

njhlu;GgLjy; - Njit kjpg;gPLfspypYk; KbntLj;jypYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wy;

cs;Su; Muk;gpg;Gf;fs; - jkJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpfSf;fhd ntsp cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf kf;fs; Rakhf Kaw;rpj;jy;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ODI (2003) ALNAP (2003) Participation of Crisis Affected Populations in Humanitarian Action – A Practitioners Guide © MANGO (2005) Accountability to beneficiaries – a practical checklist

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.INTRAC.org http://www.alnap.org/publications/participation_study.htm


$l;L Kaw;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

rkdhd gq;Fgw;wy;> KbntLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis xg;gilj;jy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;jy; vd;gtw;wpy;> gaDs;s $l;L Kaw;rpfs; jq;fpAs;sd.

nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;Fk;> epthuzj;jpypUe;J mgptpUj;jpf;F

khWtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpahfTk; $l;L Kaw;rpfs; mikfpd;wd.

mtru epiyiknahd;wpd; NghJ $l;L Kaw;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nritfis toq;Fjy; - ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhd ,aysTfis mjpfupj;jy;. fUj;Jf;fisAk; mwpitAk; epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sy; - mtru epiyikf;fhd gaDs;s nraw;jpl;lq;fis tbtikg;gjw;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. KbntLg;gtu;fis khw;wkilar; nra;jy; kw;Wk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jy; - mdu;j;j kPsikg;Gf;fspy; murpay; my;yJ r%fj; jilfis ifahs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. xw;WikAk; epGzj;Jt cjtpfSk; – mjpu;r;rpAw;w epiy kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpd;ikapd; NghJ cs;Su; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;F mjpfk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jfty;fis miltjw;Fk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fkhd tha;g;G - mtru epiyikfspd; NghJ ru;tNjr kw;Wk; cs;Su; epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;igr; rupahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. rptpy; r%fj;jpd; ,aysTfis fl;bnaOg;Gjy; - ,J> mdu;j;jg; gjpy; eltbf;if Kaw;rpfspd; Kf;fpa gFjpnahd;whf miktNjhL ePz;lfhy epd;W epiyg;gpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ. $l;L Kaw;rpfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd fUj;Jf;fs;

• cq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; ,aysTfisAk; vj;jifa $l;L Kaw;rpfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;?

• jw;Nghija my;yJ Kd;ida $l;L Kaw;rpfspd; %yk; vjid ePq;fs; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;?

• tha;g;Gs;s gq;fspg;ghsu; njhlu;ghf vj;jifa jfty;fs; cq;fsplKs;sJ? (mZFKiw> epWtdk; cWthf;fg;gl;ljd; fhyk;> ew;ngau;> ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; epu;thfk;)

• ePq;fs; vt;tsT xj;Jiof;ff; $batu;fs;? (mjhtJ> ngWkjpfs;> ,aysTfs;> gq;fhspfs;)

• ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; VjhtJ epWtd nghWg;Gf;fs; cs;sdth?

• gq;fhspf;F ePq;fs; vjid toq;fyhk; kw;Wk; gq;fhspaplkpUe;J vjid vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wPu;fs;?

• xj;Jiog;G %yk; ifahs vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w> cq;fspd; nghJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jzu;Tfs; vd;d? (cjhuzk;. rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> Nehf;fk;> tfpghfq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> xg;ge;j ntspNaw;w eltbf;if> nghWg;Gf; $wy; kl;lk;> gq;fspg;G> jftw; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL)

• vj;jifa gq;fspg;G xg;ge;jk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ? (epUthf kw;Wk; td;Kiwj; jPu;T mZFKiw cs;slq;fshf)

,U gq;fhsu;fspYk; kjpg;gPLfspy;> Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspy; kw;Wk; $l;L Kaw;rpfspy; fyhrhu czu;TfSk; gf;fr; rhu;GfSk; njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uj;jy; Nt;z;Lk;.

ru;tNjr murhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;: mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; $l;L Kaw;rpfspd; NghJ Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s FiwghLfs;.

• epjp epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; tfpghfq;fSk; ntsp epjpapy; jq;fpapUj;jYk;.

• epWtdq;fspd; ,aysTfs; kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; vd;gtw;wpd; xt;thik.

• rkdw;w nghWg;Gf; $wYf;fhd NjitfSk; tsq;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fSk;.

• Copau;fspd; tuTk; epWtdf; flikfspypUe;J tpyFjYk;.

• Kudhd ngWkjpfSk; gq;fspg;ghsu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fSk;.


gaDs;s $l;L Kaw;rpfs;: epjp epWtdq;fspd; Mu;tq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ ,U epWtdq;fspdJk; cz;ikahd Kaw;rpfs; mtrpakhfpd;wJ njhlu;r;rpahd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfSk; jpahfq;fSk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ ,J> nghJthd ngWkjpfspy;> Gupe;Jzu;Tfspy; ek;gpf;iffspy; kw;Wk; nfsutpg;Gf;fspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nehf;fq;fs;> tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd njspthd kw;Wk; md;dpNahd;ag; Gupe;Jzu;T mtrpakhfpd;wJ. mgptpUj;jp mZFKiwf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;fspdbg;gilapy;> Kbe;jstpy; $l;L Kaw;rpahdJ ePz;lfhyg; gq;fspg;Gf;F tha;g;gspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © INTRAC NGO Policy Briefing Paper No.4 (2001) NGOs and partnership Partnerships – considerations in drafting agreements

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.intrac.org/resources_database.php?char=P


rpWtu;fSld; Ntiy nra;jy;

rhjhuz rpWguhak; njhlu;ghf xt;nthU rpWtDf;Fk;/rpWkpf;Fk; cupikAz;L

rpWtu; cupikfs;

• taJ te;jtu;fisg; Nghy rpWtu;fSf;Fk; rk cupikfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fs; J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F cs;shFk; gytPdk; fhzg;gLtjdhy; vg;NghJk; tpNrl ghJfhg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

• 18 tajpw;Ff; fPo;g;gl;l Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; gps;is ‘rpWtu;fs;’ vdr; ‘rpWtu; cupikr; rhrdk’; tiuaWf;fpd;wJ. NghjpasT czT> ePu;> tPL> kw;Wk; fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd cupikfSk; rpWtu; cupikr; rhrdj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• rhjhuz epiyik czu;nthd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> rpWtu;fs; jkJ czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F tha;g;gspg;gjw;Fk;> nghWg;ghd taJ te;jtu;fspd; mutizg;ig toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Ruz;lYf;Fs;shFk; tha;g;Gf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fk;> mtru epiyikfspd; NghJ> fy;tpfw;wiy mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G kpf mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

• ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; cjtpaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpyhd Rw;whlypy; tpisahLtjw;Fk; tsu;tjw;Fkhd tha;g;G rpWtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Ruz;lYk; J\;gpuNahfKk;

• FLk;gj;jpypUe;J rpWtu;fisg; gpupg;gjpdhy; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;fhd mghaj;ijAk;> FLk;g tUkhdj;ijf; Fiwtilar; nra;tjpdhy; ghjpg;igAk;> fy;tp fw;wiy ghjpg;gilar; nra;tjpdhy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk;> mtru epiyikfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.

• J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd mjpf Mgj;Js;s tjptplg; guhkupg;Gf;fspy; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Lr; rpWtu;fs; guhkupf;fg;gLtij tpl mtu;;fs; r%fj;jpNyNa ghuhkupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. FLk;gq;fspdhy; rkhspf;f KbAkhdij tpl mjpfkhd trjpfis mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; toq;Ftjd; %yk; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J rpWtu;fspd; gpupit mit Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

• taJ te;jtu;fspd; guhkupg;G> mutizg;Gf; FiwT> tWik> fw;wiy mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; Fiwjy;> fyhrhu eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs; fhuzkhfj; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; Vw;glLj;jg;glyhk;.

• rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;jy;> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; my;yJ td;Kiw cs;slq;fshf ghypay;> ngsjpf kw;Wk; czu;T uPjpapyhdjhfj; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; mikayhk;.

• ngsjpfg; ghjpg;Gf;fs;> csf; fhaq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f xJf;fy;fs; cs;slq;fyhf> Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fspy; mjpu;r;rpfukhd> ePz;lfhyg; ghjpg;Gf;fs; rpWtu;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• jkJ nrhe;j Copau;fsplkpUe;J J\;gpuNahf Mgj;Jf;fisf; Fiwj;jy;> mjhtJ> kdpjhgpkhd Copau;fs;> rkhjhdk; NgZk; Copau;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpau;fs; cs;slq;fyhf> rpWtu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; <LgLfpd;w mur> mur rhu;gw;w kw;Wk; I eh epWtdq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• taJ> ghypay; r%f NtWghL kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J rpWtu;fs; mghaj;jpw;fhd gytPdKilatu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

• rpWkpfis tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <LgLtjw;Fg; gyte;jg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;w J\;gpuNahfq;fs; Kjy;> rpWtu;fis fbdkhd ngsjpf Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;JtJ tiuapyhd Kiwfspy; rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;jy; nghJthdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Aj;jKk; rpWtu;fSk;

• Aj;j epiyikfspd; NghJ rpWtu;fs; xJf;fg;gl;l ghu;itahsu;fshf> mjd; nghWg;ghsu;fshf my;yJ td;Kiwfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf khwyhk;.

• gpupe;jpUf;Fk; rpWtu;fs; flj;jg;gLtjw;fhd kw;Wk; rpWtu; ,uhZtq;fSf;Fg; gyte;jkhfr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd mjpf tha;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Aj;jj;jpy; mDgtg;gl;l rpWtu;fs; Mokhd cs> ngsjpf kw;Wk; cstpay; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gu;.

• Kd;ida rpWtu; Nghuhopfis mtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fSld; xd;W Nru;j;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fisr; r%fj;Jld; xd;W Nru;j;jy; vd;gd r%fj;ij kPsikg;gjw;Fk; kPs;fl;likg;gjw;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.


1989k; Mz;bd; I.eh. rpWtu; cupikr; rhrdk; rpWtu;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ nghJthf cyfpd; vy;yh ehLfspdhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpWtu; cupikr; rhrdk; ehd;F mbg;gil nfhs;iffspdhy; topelhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ: - murpay; my;yJ tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fSf;F Nky; rpWtu;fspd; rpwg;G Mu;tk; Kjyplk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. - jk;ikg; ghjpf;Fk; KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd gq;Fgw;wy; cupik rpWtu;fSf;F cs;sJ. - capu;tho;tjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd cupik vy;yhr; rpWtu;fSf;Fk; cs;sJ. - taJ> ghy;> ,dk;> tFg;G> rkak; Nghd;w ghFghLfspd;wpa rk cupik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © ICRC (2003) Child Soldiers © UNHCR (2006) A Protection Induction Programme © Save The Children – Protecting children in emergencies in Nigeria

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: www.savethechildren.org http://www.unicef.org/publications/index.html http://www.unicef.org/crc/


ghypay; r%f NtWghLk; vr;.I.tp Ak;

Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l NjitfSf;Fk; ,aysTfSf;Fk; gjpyspg;gjhdJ kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;;wd.

Xu; MZld; my;yJ ngz;Zld; njhlu;Ggl;l nghUshjhu> r%f> kw;Wk; fyhrhu

,ay;GfNs ghypay; r%f NtWghlhFk;.

kdpjhgpkhd mdu;j;jq;fspy; ,it ntspg;gilahditahFk;. Vnddpy;: o MZk; ngz;Zk; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. o ghuk;gupa tfpghfq;fs; ,jd; NghJ rthyhdjhf miktNjhL> NkYk;

mOj;jq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. mjhtJ> Mz;fs; fytuq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gLjy;> toq;Fdu; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ngz;fs; tfpghfNkw;wy;.

o Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrkhd NjitfSk;> gytPdq;fSk;> tpUg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ ghypay; r%f NtWghl;Lg; gFg;gha;T ahu; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;?;> mtu;fspd; Njitfs; vd;d? kw;Wk; mtu;fshfNt mtu;fSf;F toq;f KbAkhdit vd;d? vd;gJ njhlu;ghd njspitg; ePq;fs; ngWtjw;F ,J cjtpaspf;Fk;. o ngz;fisAk;> Mz;fisAk;> rpWtu;fisAk;> rpWkpfisAk; kjpg;gPl;by;

Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jy;. o ngz;> Mz; Mfpa ,UghyhupdJk;> mDgtq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy;

vd;gtw;wpYs;s khw;wq;fis Ma;T nra;jy;. o fyhrhu gpd;dzp> mjhtJ gy cwTfs;> Ntiyg; gS vdgd njhlu;ghf

mwpe;Jnfhs;jy;. o FWfpa> Kf;fpa jfty;fis kl;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l

vy;yhf; FOf;fisAk; fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;. o rkdhd cjtpfis miltjw;F> milahsr; nraw;ghLfs; rpwe;jnjhU Kiwahf

mikahJ. ghypay; r%f NtWghl;L mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifSf;fhd topfhl;ly;

Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement ,ypUe;J o ghypay; ty;YwT> gyte;jkhd tpgr;rhuk; cs;slq;fyhf> ghypay; r%f NtWghl;L

uPjpapyhd td;KiwfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G@ o jpUkzj;jpw;fhf tpw;gid nra;jy;> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfq;fs;> gyte;jkhfr;

rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;jy; cs;slq;fyhf mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy@ o Ntiy tha;g;G kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fspy; ghFghbd;ikAk; rk me;j];Jk;@ o ,lk; ngau;e;j ngz;fspd; KO kw;Wk; rk mstpyhd gq;fspg;G@ o ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; cstpaw; Rfhjhug; guhkupg;Gj; Njitfs;

njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;. o FLk;g tho;f;iff;Fk;> FLk;gj;jpd; kPs; xd;W Nru;jYf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;. o ngz;fspdJk;> ngz; gps;isfspdJk; jdpahd milahsq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida

Mtzq;fs; njhlu;ghd cupik. vr;.I.tp> vapl;]; ck; mdu;j;jq;fSk; o vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; vapl;]; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtjhdJ r%fnkhd;wpd; jLj;jy; kw;Wk;

jhf;Fg;gpbj;jYf;fhd Mw;wiyf; Fiwf;Fk;> ,lu;fSf;fhd tha;g;ig mjpfupf;Fk; kw;Wk; kPsikg;ig jhkjg;gLj;Jk;.

o vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; vapl;]; cld; thOk; kf;fs; ghFghl;bw;F cl;gLtjw;fhd mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhy; mtu;fs; njhlu;ghd ,ufrpak; Ngzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

o ,tu;fSf;fhd Nghjpa Nghrhf;F> kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; cupa tho;thjhu tha;g;Gf;fisj; njupT nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd cjtpAk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

o fytuq;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F gpe;jpa epiyikfs; vd;gd ghypay; uPjpapyhd td;Kiwfis mjpfug;gjdhy; vr;.I.tp kw;Wk; vapl;]; ,d; mjpfupg;gpw;Fk; mit toprikf;fpd;wd.


mdu;j;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; ngz;fs; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; f\;lq;fs;@ tPlikg;Gk; kPs; fl;likg;Gk; ngsjpf my;yJ ghypaw; td;Kiwfs; KbntLj;jy;fspy;; rkdhd gq;Fgw;wy; Nghf;Ftuj;J tUkhdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;G jq;fp tho;Nthiug; guhkupj;jy; ngsjpf kw;Wk; csr; Rfhjuhk; epthuz tsq;fis mile;Jnfhs;jy; fy;tp> gapw;rp kw;Wk; jfty;fis mile;Jnfhs;jy;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © H. Derbyshire (2002) DFID Gender Manual © IASC (2005) Gender Handbook in humanitarian practice © IASC (2005) Guidelines for HIV interventions in emergency settings

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.gdnonline.org/wot_practical.htm http://www.ilo.org/public/english/gender.htm http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/products/default.asp http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk


gaDs;s $l;lq;fs; mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ njhlu;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Ff; $l;lq;fs;

mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. vd;whYk; mit tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpisTfisNa nghJthf Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. $l;lq;fspypUe;J

tpisTfis ngWtjw;fhd gbtnkhd;iwAk; gbKiwnahd;iwAk; cUthf;FtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

$l;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;F ,irthf fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jpr; nry;Yk; mNjNeuk;> gq;Fgw;Wgtu;fspd; nghJ Nehf;fk; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; $l;lq;fis topelhj;JtJ jiyik tfpg;gtupd; tfpghfkhf mikAk;. ngWNgWfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;; $l;lj;jpw;F jahuhtJk;> Mf;fg+u;tkhd Kiwapy; mjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJk; gq;Fgw;Wgtu;spd; tfpghfkhf mikAk;. jpl;lkplYk; Kd;dhaj;jKk; Vd;

$l;lnkhd;wpd; Nehf;fKk; mjdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tpisTfSk; vd;d? jfty;fis> gpd;D}l;liy> mwpf;iffis toq;FjYk;

gupkhwpf;nfhs;sYk; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy; jPu;Tfisf; fhzy; / gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy; / KbTfis

vLj;jy; ek;gpf;ifia> cwTfis> FOf;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis ahu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;? gq;Fgw;Wgtu;fs; $l;lj;jpdhy; vjid vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;? ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;w nraw;ghnlhd;wpd; gFjpahff; $l;lk; mikfpd;wjh?

Vd;

epfo;r;rp epuypy; vj;jifa jiyg;Gf;fs; cs;slq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? ntt;NtW jiyg;Gf;fs; vt;thW ifahsg;gLfpd;wd> $l;lk;

vt;tsT ePz;lJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;fhf epfo;r;rp epuiyg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. ahu; ahu; ,jw;fhf miof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gl;baypLq;fs;.

Kd;dNu epfo;r;rp epuy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh? mg;gbahapd;> Nkyjpf gpujpfis vLj;JthUq;fs;!

ahu;

ahu; ,jpy; fye;Jnfhs;jy; Ntz;Lk;? cupatu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fsh? miog;Gf;fhf VjhtJ rk;gpujhaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?

vq;Nf

$l;lj;jpw;fhf vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; rpwg;ghd gpuNjrk; my;yJ ,lk; vJ? cupa ,ltrjpfs;@ cgfuzq;fs;> fhw;Nwhl;lk;> czTj; Njitfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? $l;lj;jpd; tbtpw;fhd Vw;ghl;Lg; gbtk; (layout) vd;d – Kiwrhu; my;yJ Kiwrhuh?

vg;NghJ

$l;lj;jpw;F jFe;j Neuk; vd;d? vy;NyhuhYk; fyhrhu uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Muk;g NeuKk; KbtilAk; NeuKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhyk; ,Uf;fpd;wjh? vj;jifa ,ilNtisfs; mtrpakhfpd;wd? jlq;fspy;yhjtpjj;jpy; ,J mike;Js;sjh?

vg;gb

Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd> vy;yhf; fyhrhuq;fSlDk; <LgLtjw;fhd> gq;fspg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisAk; njspTgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd rpwe;j Kiw vd;d? cjhuzk;. mwpKfk;> fsr; rl;l jpl;lq;fs; (ground rules)> Kjy; mwpKf

mr;rkfw;wy; nrad;Kiw (ice-breakers) vj;jifa nkhop ngau;g;Gf;fSk; ciungau;g;Gf;fSk; mtrpakhfpd;wd? $l;l mwpf;ifia@ vt;thW gjpT nra;tPu;fs;> tpsf;FtPu;fs;> KbTfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tPu;fs;? cjhuzk;. gpypg; rhu;l; (flipchart)> itl; Nghu;l; (whiteboard)?

ePq;fs; $l;lq;fis elhj;Jk; NghJ kf;fspd; Neuj;ijAk; mtjhdpg;igAk; toq;Fk;gb Ntz;Lfpd;wPu;fs; - vdNt mjid Gj;jprhJupakhfg;

gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.


$l;lq;fis gaDs;s Kiwapy; elhj;Jjy;

1. cupa jfty; fhzg;gLtijAk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. - Kf;fpa KbTfs; vLf;fg;gLtijAk;> gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; Maj;jkhf tu KbtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. 2. Nehf;fk;> epfo;r;rp epuy; kw;Wk; fhyk; njhlu;ghd cld;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. - Nehf;fKila njhdpnahd;iw $l;lj;jpw; NgZtNjhL epfo;r;rp epuYf;F mjid kl;Lg;gLj;Jq;fs;. 3. Neuj;jpw;F Muk;gpj;J Neuj;jpw;F epiwT nra;Aq;fs;. - Neuj;ij tPzbg;gijj; jtpWq;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lj;ij kf;fs; Kf;fpaj;JtKila xd;whff; fUJtij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. 4. mbg;gilr; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F cld;gLq;fs;- $l;lj;jpy; nra;a Ntz;baitAk; nra;af; $lhjitAk;. - nfsutkhd elj;ijfis Cf;FtpAq;fs;. 5. ek;gpf;ifia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; xt;nthUtUk; mjpy; <LgLtjw;Fk; fhyj;ijr; nrytspAq;fs;> mjhtJ> ey;y mwpKfq;fs;@ nrtpkLj;jiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;@ rpwpa fye;Jiuahly;; FOf;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;. - ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; nfsutkhd fye;Jiuahly;fisAk; tpthjq;fisAk; Cf;FtpAq;fs;. 6. epfo;r;rp epuYf;F kl;Lg;gLj;Jq;fs; - Neuj;ij tPzbg;gijj; jtpu;g;gNjhL Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L nraw;gLq;fs;. 7. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffisg; gjpT nra;Aq;fs; - nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpahfq;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSila $l;lq;fis Cf;FtpAq;fs;. 8. xt;nthU $l;lj;jpd; KbtpYk; mLj;j $l;lj;ij vt;thW Nkk;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij tpdTq;fs;. - NkYk; NkYk; rpwg;ghd $l;lj;ij ,aYkhdjhf;Fjy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © RedR (2005) Walker B., Better Ways to Manage Meetings,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.genderdiversity.cgiar.org/resource/MulticulturalMeetingsFinal2.ppt


gy; nkhopf; $l;lq;fs;

xt;nthUtUk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fs; %yk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a KbtjpNyNa cq;fspd; $l;lq;fspd; ntw;wpAk; juKk; jq;fpAs;sJ.

$l;lq;fis nkhj;jkhf Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;Lk; my;yJ cs;Su; nkhopfspy; kl;Lk;

elhj;JtJ Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghsu;fis xJf;FtNjhL mjd; jpwidAk; Fiwj;JtpLk;.

ciu ngau;g;Gf;fhd njupTfs;

jho;Fuypy; ciu ngau;j;jy; - xd;wpuz;L NgUf;F ciu ngau;g;G mtrpakhfpd;wNghJ ,J gaDilajhFk;. vd;whYk;> ,ilQ;ryhdjhf mikayhk;. ,izg;Gw;w ciu ngau;g;G - Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; rpy trdq;fis kl;LNk ciu ngau;g;gtu; ciungau;g;ghu;;;. ,J> FWfpa tpupTiufspy; gaDs;sjhFk;. vd;whYk;> rypg;g+l;LtjhfTk;> Neuj;ij nrytpLtjhfTk; mikAk;.

njhlu;r;rpahd ciu ngau;g;G – ciu ngau;g;ghsu;> ePz;l jftw; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fr; nrtpkLj;J> Fwpg;ngLj;J mjidr; RUf;fkhf nkhopngau;g;ghu;. ,jd;NghJ> kf;fspd; mtjhdj;ijg; NgZtJ fbdkhdjhFk;. vd;whYk;> gpujhd fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fkhf Kd;itg;gjpy; ,J gaDs;sjhFk;.

rkfhy ciu ngau;g;G – ciu ngau;g;gtUf;F thndhyp xypthq;fp xd;Wk; nrtpkLg;Nghu;fSf;F fhJf;fhd xypngUf;fpfSk; mtrpakhfpd;wd. ghupa fUj;juq;FfSf;F my;yJ Kiwrhu; $l;lq;fSf;Fg; gaDs;sjhFk;. vd;whYk;> njhopEl;gKk; cau; Mw;wYk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

nkhop ngau;g;igAk; ciu ngau;g;igAk; xd;W Nru;j;jy; njupT nra;j ciu ngau;g;G - ‘gpypg; rhu;l’; (flipchart) ml;ilapy;> iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs; (handouts) my;yJ ‘gtu; nghapd;l;’; (power point) ,y; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l gpujhd Fwpg;Gf;fis jahu; nra;Aq;fs;. - Nehf;fq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfg; gy;NtW nkhopfisf; nfhz;l rpW FOf;fis xd;W NrUq;fs;@ kw;Wk; - RUf;fq;fspdJk; nraw;ghl;Lf; Fwpg;Gf;fspdJk; (action points) ciu ngau;g;Gf;fis gpujhd FOtpy; cs;slf;Fq;fs;. ,jdhy; <LghLfis mjpfupf;f KbtNjhL> ,ilQ;riyf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; KbAk;;. $l;lnkhd;wpw;F miog;G tpLf;Fk; NghJ: 1. ve;j nkhopapy; (nkhopfspy;) mJ ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpdTq;fs;.

2. – cq;fSf;F ciu ngau;g;ghsu; mtrpakhapd; - cq;fshy; ciu ngau;g;ghsuhfr; nraw;gl KbAkhapd; - ey;ynjhU ciu ngau;g;ghsiuj; njupe;J itj;Js;sPu;fshapd; Vw;ghl;lhsUf;F mwpaf; nfhLq;fs;. 3. $l;lj;jpy; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd jfty;fisf; NfSq;fs;. cjhuzkhf epfo;r;rp epuy;> Muk;g kw;Wk; KbT Neuq;fs;> VNjDk; tpNrl Njitfs;. 4. gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; gaDs;sjhf mikayhk;: nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l gjpg;Gf;fis

tpdTk; NghJ nkhop ngau;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk; NghJ cs;Su; nkhop ngau;g;ghsiu

njuptpf;Fk; NghJ

$l;lnkhd;iw Vw;ghL nra;Ak; NghJ: 1. ciu ngau;g;G mtrpakhfpd;wjh vdf; ftdpAq;fs;. 2. ciu ngau;g;ghsu;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSf;Fk; tpsf;fkspAq;fs;. 3. njhlu;r;rpahd ,il Ntisfisj; jpl;lkpLq;fs;. 4. nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l tpopg;Gy fUtpfisAk; (visual aids) fye;Jiuahly;fSf;fhf rpW FOf;fisAk; cs;Su; nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. 5. Kf;fpa Mtzq;fis nkhop ngau;j;J tpepNahfpAq;fs;. 6. $l;lj;jpd; nraw;jpwikiaj; njhlu;r;rpahf kPsha;T nra;Aq;fs;.


ciu ngau;g;ghsu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Fwpg;Gf;fs; - Fwpj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf cs; Mu;tq;fs; vJTkw;w eLepiyahd xUtiug; gad;gLj;Jq;fs; - KbAkhapd; (ghy;> ,dk;> gpd;dzp Nghd;w) FOit gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xUtiuj; njupT nra;Aq;fs; - KbAkhapd; ciu ngau;g;gpy; gapw;rp ngw;w xUtiug; gad;gLj;Jq;fs; - Vidatu;fs; ahiu rpghupR nra;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf mtu;fsplk; tpdTq;fs; - mtu;fSf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahf (Fiwe;jJ xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F xU jlitahtJ) ,il Ntisfis toq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs; - mtu;fSf;F epfo;r;rp epuiy toq;Ftjd; %yKk;> RUf;f trdq;fs;> Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Ftjd; %yKk;> mtu;fs; Maj;jkhtjw;F fhy mtfhrk; toq;Fq;fs;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © Kwintessential Language and Culture specialists, Guidelines on Using Interpreters

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/contact.html


gapw;rpg; gl;liwfSf;F trjpaspj;jYk;; (facilitation), elhj;JjYk;

gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;> eltbf;iffSf;fhd jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> Gjpa Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> mDgtq;fs;

%yk; fw;gjw;Fk;> elj;ijfspy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; FOf;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; gapw;rpg; gl;liwfs; cjtpaspf;Fk;.

gapw;rpg; gl;liwfs; %yk; mjp cau; gadidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F rpwe;j trjpaspf;Fk; Mw;wy; gaDs;sjhf mikAk;. gapw;rpg; gl;liwfSf;fhfj; jahuhFk; NghJ ePq;fs; gpd;tUtd gw;wpf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;jy; Ntz;Lk;: tpisTfs; njhlu;ghf Nehf;Fjy; gapw;rpg; gl;liwapdhy; vd;d ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;? ahiu mJ Fwpahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ? Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghsu;fspdhy; mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;;Ls;sdth?

Vw;gl tha;ag;Gs;s jilfs;

• Neuk;: Mw;wiyg; gapy;tjw;F my;yJ gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F vt;tsT Neuk; mtrpakhFk;> ,tw;wpdbg;gilapy;> kf;fs; vt;tsT Neuk; ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wy; Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; epfo;tpw;fhd nryTfs; vd;d?

• ,lk;;: gq;Fgw;wiy mjpfupg;gjw;fhf vy;yhg; gq;fspg;ghsu;fSk; r%fe; ju trjpahd ,lk; vJ (cjhuzkhfg; gadhspfs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdu; cs;slq;fyhf)?

• fw;wy; fyhrhuk;: gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; vj;jifa fw;wy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;?

• nkhop : gy;NtW nkhopfspilNa vt;thW capNuhl;lkhd gq;fspg;ig cWjp nra;ayhk;?

epu;thfk; ntw;wpahd epfo;nthd;wpw;F> gpd;tUtd cs;slq;fshfr; rpwe;j epu;thfnkhd;W mtrpakhfpd;wJ:

• ,lk;: rupahd miw> jq;Fkplq;fis> czT> rpw;Wz;b> cgfuz trjpfis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;@

• gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs;: tpsk;guk;> gapw;rpapy; ,izjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTiufs;> mtu;fspd; Njitfs; (Nghf;Ftuj;J> czT> jq;Fkplk;> ciu ngau;g;Gf;fs;> nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs;> tyJ Fiwe;NjhUf;fhd tpNrl trjpfs;) cq;fspd; Njitfs; (mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Kd;dhaj;jk;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l fl;likg;G)

• trjpaspg;gtu;fSk; Ngr;rhsu;fSk;: miog;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Mtzq;fs;> mtrpakhapd; nfhLg;gdTfs;> mku;tpd; gbtk;> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tsj; Njitfs;.

• Mtzq;fs;: iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gpuRupj;jYk; tpepNahfpj;jYk;> gq;Fgw;Wdu;fisg; gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw.

nraw;ghLfs; cq;fs; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;Fk;> gq;Fgw;wiy mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;w kw;Wk; Mu;t%l;Lfpd;w gy;NtW gapw;rpfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;Aq;fs;. Kbe;jstpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fq;fs;:

• FOr; nraw;ghL: FOf;fspd fyg;G msT> FO cUthf;fk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;.

• tpopg;Gy cjtp cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida gy; Clf (multi media) tsq;fs;: fw;wiy mjpfupf;Fk;> nkhop kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj; jilfis jhz;Ltjw;F cjTk;

• jpwe;j Nfs;tpfs;: Vd;> vd;d> vg;gb? tpupthd rpe;jidf;F toptFf;Fk;

• Mw;wy;fisg; gapw;rpnaLj;jy;> fs Ntiyfs;: nra;tjd; %yk; kf;fs; rpwg;ghff; fw;fpd;wu;.

• nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkply;: gapw;rpg; gl;liwiaj; njhlu;e;J njspthd nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

gpur;rpidj; jPu;Tf;fhd gapw;rpg; gl;liwapYss; gbfs;:

1. fsj;ij cUthf;Fjy; (Nehf;fj;ijj; njspT ngwy;@ mwpKfk;> mwpKf nksdk; fiyj;jy;)2. gpur;rpidia tiuaiw nra;jy; (vy;yhg; gpur;rpidfSk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fSk; vd;d?) (Vw;nfdNt vit ed;F gad; jUfpd;wd?) 3. fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpjy; (Vd; ,e;jg; gpur;rpidfSk; ju;f;fq;fSk;;?) 4. jPu;Tfis cUthf;Fjy; (gpur;rpidia /fis ePq;fs; vt;thW jPu;g;gPu;fs;?) (ed;F gad; jUfpd;wtw;iw vt;thW mjpfupg;gPu;fs;?) 5. nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf cld;gLjy; (ahu; vjidr; nra;thu;fs;> vg;NghJ kw;Wk; vg;gb?)


flikia ,yFthf;FtNj trjpaspg;gtupd; (facilitator) njhopyhf mikfpd;wJ.

xU trjpaspg;gtu;: - Nehf;fKilatuhfTk; eLepiyikahdtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghu; - njspthd Nehf;fj;ijAk; fl;likg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jthu; - Neuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;thu; - tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd NkNyhl;lnkhd;iwAk; ftdj;ijAk; itj;jpUg;ghu; - fye;Jiuahly;fs; nghUj;jkhditah vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu; - xt;nthUtupd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; njspTgLj;Jthu; - eltbf;iffs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtijAk; gjpT nra;ag;gLtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jthu; kw;Wk; - epfo;T njhlu;tijg; NgZthu; - xt;nthUtUk; gq;Fgw;Wtij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;py; nrtpkLg;ghu; kw;Wk; mtjhdkhf ,Ug;ghu; - epfo;it tbtikg;gjd; %yKk;> nksdk; fiyj;jy; nrad;Kiwfspd; %yKk; mikjpahd rhjfkhd #oy; xd;iw cUthf;Fthu; - ,ilNtisfis toq;Ftjd; %yKk;> Kiwrhuhf; fye;Jiuahly;fSf;F Neuj;ij toq;Fjd; %yKk; Nghf;if (pace) Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;thu; - Nfs;tpfs;> njhopEl;gq;fs;> gapw;rpfs; %yk; gq;Fgw;wy;> Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l rpe;jidfs; vd;gtw;iw Cf;Ftpg;ghu;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: Moynihan, Guilbert, Walker & Walker, (2004) How to run a workshop, NetworkLearning; © RedR (2005) Guidelines for Facilitating Internal Lessons Learnt,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izj;js ,izg;G: www.networklearning.org http://whqlibdoc.who.int/offset/WHO_OFFSET_35_chp5.pdf http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/RoleofAFacilitator.htm


gy; Clf (multi-media) tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

fyhrhuq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ rthyhdjhf

mikayhk;. gyjug;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjhdJ> tpNrlkhf nkhopj; jilfisAk; jhz;b cq;fspd; jfty;fs; milag;ngWk; tha;g;ig

mjpfupf;Fk;.

Clfk; mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs;

njhiyj; njhlu;G Clfk;

njspthd epakj; jfty;fis mjpf Neau;fs; mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf

tpiy cau;thdJ> njhopEl;g epGzu;fs; mtrpag;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

thndhyp gue;j Neau;fisAk;> vspatu;fisAk; milaf; $baJ

,yf;Ff; FOf;fs; njsptw;wtu;fs;. ,ilg; gpizg;G> rupahd nkhop fpilahJ

njhiyf;fhl;rp tpupthd Neau;fis mila KbAk;. fhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;

vspatu;fisr; nrd;wiltjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; FiwT. epGzj;Jt jahupg;G.

,izak; / ,izaj; jsk; / ,iza xyp> xspgug;G

,yFtpy; epfo;epiyg;gLj;j> jfty;fisg; gjpT nra;a KbAk;. ,ilg; gpizg;Gilajhf mikayhk;

gyupdhy; ,d;Dk; ,izaj; js trjpfis ngw KbahJs;sJ my;yJ ,J gw;wpa Mw;wyw;wtu;fshf cs;sdu;.

,izaf; fye;Jiuahly;

mjpf kf;fSld; njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwrhuh nraw;ghnlhd;whFk;. ,ilg; gpizg;Gilajhf mikayhk;.

kpfTk; jdpg;gl;litahf mikayhk;. rl;l Nkw;ghu;it mtrpakhdJ.

kpd; mQ;;ry; ,izaj; jsj;jpw;F kf;fis <LgLj;jg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. jdpg;gl;l mZFKiw.

kpd; mQ;ry; Kftupfisr; Nru;j;jy;@ ,ufrpak; @ kpj kpQ;rpa jfty;fs;

ehNsLfs; / gjpg;Gf;fs; nghUj;jkhd epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;fs;. tpiuthf mila Kbjy.;

,yf;Ff; FOf;fs; vOj;jwpT gilj;jtu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpupifahsu;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wdu;.

va;jy; Fwpj;j ,yf;Ff; Fof;fSf;fhd jfty;fs;. nryT FiwthdJ.

rpy gilg;Gf;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,ilj; njhlu;Gfs;

xspj;Njhw;wk; (Video)

gaDs;s gapw;rpf; fUtp. kfpo;t+l;Ltjhf mikAk;. vOj;jwptpd;ikg; gpur;rpidf;F jPu;thf mikAk;

ghu;g;gjw;F cgfuzq;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. jfty;fs; mjpfk; nghJthditahf mikayhk;.

,Utl;Lf;fs; / b tp b (DVD)

,ilj; njhlu;Gilajhf mikayhk;. tpop kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gyd;fs; %yk; mjpf jfty;fis cs;slf;fyhk;. tpepNahfpg;gJ ,yFthdJ.

ghu;g;gjw;F fzdpnahd;W mtrpakhfpd;wJ. tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Ff; fhynkLf;Fk;.

tpsk;gug; gyif / Rtnuhl;bfs;

fle;J nry;Yk; ,yf;Ff; FOf;fis epfo;epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTk;. epWTtJ ,yFthdJ. njspthd vspa jfty;fSf;Fg; gpuNahrdkhdJ.

,yf;Ff; FOf;fspd; mtjhdj;ij vt;thW <u;f;fyhk;? ,ilj; njhlu;Gfsw;wJ. FWfpa mstpyhd jfty;fs;.

Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;

,yFtpw; jahupf;fTk;> mjpf vz;zpf;ifahdtu;fspilNa tpepNahfpf;fTk; KbAk;

tpepNahfpj;jy; Kiwnahd;W mtrpakhfpd;wJ. mJ thrpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd cj;juthjk; ,y;iy

,izg;Gf;fs; tha; %ykhd jfty;fs; ,yFtpw; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; jtwhd fUj;Jg; ngau;g;Gf;F cs;shFk; tha;g;Gk; cs;sJ.

,ilg; gpizg;Gf;fs; mjpfk; ghuk;gupakhd Kiw> Fiwthd njhopEl;gKilaJ> vOj;jwpT mj;jpahtrpakw;wJ. gy nkhopfSilaJ

fhy jhkjkhdJ. ntspg;ghLfis vjpu;T $wNth fl;Lg;gLj;jNth KbahJ

Nkil> nghk;ik ehlfq;fs;

nghOJ Nghf;F> gq;fspg;G Kiwfspd; Clhf elj;ij khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. ghuk;gupakhdJ

Fwpg;gpl;lsT Kd;dhaj;j Ntiyfs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. rpy FOf;fisr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfyhk;.

ghl;Lf;fs;> eldk;> fij nrhy;yy;

Ma;Tf;Fk; fw;wYf;Fk; ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

jfty; njspthdjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j KbahJ.

FWf;nfOj;J kw;Wk; Nghl;bfs;

capNuhl;lkhdJ nghOJ Nghf;fhf miktJ> gpur;rpidj; jPu;it Cf;Ftpf;Fk;

rpy FOf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ.

Gifg;glq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;

gyk; thae;j fw;wy; fUtpnahd;whFk;.

nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; rupahdjhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;


vj;jifa Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vDk; NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;…… - vj;jifa jfty; Clfq;fis ,yf;Ff; FOf;fs; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd? - mile;Jnfhs;jy; khWgLnkd;gjhy;> cg FOf;fs; (ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk;> rpWtu;fSk; taJ te;jtu;fSk; Nghd;w) njhlu;ghf vjidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. - tpisTfis mjpfupg;gjw;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh? - vj;jifa njhopEl;gj; jilfs; Vw;glyhk;? (kpd;rhuk;> mr;rply;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fzdpfs;) - ,e;j ,yf;Ff; FOf;fSf;F vj;jifa juk; nghUj;jkhdJ? - vt;tsT tpiuthfj; jfty;fs; gupkhw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;? jhautjw;Fk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; vt;tsT Neuk; cq;fSf;Fs;sJ? - gue;j ,yf;Ff; FOf;fSf;F mtrpakhd epakj; jfty; xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? - jfty;fisj; njhlu;r;rpahf epfo;epiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lkh? - tpisit vt;thW fzpg;gpl KbAk;?

cq;fspd; nraw;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd Gifg;glj; njhFg;nghd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk;> jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjw;F mjidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © DFID (1999), Burke A., SDD, Communications & Development – a practical guide; © ODI (2005) Hovland I., Successful Communication – A Toolkit for Researchers and Civil Society

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izj;js ,izg;G: http://www.healthwrights.org/books/HHWLonline.htm


Copau;fisr; njupT nra;jYk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;jYk;

rupahd egiu rupahd ,lj;jpy; rupahd Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jtWfspdhy; jdpegu;fspdJk; epWtdj;jpdJk; ew;ngaUk;; nraw;ghLfSk; ghjpf;fg;glTk;>

mjw;fhf mjpf tpiynfhLf;fTk; Neuplf;; $Lk;.

‘vq;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhf Mw;wYk; ,aysTfSk; nfhz;l gue;j Copau; FOit ftu;tijAk; njupT nra;tijANk ekJ nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sd’.

Principle 5 the People in Aid Code of Good Practice.

Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; rl;l MNyhridiag; ngwy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd eilKiwfSk; xg;ge;jq;fSk;> fhzg;gLfpd;w vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; Vw;witahf mikfpd;wdth vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F cs;Su; rl;lj;juzp xUtupd; MNyhridiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs; my;yJ http://natlex.ilo.org vd;w ,izaj; jsj;ij ehLq;fs; my;yJ kdpj ts Kfhikahsu;fsplk; tpdTq;fs; my;yJ ,j;Jiwapy; mDgtKs;s Vida epWtdq;fis ehLq;fs;

Ml;Nru;g;ig tiuaiw nra;jy; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij njspthf;fpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. nraw;ghLfis kPsg; gfpu;jy;> jw;Nghija Copau;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;> FWfpa fhy xg;ge;jq;fSk; ePz;l fhy xg;ge;jq;fSk;@ Jiwrhu; epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghJ epGzj;Jtk;@ cs;Su; kw;Wk; ntspehL vd;gd njhlu;ghd khw;W topfisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

njhopy; nraw;ghl;L tpguk; njhopypd; tpupthd nghWg;Gf;fs;> FWfpa fhy xg;ge;jj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ntspaPLfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;ff; Fwpg;nghd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

egu; njhlu;ghd tpguk; vj;jifa Mw;wy;fs;> mDgtq;fs;> jifikfs; kw;Wk; ,ay;Gfs; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ? gy;NtW gpd;dzpfs;> rkaq;fs;> ghy; epiy r%f NtWghL Nghd;wd mbg;gilapy; ghFghLfs; Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpyhd njupT Kiwfis tiuaWg;gij jtpUq;fs;.

vt;thW ,tw;iw mstplg; Nghfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; tpsk;gug;gLj;jYf;fhf ePq;fs; njupT nra;Ak; nkhop kw;Wk; tpsk;gug;gLj;Jk; ,lk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; rpy tpz;zg;gjhupfSf;Fg; guhgl;rk; fhl;lg;gLtjpypUe;J jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. njspthd mwpTUj;jy;fisAk; Neuj;ijAk; mjpy; toq;Fq;fs;.

jFjpaw;w gy tpz;zg;gjhupfs; tpz;zg;gpg;gijj; jtpu;j;J rupahd egu;fs; tpz;zg;gpg;gij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j njupTfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. cjhuzkhf> Kd;ida tpz;zg;gjhupfs;> kpd; mQ;ry;> tpsk;guk;> nra;jpg; gj;jpupif> cs;Su; thndhyp> tha; %yr; nra;jpfs;. jpwikahdtu;fisf; ftu;jy;- cq;fSf;Fj; njupe;j xUtiu mZFtjpy; mD$yq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vd;whYk;> epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; mtrpakw;w Nghl;bAzu;Tg; gpur;rpidia ,J cUthf;Fk;. kdpj ts rkhrq;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; epWtdq;fs; jkJ tsq;fisj; jpwk;glg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tpz;zg;gq;fs; xU epak tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;> tpz;zg;gq;fisj; jutupirg;gLj;Jtjpy; cjTk;. Ra tpguf; Nfhitfs; vspikahdit tpiuthdit. vd;whYk;: - jfty;fs; epakg;gLj;jg;gl;litahf mikahJ - fyhrhu NtWghLfs; khw;W mu;j;jq;fisf; fw;gpf;fyhk;

njupT nra;jy; jFjpahd tpz;zg;gq;fisj njupT nra;jy; egupd; tpguq;fspdbg;gilapy; tpz;zg;gq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;- gf;fr;rhu;G kw;Wk; guhgl;rk; vd;gd njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

Neu;Kfg; guPl;ir kpfj; jFjpahd tpz;zg;gjhupia kjpg;gpLk; mNj Neuk; cq;fspd; epWtdk; njhlu;ghf ey;nyz;zj;ij cUthf;Fjw;F kwf;f Ntz;lhk;.

• tpz;zg;gjhupia tuNtw;W trjpahd tpjj;jpy; mtu;fis mku;j;Jtjd; %yk; kd mikjpaile;J> Nkyjpf tplaq;fisAk; mtu;fs; ntspg;gLj;jf; $Lk;.

• tpz;zg;gjhup njhlu;ghf – mtupd; mDgtq;fs;> Mw;wy;fs;> mwpT kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F njhlu;ghf mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; Nfs;tpfisf; NfSq;fs;. vy;yh tpz;zg;gjhupfspilNaAk; rkepiyiaAk; xw;WikiaAk; NgZtjw;fhf xNu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;gjw;Fj; jpl;;lkpLq;fs;.

ghFghl;il Vw;gLj;jty;y tpdhf;fisj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. cjhuzkhf> ngz;fsplk; rpWtu; guhkupg;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;sPuh vd tpdTjy;.

• epWtdk; kw;Wk; njhopy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;Fq;fs;.

• ,Wjpahf> ,jidj; njhlu;e;J vj;jifa gbKiwfs; njhluNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf ,zf;fk; fhZq;fs;.

jpwe;j Nfs;tpfisf; NfSq;fs; (vdf;Fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;…… ePq;fs; vt;thW…. Vd; ePq;fs;….,jD}lhf vd;NdhL ciuahLq;fs;…).

‘ntspr;r tl;lr; nraw;ghl;bypUe;J’ (halo effect) ftdkhf ,Uq;fs;. mjhtJ> ePq;fs; tpz;zg;gjhupapd; Njhw;wj;ij tpUk;gp> Vd; mtu; jfFjpahdtu; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij NjLjy;. vy;yh Neu;Kfg; guPl;irfSf;Fk; 2 guPl;rfu;fs; gq;Fgw;Wtjdhy; jkJ vz;z ntspg;ghLfis xg;gpl;Lf;nfhs;s KbtNjhL Neu;Kfg; guPl;irf; fye;JiuahlYf;fhd rhl;rpfisAk; toq;f KbAk;.

guPl;rpj;jy;> Ma;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; eLtu;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpz;zg;gjhupaplk; tpdTq;fs;: - jifikf;fhd> Kd;ida njhopYf;fhd mj;jhl;rpfis cq;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpf;FkhW - Kd;itg;nghd;iw> epiyik Ma;nthd;iw (case study) Kd;itj;jy; my;yJ Nrhjid xd;wpw;F Kfq;nfhLj;jy;

tpz;zg;gjhupapd; mDkjp ngwg;gLkhapd; Kd;ida Nrit toq;Fdu;fs; gaDs;s Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; eLtu;fshf mikayhk;

njhopy; tha;g;ig toq;Fjy; mtrpakhd Mtzq;fis (cupa nkhopapy;) cs;Su; rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;fikaj; jahu; nra;J mDg;gp itAq;fs;.

mwpKfk; Gjpa Copau; ];jpu epiyaile;J jkJ jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;l mwpKfk; cjtpaspf;Fk;. Gjpa Copau; njhlu;ghf FOtpd; vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; njupag;gLj;Jq;fs;.


khw;Wf; fyhrhuq;fSf;fhd Neu;Kfg; guPl;ir gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fisr; Nru;e;j tpz;zg;gjhupfis Neu;Kfg; guPl;irf;F cl;gLj;JtJ Nkyjpf rthyhf mikayhk;. fyhrhu NtWghLfspd; tpisTfis eLepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;j KbAkhd tplq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ: njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jy; Neu;Kfg; guPl;irf;fhd Nehf;fj;ij njspthf tpsf;Ftjw;F NeunkLj;J> xj;Jiog;Gr; #o;epiy xd;iw cUthf;Ftjpd; Clhf nghJ ,yf;nfhd;wpw;F ,zq;Fq;fs;. czu;TfSk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk; czu;Tfs; kw;Wk; Cf;fptpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfg; tpz;zg;gjhup nghJthff; fijf;ftpy;iyahapd; ‘Nehf;fk; nfhz;l Nfs;tpfis’ tpdTq;fs;. cjhuzkhf> capu; ez;gd; my;yJ rfghbgw;wp tpgupf;FkhWk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; tpdTq;fs;. kd mOj;jq;fisr; rkhspj;jy;; fbkhd epiyikfSf;F vt;thW Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;whu; vd;gij mwptjw;fhf> jdf;F Vw;gl;l kpff; fbdkhd epiyiknahd;iwAk; mjw;F Kfk;nfhLj;j tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpgupf;FkhW tpz;zg;gjhupaplk; tpdTq;fs;. Kj;jpiu Fj;JjYk; jg;ggpg;gpuhaKk; nkhopr; rg;jk; kw;Wk; Njhw;wq;fs; Nghd;w cq;fspd; nrhe;j ntWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs;. elj;ijia kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vy;yh tpz;zg;gjhupfspdJk; tpdhf;fisAk; gjpy;fisAk; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd epakg; gbtnkhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? rpy elj;ijfs; njhopYf;Fg; ghjfkhf mikAkh my;yJ jdpg;gl;l ntWg;Gf;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lkh vd;gij> Neu;Kfg; guPl;irapd; ,Wjpapy; cq;fSf;Fs; tpdTq;fs;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: : © SHL Group PLC (2001) Guidelines for Best Practice in Selection Interviewing; Swords S., ECB Project, (2006) Humanitarian Competencies Study,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;G: http://www.managing.peopleinaid.org/recruitment/overview.aspx http://www.aidworkers.net/?q=advice/humanresources/recruitement http://www.amideast.org/publications/AQ/W90CrossCult.htm


tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gk; xg;gilg;Gk;

jpl;lj;jpd; njhlu;Tf;Fk;> Gjpa FO mq;fj;jtupd; gad;ghl;il

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gk;; xg;gilg;Gk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf mikfpd;wJ.

nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfs;> tpupthd gpd;dzp kw;Wk; njhopw; Njitfs; njhlu;ghd

Kf;fpa jfty;fis tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gf;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNeuk;> ehshe;jk; ,lk;ngw;wit vd;d vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; ngwg;gl;l mDgtq;fis gfpu;tJ

njhlu;ghd Nehf;if xg;gilg;nghd;W nfhz;Ls;sJ.

“vJtpj xg;gilg;Gf;fSkpd;wp> the;jpfisAk; fUj;Jf;fis kl;Lk; ngwWf;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; njhopnyhd;wpw;F tplg;gLtNj gaq;fukhd epiyiknahd;whFk;. ,jd; NghJ xU CJ

rg;jj;jpdhy; gazj;ij epWj;j KbAk;.” uprl;l; Nyhud;];> Aid Workers Forum> fye;Jiuahly; 23.10.2002

tpsf;ff;Fwpg;Gf;fs;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa tpjj;jpy; xt;nthUtUf;Fkhd tpsf;fkspj;jy; xd;wpd; %yk;> Gjpjhf cs;tUk; xUtu; gadila KbAk;: ngsjpf tpsf;fk;: ehd; vq;fpUe;J kf;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;? ehd; vq;Nf cztUe;Jfpd;Nwd; kw;Wk; cwq;Ffpd;Nwd;? epWtdk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk;: epWtdj;jpy; vt;tplj;jpw;F ehd; nghUj;jkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;? ,e; epWtdj;jpd; kjpg;Gf;fs; (values) vd;d? RfhjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk;: fhty; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G eilKiwfs; vd;d? njhopypd; rl;l jpl;lq;fs; vd;d: vdf;F vt;thW rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ? ehd; vj;jifa cupj;JlikfSf;F cupj;Jilatd;? vdf;F VjhtJ gpur;rpidfspUg;gpd; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;? ehL njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk;: ehl;bdJk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpdJk;; gpd;dzp? mdu;j;jq;fspd; jd;ikAk; guk;gYk;@ tiuglq;fSk; jpl;;lq;fSk;. epfo;r;rpj; jpl;l tpsf;fk;: Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; Nehf;fq;fSk; vd;d@ epjp tsq;fs;@ Kd;Ndw;wk;@ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; rthy;fs;? vj;jifa nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? njhopypd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;: vdJ Nehf;fq;fSk; Neu tiuaiwfSk; vd;d? vdJ Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; vt;thW kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;? FOtpd; Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld; vdJ tfpghfk; vt;thW nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;?

xg;gilj;jy; njhopypd; eilKiwfNs jfty;fSf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd jdp ts%ynkhd;whf mikAk; - xg;gilj;jYf;Fj; jpl;lkplhjpUj;jYk; Vw;ghL nra;ahjpUj;jYk; jpl;lq;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. vJTkw;w epiyiatpl> tpkhd

epiyaj;jpy; xg;gilj;jYf;fhd xU kzpj;jpahyk; $lr; rpwe;jjhFk;

Copau;fSf;Fk; gq;fhsp epWtdq;fSf;Fk; mwpKfj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kbtjdhy;> xU thuk; xd;whf Ntiy nra;tJ epakkhdjhFk;.

,uz;L thuq;fs; nrhy;y Kbahj jhuhs tha;g;ghFk;

NeUf;F Neuhd tpsf;fkspj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahtpbd;> vOj;J %ykhd rpW Fwpg;Gf;fSk; Mtz fl;likg;G KiwfSk; Fiwe;jstpNyDk; rpwe;jjhf mikAk;. xg;gilj;jYf;fhfj; jahuhFk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;: epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiy: epjp> gpur;rpidfs;> Kf;fpa njhlu;Gfs; Nghd;wd. jw;Nghija epiy tiuapyhd tuyhW: rhjpg;Gf;fs;> fw;w ghlq;fs;> jilfs;. vjpu;tUk; thuq;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;: ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfSk;> njhlu;r;rpahd

nghWg;Gf;fSk; (commitments) njhlu;GfSk;

VjhtJ jw;fhypf> ,Ue;J epd;W ,lk;ngWfpd;w epfo;Tfs;

eilKiwapYs;s jpl;lq;fs;. VjhtJ tpNrl nghWg;Gf;fs;. cjhuzk;:

$l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fjy; nghJ: Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk;@ jftYf;fhd rpwe;j tsq;fs;@ tjpjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;. cjhuzkhf vt;thW vq;Nf MWjyilayhk;!

njhopypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F Kd;duhd tpsf;fkspj;jiyg; nghJthfj; jiyikf; fhupahyak; Vw;ghL nra;Ak;> vd;whYk; fsj;jpypUe;J njhiyNgrp Clhd RUf;fkhd tpsf;fkspj;jy; gaDs;sjhFk; kw;Wk; cs;tUk; NghJ KO tpsf;fkspj;jy; mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;

njhlu KbAkhd my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghgff; Fwpg;ngLg;gjd; %yk;> ePq;fs; ntspNaWtjw;Fr; rpy thuq;fSf;F Kd;dNu xg;gilj;jw; Fwpg;Gf;fis xd;W Nru;f;f Muk;gpAq;fs;. gpd;du; mtw;iwj; jpUj;jp Nkyjpf tpsf;fq;fisf; filrpr; rpy ehl;fspy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.


Xg;gilj;jYf;fhd fUtpnahd;whf ‘Xy; ,d; laup’

iag; gad;gLj;Jjy;

Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; ,j; jpdf;Fwpg;Ngl;by; gjptjdhy; mjid cq;fspd; ,lj;jpw;Fg; Gjpjhf tUgtUf;F xg;gilg;gjw;fhd cldbf; fUtpnahd;whfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tpNrlkhf mdu;j;j gjpy; eltbf;iffspd; Muk;g epiyfspy;> jpl;lq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahd nraw;ghl;Lf;F ,J cjtpaspf;Fk;.

Fwpg;Gf;fspwy gpd;tUdtw;iw cs;slf;fyhk;:

• gaDs;s njhlu;Gfs;

• cs;Su; epiyikfspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd jilfSk; gaDs;s mZFKiwfSk;

• cq;fs; jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kf;fpa KbTfs;

• jw;Nghija epiy tiu fw;w Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

• ghJfhg;G> Copau;fs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cjtp Vw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;

• eilngw;w $l;lq;fSk; mjd; Kf;fpa ntspg;ghLfSk;

• mtrukhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpd; njhlu;TfSk;> vQ;rpapUf;fpd;w rthy;fSk;

• nghJthd mtjhdpg;Gf;fSk; MNyhridfSk;

• cs;Su; Ntiy Neuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpLKiwfs;

• fyhrhu uPjpapy; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

• cs;Su; trjpfs; (facilities) ‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;:

© People In Aid (2004) Information Note, Basic Training for NGO Workers; © People In Aid (2005) Induction, Briefing and Handover Guidelines; © People In Aid (2007) Handover checklist,

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;Gf;fs;: http://www.managing.peopleinaid.org/deployment/briefing-andhandover.aspx


jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G

epthuz Ntiyfspd; NghJ Fwpg;gpl;lsT ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghJfhg;G> ew; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; fhty; vd;gd

cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gf;fshFk;.

FO mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tifapy; rpe;jpf; Ntz;ba rpy nghJthd gpur;rpidfisAk;> cq;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lf; fhyg;gFjpapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;

gpd;tUk; guPl;rpj;jy; gl;bay; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghly;

• vg;NghJ Mrdg; gl;bfis mzpa Ntz;Lk; (cjhuzk;. nghJthd gazq;fs;) kw;Wk; vg;NghJ mzpaf; $lhJ (cjhuzk;. rpy Aj;j tyaq;fs;) vd;gJ njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs;.

• thfdq;fis nkJthfr; nrYj;Jjy;@ thfd Xl;Ldu;fs; fhzg;gbd; ghJfhg;ghd Ntfj;ij NgZkhW NfSq;fs;.

• cq;fspd; gazj; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iw ahuhtJ itj;jpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;: - gazpf;f Ntz;ba ghijfs; - jpl;lkplg;gl;l epWj;jy;fs; - epWj;jy;fspd; NghJ njhlu;Gnfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyfs; - gazj;jpw;fhd fhy vy;iy

• ghij kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;

• Nkyjpf czT> ePu;> cjpupg; ghfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;Yq;fs;.

• xt;nthU gzj;jpd; gpd;dUk; ghij kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G epiyik njhlu;ghd gpd; tpsf;fk; xd;iw toq;Fq;fs;.

• FOg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; njhlu;ghfTk; mwpe;J itj;jpUq;fs;

• cq;fspd; FOtpYs;s ghJfhg;Gf;Fg; nghWg;ghd eguplkpUe;J tpsf;fq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• njhlu;ghly; jpl;lq;fis epiyepWj;Jq;fs;: - mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy; my;yJ miog;G Nkw;nfhs;sjYf;fhd eilKiwfs; - thndhyp eilKiwfSk; miytupirfSk; - njhlu;GfSk; khw;Wj; njhFjpfSk;

• Nrhjidr; rhtbfs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; NghJ vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij xt;nthUtUk; njupe;jpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• jpl;lq;fspdJk; eilKiwfspdJk; gpujpfis fhupahyaj;jpYk; thfdj;jpYk; itj;jpUq;fs;.

• Vida FOf;fSld; ,j;jpl;lq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;

• (cs;sf kw;Wk; ntsp) njhlu;Gfspd; gl;banyhd;iw NgZq;fs;.

mdu;j;j mghak; ntspNaw;wk;

• Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s mdu;j;j mghak; kw;Wk; vr;rupf;iffs; njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs; kw;Wk; mJ gw;wp mwptpg;Gr; nra;Aq;fs;

• ghJfhg;G cilfspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL nra;Aq;fs;

• njhopEl;gj; Njitfspy;> jP ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; Gif fz;Lgpbj;jy; fUtpfs; njhlu;ghf guPl;rpAq;fs;.

• cq;fSf;Fk;> Vida FO mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs;.

• jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs;> cjhuzkhf Mgj;jhd ,lq;fs; (rdneUf;fbahd ,lq;fs;> kpjpntb tyaq;fs;> Aj;j epiy vy;iyfs;)@ ngsjpf mghaq;fs; (rl;l tpNuhjr; nraw;ghLspd; mjpfupg;G> ‘nry;’ ; tPr;R)

• mgha kl;lj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf cs;Su; kf;fspd; mwpitg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fs; my;yJ FO mq;fj;jtu;fSf;fhd ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;jpUj;jy;.

• mtrufhy ntspNaw;W eltbf;if xd;iw cUthf;Fq;fs;. cjhuzk;. - J}jufq;fSld; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;jy;@ - %Ljy; eltbf;iffs;@ - xd;WNrUkplq;fs;@ - capu; gpiog;gjw;fhd cgfuzq;fSk; toq;fy;fSk; (njhif> miktplk;> mile;Jnfhs;sy;)@ - ntspNaw;wYf;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; (tPjp> Mfak;> ePu;)@ - thfdq;fSf;Fupa cgfuzq;fisg; nghUj;JjYk; ntspNaw;wYf;fhfj; jahu;nra;jYk;.

• ntspNaw;wy; jpl;lj;ij fye;JiuahlYk;; xj;jpif ghu;j;jYk; kw;Wk; mtrpakhd tpjj;jpy; mjid kPsha;T nra;jy; my;yJ epfo;epiyg;gLj;jy;

• mtru epiyikapd; NghJ vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba / iftpl Ntz;ba jdpg;gl;l nghUl;fisAk; mtw;wpd; miktplq;fisAk; gl;lbaypLq;fs;


vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fhty; njhlu;ghfr;

rpe;jpAq;fs;

jahuhftpUq;fs;:

- cq;fspd; njhopiy Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du;> jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G> njhlu;ghly; vd;gd njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;w ve;jnthU gapw;rpapypUe;Jk; gaidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. - cq;fspd; xg;ge;jq;fspy; ifr;rhj;jpLtjw;F Kd;du; ghJfhg;G tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpdTq;fs;. - ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;atpUf;Fk; ehL njhlu;ghd my;yJ ehl;bd; ghfk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. - ePq;fs; tUif je;jTld; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. - tpNrl Mgj;Jf;fis milahsk; fhZq;fs; - jfty;fis epfo;epiyg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;

- ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghfr; Rahkhf jpUg;jpg;gl;Lf;nfhs;tijj;

jtpUq;fs;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © UN (2006) Be Safe, Be Secure – Security Guidelines for Women; © UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies - extract; © People in Aid (2004) Enhancing Staff Security

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;Gf;fs;: http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3bb2fa26b.pdf


eykhapUj;jYk; kd mOj;jq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk;

eypthd Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; cau; kdtOj;j (stress) kl;lq;fs; vd;gd jdpg;gl;l egu;gfspd; ew;Rfhjhuj;ij ghjpg;gNjhL> Vidatu;fisAk; Mgj;jpw;Fs;shf;Fk;.

kdmOj;jj;ij milahsk; fhzy; xd;W Nru;e;j njhlu;r;rpahd Ntiyfspd; cior;ry; fhuzkhf> fbdkhd my;yJ epthuz epiyikfs; Nghd;w ntWg;ghd #o;epiyapy; mjpf Neuk; Ntiy nra;jy; fhuzkhf kdmOj;jk; Vw;glyhk;. ,Wjpapy; ,J rLjpahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

mdu;j;jq;fspd; NghJ Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s> cs mjpu;r;rpapdhy; (trauma) Neubahf ghjpf;fg;gly; my;yJ mjid fhz;gjd; %yk; rLjpahd kdmOj;j Neha;epiyfs; (Acute stresss disorder) Vw;glyhk;. cs mjpu;r;rpf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jjd; gpd;du;> rpy thuq;fSf;F my;yJ khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; my;yJ njhlu;r;rpahff; fhzg;gl;l rLjpahf cUthFk; kdtOj;jq;fs; fhuzkhf> cs mjpu;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;duhd kd mOj;j Neha; (Post traumatic stress disorder) Vw;glyhk;. rLjpahd kdtOj;jj;jpd; Neha; mwpFwpfs;:

ngsjpf - xf;fhuk; - kaf;fk; - mjpfupj;j ,jaj; Jbg;G - tpau;T / cly; Fspu;jy; - jir eLf;fk; - gaq;fuf; fdTfs;

tpsf;fk;ngWk; Mw;wy; - fdQ; nrYj;jy; Fiwtiljy; - Qhgf kwjp - njsptpd;ik - tpiuthd/nkJthd gjpy; eltbf;iffs; - KbntLj;jypy; eypTfs;

cs - gak;> gjl;lk; (anxiety ) - ntl;fk;> - ek;gpf;ifapd;ik - kdr; Nrhu;T (depression) - kfpo;r;rpapd;ik - Nfhgk;> mupg;G

elj;ij - mjp $ba elj;ij (hyperactivity) - Mgj;jhd Kiwapy; - thfdk; xl;Ljy; - Nfhg ntspg;ghLfs; - thf;Fthjk;

eykhftpUj;jYk; kd mOj;jq;fisf; Fiwj;jYk; - jdpegu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs; kdpjhgpkhd Copau;fs; kd cior;rYf;Fk;> kd moj;jq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Neha;fSf;Fk; cs;shFk; mghaj;jpYs;sdu;. vspjhd nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;wpd; %yk; ,jidf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; • Nghjpa kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahd

ep;j;jpiuia Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• mjpf Neuk; Ntiy nra;tjhapd; njhlu;r;rpahd ,ilNtisfisg; ngw;W rf;jpiar; Nrkpj;jy;

• ed;whf cztUe;JtNjhL> nfhOg;G> ,dpg;G czTfisj; jtpu;j;jy;

• kJghdk; kw;Wk; Gifg;gpbj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• kUe;Jfspd; xOq;fw;w ghtidiaj; jtpu;;j;jy;

• njhlu;r;rpahf clw; gapw;rp nra;jy;

• eifr; Rit (sence of humour) ,ay;igg; Ngzy;

• r%f tho;ifiaAk; FLk;gj; njhlu;GfisAk; Ngzy;>

• mu;j;jKs;s cwTfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;>

• Mf;fg+u;tkhfr; rpe;jpj;jy;>

• kd mOj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;>

• cq;fspd; tiuaiwfis mwpe;Jnfhs;jYk; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;jYk;>

• cq;fspd; Neuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk; Xa;ntLj;jYk;>

• nkd;ikahf (flexible) ,Ug;gjw;Fk; khw;wq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kaw;rpj;jy;>

• fLk;Nghf;ifj; jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fis rfpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jy;

kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fspdhy; kdtOj;jq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; 1. kdtOj;jq;fspd; ghjpg;Gf;fisf;

Fiwg;gjw;fhd> jtpu;g;gjw;fhd kw;Wk; gjpyspg;gjw;fhd nghWg;ig epWtdk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> mjid ntspg;gLj;jy;.

2. Copau;fisr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtu;fspd; nghUj;jj;ij kjpg;gply;.

3. ntsp mDg;Gtjw;F Kd;du; copau;fSf;fhd rpwg;ghd tpsf;fkspj;jyfSk;; kw;Wk; gapw;rpAk; toq;fy;.

4. Copau;fSf;fpilapy; kdtOj;j kl;lj;ijr; njhlu;r;rpahf kjpg;gply;.

5. kdpjhgpdkhdg; gpd;dzpfspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; Copau;fspd; Njitf;fikaj; njhlu;r;rpahd gapw;rpfs;.

6. cs mjpu;r;rp> tpgj;Jf;fs; my;yJ kd mOj;jq;fSldhd Ntiyf; fhyq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd tpNrl cjtpfs; / rYiffs; (Nkyjpf tpLKiw> nghOJNghf;F> cgNjrid Nrit).

7. NritapYs;s jdpg;gl;l Copau;fSk;> Nrit KbT njhlu;ghd jdpahd tpsf;fkspj;jy;fSk;.

8. cs mjpu;r;rpapdhy; my;yJ mjpf kd mOj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Copau;fSf;F Mjutspg;gjw;fhf eilKiwapYs;s nraw;ghLfSf;F> mtu;fspd; Nritapd; xU gFjpnad;w tifapy; cjtpaspj;jy;.

© Antares Foundation (2006) ‘Managing stress in humanitarian worker’ ,ypUe;j ngwg;gl;lJ.


kdtOj;jk;

kd cisr;ry;fisAk; mOj;jq;fisAk; rkepiyg;gLj;jy; kdtOj;jj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ayhk;. kdtOj;jk; vd;gJ ehshe;j tho;tpd; gFjpnahd;whfTk;> ekJ ,Ug;Gf;F (survival) mtrpakhdnjhd;whfTk; mikfpd;wJ. rthnyhd;iw vjpu;nfhs;tJ> Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTk;> kdpj mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rupahf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gbd; mOj;jq;fs; mD$yk; tha;e;jitahf mikAk;. vd;whYk; kpf mjpf mOj;jq;fs; kdtOj;jj;jpw;Fk;> eypthd Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk; toprikf;Fk;. xUtu; kdtOj;jj;jpw;F mbikahfp mjdhy; mbik elj;ijfSf;F toprikf;fyhk;. njhlu;r;rpahd mOj;jq;fisr; rkhspf;fj; jtWtJ gytPdj;jpd; mwpFwpahf mikahJ> mJ kdtOj;jj;jpd; mwpFwpahFk;. kdtOj;jj;ij milahsk; fz;l mjid Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;aj; jtWtJ NkYk; fLikahd kdtOj;jj;jpw;F toprikf;fyhk;.

kdtOj;jk; / nraw;ghl;L tisap

Nraw;ghL

fs;

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: : © Antares Foundation (2006) Managing Stress in Humanitarian Workers – guidelines for good practice

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;Gf;fs;: http://www.psychosocial.org/psychosocial/resources/field_aid_stressmgt.html www.interhealth.org.uk ; www.antaresfoundation.org


fw;wYk; njhopw;Jiw tpUj;jpAk;

“ ey;y FO mq;fj;Jtr; nraw;ghl;lhsuhfr nraw;gLtJk;> jdJ njhopypdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Gjpa mwpitj; NjLtJk;> rf Copau;fSf;Fk;> jdJ gjtpf;F

epakpf;fg;gLgtu;fSf;Fk; toq;f KbAkhdtpjj;jpy; mwpit epfo;epiyg;gLj;JtJk; epthuz cjtpahsupd; nghWg;nghd;whFk;.”

- © ODI 2004, Faulkner & Foster, ALNAP, Managing Learining at the Field Level in the Humanitarian Sector

,J vt;thW milag; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;:

• fw;gtu; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Fwpj;j mwpT> Mw;wy; my;yJ elj;ijfs;.

• fw;wgtu; Vw;nfdNt nfhz;Ls;s mwpT> Mw;wy; my;yJ elj;ijfs;. • fw;gtu; tpUk;Gk; fw;wy; Kiw. • fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs; (kf;fs;> epjp> cgfuzq;fs;> tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Neuk;)

Neubahd FOf; fw;wy;

- gy;NtW mstpyhd FOf;fspd; Clhf Kiwrhu; fl;likf;fg;gl;l gapw;rpAk; fw;wYk;

Ra- Neubahd FOf; fw;wy; - Rakhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l FOf;fspy;

jdpegu;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

- gapw;rp newpfs; / gapw;rpg; gl;liwfs; (epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ns my;yJ Vidatu;fspdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; FWfpa ghlnewpfs;) - tpsf;fkspj;jy; (Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd FWfpa cs;sPLfs;) - tPjpf; fhl;rpfs; (gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; FWfpa mku;Tfs;) - fUj;juq;Ffs; (fye;JiuahlYf;fhd my;yJ kjpAiu ngWtjw;fhd ghupa xd;W$ly;fs;)

- fye;Jiuahly; kd;wq;fs; (fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> tpdhf;fis tpdTtjw;Fk;> tpilfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspg;gjw;Fk; egu;fSf;fpilapyhd my;yJ ,yj;jpudpay; uPjpapyhd kd;wq;fs;) - nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wy; njhFjpfs; (cz;ikahd gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; eltbf;iffis KbT nra;tjw;fhfTkhd njhlu;r;rpahd $l;lq;fs;) - xNu nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; r%fq;fs; (xNu rpe;jidAs;s jdpegu;fspd; epGzj;Jtj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwrhuh ,izg;G)

mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs; mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs;

- gue;j ,yf;Ff; FOit mila KbAk; - mwpitAk; Mw;wiyAk; tpUj;jp nra;jy; - cwTfisAk; njhlu;GfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;jy; - jftw; gupkhw;wk; ,Ugf;fKk; nry;yf; $baJ

- vz;zpf;if mjpfkhdJ> cs;slf;fk; kpfg; nghJthdJ - jpl;lkpLtjw;fhff; fhynkLf;Fk; - eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf nryT mjpfk;

- cz;ikahd capNuhl;lkhd gpur;rpidfs; - nraw;ghl;L uPjpahdJ- Neubahfj; njhlu;Ggl;lJ - ,yFtpy; Vw;ghL nra;a KbAk; - xNu fsj;jpy; FOr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F gaDilaJ

- xUq;fpizg;G - njhlu;r;rp - Mw;wYs;s cjtpaspj;jy; mtrpag;gly; - Vkhw;W tpj;ijahff; fUjg;glyhk; - ,yf;F gytPdkhdjhFk; - mul;il mq;fhbahf khwyhk;

jdpg;gl;l fw;wy; - tpNrl jdpg;gl;l fw;wy; tha;g;Gf;fs;

Ra Kfhikj;Jtf; fw;wy; - jkJ nrhe;j Neuj;jpy; fw;gjw;fhd

jdpegu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; - gapw;rpaspj;jy; / Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; (topfhl;liy> gpd;D}l;liy kw;Wk; ,yf;if toq;Fjy;) - gpd;njhluy; (mDgtKs;s xUtupdhy; gpd;njhlu;jy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy;) - fs tpIaq;fs; (cz;ikahd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj; fsq;fSf;F tpIak; nra;jy;) - nraw;ghl;L tpsf;fkspj;jy; - Ntiyf;fku;j;jy; /,uz;lhk; epiy Nritf;fku;j;jy;fs; (NtW epWtdnkhd;wpy; jw;fhypfkhf Ntiyf;fku;j;jy;)

Rakhd fw;wy;: - Gj;jfq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> jutpuf;fk; nra;a KbAkhd tsq;fs; - ,Utl;Lf;fs;> tPbNah ehlh> btpb> nghl;fh];l; (podcast) - njhiyf; fy;tp jdpg;gl;l ntspg;ghLfs;: - fz;fhzpj;jYk; nrtpkLj;jYk; - fw;ww; Fwpg;Gf;fs; (fw;wypd; vOj;J %ykhd gjpTfs;)

mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs; mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs;

- kpfTk; tpNrlkhdJ - njhlu;r;rpahd fw;wy; - jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; Njitfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ - gapw;rp uPjpapyhd fw;wy;

- tsr; nrwpT - Neuk; - nfl;l elj;ijfisAk; gupkhw;Wk;

- epakj; jfty;fis vOj;J %ykhd Mtzq;fs; toq;Fk; - gue;j ,yf;F; FOf;fis mila KbAk; - jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;fSk; fw;wYf;fhd Mu;t%l;lYk;

- jdpg;gl;l Mu;tj;jpw; jq;fpAs;sJ - vOj;J %yj; jfty;fs; mjpfk; nghJthdjhf my;yJ jtwhf mu;j;jk;fw;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf mikayhk; - Mtzq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tJ fbdkhdJ


epWtdf; fw;wy; tpiuthf khw;wkilAk; kdpjhgpkhd epthuzr; #oypy;> epWtdq;fs; njhlu;;r;rpahf khw;wq;fis cs;thq;fTk; fw;fTk; Ntz;bAs;sJ. cq;fspd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; nra;tjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> cq;fspd; Copau;fspd; Clhf mwpit ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk;. FOf; fw;ww; $l;lq;fs;/ tpsf;fkspj;jy;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; milag;ngw;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Kf;fpakhd ‘fw;w ghlq;fis’ cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd njhlu;r;rpahd $l;lq;fis elhj;Jjy;. jdpg;gl;l tpsf;fkspj;jy; jkJ jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fis – cau; epiyfis> jho; epiyfis> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l khw;wpaikj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Copau;fis Ntz;Ljy;. gjtp tpyfy; Neu;Kfg; guPl;irfs; (Exit interviews) Ntiy> epWtdk;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wd njhlu;ghf> Copau; xUtu; ntspNaW Kd;du; Neu;Kfg; Ngl;bf;F cw;gLj;jy;.

‘Xy; ,d; laup’ ,Utl;L tsq;fs;: © People in Aid (2004) HR Information Notes, Learning Styles and Methodologies; © People in Aid (2004) HR Information Notes , Training and Development,; © ODI (2004) ALNAP Review of Humanitarian Action 2003 – Field Level Learning

Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;fhd ,izaj;js ,izg;Gf;fs;: www.aidworkers.net ; www.networklearning.org http://www.actionlearningsets.com/php/news.php?id=4&item=; http://www.the-ecentre.net/resources/1-1-1.cfm

Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

crhj;Jiz kdpjhgpkhdf; nfhs;iffs;

• Jensen, E., Interworks Disaster Management Ethics. Copyright © United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme 1997, USA • Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, What is International Humanitarian Law?, Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 2004,

Switzerland • The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief. Copyright © ICRC/International

Federation 1994, Switzerland • The Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Copyright © The Sphere Project 2004, Switzerland • The People In Aid Code of Good Practice. Copyright © People In Aid 2003, London • Callamard A. (2001) Humanitarian Accountability: Key elements and operational framework, Human Accountability Project, Switzerland • HAP Accountability Principles poster (2007) Human Accountability Project, Switzerland • Principles and Good Practice of Humanitarian Donorship (2003) Good Humanitarian Donorship, Department for International Development, UK • Basic Facts about the United Nations, p. 245-256. Copyright © United Nations Publications Board and Exhibits Committee 2004, USA • Benefits-Harms Guidebook. Copyright © 2001 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE). Used by permission. • Conflict Sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Building: Tools for Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment. Chapter 1: An

introduction to Conflict Sensitive Approaches to Development, Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Building. © Africa Peace Forum, Center for Conflict Resolution, Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies, Forum on Early Warning and Early Response, International Alert, Saferworld, 2004.

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Switzerland • The 1951 Refugee Convention – Questions and Answers. Copyright © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2006, Switzerland • Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Copyright © United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) 2004, Switzerland. • Jallow A. and Malik S. Handbook for Planning and Implementing Development Assistance for Refugees (DAR) Programmes. Copyright © United Nations

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(CARE). • Generic Security Guide for Humanitarian Agencies. Copyright © ECHO 2004, Belgium. • Stephenson R. Logistics. Copyright © United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme 1993, USA • Preventative Maintenance Checklist for 4WD Vehicles. AidWorkers Network 2007. Copyright © Concern, UK. • OXFAM Technical Brief – Vulnerability and socio-cultural considerations for PHE in emergencies. Copyright © OXFAM 2005, UK. • Reed B., WHO Technical Notes for Emergencies . Technical Note No. 9. Minimum water quantity needed for domestic use in emergencies. Copyright ©

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UK • Morgan O., Tidball-Binz M. and Van Alphen D. Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters – A Field Manual for First Responders. Copyright © Pan

American Health Organisation (PAHO) 2006, USA: • Kelly C., Benfield Hazard Research Centre and CARE International, Guidelines for Rapid Environmental Impact Assessments in Disaster Response.

Copyright © 2005 Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE). Used by Permission. • Wilches G., Interworks, Disasters and the Environment. Copyright © United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme 1995, USA


mdu;j;j Kd;dhaj;jKk; gjpy; eltbf;ifAk; (njhlu;r;rp)

• Birkeland N. and Vermeulen E., NRC. Camp Management Toolkit. Copyright © Norwegian Refugee Council 2004, Norway • Corsellis T. and Vitale A., Shelterproject, Transitional Settlement Displaced Population. Copyright © University of Cambridge 2005, UK • Ashmore J., Tents –A Guide to the Use and Logistics of Family Tents in Humanitarian Relief. UNOCHA ref nr. OCHA/ESB/2004/19. Copyright © United

Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) 2004, Switzerland. • CARE Household Livelihood Security Assessments – A Toolkit for Practitioners. Prepared for the PHLS Unit by: TANGO International Inc., Tucson, Arizona.

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Substance Dependence, WHO. Copyright © World Health Organisation 1999, Switzerland • Ehrenreich J. H., Coping with Disasters – A Guidebook to Psychosocial Intervention. Copyright © John H. Ehrenreich, 2001.


• BOND Guidance Notes No. 4, Logical Framework Analysis. Copyright © BOND 2003, UK. • Project Cycle Management Manual. Copyright © EuropeAid Cooperation Office 2001, Belgium. • Post Disaster Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis. Copyright © ADPC 2000, Thailand • Stephenson R., Disaster Assessments. Copyright © United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme 1994, USA • The USDA Forest Service International Programs Disaster Assistance Support Program, Field Operations Guide – for Disaster Assessment and Response.

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Foundation • BOND Guidance Notes No. 4.3, Monitoring and Evaluation. Copyright © BOND 2005, UK. • Emergency Capacity Building Project, Impact Measurement and Accountability in Emergencies – The Good Enough Guide. ©World Vision International, for

the Emergency Capacity Building Project 2007 • Innovation Network, Data Collection Tips – Developing a Survey. Copyright © Innovation Network Inc., USA. • Hayes E., Alin F. and van Ginneken L., Network Learning, A Guide to Fundraising. Copyright © Hayes E., Alin F. and van Ginneken L 2006, The Netherlands. • Capacity building for local NGOs: A guidance manual for good practice , Chapter 8, Publicity and Fundraising. Copyright © CIIR 2005, UK. • Bradshaw J., VSO Working Papers in Development, Fundraising Guide for NGOs. Copyright © J. Bradshaw / VSO 2003 • Report Writing – A Take Away Guide. Copyright © Multimedia Publishing Ltd 1975.


• Making a Difference - Training materials to promote diversity and tackle discrimination. Copyright © Save the Children 2005 • Spink, L. and Wilde, V. (2002) Working with diversity in collaborations - Tips and Tools, The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

(CGIAR) Gender and Diversity Program • Dufour C., Grunewald F. and Levy K., ‘The Global Study on Consultation with and Participation by Beneficiaries and Affected Populations in the Process of

Planning, Managing, Monitoring and Evaluating Humanitarian Programmes’ Participation by Crisis Affected Communities in Humanitarian Action – A Handbook for Practitioners. ALNAP. Copyright © Overseas Development Institute 2003, UK

• MANGO, Accountability to Beneficiaries – A Practical Checklist. Copyright © MANGO 2005, UK. • INTRAC NGO Policy Briefing Paper No. 4, April 2001, NGOs and Partnership. Copyright © INTRAC 2001. • Price, G., All In Diary project (2007), Partnerships – considerations in drafting agreements. • Child Soldiers. Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 2003, Switzerland. • Delap E., Onoise D. and Kasozi F., Save the Children Nigeria (2005), Protecting children during emergencies in Nigeria – A Toolkit for Trainers. • UNHCR & International Protection, A Protection Induction Programme. Copyright © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2006,

Switzerland. • Derbyshire, H., Department for International Development, Gender Manual – A Practical Guide for Development Policy Makers and Practitioners. Copyright

© H. Derbyshire 2002, UK. • Women, Girls, Boys and Men: Different Needs – Equal Opportunities. Copyright © Inter-agency Standing Committee (IASC) 2006, Switzerland • Guidelines for HIV interventions in emergency settings. Copyright © Inter-agency Standing Committee (IASC) 2005, Switzerland o Walker B., Walker A. and

Walker R, Network Learning. Better Ways to Manage Meetings. Copyright © RedR-IHE 2005, UK • Guidelines for using Interpreters. Copyright © Kwintessential Language and Culture Specialists, UK • Moynihan M., Guilbert J., Walker B. and Walker A. Network Learning, Amsterdam, 2004, How to Run a Workshop. • Richardson L., Guidelines for Facilitating Internal Lessons Learnt. . Copyright © RedR-IHE 2006, UK • Burke A., Social Development Division, Department for International Development, Communications and • Development – A Practical Guide. Copyright © DFID 1999, UK • Hovland I., Research and Policy in Development Programme, Overseas Development Institute, Successful Communication – A Toolkit for Researchers and

Civil Society Organisations. Copyright © Overseas Development Institute 2005, UK kf;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

• Guidelines for Best Practice in Selection Interviewing. Copyright © SHL Group PLC 2001, UK • Swords S., International Rescue Committee for the ECB Project, Staff Capacity Initiative (2006). Humanitarian Competencies Study. • Mayhew B., HR Information Note, People In Aid, Basic Training for NGO workers. Copyright © People In Aid 2004, UK. • People In Aid, Handover Checklist, Copyright © People In Aid 2007, UK. • People In Aid, Induction, Briefing and Handover Policy Guidelines. Copyright © People In Aid 2005, UK. • UN Department of Safety and Security, Be Safe : Be Secure, Security Guidelines for Women. Copyright © United Nations Publications Board and Exhibits

Committee 2006, USA • Extract from: Handbook for Emergencies. Copyright © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Switzerland • Bickley S., HR Information Note, People In Aid, Enhancing Staff Security. Copyright © People In Aid 2004, UK. • Managing Stress in Humanitarian Workers – Guidelines for Good Practice. Copyright © Antares Foundation July 2006, The Netherlands. • Hargreave A., InterHealth, Inoculation Briefing, Good pressure! – Bad Stress!. Copyright © InterHealth 2006, UK • Maxwell-Scott L., HR Information Note, People In Aid, Learning Styles and methodologies. Copyright © People In Aid 2004, UK. • Maxwell-Scott L., HR Information Note, People In Aid, Training and Development. Copyright © People In Aid 2004, UK • Key messages from ALNAP’s Review of Humanitarian Action (2003), Enhancing Learning at Field Level and Evaluating Humanitarian Action. Copyright ©

Overseas Development Institute 2004, UK


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