XI Animal Nutrition Conference, India, 2004

Proc. XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 2004 1

1. Livestock feed resources, availability and augmentation

001 Nutritive value of masoor (Lens esculenta) straw in calves - M.K. Mehta, A.S. Rane and R.P.S.

Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,

Mhow - 453 446 (M.P.)

Masoor straw was fed as a sole feed to eight crossbred calves with an average bodyweight of 150.50±3.36 Kg. The nutritive value was estimated by conducting a metabolism trial.

The digestibiItty of nutrients and balance of nutrients were estimated. Voluntary Dry Matter

intake was 2.74 kg/100 Kg. body weight. The digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF,NFE, NDF and ADF were 54.65±0.54, 55.85±0.25, 59.58±0.94, 64.95±1.50, 51.25±1.40, 61.66±0.90,

50.58±1.17 and 39.83±0.70 percent, respectively. The DCP and TDN contents on DM basis were

5.15±0.07 and 53.97±0.67 percent; respectively. The balance studies indicated that the nitrogenbalance was positive while the calcium and phosphorous balance was negative. The negative

mineral balance was attributed to a very wide Ca:P ratio(10:1). The deficiency of Phosphorous

(0.1%) and excess of Ca (1.09%) may be the reason of this imbalance. The supplementation ofphosphorous may be helpful to provide optimum mineral nutrition. It is concluded that nutritionally

it is much superior to the wheat straw, which is mostly: used in this area for feeding of the animals.

002 Comparative nutrient utilization in sheep and goat fed masoor straw based ration - S.B. Maity,

M.M. Das and S.S. Kundu, Plant Animal Relationship Division,Indian Grassland and Fodder

Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Six adult jalauni sheep (28.16±1.04 kg) and six adult Bundhelkhandi local goat (29.5±1.28

kg) were fed concentrate mixture 100g as supplement and masoor (Lentil) straw ad libitum toinvestigate the nutritional importance of masoor straw in small ruminants ration. After one month

of preliminary feeding, a digestion cum metabolism trial was conducted. Average dry matter

intake (kg/d) by the sheep (Tl) was 1.l0±.07 and in goat (T2) it was 0.956±0.l1 CP intake (g/d) in Tland T2 was 85.0±3.96 and 79.5±7.4, respectively. Digestibility coefficient of dry matter was higher

(54.44±1.61) in sheep than in goat (50.47±1.15). Similarly digestibility (%) of organic matter was

higher (55.95±1.57) in sheep than in goat ( 52.43±0.99). CP digestibility (%) was comparable inboth the groups (42.41±3.66 vs 43.16±2.31). Digestibility (%) of crude fiber was comparatively

higher in sheep (45.91±1.69) than in goat (42.06±1.02). Similarly NFE digestibility (%) was also

higher in T2 (63.33±1.94) than in T1 (59.39±1.20). Nitrogen retention (g/d) was comparable in T1(2.91±0.38) and T2 (2.33±0.3l). Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake (g/d) and total digestible

2 Proc. XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 2004

nutrient (TDN) intake in T1 (35.5±1.98 and 486.0±9.53) and T2 (34.0±2.98 and 479.0±6.15) were

comparable. Thus the nutrient utilization by the sheep and goat fed masoor straw with 100g

concentrate mixture was comparable.

003 Nutritive value of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) straw for sheep - D.L. Verma, Raghavendra

Bhatta, N.P. Singh and S. Vaithiyanathan, Division of Animal Nutrition Central Sheep and Wool

Research Institute, Avikanagar via Jaipur - 304 501

A study was conducted to determine the feed intake and nutrient digestibility of Guar

Straw in sheep. Six Malpura rams, on an average, weighing 33 kg were randomly selected from theInstitute flock and housed in individual feeding pens (3’x4'). They were offered ad lib. chaffed

Guar Straw for a period of 30 days. Free choice clean drinking water was provided twice a day. A

metabolism trial was conducted for 10 days duration, the first 5 days as the adjustment period andthe second 5 days as the collection period, after 20 days of preliminary feeding. Initial and final

body weights and daily feed offer, feed residue, faecal out put and urine excretion of all the rams

were recorded. The Guar Straw contained 6.79% Crude Protein, 57.70% Neutral Detergent Fibre,47.17% Acid Detergent Fibre, 38.26% Cellulose and 7.87% Acid Detergent Lignin on dry matter

basis. The dry matter intake of the rams was 1497±0.03 g/head/day or 41.2±1.42 g/kg body weight

or 101.2±3.13 g/kg 0.75. The digestibility coefficients (%) of Dry matter, Crude Protein, NeutralDetergent Fibre, Acid Detergent Fibre and Cellulose were found to be 50.95±1.00, 49.64±1.02,

42.08±1.26, 45.22±1.69 and 55.94±1.50, respectively. The intake, excretion in faeces, excretion in

urine and retention of nitrogen worked out to 16.32, 8.19, 2.52 and 5.61 g/head/day respectively.The initial and final body weights of the rams were recorded as 32.7±0.68 and 40.3±0.59 kg. It was

concluded that the Guar Straw can serve as a good maintenance fodder for sheep when fed as

sole feed.

004 Effect of feeding tree leaves as supplements on nutrient digestion and rumen fermentationpattern in sheep grazing on semi-arid rangeland - Raghavendra Bhatta1, S. Vaithiyanathan, N.P.Singh, A.K. Shinde and D.L. Verma, Division of Animal Nutrition Central Sheep and Wool

Research Institute, Avikanagar via Jaipur - 304 501

A study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding different tree leaves as supplements onnutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and blood profile of sheep grazing on a semi-arid rangeland.Thirty Malpura rams of uniform body weight and age were divided into five groups of six each.They were grazed as a single flock from 08.00 to 17.00 h on the available rangeland for 60 days.The first group (G1), not provided any supplementation, served as the Control. The secondgroup (G2) was supplemented with 200 g/h/d conventional concentrate mixture. The third, fourth1 Corresponding author : Present address: National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi,Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, E-mail: [email protected]


and fifth groups (G3, G4 and G5) were provided with 200g DM through freshly lopped foliage of

Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica and Albezia lebbek trees respectively. The foliage from P.

cineraria contained 133.4g kg 1DM condensed tannins (CT) with protein precipitating capacity

(PPC) of 66 g kg-1 DM. A. nilotica contained 18.9 g kg-1 DM hydrolysable tannins (HT) with PPC

of 11.5 g kg-1 DM. However, A lebbek didn’t contain any tannins. The protein content of the three

tree leaves was 119, 139 and 194 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The DMI (g d-1) was 688, 916, 1024, 1003

and 999 in G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5, respectively. Digestible crude protein (DCP) and metabolizable

energy (ME) intakes in the supplemented groups (G2 to G5) were higher (P<0.05) than those in the

Control group (G1). Supplementation with concentrate mixture and tree leaves improved DM

digestibility. CP digestibility was lower (P<0.05) in G3 compared to G2, G4 and G5. Rumen

fermentation study conducted six hours after supplementa-tion revealed that the total N,

ammonia N and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) levels were lower (P<0.05) in G3 compared to other

supplemented groups. Although the hemoglobin (Hb) levels were similar in all the groups, blood

urea N (BUN) was lower in G3 compared to other groups. The animals lost body weight in Control

group and maintained in all the supplemented groups. It was concluded that supplementation

with tree leaves containing CT like P. cineraria improved rumen fermentation pattern by

preventing excessive loss of nitrogen and the tree leaves can be best utilized as supplements

rather than as sole feed in sheep ration.

005 Effect of different levels of feed intake on utilization of nutrients in crossbred calves - P. Singh,

A.K. Verma, D.S. Sahu, and U.R. Mehra, Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research

Institute,Izatnagar-243 122, (U.P.)

Twenty growing crossbred calves (mean body wt.149.0±3.94 kg) were randomly dividedinto 4 groups 5 in each following randomized block design. To assess the voluntary dry matter

intake (VDMI) during preliminary feeding period, all the animals were fed concentrate mixture and

wheat straw ad libitum. The lowest DMI amongst all animals fed ad libitum was defined as‘VDMI’. The animals were fed at four fixed levels. The highest level of DMI was 95% of VDMI

(group I) as determined in preliminary period of feeding the other 3 levels were 80% (group 2),

60% (group 3) and 40% (group 4) of the VDMI. The experimental feeding was continued for amonth followed by a metabolism trial. Representative samples of feeds, faeces and urine were

suitably preserved for analysis. The dry matter intake through concentrate (crushed maize 33,

deoiled-soya meal 32, wheat bran 32, min. mix. 2 and common salt 1 part) and roughage (wheatstraw) was 40 : 60. The DMI (kg/d) ranged from 1.62 (group 4) to 4.06 (group 1) and CP intake (g/

d) varied from 177 to 442 among 4 groups. The intake of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and

hemi-cellulose (g/d or g/kg W0.75) was also significantly (P<0.05) different among 4 groups asenvisaged. The digestibility of DM in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 59.9, 61.7, 64.6 and 30.4 %,


respectively and it was significantly (P<0.05) lower in group 4 as compared to remaining 3 groups.

The digestibility of other all nutrients viz. OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF & HC was comparable among

groups 1, 2 and 3. However, the digestibility of these nutrients was significantly (P<0.05) lower in

group 4 (40% intake) as compared to other 3 groups. Intake and balance of N was significantly

(P<0.01) different among 4 groups. Animals of groups 1,2 and three were in positive nitrogen

balance however, animals of group 4 were in negative N balance being fed at 40 % level of VDMI.

From the results, it may be deduced that the intake and utilization of nutrients was adversely

affected at 40% level of feed intake, however, the digestibility of nutrients was not affected at 80%

and 60% levels of feed intake.

006 Influence of varying dry matter intake on levels of purine derivatives and creatinine in

urine and blood in crossbred calves - A.K. Verma, P. Singh, D.S. Sahu, and U.R. Mehra, Animal

Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,Izatnagar - 243 122 (U.P.)

Twenty growing crossbred calves (mean body wt.149.0±3.94 kg) were randomly divided

into 4 groups 5 in each following randomized block design. To assess the voluntary dry matter

intake (VDMI during preliminary was assessed and lowest DMI amongst all’ animals fed ad

libitum was defined as ‘VDMI’. The animals were fed at four fixed levels. The highest level of

DMI was 95% of VDMI (group I) as determined in preliminary period of feeding the other 3 levels

were 80% (group 2), 60% (group 3) and 40% (group 4) of the VDMI. The experimental feeding was

continued for a month followed by a metabolism trial. Representative samples of feeds, faeces

and urine were suitably preserved for analysis. The urinary concentrations ( µmol/kg W0.75) of

allantoin, uric acid and total purine derivatives were 1460, 82.5 and 1542 in group 1; 1328, 80.5 and

1409 in group 2; 1217, 81.2 and 1298 in group 3 and 884, 54.7 and 938 in group 4, respectively and

were significantly (P<0.05) lower in group 4 (40% intake level) as compared to other 3 groups,

which were comparable. Excretion of allontoin in urine (mmol/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher

in group 1 as compared to groups 3 and 4 but it was comparable in groups 2 and 3. In respective

groups, the concentration of creatinine in urine ( mol/Kg W0.75) was 1.84, 1.76, 1.86 and 1.72, which

was constant and did notdiffer significantly among 4 groups. However, PD:C ratio in groups 1, 2,

3 & 4 was 0.84, 0.80, 0.71 & 0.54, respectively and was significantly lower in group 4 as compared

to groups 1 and 2 but was comparable to group 3. From the results, it is evident that urinary

excretion of creatinine was constant but the PD excretion was variable according to the level of

feed intake and nutritional quality of diet. Thus, PD:C ratio worked out may be

useful indicator for assessing the nutritional status of animals or quality of feeds being fed to

the animals at farm levels.


007 Nutritional evaluation of two improved variety of Maize - N.P. Singh, L.K. Karnani, and S.S.

Kundu, Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute,

Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Two varieties i.e. African tall and QPM were sown in winter season at CR farm of Indian

Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi. After three months of growth the vegetative

material was harvested on daily basis for experimentation on nutrient utilization in crossbredheifers. For this purpose 16 crossbred heifers were divided into 4 groups of 4 animals each. Group

I and II were offered ad lib African tall maize while group III and IV were offered ad lib QPM

maize. However, group I and III were also offered concentrate (Barley 32%, Mustered cake 36%,Wheat bran 28%, Mineral mixture 2% and Salt 2%) at the rate of 1% of body weight. The trail was

conducted for the period of 50 days duration. Digestive trial was conducted for 7 days at the end

of feeding trial. The results indicated that dry matter intake in group I, II, III, and IV were 4.35, 2.57,5.77 and 2.89 kg/day respectively. In group I and III the intake of maize was 2.7 and 4.1

respectively. The intake of QPM maize was higher in concentrate fed group (group III). The dry

matter intake was 2.62, 1.56, 3.49 and 1.75-kg/ 100 kg body weight, which corresponds to 94.18,55.88, 125.19 and 62.84 g/W0.75 kg. The dry matter digestibility was 65.34, 58.26, 70.86 and 62.36

percent in group I, II, III, and IV, respectively.

008 Evaluation of different pasture utilization system using in situ lamb grazing - G.H. Pailan,

S.B. Maity and M.M. Roy, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 003 (U.P.)

Two improved pasture systems viz., Reseeded Pasture (RP) and Sown Pasture (SP) in itssecond year of establishment were evaluated using in situ lamb grazing. Grasses likeCenchrusciliaris, Cenchrus setigerus and legumes like Stylcsanthes hamata, Stylosanthes scabra wereintroduced to improved the pasture quality in RP and SP. The protected Natural Pasture (NP) wasused as control. Under each system there were four plots of 0.25 ha each. Eight growing Jalaunilambs of about 6 to 8 months age and 15.50 kg body weight were allowed to graze for 7 hours dailyfrom 9.00 am to 4.00 pm in each system. The rotational system of grazing was followed where allthe anima1s were grazed together and 7 days rotation was followed within the 4 plots of a system.After 60 days of pre1iminary grazing a digestion trial was conducted on grazing lambs, selectingfour animals from each system. Total faecal outgo for 24 hours in a day during trial period wascollected using faecal collection bag. Intake and digestibility of nutrients were estimated using

lignin as internal indicator. The growth rate (g/d) of sheep during the 120 days of experimental

period was higher in SP (54.67) than NP (20.58) and RP (20.08).,The mouth grab samples of sheepshowed that CP, NDF, ADF, lignin and ash content were ranged from 6.74 to 7.53 %, 58.91 to 62.78

%, 31.50 to 34.07 %,6.55 to 7.59 % and 5.93 to 6.41 %, respectively. DM intake/100 kg body weight

in NP, RP and SP was 1.94, 1.78 and 1.89 kg, respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF


varied from 48.02 to 49.17 %,51.92 to 52.78 %, 42.72 to 44.95 % and 39.53 to 42.29 %, respectively

and variation between the groups was non-significant. The results indicated the distinctsuperiority of sown pasture in the very second year of its establislnnent over the protected

natural or reseeded pasture.

009 Evaluation of pasture grass hay of dry temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh in crossbredcalves - V.K. Sharma, J.S. Chauhan, K.S. Sharma and Daisy Wadhwa, Department of Animal

Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur - 176 062 (H.P.)

A digestibility cum metabolic trial was conducted in crossbred of about one and half

years of age to test the and pasture grass hay of dry temperate zone of Lauhal and Spin of

Himachal Pradesh. 15 cross bred calves were divided into 3 groups of five calves each. T1 groupwas offered 100 % pasture grass hay only where as T2 and T3 groups were offered 80 % pasture

grass hay + 20% concentrate in conventional system of feeding and as in complete feed system

of feeding respectively. The dry matter and TDN (Kg/h/d) intakes were found to be significant(P<0.05) among the different treatments groups. These values were 2.040±274.29, 2.537±0.22 and

2.719±0.26 in case of DMI and 4.713±0.71, 4.854±0.56 and 4.920±0.64 (Kg/h/d) respectively. The

CP intake (g/h/d) and digestibi1ity (%) in respect to T2 and T3 found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) as compared to Tl treatment. These values were 229.67±30.89, 340.07±21.45 and

384.07±31.13 (g/h/d) and59.29±l.41 and 73.44±1.45 and 80.00±1.82 per cent respectively among

the different treatment groups. N-intake and N-balance (g/d/h) were also found to be significantlyhigher (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 as compared to T1 treatment group. These values were 36.74±3.71,

49.20±3.55 and 61.45±3.11 (g/h/d) for N-intake and 7.63±3.30, 15.33±3.47 and 19.33±6.40 (g/h/d)

for N-balance in Tl, T2 and T3 treatment groups respectively.

010 Traditional fodder conservation practices in the mountains of Himachal Pradesh - Ram Singh,

Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Regional Research Centre CSKHPKV

Campus, Palampur-176 062 (H.P.)

In mountain region, the demand of feeds and fodders for livestock is much higher than

their availability. The available fodder is not only insufficient but also poor in nutritive value, asa result, the productivity of the animal is very low. Whatever fodder resources are available, their

availability is also seasonal. By and large, there is shortage of fodder from November to June, but

during monsoon, plenty of greens are available and there is no shortage of fodder from July toOctober. Even the surplus grass is harvested and conserved as hay for use during lean period of

winters. The crop residues are also stored for feeding the animals. Thus, fodder conservation isan established practice in whole of the state to ensure the availability of fodder during periods ofscarcity. The present study was undertaken to study the nutrient degeneration dynamics in


conserved forages in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. Stored samples of hay, maize stover,paddy straw and wheat straw were collected on 15th day of every month from the same stacksowned by the farmers. The samples were collected separately from open storage and storedunder shed from October to March and subjected to chemical analysis to study the changes intheir chemical composition. In case of hay stored in open, the CP content decreased from 9.18%in October to 7.15% in March and the NDF content increased from 68% to 71 %. In storage undershed, the loss in protein content was less as compared to open storage. Similar trend wasreported in case of maize stover. The analysis of paddy straw indicated a decrease of almost oneunit in protein content from October (4.18%) to February (3.15%) in open storage. Chemicalconstituents remained almost similar in case of storage under shed. The analysis of wheat strawindicated no nutrient degeneration under storage. It was concluded from this study that thenutrient degeneration took place in all the forages (except wheat straw) in open as well as storageunder shed. However, the losses in protein were more in open storage as compared to storageunder shed this might be due to losses in leaching and bleaching in open storage.

011 Use of salicornia roughage (Salicornia brachiata) in total mixed ration for mehsani buffaloheifers - Nitin Tyagi, S. Parnerkar, M. Tripathi, P.U. Gujbhiye and M.C. Desai, Department of

Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural

University Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506 (Gujrat)

In order to know the nutritional value of salicornia and the desired level of feeding tobuffaloes, a feeding trial of 60 days duration was conducted on 12 Mehsani buffalo heifers. Thetwo dietary treatments were, TI : TMR with 40% level of concentrate mixture and 60% roughageincluding mature pasture grass (Dicanthium annulatum) and sorghum green fodder (2.5 kg) andT2 : TMR with 40% level of concentrate mixture and 60% roughage containing mature pasturegrass, sorghum green fodder (2.5 kg) and salicornia at 20% level. The average daily gain inweight was 586.11±34.27 and 602.78±30.86 g, respectively in T1 and T2. The average DMI of T1and T2 groups during entire experimental period was 98.26±1.32 and 105.73±1.53 where T2 groupshowed significantly higher DMI. Average voluntary water intake per kg DMI was 4.84±0.09 and5.1l±0.11, respectively in T1 and T2. The digestibility coefficient of treatment groups T1 and T2for DM was 56.70 and 59.08; for OM, 59.74 and 59.77; for CP, 51.76 and 53.35; for CF, 55.54 and52.34; for EE, 63.75 and 61.83 and for NFE, 63.75 and 64.86. The treatment groups showedstatistically higher digestibility for CF and EE while DM digestibility was significantly higher ingroup T2. The digestibility of DM, CP and NFE were statistically similar. The TMR-I and IIprovided 5.52% and 5.59% DCP and 56.8% and 52.64% TDN. The efficiency of utilisation of DM,CP, DCP, and TDN (kg/kg wt. gain) for T1 and T1 were 8.54±0.50 and 8.73±0.55; 1.0l±0.06 and1.02±0.07; 0.53±0.04 and 0.54±0.04 and 5.0l±0.25 and 4.80±0.29, respectively. The average dailyintake of DCP was 301.38±6.70 g and 322.02±2.90±0.06 kg and 2.85±0.05 kg in group T1 and T2,respectively. The DCP and TDN intake in both the groups were statistically similar and more or

less in accordance with ICAR (1995) recommendation.


012 Effect of processing of crop residues on physical characteristics and nutrient utilization insheep - G.V.N. Reddy, A. Yashwanth, G.N. Asha and B. Bhima, Dept of Veterinary Biochemistry,

College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad-500 030

Five crop residues : (groundnut straw, soybean straw, bajra straw, castor straw and palmfibre press) where subjected to different processing methods chopping, grinding, expanderextruder processing and steam pelleting and studied the effect of processing on physical charactersand nutritive value by feeding to sheep. The bulk density was highest with steam pelleting.When the crop residues were ground using hammer mill with 8mm sieve, modulus of fineness andpractical size were highest with castor straw and lowest with groundnut straw. Molassesabsorbability was highest with bajra straw and lowest with soybean straw. Groundnut straw andsoybean straw can be pelleted easily and can form sole ration for adult sheep. Pelletability waslow with bajra straw and palm fibre press and can’t form sole ration for sheep while Pelletabilitywas very low with castor straw and requires addition of concentrates for pelleting. The nutritivevalue of bajra straw, palm fibre press and castor straw were obtained by difference method.Groundnut straw has highest nutritive value among all the crop residues tested while palm fibrepress and castor straw has least. Expander extender processing and steam pelleting increased thenutritive value of crop residues. These results indicate that different crop residues behavedifferently for processing and steam pelleting increased the nutritive value of crop residues.

013 Chemical composition and in sacco digestibility of locally available feeds and fodderingredients of hills villages of Uttaranchal - Parasu Ram Singh1, Mahendra Singh and M.L.Verma,

Govind Ballabha Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant nagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal)

Concentrates and roughages are the two most important ingredients that are used in theformulation of rations of dairy animals. Seven samples of concentrate and 8 samples ofroughages were collected in three months (February to April) from 17 villages of Tarikhet block ofAlmora district of Uttaranchal. The concentrate viz. maize grains, wheat grains, barley grains,minor millets grains ( Jhungra), and Pulses ( bhat and soybean) and roughages viz. hay, paddystraw wheat straw, bhat straw, minor millets straw, mixed green grasses, tree leaves (Bhimal andTimil) were evaluated for their chemical composition and in sacco digestibility with a view toassess their utility in the calculation of nutrient availability for dairy animal. The organic matter(OM) , ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE)contents of different roughages varied from OM-88.35 (paddy straw) to 93.16 (hay), Ash-6.83(hay) to 11.65 (paddy straw), CP-4.00 (wheat straw) to 19.20 (Bhimal tree leaves), EE-0.80 (wheatstraw) to 3.77 (Bhimal tree leaves), CF-16.60 ( Timil tree leaves) to 36.16 (wheat straw), NFE- 44.07(Bhimal tree leaves) to 55.75 (minor millets) per cent on dry matter basis), respectively. Nutrients1 Research Associate, DCN Division ,N.D.R.I. Karnal (Haryana)


contents of different concentrate varied from OM-94.13 (bhat grain) to 98.13 (wheat grain), ash-1.86 (wheat grain) to 5.87 (bhat grain), CP-6.88 (minor millets grain) to 41.88 (soybean grain),EE-1.90 (wheat grain) to 9.40 (soybean grain), CF-1.88 (minor mi11ets grain) to 6.00 (bhat grain),NFE-37.95 (soybean grains) to 83.74 (wheat grain), respectively .The in sacco dry matterdigestibility of different roughages in 72 hrs incubation period, varied from 60.00 (wheat straw) to76.00 (Bhimal tree leaves) per cent and different concentrate in 24 hrs. varied from 69.00 (minormi1lets grain) to 96.00 (soybean grain) per cent. Thus, on average ingredients digestibility of allroughages was 62.59, 30.62, 44.37and 58.66 per cent of OM, CP, EE and CF, respectively. Thecorresponding value of concentrate was 74.02, 66.66,73.83 and 46.33 percent.

014 Assessment of availability of fruit residues for incorporation in animal ration - S. K. Gupta,

S. N. Rai, P.P. Atreja, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal - 132 001 (Haryana)

A survey was conducted to assess the availability of fruit residues especially ofbanana, mango and orange on national level. The samples were collected from local market andwere partitioned into two as edible and non-edible portions (from human consumption viewpoint). The non-edible part of fruit residues was assumed to be available as a source ofnon-conventional feed for animals. The average amount of waste available from their respectivefruit was 33.66% (banana peel), 24.59% (orange peel) and 17.28% (mango peel). The totalproduction of above mentioned fruits was16.87, 1.66 and 10.50 million tons in 2002. Theassessment of availability of fruit waste was calculated by multiplying percent waste withproduction level. It was estimated that 5.65, 0.40 and 1.81 million tons fruit waste could beavailable each year, which may be utilized as animal feed as such or after suitable processing tomitigate the shortage of feeds in the country. The dry matter content was highest in mango peel(25.85 %) followed orange peel (22.86%) and banana peel (10.81 %). The organic matter, crudeprotein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract contents of orange peel were 96.55,7.23, 4.01, 30.02, 3.44 and 55.28 per cent, respectively whereas in case of banana peel thecorresponding values were 81.73, 7.21, 4.10, 6.17, 18.26 and 64.23 percent, respectively. Mangopeel contained 94.57, 3.82, 1.28, 5.48, 5.43, and 83.98 per cent organic matter, crude protein,ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract, respectively. On the basis of chemicalcomposition it can be concluded that fruit residues are poor in protein but rich in totalcarbohydrates (CF+NFE) and can be incorporated as an energy source in diet.

015 Assessment of availability of vegetable residues for incorporation in animal ration - S.K. Gupta,S.N. Rai, P.P. Atreja, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute,


A survey was carried out to assess the availability of vegetable residues especially of

carrot, peas, ash gourd and cauliflower on national level. The samples were collected from agro


processing plants located in Northern parts of India and from local market. All Ithe samples were

partitioned into two as edible and non-edible portions (from human consumption view point).The non-edible part of vegetable residues was assumed to be available as a source of

non-conventional feed for animals. The average amount of waste available from their respective

vegetables was 33.14% (carrot waste), 61.27% (peapods), 10.35% (Ash gourd peel) and 32.86%(Cauliflower waste) respectively and total production of above mentioned vegetables was 0.34,

2.71, 0.15 and 4.71 million tons in 2002, respectively. It was estimated that 0.11, 1.66, 0.15 and 1.54

million tons of vegetable waste could be available each year, which may be utilized as animal feedas such or after suitable processing to mitigate the shortage of feeds in the country. All the

residues contained high amount of moisture. The dry matter content was highest in peapods

(17.85%) followed by carrot waste (10.43%), cauliflower waste (7.68%) and ash gourd peel (7.28%).The organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract contents

of cauliflower waste were 95.49, 20.98, 4.20, 18.33, 4.50 and 51.98 per cent whereas in case of

peapods the corresponding values were 94.74, 15.56, 1.09,26.03, 5.26 and 52.04 per cent,respectively. Ash gourd peel contained 89.98, 10.07, 3.93, 31.47, 10.01 and 44.50 per cent organic

matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract, respectively whereas

in case of carrot residues the corresponding values were 93.49, 8.34, 1.26, 26.27, 6.50 and 57.61 percent respectively. On the basis of crude protein, total carbohydrate (CF+NFE) and NFE content,

cauliflower waste and peapods can be used as one of the ingredients of concentrate mixture

whereas carrot waste and ash gourd peel can be regarded comparable to hay and grasses.

016 Effect of feeding of vegetable residues on growth rate, dry matter intake and feed conversionefficiency in crossbred kids - S.K. Gupta, S.N. Rai and P.P. Atreja, Division of Dairy Cattle

Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001

Eighteen crossbred kids (Alpine x Beetal) of similar body weight (15.34 kg) and age (5

months) were divided into three groups of six each. The dietary groups were group I (control- 40

% berseem hay, 20 % oat hay supplemented with 30 % concentrate mixture and green fodder(berseem and lucerne), group II (oat hay was replaced by ash gourd peel from group I diet) and

group III (berseem hay was replaced by pea pods from group I diet). The growth trial lasted for120

days in which weekly dry matter intake and body weights were taken. The results revealed thatreplacement of oat and berseem hay with ash gourd peel and pea pods neither influenced

voluntary dry matter intake (g/d/kid) nor per kg metabolic body weight or per 100 kg body weight.

The initial DM intake in group I to III was 580.14, 607.18 and 634.4 g/d/kid which increased to790.0, 868.0 and 853.82 g/d/kid, respectively. DM intake in group II and III kept on increasing

however in group I it remained constant (790 g/d/kid) from 14 week of study indicating the more

palatability of ash gourd peel and pea pods. Total live weight gain (6.42, 7.28 and 6.67 kg) anddaily gain (53.43, 60.69 and 55.56 g/d/kid) in group I to III were also similar to each other and were


not influenced by the incorporation of ash gourd peel and pea pods. The initial body weights of

kids were 14.37, 15.67 and 16.08, which increased to 20.79, 22.95 and 22.75 kg at the end ofexperiment. The weekly growth rate also followed a similar trend and there was no significant

difference between the groups. Feed conversion efficiency for growth as g DM intake per g body

weight was significantly (P<0.01) superior in group II (12.43) to group I (13.41) and III (13.58). CPconversion efficiency for growth as g CP intake per g body weight gain was best in group II (1.67)

followed by group I (1.77) and group III (1.87). All the groups differed significantly (P<0.05) to

each other. It can be concluded that ash gourd peel and pea pods can be used to replace oat andberseem hay in the ration of growing kids with better feed conversion efficiency.

017 Effect of replacing roughages with ash gourd peel and pea pods on voluntary intake and nutrientutilization in crossbred kids - S.K. Gupta, S.N. Rai and P.P. Atreja, Division of Dairy Cattle

Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001

Eighteen crossbred kids (Alpine x Beetal) of similar body weight (15.34 kg) and age (5month) were divided into three groups of six each. The dietary groups were group I (control- 40

% berseem hay, 20 % oat hay supplemented with 30 % concentrate mixture and green fodder

(berseem and lucerne), group II (oat hay was replaced by ash gourd peel from group I diet) andgroup III (berseem hay was replaced by pea pods from group I diet). The metabolic trial was

conducted after a feeding period of 3 months. The results revealed that DM intake (g/d/kid) of

group III (769.96±7.76) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of group I (720.59±7.22).However there was no significant difference between groups I & II and II & III in terms of DM

intake. The intake (g/d/kid) of organic matter (OM), digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude

protein (CP) in group III (702.9±6.73, 518.74±5.26 & 112.92±0.71) was significantly (P<0.01) higherthan that of group I (633.62±6.22, 449.54±4.77 and 107.36±0.47) and group II (633.25±14.38,

471.39±14.82 and 108.16±1.47), respectively. While group I and II did not differ significantly to

each other. Digestibility of DM in group III (71.28±0. 17) was significantly (P<0.05) higher thanthat of group I and II (69.25±0.30 & 68.93±0.89), respectively. There was no significant difference

between DM digestibilities of group I and II. The CP and CF digestibility in group II (78.03±0. 49

and 54.98±1.48) and group III (78.16±0.35 and 53.50±0.39) was significantly (P<0.01) higher thanthat of group I (71.90±0.86 and 49.59±0.57), respectively. However group II and III did not differ

significantly. The digestibility of OM and NFE in group II (73.8 ±0.15 and 80.99±0.10) was

significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of group I (70.97±0.28 and 78.04±0.21) and group II(70.99±0.80 & 77.49±0.64) respectively. Group I and II did not differ significantly in terms of OM

and NFE digestibility. The ether extract digestibility in group II (71.24±0.65) was significantly

(P<0.01) higher than that of group I (68.52±0.33) and group III (69.12±0.22) respectively. Therewas no significant difference between EE digestibilities of group I and III. The DCP and TDN

intake (g/d/kid) in group III (86.61±0.52 & 534.57±5.33) was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that


of group I (80.75±0.33 & 468.58 4.88) and group II (80.60±1.54 & 495.24±15.34). The DCP and TDN

intake in group I and II did not differ significantly. It can be concluded that ash gourd peel and peapods are equally palatable and superior in nutritional quality in companson to berseem and oat

hay, hence these vegetable residues can be utilized in replacing good quality roughages in the

ration of growing kids.

018 Feed and fodder inadequecy : Key issue in India’s livestock production scenario - P. Kataria,

Department of Economic and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Pb.)

Livestock production is the backbone of Indian Economy. This sector has been theprimary source of energy for agricultural operations and major source of animal protein for India’s

teaming millions. India is house to 15 percent of world’s cattle population and 16 percent of

human population to be sustained on 2% of total geographical area. India’s livestock has beenmarred by low productivity as compared to the world figures. The average milk yield per animal

per year is as low as 48% of the world average. The tremendous pressure of livestock on available

feed and fodder resources and consequent dismal scenario of fodder availability has been themajor impediment in the sustained group of livestock sector. The deficits of green and dry fodder

have been recorded at 61 and 22 per cent of their respective demands in the year 2000. These

figures are projccted to mount up to 65 and 25 percent respectively by the year 2025. Since feedand fooder are said to be responsible for improving the productivity by 70 percent and only 30%

improvement comes through genetic inheritance. Addressing the issue of feed and fodder

availability therefore becomes the need of the hour.

019 Dairy cattle nutrition status in the agro eco region-9(Indo-gangetic plains) - R.B. Singh, M.K.Ghosh and R.C. Saha, Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani-741 235,

Nadia, West Bengal

Nutrition survey has been conducted on dairy cattle nutrition in Patna and Gaya from 85

households (Landless-21, Marginal-21, Small-26 and Large-17) through door to door visit. Landless

farmers maintains only desi non-descript cattle and\or buffalo mainly on grazing, cut grass, straw,kitchen, vegetable and fruit wastes collected from various sources. Hardly any concentrate is fed.

Marginal and small farmers maintain desi cattle and buffaloes mainly on home grown feeds and

grazing and/or cut grass but unable to provide purchased feed to their cattle to any significantextent. Green fodder is mainly available in the form of natural vegetation. Animals are sent for

grazing in fields during day time and stall fed in the morning and evening with small amount of dry

fodder, kitchen wastes, cut grass and sometimes tree leaves. Lactating cows and buffaloes aresupplemented with small amount of home made concentrate (cake/wheat bran/maize/rice bran/dal

chuni). Mineral mixture is not fed but salt is fed only occasionally. Cultivation and feeding of


green fodder is hardly practised by these group of farmers. Few small farmers maintain crossbred

cows. They supplement a littlequantity of linseed cake/mustard cake, rice kura (local rice bran),ricegrit and/or maize when the cow is in milk. Feeding of concentrate feeds is stopped as soon as the

home grown stock is exhausted. A small section of the small farmers cultivate green fodder viz.

berseem, sorghum, maize but quantity fed to the animals is low. However, a section of smallfarmers having off farm income from various sources maintain crossbred cows (both Holstein and

Jersey crosses) with good milk production. They purchase concentrate feeds from the market

and feed to their milch animals resulting good production and health of their milch animals. Largeholders besides keeping desi cattle also rear crossbred cows (both Jersey and Holstein crosses)

and buffaloes. Cut grass from fields fed besides kitchen wastes and straws. These farmers though

small in number also cultivate green fodder like maize, cowpea, oat, berseem, jowar etc. thoughquantity of cultivated green fodder feeding is low and depends on season and area under

cultivation. Branded ready mix concentrate mixture is also fed to cattle by a small number of

farmers. Deficiency or surplus of nutrients supplied to the lactating cows through feeds in thisecoregion have been estimated as compared to ICAR Feeding Standard (1988). Average DM

intake (% BW) was 1.85, 1.92, 2.17 and 2.78 kg respectively in the cows of landless, marginal, small

and large farmers. Average TDN deficiency in cows of the landless and marginal farmers was 11% and that in the cows of small farmers was marginally negetive. TDN supplied to the cows of the

large farmers was surplus by 12%. Supply of DCP by the landless, marginal and small farmers to

their cows was deficient by 38%, 37% and 32% respectively. DCP supplied to the cows by thelarge farmers was, however, marginally surplus. Supply of phosphorous through feeds is

adequate but that of calcium is deficient.

020 Chemical composition, amino acid profile, and tannin fractionation of certain Indian agroindustrial byproducts Keshab Barman1 and S.N.Rai2, National Dairy Research Institute,


Mangifera indica (kernel), Acacia nilotica (pods), Prosopis juliflora (pods), Shorearobusta (cake), Madhuca indica (cake) and Camellia assamens is (waste) were evaluated forcompositional changes, amino acids profiles, fractionation of tannin and digestion kinetics.Madhuca indica and Camelia assamensis contained highest level of crude protein (18.83, 16.22%respectively) followed by Shorea robusta, Acacia nilotica,and Prosopis juliflora (14.00,13.15,12.25% respectively). Ether extract content was highest in Mangifera indica (13.50 %) and lowest inShorea robusta (1.06%) while crude fiber content was highest in Prosopis juliflora (33.10%) andlowest in Shorea robusta (1.09%). Mangifera indica and Camelia assamensis contained highlevel of most essential amino acids. Lysine, cystein+methinoine, arginine and threonine contentof Mangifera indica was 1.91,7.65, 13.38 and 9.56 g/100g protein respectively (on DM). Its1 Ph.D. Scholar, DCN Division, NDRI Karnal;2 Author for correspondence and Principal Scientist (Email : [email protected])


threonine and cystein+methionine content even higher than whole egg protein (5.74, 7.65 Vs 5.70

g/100 g protein on DM). Acacia nilotica contained highest level of total phenol and total tannin(21.67±0.63;18.71±0.68 respectively, % DM) followed by Mangifera indica and Shorea robusta

(9.59±0.28, 8.39±0.59; 9.08±0.04, 7.98±0.45 respectively, % DM) while others contained within this

range. In vitro DM and OM was highest in Mangifera indica (83.33±0.50; 85.55±0.40respectively, % DM) followed by Camelia assamica (73.04±2.58; 72.54±2.91), Acacia nilotica

(63.12±3.82; 75.91±7.45), Prosopis juliflora (61.89±1.68; 62.81±1.55) and other showed below 50

per cent digestibility. In vitro CP digestibility was highest in Shorea robusta (79.00±0.50%) andlowest in Mangifera indica (59.74±5.80%). In vitro gas production was highest (P<0.01) in Camelia

assamica followed by Acacia nilotica,Prosopis juliflora, Mangifera indica, Shorea robusta

and Madhuca indica during the first stage kinetic (0-24h) while overall gas production in bothfirst and second stage kinetic(24-48h) was highest in Acacia nilotica and lowest in Madhuca

indica (275.67; 145.0 m g.substrate). Potential degradability was highest in Prosopis juliflora

(83.99 %) and lowest in Mangifera indica (24.83%) showing highest effective degradability(63.50%) while lowest in Madhuca indica (24.50 %). The UDP content (g/kg DM) was highest in

Madhuca indica (142.17) and lowest in Mangifera indica (27.74). UDP content of Acacia nilotica

was 57.20 g/kg DM In sacco DM and OM was highest in Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora.

It is inferred that Mangifera indica and Camelia assamica may be used as both energy and good

source of essential amino acids while that of Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora may be used

as energy source.

021 Comparative evaluation of cotton seed cake and leucaena leaf meal on per se profiles of aminoacids, tannin and their influence on digestion kinetics - Keshab Barman1 and S.N.Rai2, National

Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001 (Haryana)

Cotton seed cake and Leucanea leaf meal were evaluated for chemical composition,profiles of amino acid and tannin, degradition kinetic and gas production. Cotton seed cake andLeucaena leaf meal both contained high crude protein (22.75; 24.68 % DM) and containedmoderate level of NFE (38.38; 46.22 %DM). Crude fiber content was however, higher in cottonseed cake than Leucaena leaf meal. Methionine+cystein content (g/100g/protein) of Leucaenaleaf meal was higher than that of cotton seed cake (6.47; 5.57) even higher than that of whole eggprotein (6.47; 5.70). However, lysine content was moderate in cotton seed cake and low in Leucaenaleaf meal (1.90; 0.58). Other essential amino acids are present in good proportion except argininein both the ingredients as well as histidine and tyrosine in Leucaena leaf meal. Leucaena leaf mealcontained higher (P<0.05) level of total phenol and total tannin than that of cotton seed cake(5.12±0.17, 0.94±0.05; 2.83±0.15, 0.59±0.05% DM). Hydrolysable and condensed tannin contentsof Leucaena leaf meal was higher (P<0.05) than that of cotton seed cake. IVDMD and IVOMD

a Ph.D. Scholar, DCN Division,b Author for correspondence and Principal Scientist (Email : [email protected])


value of cotton seed cake (53.76±1.50; 52.97±1.19 %) was not significantly differ from Leucaena

leaf meal (50.73±1.53; 52.78±2.03%). However, IVCPD value of Leucaena leaf meal was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of cotton seed cake (76.67±0.88; 64.94±1.24% DM). Total gas

production in terms of m1 per g substrate and rate of production (m1/h/g substrate) was statistically

insignificant between cotton seed cake and Leucaena leaf meal during the first stage kineticto-24h). However, it was increased (P<0.05) in the second stage kinetic in cotton seed cake than

that of Leucaena leaf meal. Potential degradability of cotton seed cake was higher than that of

Leucaena leaf meal, but effective degradability of both dry matter and organic matter was higher inLeucaena leaf meal than that of cotton seed cake. Both effective (66.20 vs 41.40 %) and potential

degradability (95.49 vs 71.98 %) of crude protein of cotton seed cake was higher than that of

Leucaena leaf meal. However, UDP content per unit weight was also higher in cotton seed cakethan that of Leucaena leaf meal (217.52; 144.62, g/kg DM). It is inferred that as a source of protein,

amino acid content of Leucaena leaf meal is better than that of cotton seed cake.

022 Nutritional evaluation and partitioning of tannins in certain agro industrial byproducts and treeleaves - Keshab Barman1 and S.N.Rai2, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Haryana

Tamarindus indica (Tamarind seed meal), Acacia nilotica (Babul seed chuni) - two agroindustrial byproducts and Terminia lata (Arjun), Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia), Fiscus

religiosa (Pipal) and Quercus incana (Oak) - four tree leaves were evaluated for chemicalcomposition, fiber fractionation, partitioning of tannins (total phenol, non tannin phenol, totaltannin, hydrolysable tannin, and condensed tannin), IVDMD, IVOMO and IVCPD along with in

vitro gas production. Babul chuni contained the highest level of crude protein (28.34 % DM) thantamarind seed meal (13.49 % DM). However, nitrogen free extract content of Tamarind seed mealwas higher (63.35 % DM) than Babul seed chuni (39.52% DM). NDF and ADF content was higherin tamarind seed meal (50.95; 37.91% DM respectively) than Babul seed chuni (45.73 and 36.12 %DM respectively). Among the tree leaves protein content was ranged from 7 to 9 per cent (DM).However, crude fiber content was higher (47.40 % DM) in Oak leave and moderate in Arjun,Robinia and Pipal (19.93; 24.48; 26.40% DM respectively). Among the Robinia, Pipal and Oakleaves NDF and ADF content was higher in Oak leaves (63.22; 60.62 % respectively). Total tannincontent was lower in both Tamarind seed meal and Babul seed chuni (2.96±0.31; 0.27±0.05 % DMrespectively). However, among the tree leaves Oak and Arjun leaves contained higher level oftotal tannin (8.16±0.24; 7.48±0.15 % DM respectively) and Robinia and Pipal contained moderatelevel of total tannin (2.83±0.08; 1.52±0.08 % DM respectively). IVDMD and IVOMD values werelower in Tamarind seed meal than Babul seed chuni. However IVCPD values remained similar.Among the tree leaves IVDMD, IVOMD and IVCPD values were higher in Arjun followed byPipal and Robinia and lowest in Oak leaves. Rate of gas production (m1/h/g substrate) during thea Ph.D. Scholar, DCN Division,b Author for correspondence and Principal Scientist (Email : [email protected])


first stage kinetics was lower in Tamarind seed meal than Babul seed chuni however; theproduction was higher in second stage kinetic. Among the tree leaves rate of gas production(m1/h/g substrate) was lowest in oak leaves and moderate in others. It may be inferred that Babulseed chuni and Tamarind seed meal can be used as a good source of protein and energyrespectively and among the tree leaves except Oak leaves Arjun, Pipal and Robinia can be usedas a maintenance type forage in ruminants.

023 Evaluation of sugarcane trash of different varieties based on chemical composition and yield -

Y. Ramana Reddy, E. Raghava Rao and N. Krishna, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science, ANGR Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

Samples of twelve varieties of sugarcane trash viz. Co A 89085, Co 6907, Co 8368, Co V94102, Co C 671,91 V 83,83 R 23, Co A 92081, Co V 92102, Co 7805, Co 85036 and Co A 88081 were

collected from sugarcane harvesting fields and evaluated based on chemical composition and

yield. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and nitrogen free extract (NFE)content of trash were significantly different among the varieties and the values ranged from 82.95

to 94. 92, 2.11 to 5.79 1.02 to 1.72 and 49.90 to 59.52, respectively. DM, EE and NFE content were

significantly (P<0.01) higher in Co C 671, 91 V 83 and Co V 94102 and lower in Co A 89085, Co A85036 and Co V 94102, respectively. The CP value of Co C 671 was lower and that of Co V 92102

was higher significantly (P<0.05). OM and CF content of trash samples were not significantly

(P>0.05) different and the values ranged from 90.20 to 94.93 and 31.17 to 35.44 per cent,respectively among the varieties. Further, fresh yield (t/ha) , yield of DM, OM and CP (t/ha) were

significantly different among the varieties and the values ranged from 10.53 to 38.08, 9.37 to 33.95,

8.65 to 32.09 and 0.46 to 0.98, respectively. The fresh yield of trash, DM and OM yields (t/ha) weresignificantly (P<0.01) higher in Co V 94102 and lower in Co V 92102 varieties, respectively.

However, the CP yield (t/ha) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 91 V 83 variety and lower in Co

7805 variety, respectively.

024 Varietal evaluation of sugarcane tops based on chemical composition and yield - Y. Ramana

Reddy, E. Raghava Rao and N. Krishna, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary

Science, ANGR Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

Twelve varieties of sugarcane tops collected from harvesting fields in sugarcane based

production system were evaluated based on chemical composition and yield. The twelvevarieties of sugarcane tops evaluated were Co A 89085, Co 6907, Co 8368, Co V 94102, Co C 671,

91 V 83, 83 R 23, Co A 92081, Co V 92102, Co 7805, Co 85036 and Co A 88081. Dry matter (DM),

organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract(NFE) and total ash (TA) content of top varieties ranged from 26.03 to 37.83, 92.92 to 95.22, 3.46 to


9.68, 1.22 to 2.29, 27.08 to 32.44, 51.51 to 58.94 and 4.78 to 7.08 per cent, respectively and the valueswere significantly different among the varieties except DM. OM, EE, CF and NFE values weresignificantly (P<0.01) higher in Co A 88081, Co V 94102, Co 6907 and Co A 89085 and lower in Co85036, Co 7805 Co A 89085 and Co V 92102, respectively. The CP content was significantly(P<0.05) higher in Co V 92102 and lower in Co 8368. Further, fresh tops yield (t/ha), yield of DM,OM and CP (t/ha) from different varieties were significantly different and the values ranged from18.56 to 50.40, 5.41 to 19.06, 5.10 to 17.93 and 0.35 to 1.85, respectively. The yield of fresh tops,DM, OM and CP (t/ha) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in Co V 92102 and lower in Co A 88081,

Co A 92081, Co A 92081, Co A 88081, Co 6907 and Co 8368, respectively.

025 Comparative evaluation of feeding healthy versus diseased groundnut (Arachis hypogoea)haulms on chemical composition, in vitro, in sacco dry matter degradability, voluntary drymatter intake and nutrient utilization in buffaloes (Bos bubalis) - Ramchandra Ramteke,

K. Sivaiah, S. Pande and Michael Blummel1, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad - 30 (A.P.)

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms is an important roughage source for livestockfeeding in semi-arid tropics. In the present investigation healthy and diseased fodders of groundnut(TMV -2) procured from ICRISAT have been evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro and insacco dry matter digestibility, voluntary dry matter intake, and nutrient digestibility. Four adultmale buffaloes of same age group and body weight of 244±25 kg were selected in a randomizedblock design for conducting digestion trial. For healthy (T

1) and diseased (T

2) groundnut haulms

(TMV-2) the chemical composition estimated was 91.00, 89.94 for DM; 87.90, 90.75 for OM; 10.77,8.43 for CP; 1.40, 0.62 for EE; 8.27, 41.00 for CF; 47.46, 40.90 for NFE; 12.10, 9.05 for total ash; 70.14,71.58 for NDF; 45.50, 55.54 for ADF; 24.64, 16.04 for hemicellulose; 33.54, 43.41 for cellulose; 8.17,10.60 for lignin; and 3.79,1.53 per cent for silica, respectively on DMB. IVDMD values reportedwere 58.07 and 43.06 per cent and EDDM were 58.50 and 38.10 per cent for healthy (T

1) and

diseased (T2) groundnut haulms respectively. In healthy (T

1) and diseased (T

2) groundnut haulms,

the in vivo digestibility coefficients were 58.57,50.17 for DM; 61.73, 55.42 for OM; 47.91, 32.29 forCP; 32.81, 36.29 for EE; 58.83, 59.21 for CF; 65.55, 57.25 for ADF; 82.68, 80.41 for hemicellulose;56.36, 50.84 for cellulose, respectively. The CP, EE, NFE, total ash, hemicellulose values decreasedin T

2 as compared to T

1. The digestibility coefficients for diseased groundnut haulms for DM,

OM, CP, NFE, NDF, ADF and cellulose and significantly different (P<0.01) from that of healthygroundnut haulms. The percent dry matter intake recorded were higher (2.56%) in T

1 as compared

to T2 (1.73%). The DCP and TDN values were higher in T

1 with 5.16 and 53.41 per cent as

compared to T2 with 2.72 and 49.18 percent respectively. From the present investigation, it could

be concluded that based on chemical composition IVDMD, EDDM, nutritive value (DCP, TDN),the healthy straw of groundnut (T

1) were found to be superior than the diseased straw of

groundnut.1 ICRISAT, Patancheru-502,324, AP, India


026 “ In vitro and in sacco dry matter degradability evaluation of healthy and diseased sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) straw in buffaloes (Bos bubalis)” - Ramchandra Ramteke, K. Sivaiah,K. Bandyopadhyay and Michael Blummel1,College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar,

Hyderabad-30 (A.P.)

Chemical composition, in vitro and in sacco dry matter degradability of healthysorghum straw (T

1) were compared with diseased sorghum straw (T

2) (H-112 variety) using two

rumen fistulated buffaloes (300±25 kg) fed healthy sorghum straw(Tl) ad-lib with 300g of

groundnut cake and feeding diseased sorghum straw (T2) with 500gms of groundnut cake

respectively. The average IVDMD values were 37.37 and 31.21 percent for T1 and T

2, respectively.

The mean in sacco DM degradability values were 31.45, 39.10, 45.36, 49.64 and 53.57 percent forT

1, and 22.52, 29.89, 35.25, 41.93 and 46.90 percent for T

2 respectively at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hrs

respectively. The readily soluble fraction (a), insoluble but degradable fraction (b) and rateconstant/hr (c) were 19.20, 38.69 and 0.0311 for T

1 and 12.37, 44.72, 0.0210 for T

2, respectively. The

Effective degradability of DM (EDDM) was 36.1 and 27.8 percent for healthy and diseasedsorghum straw. It is concluded that diseased sorghum straw considerably reduced the chemical

composition and in vitro and in sacco dry matter digestibility as compared to healthy straw.

027 Evaluation of some fruit wastes by in vitro, in sacco method and rumen fermentation pattern infistulated steers and buffaloes - B. Devasena, K. Haritha, A. Ravi and J. Rama Prasad,

Department of Animal Nutrition,College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati 517 502 (A.P.)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of fruit wastes like guava

(Psidium guava), papaya (Carica papaya) and mango (Mangifera indica) fruit waste (MFW)

and mango fruit pulp waste (MFPW) in concentrate mixtures by IVDMD, in sacco DM

degradability and rumen fermentation patterns using fistulated steers and buffaloes. The crude

protein content was highest (14.8%) in papaya fruit waste and lowest in mango fruit waste (4.6%).

The nitrogen free extract content was highest in MFPW (78.3%), followed by MFW (68.9%),

papaya fruit waste (52.9%) and guava fruit waste (26.7%). IVDMD was lowest in guava fruit waste

and highest in mango fruit waste when estimated with rumen liquor of cattle and buffaloes.

Highest EDDM% value was observed in mango fruit waste in cattle and buffaloes as determined

by in sacco nylon bag technique. In papaya fruit waste highest EPD% value was observed in

cattle and buffaloes. The mean pH values differ significantly (P<0.05) among the different fruit

wastes in cattle and buffaloes. The concentration of TVFA was significantly (P<0.05) higher in

cattle and buffaloes fed rations containing mango fruit pulp waste. It can be inferred from the

present study that, guava, papaya, mango fruit waste and mango fruit pulp waste can be used in

the rations of cattle and buffaloes.

1 ICRISAT, Patancheru-502,324, AP, India


028 Scope for utilization of sunflower heads as animal feed in Andhra Pradesh - D. Nagalakshmi,

D. Narasimha Reddy and M. Rajendra Prasad, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 30

A survey was undertaken to assess the availability and utilization pattern of sunflowerheads (SFH) in seven sunflower growing districts of Andhra Pradesh i.e., Kurnool, Anantapur,

Cuddapah, Prakasam, Karimnagar, Mahaboobnagar and Warangal. The survey revealed that

farmers were feeding SFH in a very limited quantity to their animals (18.10%) and mainly fed tobullocks. The feeding was in the form of deseeded heads (17.55%) and few farmers (2.23%) were

mixing SFH with other locally available feeds and fodders for feeding to animals. The main mode

of SFH disposal was by burning and composting. Unawareness and lack of tradition (59.1 %)were the reasons attributed for not feeding SFH to their animals. The popular SFH hybrids grown

by the farmers were analysed by in vitro and in situ methods which revealed that SFH is

nutritionally superior to many of the traditionally used roughages. The crude protein and crudefibre in these hybrids ranged between 5.91 and 9.78 and 25.51 and 42.98 percent, respectively. The

in vitro organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities and effective DM degradability

for SFH on an average was 66.30, 45.55 and 64.40%, respectively. The survey and nutritionalanalysis indicated that SFH can form a roughage source in animal rations, but proper extension

and demonstrations of utilization of SFH is required for popularizing the use of SFH as livestock feed.

029 Seasonal variation in nutritional parameters of Aerua lanata - P. Tripathi, S.B.N. Rao,Gaurav Kumar and Vinod Kumar, Central Research Institute for goats, Makhdoom, Farah,

Mathura 281 122 (U.P.)

In this study plant samples of Aerua lanata, which is palatable to small ruminants andlocally known as Godhari were collected from the selected area during spring, summer, rainy andwinter seasons of the year and chemically analysed to see the seasonal variation in nutritionalparameters at CIRG, Makhdoom. The crude protein percent was observed 15.70, 14.83, 13.30 and13.00 in the spring, summer, rainy and winter season respectively. The values of Neutral detergentfiber varied season to season that was of 62.92 % in spring 59.00 % in summer 63.94 % in rainy and53.60 % in the winter season. There was not much variation observed in the ash content of Aerualanata i.e. 10.10, 10.91, 10.74, 12.30 % during spring, summer, rainy and winter seasonrespectively. Ether exract percentage was not observed with much variation in various season ofthe year. It was 2.95, 2.83, 2.06 and 3.24 % in spring, summer, rainy and winter season respectively.The content of acid detergent fiber was 36.26, 34.00, 33.51, 36.72% in the spring, summer, rainyand winter season respectively. So it can be concluded that Aerua lanata is a nutritionallypotential plant under rain-fed situation, having good protein content during the spring andsummer months when most of the pasture species dried due to high atmospheric temperature andsoil water depletion. However anti -nutritional factor need to be studied.


030 Soil characteristics and production potential of various silvipasture systems under rain-fedcondition - P. Tripathi, Vinod Kumar, Gaurav Kumar and Nawab Singh, Central Research Institute

for goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura 281 122 (U.P.)

A study was carried out at CIRG, Makhdoom to study the soil characteristics and

production potential of three silvipasture systems namely Natural, Reseeded and Sown. The soil

of the experimental area was loamy sand in texture and having 1.60 - 1.65 g/cc bulk density. Dueto high sand content, water holding capacity of the soil was also poor i.e. 14 - 20 %. pH value of

the soil ranged from neutral to slightly alkaline. Organic carbon content of soil was observed very

low. Available nitrogen content varied from 155-188 kg/ha. Soil also observed very low inavailable phosphorus content (7-9 kg/ha) and medium to high in available potassium content.

The annual rainfall during the year 2002 was 323 mm. The green matter production in the monsoon

season under Natural, Reseeded and Sown pasture was 8.05, 10.8 and 6.0 t/ha respectively. Thedry matter production 2.79, 3.45 and 1.89 t/ha was observed under Natural, Reseeded and Sown

pasture respectively in the monsoon season. There was drastic reduction observed in pasture

production in the winter season, the green matter production was 5.2, 5.3 and 3.2 t/ha in Natural,Reseeded and Sown pasture system respectively. However dry matter production was recorded

1.5, 2.69 and 1.28 t/ha under Natural, Reseeded and Sown pasture system. Reduction in green

matter production as well as dry matter production in the winter season may be due to poorfertility of the soil and soil moisture depletion as soil is poor in water holding capacity so most of

the plants attained maturity under stress , condition.

031 Nutritional status of tree leaves available in the arid region of Haryana - Naresh Kumar,

V.K. Khatta1, CCSHAU, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Rewari (Haryana)

A survey was conducted for the feeding practices of goats and nutritional status of

fodder trees in area neighboring RRS, Bawal. The study revealed that goat farmers primarily

depend upon tree leaves for feeding their animals. Chemical analysis of fodder samples revealed

that Bakain (Melia azadirach) had the highest CP content followed by Desi Kikar (Acacia

nibtica), Israili Kikar (A. tortillas) and Sesum (Dalbergia sisoo). The respective CP values in

these species were16.34, 15.63, 15.39, and 14.98% (dmb). Whereas the CF, EE and NFE values in

these species were9.61, 7.75, 10.53, 9.65; 10.26, 8.79, 11.73, 10.45; 55.75, 62.17, 55.30 and 55.81% in

that order. Rest of the species had CP content in the range of 11.35 in Pipal (Ficus religiosa) to

13.66% in Kasood (Cassia siamea).Jhar beri (Zizyphus nummularia) a commonly available bush

contained 13.69% CP and 59.74% NFE. Guar straw (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba) which is normally

the sole feed during hostile weather conditions was found to be a poor source crude protein

(6.76%).

Department of Animal Nutrition, CCSHAU, Hisar - 125 004


032 Evaluation of nutritive value and rumen degradability of nutrients in poplar leaves at differentstages of maturity in ruminants - Namrata Saxena, S.S. Chauhan, Anand Singh and HimanshuPandey, Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar U.S. Nagar-263 145 (Uttranchal)

In an experiment conducted on ten different varieties of poplar leaves at two stages ofmaturity to estimates nutritive value of leaves of poplar for ruminant feeding. It was found thatthe mean value of DM, OM, TA, CP, EE , NDF, ADF and HC in poplar leaves were 30.28, 90.01, 9.99,12.64, 2.75, 44.61, 28.61 and 16.01respectively at first stage and 33.75, 87.67, 12.33, 10.99, 2.50,48.84, 31.07 and 17.77 per cent at second stage respectively. Rumen digestibility of nutrient in theleaves of different varieties was highest and lowest and average value of DM were : 71.99 and59.08; OM : 74.5 and 60.7 ; NDF : 68.65 and 54.22; ADF : 61.50 and 44.49; HC : 98.36 and 74.55 andCP : 53.68 and 39.11 at first stage and at second stage DM : 64.94, and 56.59; OM : 65.38 and 57.42; NDF : 57.32 and 41.84; ADF :44.32 and 33.33; HC : 78.16 and 68.35 ; CP : 45.74 and 29.97 per cent.The value at first and second stage differed significantly ( P< 0.05 ). On the basis of over allnutrient analysis and scoring, the leaves of the varieties 103 and G-48 were found of high nutritivevalue as compared to other varieties.

033 Studies on the addition of malt sprout on feed intake, milk production and its composition incrossbred lactating cows - Manoj Singh and S.S. Chauhan, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,

Pantnagar- 263 145 (Uttaranchal)

Studies on crossbred lactating cows were conducted to test the milk production and itscomposition fed with a basal diet having green sorghum and wheat straw in a proportion of 60 :40 ad lib supplemented with concentrate mixtures fortified with different levels of malt sprout.Three types of balanced concentrate mixtures having 0, 5 and 10 per cent malt sprout in theircomposition were used. Eighteen crossbred cows were divided into three groups of six each onthe basis of their milk yield and state of lactation. The rations provided were isonitrogenous. Thefigures of DMI were 3.40±0.15 in T

1, 3.47±0.15 in T

2 and 3.62± 0.15 kg/100 kg body weight in T

3.

The overall average milk production was noted as highest in T3 (12.65±0.38) followed by T

2

(11.93±0.38) and T1 (11.90±0.38 litres). The differences were, however, not significant and the

average values of total solids were recorded as highest in T3 (12.87±0.07) followed by T

2 (12.78±0.07)

and least in T1 (12.76±0.07 per cent). The values of SNF in all the treatments were almost the same

i.e. 8.68±0.15 in T1 and T

3 and 8.72±0.15 per cent in T

2. Protein percentage was same in T

1 and T

2

(3.76±0.03 per cent) and a bit higher in T3 i.e. 3.79±0.03 per cent. The values of lactose were

4.20±0.15, 4.22±0.15 and 4.13±0.15 per cent in T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The differences

however, were not significant. It was concluded that malt sprout, a protein rich feed stuff can beadded in the concentrate mixtures of lactating crossbred cows @ 10% for making the rations moreeconomic and cheaper.


034 Effect of addition of malt sprout in the cattle concentrate mixtures on theperformance of crossbred heifers - Manoj Singh and S.S. Chauhan, Department of

Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,G.B. Pant University of

Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145 (Uttaranchal)

In a experiment conducted on eighteen crossbred heifers ranging between 8-18 months

of age were divided into three groups of six each. These animals were fed with a basal diet having

green sorghum and wheat straw in a proportion of 60 : 40 ad lib and three types of balancedconcentrate mixtures having 0, 5 and 10 per cent malt sprout in their composition. The mean

random glucose concentration was found highest (58.16 mg/dL) in treatment III and in the rest

two treatments, the level was the same (57.83). The serum total protein values were 7.59, 7.63 and7.68 g/dL in treatments I, II and III, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase was estimated as

73.0 international units (U/L) in treatment I, 71.5 in TII and 70.66 in T

III In the present study, the

values of SGPT were recorded as 17.85, 18.03, and 12.92±1.26 U/L in TI, T

II and T

III, respectively.

Whereas the values of first two treatments had no significant difference between them, in the III

treatment having 10% inclusion of malt sprout in their diet showed significantly less content of

the enzyme compared to both I and II treatments. The results indicated values of SGOT as 52.67in treatment I, 51.00 in treatment II and 42.66 U/L in treatment III. The first two values did not differ

significantly, however, the value in treatment III was significantly less compared to first two

treatments. The values of serum calcium in all the treatments were almost the same and did nothave statistical difference. The values were 9.52, 9.36 and 9.34 mg/dL in treatments I, II and III,

respectively. The values of phosphorus were noted as 5.65 in TI, 5.85 in T

II and 5.75 mg/dl in T

III.

The values of serum cholesterol were recorded as highest in TIII

(84.33) followed by TI (81.83) and

least in TII (81.66 mg/dl). It was concluded that malt sprout a protein rich non-conventional feed

stuff had no adverse effect as far as blood biochemistry of growing heifers was concerned.

035 Studies on possibilitiesof adding non-conventional feed ingredient in the rations of heifers -S.S. Chauhan and Manoj Singh, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and

Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145, Uttaranchal

An experiment was conducted on eighteen crossbred heifers ranging between 8-18

months of age divided into three groups of six each fed with a basal diet having green sorghum

and wheat straw in a proportion of 60 : 40 ad lib and three types of balanced concentrate mixtures

having 0, 5 and 10 per cent malt sprout as non-conventional feed ingredient in their composition.

The rations provided were isonitrogenous and near isocaloric. The highest value of daily gain (g/

day) was noted in treatment III (411.10±8.33 g) followed by treatment II (397.91±8.33 g) and I

(384.00±8.33 g). The value of treatment III was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the value of


treatment I. The values of treatment I and II were not significantly different from each other.Similarly, treatment III and II also did not show any significance. The figures of DMI were118.74±5.55 g in T

I, 122.16±5.55 in T

II and 113.88± 5.55 g per kg W0.75 in T

III. The FCR values were

recorded as 14.54±0.95 in the I, 15.58± 0.95 in the II and 14.45±0.95 in the III treatment. It wasconcluded that malt sprout, a protein rich non-conventional feed stuff can be added in theconcentrate mixtures of growing crossbred heifers for making the rations more economic and

cheaper.

036 Non-starch polysaccharides in different varities of maize, wheat and rice - Parminder Singh,

J.S. Chawla and S.S. Sikka, Deptt. of Vety. & Animal Husbandry Extension, Department of Animal

Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004 (Pb.)

Five varieties each of maize (Paras, Sartaj, Parkash, Parbhat and Bio-9637), wheat (PBW-34,PBW-154, PBW-343, WH-542 and TL-1210) and rice (PR-111, PR-113, PR-114, PR-115 and PR-116)were procured from the Department of Plant Breeding, PAU Ludhiana and analysed for theirinsoluble (LNSP), soluble (S.NSP) and total (T.NSP) non-starch polysaccharides contents. The I.NSP, S.NSP and T.NSP contents of different varieties of maize ranged from 8.46 to 8.70, 0.96 to 1.40and 9.53 to 10.10 per cent, respectively. The I. NSP of different varieties of maize did not differsignificantly, whereas, S.NSP and T.NSP of Bio-9637 and Parkash were statistically comparablebut significantly (P®0.05) more than the S.NSP and T.NSP contents of Paras, Sartaj and Parbhat.Similarly, the I. NSP, S.NSP and T.NSP contents of different varieties of wheat ranged from 8.50 to12.40, 2.50 to 3.66 and 11.00 to 16.06 per cent, respectively. The I. NSP, S.NSP and T.NSP ofTL-1210 variety of wheat were significantly (P®0.05) more than all the other varieties of wheat.The LNSP, S.NSP and T.NSP of PBW-343 variety of wheat were significantly (P®0.05) less thanPBW-34 variety but significantly (P®0.05) more than the varieties of PBW154 and WH-542. TheNSP contents of PBW-154 and WH-542 were statistically similar. The LNSP, S.NSP and T.NSPcontents of different varieties of rice ranged from 0.75 to 0.90, 0.17 to 0.31 and 0.93 to 1.21 per cent,respectively, and these differences were statistically non-significant. The results of the presentstudy indicated that there is considerable variation in NSP contents among different varieties ofmaize and wheat and varieties which possess less amount of NSP should be included in therations of commercial broilers.

037 Regional variation in the availability of feed resources in Karnataka state- a case study -S. Anandan, S.S. Raju, U.B. Angadi and K.S. Ramachandra, National Institute of Animal

Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030

The overall availability of feed resources in the state was to the tune of 40.3 million tones

(Crop residues 29.9 million tones, greens 7.8 million tones, Concentrates 2.6 million tones). Crop

residues constituted the major share of the dry matter. Sugarcane tops accounted for the largestcontribution for the crop residues (32%) followed by maize stover (16%), rice straw (15%),


sorghum kadbi (12%) and ragi straw (11%). In the districts of Dharwad, Bagalkote, Belgaum, Bidar

and Mandya sugarcane tops was the major source of crop residues accounting for more than the

50% of the total crop residues. Rice straw was the major crop residue in the districts of Dakshina

Kannada (93%), Kodagu (86%), Uttar Kannada (84%), Udupi (80%) Shimoga (49%), Raichur

(49%), Koppal (41%) and Mysore (38%). Oil cakes constitute a major share of the available

concentrates in the state followed by grains, brans and chuni. However, in the districts of Gulbarga

and Bidar, which are the major pulse, growing districts, the availability of chunis were higher than

the brans. In Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada, the predominantly rice growing districts; the

availability of bran was higher than the cakes. The potential dry matter availability increased from

6 Kg/RLU/day to 8 Kg/RLU/day for the period 1985 - 86 to 1997 - 98. The increased dry matter

availability was chiefly due to increase in the crop residues. The dry matter availability has

increased over the years in the districts of Northern Karnataka along with Dharwad, Hassan and

Mysore. Apart from the coastal districts the districts of Bangalore rural,

Bangalore urban, Tumkur and Hassan were deficient in DM availability. It is clearly evident that

the scenario with regard to the availability of feed resources in the states vis a vis districts within

the state are quite varied and there is a strong need to assess the feed resources at the district

level for formulating and implementing meaningful livestock developmental activities

038 Chemical composition of grass, legume and tree leaves under silvipasture system - K.S. Murthy,

K.S. Dutta, R.M. Javia, M.M. Roy, K.R. Tajane and R.R. Shah, Cattle Breeding Farm, Gujarat

Agricultural University, Junagadh-362 001

A 3 tier silvopasture system was established using tree species, legumes and grasses

under treatments (1) Natural pasture (NP), (2) Reseeded pasture (RP) and (3) Sown pasture (SP).

Reseeding and sowing was done with grasses Dicanthium coricosum (DC) and Cenchrus ciliaris

(CC) and legumes Stylosanthes hamata (SH) and Stylosanthes scabra (SS). Common tree species

such as Azadirechta indica (AI), Ziziphus mauritiana (ZM), Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and

Acacia nitolica (AN) were planted in each treatment. Samples of grasses, legumes and tree leaves

were analyzed for their chemical composition. The CP content was estimated to be 5.48, 4.79,

13.13, 10.78, 16.96, 9.995, 17.67, 15.05, 4.87 and 6.08 % respectively for CC, DC, SH, SS, AI, ZM, LL,

AN, NP and RP. Corresponding values for EE, CF, TA and NFE were found to be 2.69, 1.76, 4.83,

4.25, 1.92, 1.84, 4.41, 2.73, 3.57, 3.98, 31.87, 31.52, 31.45, 35.70, 10.40, 22.08, 21.21, 15.30, 25.67, 28.61,

10.27, 15.28, 7.74, 10.25, 13.39, 13.48, 11.27, 10.52, 13.28, 15.48 and 49.69, 46.65, 42.85, 39.02, 57.33,

52.65, 45.44, 56.40, 52.61, 46.05%. It can be concluded that legumes such as SH and SS and tree

leaves such those of AI, LL and AN are good source of protein, carbohydrates and ash.


039 Chemical composition and voluntary intake of baru (Sorghum halipensis) grass in Gir animals-K.S. Murthy, K.S. Dutta, K.R. Tajane, R.R. Shah, P.S. Dalal & K.Ravikala,Cattle Breeding Farm,

Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagadh-362 001

Baru (Sorghum helepensis ) is widely found after the onset of monsoon on the bunds of

agriculture fields. This wild jowar though considered as a weed by farmers is widely used as

fodder by dairy farmers. Plants of this species grow very rapidly and become less palatable and

fibrous after flowering. Flowering takes place after 45 days. Chemical composition of baru

immediately after flowering was in the order crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free

extract, ash, silica, phosphorus and calcium, 4.1, 1.8, 35.8, 47.0, 11.3, 9.8, 0.09 and 0.38, respectively

on dry matter basis. HCN content was 16.0 mg/100 g dry matter. Van Soest fibre fractions NDS,

NDF, Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 23.72, 76.28, 50.91, 26.72, 49.37, 7.09 per cent on dry

matter basis, respectively. Silage was prepared of baru at flowering stage and the chemical

composition of silage was 3.8, 2.2, 35.0, 46.6, 12.4, 0.19, 0.45, respectively for crude protein, ether

extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, ash silica, phosphorus and calcium on dry matter basis.

Silage was quite palatable and HCN content was 12.4 mg/100 g dry matter. The silage was offered

to dry adult animals of this farm and voluntary intake was 13.4 kg/day.

040 Effect of using urea treated wheat straw as complete feed under loose housing sytem on theperformance of crossbred heifers - S.K. Singh, S.K. Pachauri, and R.P.S. Baghel,Department

of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, JNKVV, Jabalpur

Eighteen crossbred heifers were distributed to three treatments. Treatment I was used

as control, where as treatment II and III were fed complete feed “Sani” based on wheat

straw+concentrate mixture and urea treated wheat straw+concentrate mixture, respectively. The

study was conducted for the period of 60 days inclusive of 7 days digestion trial. The complete

feed “Sani” contained 12% CP and 1.95 Meal ME/kg as recommended by Kearl (1982). The CP and

ME content of concentrate mixture fed to control were 21.5% & 2.4 Mcal/kg. The CP content of

“Sani” based on 4% urea treated wheat straw was raised to 7.45% from 3.25% with proportionate

reduction in the CF (36.5 to 35.5) and NFE (47.5 to 43.5) content. Significantly, (P<0.05) higher DM

intake was more in heifers of III. Significantly, (P<0.05) higher wt. gain (g/day) was observed in

treatment III .The digestibilities of were found significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment III. Cost

of feeding per kg body weight gain was calculated as Rs. 26.50, 27.38 and 26.92 for treatment I, II

and III, respectively. Complete feed “Sani” raised slightly the feed cost/kg gain but in heifer

faster gain is desired and this slight increase in the cost will be compensated by way of early

puberty and maturity, which are economical traits.


041 Land Utilization, Feed Resources, Feeding Practices, Milk Production and Disposal Pattern infew districts of North Bihar - R.K. Sohane, P.B. Jha, Asha Kumari, and Ayodhya Prasad, Rajendra

Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur - 848 125

A survey was conducted in the year 2000-2001 in some selected districts of North Bihar,to have a holistic view of the farms, feed and feeding practices, milk production and disposal etc.The data on these aspects were collected from 100 farmers of different categories (small, mediumand rich farmers) on especially designed proforma. The study revealed that the average landholding (acres) and the proportion (%) of irrigated area of small, medium and rich farmers were1.19, 4.12 and 12.13; 79.15, 93.10 and 76.90, respectively. Manual method of harvestingpredominated among the different categories of the farmers. Wheat and paddy were the maincereals crops grown by the farmers and that the proportion (%) of area under wheat was morethan paddy. it was also indicated that farmers of different categories were using wheat and paddystraw as the main roughages and that there was more use of home mixed ration in animal feeding.Wheat and maize grains were the main ingredients of home mixed ration with very limited use ofoil seeds (linseed/tori cake). Berseem, oat and sorghum were the main green fodder crops grownby different categories of farmers. Farmers were feeding crop residues, green fodder, andconcentrate in sanni (mixed form) and there was more use of common salt than mineral mixture.The overall average number of milch cows and buffaloes per farmers was 1.40 and 0.597,respectively whereas the overall average milk production (lit/cow or lit/buffaloes) of cow andbuffaloes was 7.70 and 4.95, respectively. Among the cows, the crossbred cows gave the highestaverage milk production (8.25 lit/cow) while among the buffaloes, the non-descript buffaloesgave the highest average milk production (4.66 litres/buffaloes). Majority of farmers (30.66%)sold milk through cooperative societies. It appeared that the main constraints for dairy farming,were the availability of limited land to grow the fodder crops, poor knowledge of scientificfeeding, lack of veterinary care, low prices of milk, high bank interest on loan and othergynaecological problem etc.

042 Prediction of the efficiency of in vitro ruminal microbial production of different cultivars ofrice straw by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) - K.V. S.V. Prasad1, A.K. Pattanaik, N. Dutta,

B.C. Viraktamath2, K. Sharma, and M. Blummel1, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,

Izatnagar-243-122

NIRS is successfully used in crop improvement programs to reduce often-laboriousconventional laboratory analyses. Chemical measurements, in vitro digestibilitymeasurements and more recently extent and rate of in vitro gas production were accuratelypredicted by NIRS. The present work explored the use of NIRS (FOSS Analyzer 5000 withsoftware WinISI II) for the prediction of the efficiency of in vitro ruminal microbial production - an1 International Livestock Research Institute, South Asia Project, Patancheru-502 324;2 Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad-500 030


important fodder quality trait - in crop improvement programs. Leaves, stems and whole plants of32 cultivars of rice were investigated. Efficiency of ruminal microbial production was calculatedfrom combined in vitro gas volumes and true organic matter degradability measurements at timesof microbial peak production. Efficiency of microbial production was estimated as the ratio of mgof organic matter truly degraded to ml gas produced by it and termed partitioning factor (PF).Time of microbial peak production was estimated as the time of half-maximum gas production(t½) using a derivation of the sigmoidal Gompertz model y = AS * exp(-exp[(2718 MR *)*(LAG-t) + I)]]. The108 rice straw leaves, stems and whole plants were split into a NIRS calibration and validation seteach consisting of 54 straw samples. The NIRS calibration set was used to develop equationswith which to blind-predict the 54 straw samples in the validation set. The agreement betweenNIRS predicted PF values and actually measured ones was R2 = 0.94 with a standard error ofprediction of 0.1. It is concluded that NIRS can be used to predict in vitro efficiency of microbial

production in rice improvement work.

043 Evaluation of genetic variability of rice cultivars for better straw quality by in vitro gasproduction technique - A.K. Pattanaik, N. Dutta, Ch. Ramakrishna Reddy1, B.C. Viraktamath2,

K. Sharma, and M. Blummel1 Department of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research

Institute, Izatnagar-243-122 (U.P.)

The overall objective of this work was to explore the genetic variability in promising ricecuItivars for better straw quality. Thirty-two rice cultivars (7 boro and 25 hybrids) grown from

DOR were used for in vitro gas production test. The leaves, stems and whole plants of each

cultivar was incubated as per standard protocol, and accumulated gas volumes were measured at3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 48, 72 and 96 hours postincubation in order to estimate the true digestibility

of organic matter (TDOM

) and the rate and extent of gas production. Consistent and significant

differences were observed for various gas production variables among the genotypes as well asplant parts viz. lag phase, maximum rate of gas production, rate and extent of gas production, time

for microbial peak production (estimated as time for half-maximum gas production, t½), and

efficiency of microbial production (estimated as mg of organic matter truly degraded per ml gasproduced, PF

OM)’ Straw of rice cultivars also differed significantly in their TD

OM (measured at t½),

and the genotype with higher straw yield (kg DM/ha) also had the better digestibility (R2 = 0.78;

P<0.0001). Further, digestibility of whole plant was found to be positively correlated with t½ (R2=0.87; P<0.0001), PF

OM (R2 = 0.79; P<0.0001) and yield (kg/ha) of digestible stover (R2 = 0.81;

P<0.0001). A significant variation was also evident in the energy (watts) required for grinding of

different straw samples. Based on the findings, it is concluded that rice germ plasm has sufficientgenetic variability to enable the nutritive value of the straw to be improved through breeding

without any apparent biological barriers.1 Intemational Livestock Research Institute, South Asia Project, Patancheru 502 324;

2 Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500 030


044 Chemical composition of tree leaves used as fodder in Mizoram - K.C. Das, S. Malik1 and

P.K. Subudhi2, Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal

Husbandry, Central Agricultural University Selesih, Aizawl (Mizoram)

Twelve (12) tree leaves of Mizoram used as fodder for cattle by the natives viz. Artocarpusheterophyllus (Jackfruit), Bauhinia vahlii (Maljhan), Bauhinia variegata (Mountain ebony),Callicarpa arborea (Ghiwala), Cinnamomum tamala (Indian cassia), Clerodendron infortunatum(Bhant), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree), Macaranga peltata (Binunga gum tree), Mangiferasylvatica (Wild mango), Musa sylvatica (wild banana), Panicum plicata and Trema orientalis(Charcoal tree); were collected and analyzed for DM, CP, EE, TA, CF and NFE. Among thedifferent tree leaves analyzed; the percentage of DM, CP, EE, TA, CF and NFE (all on DM basisexcept DM) varied from 14.28 to 50.0, 9.41 to 23.68, 0.87 to 4.27 ,3.68 to 21.88, 6.09 to 30.97 and 41.06to 66.02 respectively. CP content was higher in leaves of Trema orientalis, Bauhinia variegataand Bauhinia vahlii. Leaves of Mangifera sylvatica, Panicum plicata and Cinnamomum tamalacontained lower quantity of CP. Leaves of Cinnamomum lamala, Hevea brasiliensis and Bauhiniavahlii contained higher EE whereas leaves of Trema orientalis and Artocarpus heterophylluscontained lower EE. Leaves of Musa sylvatica and Trema orientalis contained higher TAindicating higher content of minerals. Leaves of Panicum plicata, Cinnamomum tamala andMangifera sylvatica contained higher CF whereas leaves of Macaranga peltata, Bauhiniavahlii and Callicarpa arborea contained higher NFE compared to the other tree leaves. In thispreliminary study, the results suggest that tree leaves of Trema orientalis, Bauhinia variegataand Bauhinia vahlii may be fed as rich source of protein. The leaves of Cinnamon lamala,Bauhinia vahlii and Macaranga peltata may be fed as rich source of energy to cattle.

045 Nutritional characteristics of bamboo leaves used as fodder in Tripura - Chander Datt,

M. Niranjan, Aruna Chhabra3 K.R. Dhiman4,ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region,Tripura

Centre, P.O. Lambucherra 799 210 Tripura (W)

Several species of bamboo leaves are being used as fodder in Tripura particularlyduring the lean period of November to April. Seven species of bamboo leaves were collected andtheir chemical composition and in vitro digestibility values were determined. These speciesincluded Bambusa pallida,B.nana,B.Nutan B.Cacherensis,Dendrocalamus hamiltonii,D. sikkimensis and M. bambusoids. The DM content varied from 49.79 to 55.21 per cent and themean value was 52.71±0.75 per cent. The values (DM basis) for OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE and total ashwere 83.89±0.66, 12.42±0.69, 1.39±0.07,25.28±0.78, 44.04±0.83 and 16.11±0.66 per cent,respectively. The analysis of cell wall showed the average values of 73.01±0.58, 41.61±1.51,31.40±1.13, 32.15±0.99 and 5.59±0.43 for NDF, ADF, hemicellulose,cellulose and acid detergentlignin. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD)ranged from 34.98 to 43.45 per cent and from 37.13 to 46.51 per cent, respectively. The highestIVDMD and IVOMD values were observed in B.nutan while the lowest values were recorded inD.sikkimensis.1 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetic; 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology; 4 ICAR Res.Complexfor NEN Region, Umiam, Meghalaya; 3 DCN Division, NDRI Karnal Haryana.


046 Nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility of different cultivars of paddy straw - Chander

Datt, Aruna Chhabra1, M.Niranjan, K.Chattopadhyaya, K.R.Dhiman2 and N.P. Singh, ICAR

Research complex for NEH Region,Tripura Centre, Lembucherra- 799 210 Tripura (W)

Paddy straw constitutes about ninety per cent of the total dry roughages available forruminants in Tripura. Twenty four varieties/cultivars/lines grown in the experimental plots ofPlant Breeding Division of this Centre were analyzed for straw quality in terms of chemicalcomposition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) organic matter digestibility (IVOMD).These cultivars included C-10, RCM-9, RCM-10, RCM-11, RCM-12, Ngoba, RCPL-1-84-4, Pyzumwhite, Pyzum red, TRC-02-2, NDR-97, TOX-3241, Binni, Kali Kasha etc.Proximate evaluationshowed the value of 85.69±0.38, 4.71±0.18, 1.22±0.02, 29.51±0.44. 49.75±0.53 and 14.81±0.38 percent (DM basis) for OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, and total ash, respectively. The mean values for NDF,ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and acid detergent lignin were 72.57±1.10, 46.34±0.72, 26.30±0.58,33.69±0.65 and 5.23±0.09 per cent, respectively. IVDMD values varied from 37.85 to 54.78 per centwith an overall value of 45.91±1.10. The mean IVOMD value was 47.63±1.08 per cent varying from39.63 to 56.10 per cent. Wide variations were recorded among the varieties in terms of nutrientcomposition and digestibility under in vitro conditions.

047 Variation in chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of various cultivarsof maize as fodder - Chander Datt, M. Niranjan, K.Chattopadhyaya, K.R. Dhiman3 and

Aruna Chhabra4, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region , Tripura Centre,P .0. Lembucherra

- 799 210, Tripura (W)

A study was conducted in order to determine the chemical composition and in vitro drymatter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility of ten cultivars of maize includingsome varieties and their crosses (F

1) grown at plant Breeding Division of the Centre. These

varieties/crosses included Naveen, Jhum Black, Jhum Black x Naveen, Jhum Yellow, Jhum Red,Jhum Red Naveen, Prakash x Jhum Black, Jhum Yellow x Naveen, Prakash and Prakash x JhumRed. The mean values (range in parenthesis) were 89.31±0.42 (86.51-91.35),8.57±0.28(7.29-9.80)1.31±0.07 (1.07-1.66), 25.53±0.55 (22.09-28.07), 53.90±0.66 (50.28-58.15) and 10.69±0.42 (8.65-13.49)per cent (DM basis) for OM,CP,EE,CF,NFE and total ash, respectively. Cell wall compositionshowed the average values (range in parenthesis) to be 59.01±1.09 (53.10-64.53), 36.18±1.02(30.23-41.94), 22.83±0.04 (17.49-25.91), 27.67±1.15 (22.29-33.69) and 3.66±0.20 (2.92-4.73) per centfor NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, respectively. IVDMD and IVOMD valuesranged from 53.61 to 65.87 per cent and from 55.90 to 68.23 per cent with average values of60.37±1.27 and 62.49±1.09 per cent, respectively. The variety Jhum yellow and its cross withNaveen showed the highest IVDMD and IVOMD values while the lowest digestibility wasobserved in Prakash x Jhum Black.1,4 DCN Division NDRI,Karnal,Haryana; 2,3ICAR Res.Complex for NEH Region,Umiam,Meghalaya


048 Effect of urea treatment on in-situ disappearence of cell wall constituents of crop residues intwo different rumen environments - Sheela Choudhary1, O.P. Mathur and Ajay Singh,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan

Agricultural University, Bikaner - 334 001

Three adult Nali rams fistulated at rumen were used for in situ studies. Two different

rumen environments were created by manipulating the dietary regime. Significant (P<0.05) effect

of change in rumen environment was observed on pH, TVFA, total protozoal count and rumen

ammonia concentration. The extent of disappearance and effective degradability of NDF, ADF,

hemicellulose and cellulose of treated and untreated crop residues i.e. Jowar Sorghum vulgarie)

and Bajra (Pennisetum typhodium) were determined in both rumen environments by incubating

samples for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours in each rumen environment. The trends of disappearance of

NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were similar in jowar and bajra straws. The values of

disappearance were minimum in untreated straws and maximum for 4 percent urea treated straws

in both rumen environments. The effective degradability of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and

cellulose were maximum at 48 hours of incubation for 4 percent urea treated straws in RE-II.

049 Nutritional evaluation of mustard straw based complete feed in sheep - R. K. Dhuria, G.R. Purohit,

T. Sharma, R.S. Arya, and D.D. Garg, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and

Animal Science, Rajasthan AgriculturalUniversity, Bikaner-334 001

Three iso-nitrogenous complete feed containing Mustard straw at 40 (T1), 50 (T

2) and 60

(T3) level were formulated and evaluated using 18 male sheep in completely randomized design.

The effects of feeding of complete feed were evaluated in terms of dry matter intake, digestibility

of dry matter & gross nutrients, and intake of digestible nutrients. The dry matter intake was

recorded to be 853, 815 and 788 g/day, respectively for T1, T

2 and T

3. There were non-significant

differences among the feeds in apparent digestibility of all nutrients except NFE. Increasing the

Mustard straw in the complete feed decreased the nutrients except NFE. Increasing the Mustard

straw in the complete feed decreased the digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE but increased the

digestibility of CF, NDF, ADF and Hemicellulose. All animals were in positive N, Ca and P

balances. The DCP and TDN contents of complete feeds were 10.40 and 57.45; 9.89 and 54.26 and

9.12 and 53.00 per cent, respectively for T1 to T

3. It can be concluded that the optimum level of

inclusion of Mustard straw as roughage source is 60 % with out any adverse effect on voluntary

feed intake, nutrient balance and utilization in sheep.

1 Assistant Professor, Apx Centre, 68- Officers Campus, Krishna Marg, Khatipura-12 Jaipur


050 Nutritional evaluation of common herbs of Chhattisgarh plain - Abhijeet Wankhede and

R.K. Jain1, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal

Husbandry, Durg- 491001

The samples of commonly available eight varieties of herbs ( Altemathera sessilis,

Cocculus hirsutus, Desmodium diffusum, Dolichus falcatus,Malachra capitata, Phaseolus

trilobus, Tephrosia purpurea, Teramus labialis) were collected from different locations of Durg

and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh plain during the months of Nov. - Jan. and evaluated

for nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate principles, fibre fractions, presence of natural

toxicants and In vitro digestibility. The results of the study indicated that the OM content of

herbs leaves ranged from 77.02 to 93.26% averaging 86.72±2.17%. The mean values (range in

parenthesis) for CP, EE, CF, NFE, TA, Ca, P and AIA were 16.24±1.15 (12.66 - 21.65), 3.46±0.13

(2.99-4.01), 10.10±0.54 (7.26-11.60), 57.11±2.39 (46.19-65.50), 13.26±2.17 (6.74-22.98), 2.67±0.37

(1.39-4.31), 0.27±0.08 (0.17-0.47) and 0.32±0.02 (0.21-0.41) percent on dry matter basis,

respectively. The CP content was highest in D.falcatus leaves with the lowest value for A.sessilis.

The leaves of C.hirsutus contained the highest percentage of fibre while it was the lowest in

D.falcuts. There was a large variation in Ash content. The Ca content was highest in M.capitata

leaves whereas lowest in the T.purpurea. The almost all herbs leaves studied were found to be

rich in crude protein and Ca, while low in Phosphorus. The data of cell wall and cell

constituents of different herbs leaves indicated that the mean values (range in parenthesis) for

cell contents, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 45.71±2.34 (39.47-55.63),

54.35±2.36 (44.37-60.53), 35.32±3.36 (21.20-46.51), 22.06±2.81 (14.18-32.64), 18.9±2.32 (12.15-28.92)

and 11.51±1.88 (5.95- 20.40)% on DM Basis, respectively. The cell content was highest in T.labialis

and lowest in P.trilobus leaves. The value of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were lowest in

M.capitata leaves. The leaves of D.diffusum contained the highest percentage of lignin. The

mean values (range in parenthesis) among different herbs species for oxalate, saponin and tannin

contents were 1.33±0.19 (0.71-2.15), 2.66±0.36 (1.35-3.40) and 1.25±0.02 (1.20-1.60) percent on dry

matter basis, respectively. The oxalate and tannins contents were highest in C.hirsutus, while

saponin in Asessilis leaves. The mean values (range in parenthesis) of in vitro digestibility for

DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF for different species of herbs were 41.04±2.60 (33.17-47.90), 44.49±2.29

(38.09-52.82), 40.82±3.61 (26.99-49.55), 39.57±3.45 (27.23-52.28) and 44.30±3.28 (32.75-57.90)

percent on DM basis, respectively. The highest values of in vitro digestibility of DM, CP and

ADF were found in C.hirsutus leaves. The leaves of T.purparea and M.capitata were highest in

IVOMD and IVNDFD values, respectively.1 College of Veterinary Sci. & A.H. Mhow (M.P.)


051 Nutritional evaluation of common shrubs of chhattisgarh plain - Abhijeet Wankhede and R.K.Jain1,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Durg- 491 001

The samples of commonly available eight varieties of shrubs (Acacia nilotica,

Aeschynomene indica Linn, Desmodium brachystachyum, Mucuna prorits, Sesbania uliginosa,

Seda acuta, Urena lobate and Ziziphus nummalaria.) were collected from different locations of

Durg and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh plain and evaluated for nutritional characteristics

in terms of proximate principles, fibre fractions, presence of natural toxicants and in vitro

digestibility. The proximate analysis of different species of shrubs revealed that the OM content

of shrubs leaves ranged from 81.73 to 93.22% averaging 89.31±0.01%. The mean values (range in

parentheses) for CP, EE, CF, NFE, TA, Ca, P and AIA were 17.78±2.40 (11.81-27.58), 3.00±0.56

(1.33-4.98), 14.57±3.60 (6.87-28.10), 53.94±2.34 (48.38-68.84), 10.69±1.40 (6.68-18.27), 2.37±0.33

(1.60-4.19), 0.24±0.02 (0.17-0.35) and 0.34±0.04 (0.20-0.56) percent on dry matter basis,

respectively. The CP content was highest in S.uligiona leaves with the lowest value for A.indica.

The leaves of Z.nummalaria contained the highest percentage of fibre while it was the lowest in

U.lobats. The ash content was highly variable. The most of the shrubs leaves were also found to

be rich in crude protein and calcium while low in Phosphorus. The results of cell wall and cell

constituents for different shrubs leaves revealed that the mean values (range in parenthesis) for

cell contents, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 49.20±3.77 (38.24-65.39),

49.43±4.01 (34.61-59.10), 30.74±4.71 (15.41-44.91), 12.77±0.59 (4.37-29.42),19.86±4.00 (7.13-36.46)

and 14.47±2.58 (6.07-22.15)% on dry matter basis, respectively. The cell content was highest in

U.lobata with the lowest value for A.indica leaves. The leaves of A.indica contained highest

percentage of NDF, ADF and cellulose among all other species of shrubs. The D.brachystachyum

leaves contained highest Lignin with the lowest value in S.acuta. The mean values (range in

parenthesis) in different varieties of shrubs for oxalate, saponin and tannin contents were 0.88±0.11

(0.39-1.21), 2.810.28 (1.61-3.43) and 1.39±0.04 (1.16-1.71) percent on dry matter basis, respectively.

The leaves of A.indica, M.prurits and U.lobata were highest in oxalate, saponin and tannin

contents, respectively .The mean values (range in parenthesis) of in vitro digestibility for DM,

OM, CP, NDF, and ADF for different species of shrubs were 43.86±5.04 (29.55-65.51), 47.38±4.58

(30.69-65.00), 35.70±2.59 (26.73-45.56), 41.12±3.61 (25.71-52.66) and 36.33±1.64 (31.12-41.28)

percent on DM basis, respectively. The highest values of in vitro digestibility of DM, OM, CP

were seen in S.uliginosa while NDF and ADF in A.indica and M.prutita leaves, respectively.1 College of Veterinary Sci. & A.H. Mhow (M.P.)


052 Nutritional evaluation of common tree leaves of Chhattisgarh plain - Abhijeet Wankhede and

R.K. Jain1, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,

Durg- 491 001

The samples of commonly available eight varieties of tree leaves (Acacia leucophloea,

Albizzia lebbek, Albizzia thomsoni, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus glomerate, Ficus retusa, Terminalia

arjuna,. Salmalia melabaricum.) were collected from different locations of Durg and Rajnandgaon

districts of Chhattisgarh plain and evaluated for nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate

principles, fibre fractions, presence of natural toxicants and in vitro digestibility. Among different

varieties of tree leaves the OM content ranged from 80.83 to 89.12% averaging 85.83±1.25%. The

mean values (range in parenthesis) for CP, EE, CF, NFE, TA, Ca, P and AIA were 12.45±1.37

(7.64-18.00), 2.85±0.23 (1.89-3.75), 15.87±2.63 (6.81-24.91), 54.69±3.72 (42.69-68.89), 14.20±1.24

(10.96-19.17), 2.99±0.32 (1.98-4.19), 0.19±0.02 (0.11-0.26) and 0.41±0.25 (0.13-1.34) percent on dry

matter basis, respectively. Most of the tree leaves were rich in CP and all most all leaves were high

in Ca, while low in P content. The Ca : P ratio in tree leaves was very wide. The results of cell wall

and cell constituents for different tree leaves revealed that the mean values (range parenthesis)

for cell wall and cell constituents in tree leaves for cell contents, NDF, ADF, cellulose,

hemicellulose and lignin were 40.31±1.89 (34.43-46.31), 59.69±1.89 (53.69-65.57), 45.63±4.62

(24.50-57.09), 17.41±3.24 (4.94-29.06), 13.32±4.19 (3.67-33.46) and 22.98±2.21 (16.25-33.11) percent

on dry matter basis, respectively. The cell content was significantly highest in S.melabaricum

leaves with the lowest value for A.lebbek. The highest value of cellulose was found in F.retusa.

The lignin content was very high in all most all tree leaves. The mean values (range in

parenthesis) in various varieties of tree leaves for oxalate, saponin and tannin contents were

0.81±0.22 (0.30-2.07), 3.12±0.21 (2.29-4.07) and 1.39±0.04 (1.24-1.53) percent on dry matter basis,

respectively. The highest values of oxalate, saponin and Tannin were found in leaves of

S.melabaricum, A.leucophloea and A.thomsoni, respectively. The leaves of F.bengalensis were

similar in tannin content with A.thomsoni. The mean values (range in parenthesis) of in vitro

digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF for different species of tree leaves were 28.71±1.55

(23.00-32.70), 31.55±1.72 (24.0436.91), 30.05±3.35 (23.26-41.94), 34.08±3.37 (20.67-48.13) and

33.57±2.73 (24.27-43.35) percent on dry matter basis, respectively. The leaves of S.melabaricum,

F.glomerata, A.lebbek and T.arjuna were highest in in vitro digestibility of DM, OM, CP and

NDF, respectively. The IVADFD value was highest is leaves of T.arjuna.

1 College of Veterinary Sci. & A.H. Mhow (M.P.)


053 Variability in nutrient composition of wheat straw (Triticum sativum) during draught in Jaipurand adjoining areas -Vishnu Sharma1, Jyoti Phalod2, B.K.Sharma, Sanjita Sharma and Seema Middha2,

Apex Centre (RAU), SFS, IV sector, Mansarovar, Jaipur

The quality control of bulk feed stuffs is the major concern during drought. An

experiment was planned and 38 samples of wheat straw were analyzed in duplicate for their

nutrient composition. The samples were collected from different places of Jaipur city and vicinityarea. The range of CP, CF, EE, NFE, TA, AIA and ASA was 3.06-3.94, 32.0-40.0, 0.5-1.0,

46.54-56.56, 6.5-12.5, 3.0-9.0 and 2.5-7.0 per cent Mean+ SE values were 3.67+0.042, 35.39+0.34,

0.65+0.03, 51.17+0.44, 9.44+0.32, 1.32+0.21 and 4.74+0.24, respectively. The coefficient ofVariance was observed maximum 31.12 for ASA followed by 28.19, 21.38, 15.80, 7.12, 5.92 and 5.32

for AIA, TA, EE, CP, CF and NFE. It was inferred that during drought time maximum variation was

observed in ash contents whereas carbohydrates were least variable.

054 Role of Arid Browse Shrubs in Animal Production in Western Rajasthan - J.P. Singh, B.C.

Mondal and R.K. Beniwal, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Institute,

Bikaner-334 004

Browse shrubs play an important role in the leaf forage production or arid ecosystem.They provide forage resource to livestock and wild life during periods of scarcity when most ofthe grasses dried up. In extreme climatic situation, browse constitute the only source of greenforage to provide supplements of protein and energy.Jharberi (Ziziphus nummularia) shrub iswell known species by providing the quality leaf fodder in arid and semi-arid region. This shrubis important, as its dried leaves localy called as Pala, are rich in digestive CP and minerals play avital role in increasing the carrying capacity of poor scrub grazing lands. Other arid browseshrubs like Lana, (Halozylon salicornicum), Phog (Calligonum polygonoides), Bawli (Acaciajacquemontii) and Luni (Salsola barvosma) are also traditionally utilized by the farmers asfodder for livestock along with other forages, In view of this attention was given to collect andevaluate the native diversity of these and shrubs for their role in livestock production in westernAttention. was also given to gather the information regarding traditional system ofutilization of these species and their impact on livestock production in the area. For example driedphylloclade of Phog (C. polygonoides) locally called as Lasoo are collected and fed to livestockespecially camels in the lean period and severe drought condition. Its fruits also form a nourishingfeed for milch cattle and camels. The dried pods and seeds of Bawli (Acacia Jacquemontii) aresupposed to increase the milk yield. Therefore, these browse species can be considered as asupplement to protein deficient pastures and further add to the productivity and carrying capacity ofarid grasslands by providing quality forage during the lean period and prolonged droughtcondition.1 8/C-54, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Phatak, Jaipur, Rajasthan; 2 Nutrition Laboratory, (Govt. of Raj.),Jaipur,Rajasthan.


055 Chemical Composition Haloxylon salicornicum Used as Animal Feed in Western Rajasthan -B.C. Mondal and J.P. Singh, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station,

Bikaner, Rajasthan

Woody perennials are the important component in livestock production system in arid

region. Haloxylon salicornicum locally known as Lana, is a multipurpose shrub particularly inJaisalmer and Bikaner districts of western Rajasthan. It is browsed by animals especially camelsand much preferred in the fruiting stage. The green twigs called. as Kanti are not liked by cattlebut browsed by camel and goats. It has high percentage of green foliage during the lean periodand provides the browse materials to livestock and wild life. It is believed that milk production incattle increases after feeding its Fuli (fruiting tops) along with Guar Phalkati (cluster bean) andLasu of Phog (Calligonum polygonoides). In winter when grasses dry up, its green twigs fulfillmineral as well as water requirement of the animals. As a fodder H. salicornicum has highnutritional value with high protein content at fruiting stage. Samples of Lana were collected fromdifferent places of Bikaner district of western Rajasthan. Dried and ground samples were analysedfor its chemical composition. Fruiting top of Lana contain higher CP, total ash, and EE in compari-son to its twig where as carbohydrate (TCHO) and fibre fraction (NDF, ADF) were higher in twigthan its fruiting top. Protein contents in fruiting tops ranged from 14 - 19 whereas in twigs 12 to15%. It is a good source of protein (CP), inorganic constituents (Total ash) and carbohydrate(TCHO) and can be used as animals feed by partial replacement of concentrate mixture eitheralone or mixing with other feed/feed ingredients. In this paper potential of H. salicornicum for its

forage value is assessed and evaluated for its potential in livestock production in arid region.

056 Feeding Vilayati Babool (Prosopis julilflora) Pods to Marwari Goats in Arid Region - B. K.Mathur and S. R. Siyak, Shailesh Paharia and H.C. Bohra, Division of Animal Science and Forage

Production, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur

Ten (10) goats in late lactation were divided into two group of 5 each i.e. groupI control and group II treatment. Animals of each group were offered weighed quantity ofroughage and concentrate on as such basis (consisting of 35% grinded bajara, 40% tumba seedcake and 25% groundnut cake). However, in treatment group 35% bajra in concentrate wasreplaced by Prosopis juliflora pod powder (PJPP) making ration near about isocaloric.Trail wascarried out for 4 weeks. The DMI/100kg body weight per day in control group varies from3.045±0.02 to 3.28±0.01 kg and treatment group 3.28±0.03 to 3.59±0.01 kg respectively. Waterintake/100 body weight per day of control group varied from 3.89±0.02 to 6.09±1.3 liter, where astreatment group 4.72±0.29 to 6.99±1.82 liter, respectively. The milk yield and blood constituteswere more or less similar for both group. Initial average body weight of the control and treatmentgroup was 30.82±2.16 to 28.36±2.29 kg and final body weight was 31.32±1.83 and 29.24±2.81 kg,respectively. Study showed that PJPP can be used up to 35% in the concentrate of goats. Nosignificant effect was observed on blood parameters and milk yield of goats in late lactation,during extremes of summer in arid zone.


057 Effect of feeding honge (Pongamia glabra) seed cake on blood and urine constituents ofgrowing lambs - T.M.Prabhu1, V.R.B. Sastry and A. Kannan, Division of Animal Nutrition,

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122

Twenty four male crossbred lambs (8.75±0.391 to 8.80±0.279 Kg b.wt) were assigned

equally to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and respectively fedisonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 22% soybean meal (SBM)

(reference diet) and 8.25% solvent extracted honge seed cake (SHC), 16.50% SHC and 16.50% Na

OH (1% w/w) treated SHC (replacing 25 and 50% SBM nitrogen) (test diets) to meet 80% of CPrequirements along with ad lib wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw for 165 days. Processing method

for bulk preparation of honge seed cake for animal experimentation was selected on the basis of

residual Karanjin left in the processed cakes on laboratory scale. The blood biochemical (bloodglucose, serum protein, albumin, globulin and their ratios, urea and creatinine) and enzymatic

(AST, AL T and ALP) profile did not differ due to dietary variations, except for significantly lower

(P<0.01) lactate dehydrogenase activity on test diets. The physical (colour, sp. gravity & pH),biochemical (sugar, protein & ketone bodies) and microscopic (epithelial cells, RBC’s and triple

phosphate crystals) examination of urine showed no alteration in qualitative characteristics

indicating the normal function of kidney among lambs fed dietary combinations. Thus the hongeseed cake, after solvent extraction followed by alkali processing, could be included upto 50%

N-replacement of SBM in growing lamb rations without any harmful effect.

058 Nitrogen fractions of some locally available proteinaceous feedstuffs - B. Ramachandra and

V. Nagabhushana, Department of AnimalNutrition, Veterinary College, Bidar-585 401 (Karnataka)

Dietary N can be partitioned in to various fractions based em solubility in buffer or acid

detergent and digestion by protease. Eleven samples of concentrate feed ingredients such as

melt and bone meal, oil seed cake and broken pulses were analyzed for the composition of totalnitrogen, buffer insoluble nitrogen protease (Streptomyces griseus) insoluble nitrogen and acid

detergent insoluble nitrogen (N 6.25). The buffer insoluble N valfue (%) of meat and bone meal

(65.59) and black gram chuni (63.28) were observed to be significantly higher followed by ambadicake and sunflower cake the least. Fraction of feed N resistant to protease was found to be

significlntly high in ambadi cake (41.46) as compared to other feed samples and ground cake

being the least (12.97). Acid detergent insoluble N content (%) groundnut cake was observed tobe significlntly lower (5.54) followed by other samples with maximum ADIN content in ambadi

cake. ADIN content of green gram chuni was similar to that of black gram chuni. Rumen escape

protein value (%) of ambadi cake (21.52) and meat and bone meal (26.41) was found to besignificantly high as compared to other feed samples with a low value for groundnut cake and1 Assistant Professor, Dept. Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Banglore-24


sunflower cake. Rapid rumen solubalizable N expressed as % RDN was significantly high for

sunflower cake (86.76) followed by groundnut cake, ambadi cake, field bean. Black gram chuni,bengal gram chuni, meat and bone meal, cotton seed cake and sunflower cake were having, similar

value for rapidly solubalizable N fraction. It is concluded that various iso-nitrogenous feed

sources can have wide variation in rumen degradation pattern thus presenting different N

fractions at duodenal level.

059 In sacco dry matter and protein degradability of some common cakes in buffaloes on sorghumstraw based diet - R.N. Dhore, and A.V. Mahurkar, Department of Animal Nutrition, Post Graduate

Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ako1a (M.S.) 444 104 (Maharashtra Animal and

Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur)

An experiment was conducted to find out the suitable strategic protein supplement toincrease the nutrient utilization from sorghum stover in buffaloes. The significantly higher IVOMDof 71.80±0.50 was recorded in CSC supplemented sorghum stover than other cakes tested.However, the degradabi1ity of DM and CP and post feeding rumen liquor metabolites NH3-N andNPN were significantly higher in GNC than CSC group. But TCA ppt. N and TVFAconcentrations were non significant. The blood glucose, serum protein and lipids were also nonsignificant. Considering the slow protein degradabi1ity rate and cost of the CSC. It wasconcluded that, the CSC was the best protein supplement on sorghum stover based diet for

buffaloes.

060 Nutritional evaluation of Umber (Ficus glomerata) tree leaves for goats - R.G. Burte,S.S. Jadhav and C.V. Bhambure, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr.

Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli - 415712 (Maharashtra)

Fresh umber (Ficus glomerata) tree leaves were fed to five cross bred (Osmanabadi xLocal) male goats of an average body weight of (15.40±0.96 kg) for 21 days as a preliminary periodand six days as a collection period to determine the nutritive value of umber tree leaves. Theumber (Ficus glomerata) tree leaves contained, DM-30.63, OM-92.l5, CP-16.97; CF-10.03,EE-1.90, NFE-63.25, TA-7.85, cell wall-58.26, NDF-41.72, ADF-38.29, cellulose-31.91, hemicelluiose-3.43, lignin-4.54, tannin-1.86, Ca-1.87 and P-0.15 per cent on DM basis. The average dry matterconsumption was 5.06±0.27 kg/100kg body weight per day. The average digestibility coefficientsfor DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, Cell Contents, NDF, ADF; Cellulose and Hemicellulose were61.30±1.70, 61.55±1.72, 67,45±1.89, 33.99±3.12, 53.19±1.96, 62.12±1.67, 62.88±1.62, 59.09±1.82,60.71±1.64, 60.14±1.86 and 40.97±4.48 per cent, respectively. The goats showed positive balancesfor N, Ca and P except two animals which showed negative retention for P. The DCP and TDNcontents were 11.45±0.40 and 57.51±1.66 per cent, respectively on DM basis. The total averagegain in body weight recorded was 29.72+6.13 g /day. The overall results suggested that the umber

tree leaves could serve as a good top feed source for maintenance and growth in goats.


061 Nutritive value of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) tree leaves for goats - R. G. Burte, S.S. Jadhav,

C.V. Bhambure, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb Savant

Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli - 415 712 (Maharashtra)

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) tree leaves contained DM-46.24, OM-92.96, CP-9.28, CF-

14.79, EE-4.94; NFE-63.95, TA-7.04. Cell Content-57.08, NDF-42.91, ADF- 7.41, Cellulose-28.64,

Hemicellulose-5.51, Lignin-5.40 and Tannin-5.87 per cent on dry matter basis. The major mineral

contents were Ca and P of 1.28 and 0.14 per cent, respectively. The metabolic trial was conducted

on six crossbred (Osmanabadi x Local) male goats having an average body weight of 13.81±0.87

kg. The digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, Cell Content, NDF, ADF, Cellulose

and hemicellouse were 50.42±2.77, 51.02±2.90, 50.92±2.52,65.76±1.31, 69.52±1.79, 46.40±3.31, 51.94±

2.76, 48.39± 2.91, 49.46±3.09, 43.61±3.20 and 40.56±1.42 per cent, respectively. The dry matter

intake was 3.60±0.24 kg/100kg body weight on DM basis. As regards the retention of N and Ca

variability was observed. However, all the goats showed negative balances for the phosphorus.

All the animals showed loss in body weights (-29.65 g/day). Jamun leaves have DCP- 4.72±0.23

and TDN-51.85± 2.64 per cent on DM basis. Considering the DMI, the Jamun tree leaves may be

used in the goat ration during scarcity period.

062 Nutritional evaluation of Dhaman (Grewia tiliafolia) tree leaves for goats - R.G. Burte, S.S.JADHAV, and C.V. Bhambure, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Balasaheb

Savant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli - 415 712 (Maharashtra)

Nutritive value of Dhaman (Grewia tiliafolia) tree leaves was determined by conducting meta-

bolic trail on six cross bred (Osmanabadi x Local) male goats of an average body weight of

14.25±0.24 kg and age of (1.1 yrs). The Dhaman (Grewia tiliafolia) tree leaves contained DM-

37.24, OM-90.64, CP-15.45, CF-13.65, EE-6.80, NFE-54.75, TA-9.35, Cell content-69.15, NDF-30.84,

ADF-27.43, Cellulose-22.92, Hemicellulose-3.41, Lignin-4.00, Tannins.,0.71, Ca-2.27 and P-0.21 per

cent on DM basis. The average dry matter consumption was 5.89±0.09 kg/100 kg body weight per

day. The average digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, Cell contents, NDF,

ADF, Cellulose and Hemicellulose were 66.39±0.56, 66.80±0.60, 71.58±9.57, 79.96±0.29, 61.23±0.66,

65.18±0.69, 71.68±0.55, 54.52±1.02, 59.69±1.90, 60.25±0.69 and 39.64±2.23 per cent, respectively.

The nutritive value in term of digestible nutrients amounts to 11.14±0.38 per cent DCP and 67.42

±0.64 per cent TDN. The balance studies showed that all the animals were in positive balance of

nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. The average gain in body weight was observed to be 66.00

gm/day. It was concluded that Dhaman tree leaves can meet the maintenance as well as growth

requirements of goats.


063 Effect of feeding of Gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata) tree leaves on growth performance ofgrowing crossbred heifers - Rekha Kurup, A.B. Deshmukh, Bhavana Wankhade and S.A.Udar,Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,

Akola - 444 104 (M.S.)

An experiment on 9 crossbred heifers (7-20; -63 kg) was conducted to determine the

effect of feeding gliricidia leaves on nutrient utilization and growth performance. The Group T1

was fed with green maize fodder and cottonseeds whereas, in T2 25% and T

3 100% CP of green

maize fodder replaced by gliricidia leaves was fed along with cottonseeds. All experimental

groups was fed ad lib dry jowar straw. The mean CP and EE content of Gliricidia tree leaves was

(17.85±7.20 and 6.70±2.85 per cent) higher than the green maize. The dry matter intake wassignificantly higher (3.43 kg/day) in group T

2 as compared to Group T

1 and T

3.The digestibility

coefficient for DM (62.85±1.82%), CP (63.37±2.88%), CF (58.86±0.90%) and NFE (72.34±1.36%)

was higher in T1 than T

2 and T

3. Whereas the digestibility coefficient for EE (61.63±2.61%) was

higher in T2. There was significantly lower intake for DCP was observed in Group T

2 (26.93%) and

T3 (29.62%) than T

1. The TDN in group T

2 higher by 28.18 and was lower by 15.16% in T

3 as

compared to T1. The mean daily weight gain was non significant however, it was higher in T

2. It

was observed that the feeding gliricidia leaves to crossbred heifers had better effect on DM

intake and body weight.

064 Vegetable waste as complete feed for bucks - M. Wadhwa, S. Kaushal, and M.P.S. Bakshi,

Department of Animal Nutrition Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Pb.)

The vegetable wastes like cauliflower leaves, cabbage leaves and pea vines were

evaluated for their nutritional worth. These vegetable wastes, supplemented with minerals and

common salt, were fed ad-lib, as complete feed, to 3 bucks. The leaves of cauliflower and that of

cabbage had low concentration of cell wall constituents and high concentration of crude protein.

Cabbage leaves had the highest and pea vines had the lowest concentration of water soluble

sugars, proteins and phenolics. The fractionation of proteins indicated that vegetable waste in

general had highest concentration of water soluble and lowest concentration of alcohol soluble

fraction. The leaves of cauliflower and that of cabbage were found to be highly palatability and

digestible. The excretion of purine derivatives was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the urine of

bucks fed cauliflower leaves than that in bucks offered other vegetable wastes or even the

conventional green fodder A. sativa, resulting in significantly (p<0.05) higher nitrogen retention

and apparent biological value. The ME value of leaves of both, cauliflower and cabbage was

significantly higher than that of pea vines.


065 Potential of Sarson Saag Waste as buffalo feed - M.P.S. Bakshi, S. Kaushal, and M. Wadhwa,

Department of Animal Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, (Pb.)

A cannary waste- sarson saag (SSW), was evaluated for its nutritional worth in

comparison to conventional complete feed (made iso-nitrogenous to SSW) and a conventionalgreen fodder, A. sativa. Each diet was offered ad-lib, supplemented with mineral mixture andcommon salt, to 3 murrah male buffaloes. The SSW was found to be comparable to that ofconventional green fodder-A sativa, but significantly superior to conventional control completefeed, in terms of digestibility of nutrients. The TCA precipitable-N, in the rumen liquor of animalsfed SSW was considerably higher than that in animals fed green fodder, A sativa. The excretionof total purine derivatives (PD) in the urine ranged between 300-520 µm/Kg W 0.75 /d. Theexcretion of purine derivatives in ailimals fed SSW was comparable to those fed A sativa, butsignificantly higher than that in animals fed control/conventional complete feed. The microbialprotein synthesis, as estimated from PD excreted in urine, was also significantly (p<0.05) higherin animals fed SSW and A. sativa than in animals of control group, resulting in significantly(p<0.05) higher N-retention and apparent biological value. The SSW was highly palatable andshowed excellent effect on the health. of the animals.

066 Non-traditional straws: alternative feedstuffs for buffaloes - S. Kaushal, M. Wadhwa and M.P.S.

Bakshi, Department of Animal Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Pb.)

Straws of 4 different fodder crops viz.,Trifolium resupinatum (shaftal),Trifoliumalexandrium (Berseem), Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Lolium perenne (rye grass) wereevaluated for their nutritional worth. Four male buffaloes in each group were offered respectivestraw, ad-lib, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A. Straw of M.sativa had significantly(p<0.05) higher contents of organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and Cellulose ascompared to that in other straws. L. perenne straw had the highest content of neutral detergentfiber and that of hemicellulose but lowest crude protein content, amongst the non-traditionalstraws tested. The straw of T. resupinatum had the lowest concentration of cell wall constituents.The intake of dry matter was observed to be same in all the groups. The digestibility of all thenutrients, except that of crude protein and that of hemicellulose in T. resupinatum straw wascomparable to that of L.perenne straw. The maximum digestibility of crude protein was observedin M. sativa straw. The highest crude protein digestibility of M. sativa straw resulted in higherTCA precipitable-N in the rumen liquor of animals fed this straw. The total purine derivativesexcreted (PDexc) in urine varied between 220-320 µm/Kg W.75. The microbial protein synthesized,as estimated from PDexc, was higher in animals fed T. resupinatum straw, though differed non-significantly from that synthesized by animals fed other straws. The N-retention and apparentbiological value were higher in animals fed L.perenne straw but comparable to that in animals fedstraws of M.sativa and T.alexandrium. The availability of ME from straw of T.resupinatum washigher than that from other straws. Results showed that all the straws could be fed, exclusively,to adult ruminants without any deleterious effect on the health of the animals.


067 Effect of replacing concentrate mixture with stylo meal on nutritional status in ewes - A.B.

Mojumdar, P.S. Pathak1, M.M. Das, S.K. Mahanta and P.K. Pathak, Plant Animal Relationship

Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003 (U.P.), India

Stylosanthes hamata, a promising range legume rich in protein, was harvested at fullflowering stage, chaffed, then put under sun drying and ground in a threshing machine. Twelve

crossbred (Local x Corriedale) adult ewes (23.68±0.37 kg) divided into three groups (G1, G2, G3) of

four in each, were fed a composite ration of dry mixed grass and concentrate mixture/stylo meal.Ewes under control group (G1) were fed concentrate mixture to meet the complete protein

requirement. While in experimental ewes, the concentrate mixture was replaced with stylo meal at

50 (G2) and 100 (G3) percent levels on iso nitrogenous basis. All the ewes were fed dry mixedgrass as basal roughage. The experimental feeding was continued for 65 days. Towards the end

of experimental feeding, a digestion cum metabolism trial was conducted for 7 days. Average

values of daily dry matter intake (DMI) were 716.9, 687.0 and 725.4 g while average DMI as kg/100kg body weight were 2.94, 2.73 and 2.97 in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Similarly CP and

DCP intake (g/d) in the corresponding groups were 76.67 and 36.63; 76.52 and 41.32 and 77.02 and

36.22 , respectively. Dry matter digestibility (69.29%) was higher (P<0.05) in G2 than G1 (65.20%)and G3 (62.73%). Average digestibilities of CP, NDF and ADF were comparable amongst the

groups and ranged from 47.33 to 54.06, 50.08 to 56.83.7 and 51.08 to 53.76 %, respectively. Thus

nutritional status seems to be better in ewes fed diet supplemented with both stylo meal andconcentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio.

068 Chemical Composition and mineral contents of locally available feeds and fodders for feedingmilch cows and buffaloes in urban and peri-urban dairy farms - J.P. Sehgal, Shashi Kant, S.K.Sirohi, T.K. Walli and R.C. Chopra, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research

Institute, Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

A survey of dairy farms of urban and peri urban areas of district of Karnal, Kurukshetra

and Yamunanagar was conducted with respect to their existing feeding practices and to collect,

identify and evaluate locally available feeds and fodders of these areas for their type and quality

with respect to milch animals. The survey data showed that in urban area of Karnal, there were 163

dairies having 1105 milch animals and the average number of milch animals per day on these

dairies was 6.76. There were only 1.24 cows and 5.52 buffaloes per dairy, indicating that there were

only 18.33% cows as against 81.67% buffaloes in urban dairies of Karnal. In the peri urban dairies,

there were only 12.9% cows as against 87.1 % buffaloes. In Kurukshetra and Yamunanager

districts also, there were more buffaloes than cows in urban and peri-urban dairies. Most of the

dairy owners feed wheat straw upto the maximum quantity (7-8 kg/animal/day).Some farmers also

feed wheat straw along with mustard cake (1kg), cotton seed cake (1kg) and Barley atta


(1kg/animal/day) or some wheat bran and Rardi. On an average, crossbred cow yielding 7.98 ltsmilk/d and a buffalo yielding 7.7 lt milk/d in urban and peri-urban area is being fed with 7-8 kgwheat straw and 3.5 kg concentrate ingredient like mustard cake, cottonseed cake, wheat bran,rice bran or Rardi, with no or little green forages, separately two or three times in a day. Duringsummer month the farmers feed maize/jowar i.e non-leguminious fodders containing 20-30 % drymatter in chopped form @ 50-60 kg/animal/day with very little wheat bran/barley atta. In wintermonths they feed berseem or oats fodder in general and some times also the winter maize fodder@ 50-60 kg/per animal/day along with wheat straw and wheat bran. From thenutritional point of view, these animals remain underfed and even no mineral mixture is provided.Some dairy owners provide salt to their milch animals. The Chemical Composition and Van Soestanalyses of various feed ingredients collected from these dairy farms viz wheat straw, GN Cake,wheat bran, heat bran mixed with barley, gram chunni; feed pellets, mustard cake and the greenfodders like berseem and sarson indicated that mostly these feeds had ideal chemicalcomposition and mineral content, except in feed pellets, which were poor in fat and crude proteincontent, but were higher in crude fiber content. The survey results suggest that these dairyowners should provide balanced total mixed rations with higher amount of concentrate mixture,for getting higher yields from their milch animals, in order to make their dairies more profitable.

069 Formulation of total mixed rations with different concentrate : roughage ratios for lactatingcrossbred cows of urban and peri-urban dairies - J.P. Sehgal, S.K. Sirohi, Shashikant, T.K. Walliand R.C. Chopra, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

With an objective to develop economically viable balanced total mixed ration (TMR),with suitable combination of locally available concentrate ingredients, crop residue and greenforages for urban and peri-urban system of milk production. through use of concentrate basedfeeding system, 20 feed formulations for lactating animals, containing 50, 60 or 70% concentratemixture with the rest as untreated or urea-NH

3 treated wheat straw or paddy straw and green

maize, were tested through in vitro studies. The ratios of concentrate to wheat straw or paddystraw and green maize, on DM basis were 50:50: 60:40 or 70:30. The concentrate mixture consistedof maize 40; groundnut cake (exp) 10; cottonseed cake, 10; mustard cake (exp) 20; wheat bran 17.,mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part. The concentrate mixture contained 22.1% CP; 4.80%E.E; 43.45% NDF and 12.20% ADF. Maize fodder had 11.30% CP. Untreated wheat and paddystraws had 2.85% and 4.95% C.P respectively, which increased to 5.70, and 9.60 % after subjectingthese straws to urea-NH3 treatment. The results of the in vitro studies showed that total mixedration containing 70% concentrate mixture withrest as wheat straw, had the highest range forIVDMD (58.0 to 61.3%) and IVOMD (59.8 - 62.5%), compared to other rations formulations, inwhich the values varied from 20.6 to 56.2 and 39.4 to 59.9% respectively. Also the in vitro gasproduction (ml/200mg substrate) and metabolisable energy ME (Kcal/kg DM) were the highest inthe total mixed ration containing 70% concentrate mixture with rest as roughage portion. Theresults indicated that a total mixed ration containing 70% concentrate mixture with 30% roughagei.e. wheat straw is quite suitable for urban and peri-urban system of milk production, through useof concentrate based feeding system for lactating crossbred cows.


070 Evaluation of Complete feed mixtures or Total mixed rations for lactating cross bred cows ofurban and peri-urban dairies - J.P. Sehgal, S.K. Sirohi, A. Dey, Shashi Kant, T.K. Walli, and R.C.Chopra, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001

To evaluate economically viable balanced total mixed rations based on high concentrate: low roughage diet for urban and peri-urban dairies, 18 crossbred lactating cows (Holstein

Fresian X Tharparker) in their 2nd to 4th lactation yielding 13-15 kg milk per day were selected and

divided into 3 groups of 6 each on the basis of milk production. The experimental animals were fedindividually total mixed rations consisted of Concentrate: Wheat straw: Green maize (on dry

matter basis) in the ratio of 60:20:20: in group I., 70:20:10 in group II and 70:30:0 with 2kg green

maize fodder per day per animal in group III, for a period of 150 days. The concentrate mixture wasmixed with wheat Straw and green fodder right at the time of feeding and the feeding was done

once in a day. Milking was done manually 3 times a day and daily milk yield of each animal was

recorded. Milk samples were taken every fortnight for quality parameters. A digestibility trial of 7days duration was conducted on 15 animals by taking 5 animals from each group. Samples of

feeds, feeds refusals, and faeces collected were analysed for proximate principals and statistical

analysis of the data was carried out. The result sowed that the DMI/day/animal was higher ingroup II (12.70 kg) and lower in group III (11.73kg) . The DMI/day/animal in group I was less than

in group II and group III.

071 Effect of different Barley straw cultivars on digestibility of nutrients in cattle heifers - T .K.

Walli, S.K. Sirohi, H.P. Tripathi and R.P.S. Verma1, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National

Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001 (Haryana)

Two barley straw cultivars namely RD-2618 and Azad were grown in NDRI Karnal

agricultural farm. The effective DM degradability of these cultivars was calculated using Orskovmodel p=a+bc/(c+k) by incubating nylon bags for different intervals in fistulated cattle calves.

The EDMD% were 40.7 and 34.4 and their degradation rate were 0.11 and 0.42% respectively.

Both the straws from RD-2618 and Azad varieties were fed to heifers to see the intake thedigestibility of nutrient of straw. For this experimentation ten heifers of similar age and body

weight were selected and divided into two groups of five each. In first group Azad barley straw

ad lib plus limited quantity of concentrate mixture (1.0 kg) plus green fodder (5kg) maize was fedand in group second Azad barley straw was replaced by straw of RD-2618 barley variety. Maize

fodder was fed just to meet vit. A requirement. Experiment was conducted for 30 days and at last

digestion trial was conducted. Results showed that total DMI (kg/d/animal) in group I and groupII was 2.31 and 2.32 respectively. The DMI on metabolic body size was also similar in both groups

and differences were non-significant. The digestibility coefficients of DM, EE, CP, NDF, ADF,1PS, Project Directorate on Wheat, Karnal


TC, HC were higher in Azad barley straw group in comparison to RD-2618 barley straw fed group.The TDNI (kg/d/a) was 3.39 and 3.11 in G-I and G-II, respectively. TDN% was also higher in groupI than group II i.e. 63.31 and 59.82. It was concluded from the study that Azad barley straw varietyperform better in vivo system than RD-2618 when limited quantity of concentrate was provided,however varietal differences does exists which needs further study.

072 Chemical composition, straw and grain yield and effective DM degradability of different barleystraw cultivars - S.K. Sirohi, T.K.Walli, H.P. Tripathi and R.P.S. Verma, Dairy Cattle Nutrition

Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

Twelve varieties of Barley straw were taken from Advance varietal trial of ProjectDirectorate on Wheat, Karnal. These variety were namely BH-393, BH-549, BH-550,BH-553, BH-687, RD-2035, RD-2552, RD-2618, RD-2620, Azad , Jyoti and K-678. All the varietieswere evaluated for their chemical composition, straw to grain ratio and effective DM degradability.Results of chemical composition showed that CP content varied from 1.75% to 4.37% and highestvalue was noticed in K-678. NDF content varied from 66.2% to 72.2% in all twelve varieties. Thelowest and highest values for NDF was observed in RD-2035 and Azad barley straw varietyrespectively. Similar variations also existed in ADF, ADL and Ash content which varied from40.8% to 45.7% and 4.45% to 8.15% and 8.6% to 11.4% in above varieties. Straw to grain ratiovaried from 1.39 to 2.05 and maximum straw yield was noticed in RD-2035(71.7 q/ha) and highestgrain yield was noticed in RD-2620 (47.65 q/ha).Three rumen fistulated buffalo calves(18-20mouths of age) were used to determine the in sacco DMD at different intervals i.e. 8, 16, 24, 48,and 72 h. Results indicated that percent EDMD varied from 31.4 to 38.9 in different barleycultivars. Similarly the degradation rate varied between 0.11 to 0.54%/h among different strawvarieties. Highest EDMD % was observed in RD-2618 (40.7) and lowest in Jyoti (27.3) barleycultivars. The degradability of DM for different barley cultivars i.e.BH-393, BH-549,BH-550, BH-553, RD-2035, RD-2620, Azad, Jyoti, K-678 and BH-687 were 48.86, 45.05, 43.42, 53.56,52.18, 49.79, 49.39, 51.93, 48.67, 39.20, 51.21 and 49.86% respectively. Therefore, it was concludedthat genetic variability does exist in chemical composition, degradation rate, and degradability ofDM of barley straw cultivars, which can be exploited for getting the maximum nutrients forlivestock.


073 Comparative nutrient digestibility (in vitro) in cattle, buffalo and goat using different levels oftannin containing TMR and their tannin degraded products using HPLC - K. Barman and S.N.

Rai, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana

Four total mixed rations (TMR) containing 0, 4, 8 and 12% tannins, added in the form ofAcacia nilotica pods, were evaluated for their in vitro nutrient digestibilities and digestionkinetics (gas production) with 3 sets of separate experiment taking rumen fluid from buffalo,

cattle, and goat. The tannin degradation products were identified and quantified by HPLC. In

vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), organic matter (IYOMD) and crude protein (IVCPD)and gas production decreased signiticantly with increasing tannin levels across all species. CP

digestibilities differed much more (P<0.01) across all species than DM or OM digestibilities.

Digestibilities decreased in the order of goat>cattle>buffalo. The HPLC profiles of the tannindegradation products differed noticeably after exposure to rumen fluid from buffalo, cattle or

goat. Phloroglucinol, gallic acid, resorcinol and (+) catechin were detected in all cases.

Phloroglucinol and resorcinol were major, and gallate and catechin were minor, end products oftannin degradation in buffalo and cattle rumen f1uid. In goat fluid, however, phloroglucinol and

(+) catechin were the major, and gallate and resorcinol were minor, end products. It is inferred that

rumen liquor from goats was the most resistant and buffalo was the least resistant to Acacia

nilotica tannins. Rumen liquors from all three species were capable of degrading Acacia nilotica

tannins even though the animals had no pre exposure to these diets.

074 Effect of fungal probiotic on rumen fermentation crossbred heifers - A.K. Samanta, K.K. Singh,

G.H. Pailan, N.C. Verma, and Sonu Rai, Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland

and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Out of the several fungal isolate of cattle, buffalo and goat rumen, the anaerobic fungus

of goat rumen (GR3) was found to produce beneficial effect on in vitro dry matter degradation as

well as total volatile fatty acid production. Ten growing crossbred heifers were randomly dividedin to two groups (group I and II) of five animals in each group. All the animal were maintained on

a diet of wheat straw and concentrate. The experimental animals (group II) received the fungal

probiotic daily. The 2 ml of GR3 (Piromyces spp. of goat rumen) isolate (4 days old culture) wasdaily fed to crossbred heifers before offering morning feeding and watering to see the effect of

probiotic on rumen metabolites and microbial. The roughage used was wheat straw and the

2. Biotechnological applications in Animal Nutrition


chemical composition of wheat straw as 3.66 % CP, 1.98 % ether extract, 63.41 % NDF, 42.01 %

ADF and 5.83 % lignin, while the concentrate mixture contained 19.55 % CP, 3.84 % ether extract,29.04% NDF, 11.90% ADF and 3.08% lignin. The rumen pH were 6.81 and 6.82 in group I and II

respectively. Therefore, it represented ideal pH values as pH range of 6.15 to 7.00 is reported to be

optimum for proteolysis and cellulolysis. Total volatile fatty acids were 18.2 and 17.1 meq/100 mlSRL in group I and II respectively. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was 22.32 mg /100 ml SRL in

group I and 21.92 mg /100 ml SRL in group II. Therefore, the probiotic GR 3 (Piromyces spp.) didnot affect those rumen metabolites in animal system. The total viable bacterial population was2.55 x 109 and 2.65 x 109 per ml in group I and II respectively. The number of anaerobic fungus was8.65 x 103 per ml in-group I and 9.15 x 103 per ml in group II. So the anaerobic fungal probiotic didnot bring any significant change on either total bacterial population or fungal population. Totalciliate population were 10.23 x 105 per ml in group I and 9.15 x 105 per ml in group II. Oligotricha

constituted more than 80% of total population while rest were belonged to holtricha irrespective

of treatment. Therefore, fungal probiotic did not influence the microbial population in the present

experiment.

075 Effect of fungal probiotic on dry matter intake, nutrient utilization and live weight gain incrossbred heifers - K.K. Singh, A.K. Samanta, G.H. Pailan, N.C. Verma, and Sonu Rai, Plant

Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Based upon in vitro effect on dry matter degradation, the anaerobic fungal isolate GR3

(Piromyces spp. of goat rumen) was daily fed to six heifers to see its effect on dry matter intake

and nutrient utilization. Both control (group I) and experimental (group II) animals were main-tained on diet of wheat straw and concentrate for a period of 90 days and weight of the animals

were recorded fortnightly. Dry matter intake as % body weight were 2.73 and 2.81 in group I and

II respectively which was found to be 94.41 and 97.62 g/kg0.75 in respective groups. Though itrepresented a minor level of higher intake in probiotic groups but did not differ significantly.

Digestibility coefficients of different nutrients viz., dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether

extract, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber were almost identical inboth control and probiotic fed heifers. TDN intake (kg / day) was 2.44 and 2.49 in control and

probiotic fed animal, respectively. Hence the above isolate i.e. GR 3 though exhibited significant

effect on dry matter degradation under in vitro system but failed to evoke any significantresponse on nutrient utilization in crossbred growing heifers. At the onset of growth trial the

average body weight of heifers was 104.98 kg in-group 104.32 and I in group II. The final weight

after 90 days were 149.80 kg and 150.50 kg in respective groups. Therefore, daily live weight gainswere 498 g/head/day and 513 g/head/day in group I and II, respectively. In terms of live weight

gain also, anaerobic fungal probiotic cannot induce any significant changes in compared to the

control.


076 Growth performance and nutrient utilization in buffalo calves inoculated with cellulosedegrading bacteria - Neeta Agarwal, R. K. Srivastava and D.N. Kamra, Microbiology Section

Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,

Izatnagar-243122

Micro-crystalline cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated from the rumen of buffaloand the isolate BB-112 showing the best fibrolytic activity was selected for the feeding to buffalo

calves. Twentyfour buffalo calves with average body weight of 101 kg were divided in three

groups. The animals were fed on the diet constituted of concentrate mixture and wheat straw inthe ratio of 2: 1. The concentrate mixture consisted of wheat bran 74, soybean meal 24, mineral

mixture 1 and salt 1 parts. The diet of group 2 was supplemented with 125ml culture of BB-112

containing 3.6x109 cells/ml and group three with 125ml of Ruminococcus fIavefaciens culture withsame cell count. Group 1 served as control. The feeding was continued for 179 days. The dry

matter intake in group 2 and 3 was higher in comparison to group 1 and group 3 was higher than

group 2. The digestibility of acid detergent fibre was also higher in group 3 and 2 as compared tothat in the control group animals, whereas, digestibility of other nutrients were not affected by

addition of microbial feed additives. The animals of group 3 where the feed was supplemented

with R. fIavefaciens showed daily weight gain of 599g/d, the animals of group 2 where BB-112 wassupplemented the body weight gain was 532g/d, whereas in control group animals it was only

492g/d. The data indicate that the cellulose degrading bacteria isolated from the rumen of buffalo

and R. fIavefaciens appear to be potent microbial feed additives for the buffalo to improve

nutrient utilization and growth performance.

077 Influence of different forms of complete diets on rumen ecosystem - A.K. Samanta, K.K.

Singh, M.M. Das. S.S. Kundu and S.D. Sharma, Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian

Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Fibrous feed resources like natural grass and crop residues are staple feed for Indianlivestock. These are supposed to maintain a low profile of rumen metabolites for growth andmultiplication of rumen anaerobic microorganisms. In the present endeavor the complete diet wasprepared with natural grass and concentrate mixture (mustard cake 35 parts,-barley grain 25 parts,wheat bran 37 parts, and one part each of urea, mineral mixture and common salt) at a ratio of 60: 40. The above diet was given to six growing heifers in mash form (T1) and to another six growingheifers in the form of blocks (T2). After feeding for a period of 90 days rumen liquor was collectedby stomach tube for consecutive, two days to see the effect of complete diet on mash / block formon rumen metabolites as well as microbial population. Rumen pH (6.42 vs. 6.81) and volatile fattyacid concentration (16.94 vs. 15.26 meq/100 ml SRL) were identical in both the groups. The levelsof rumen ammonia-N (31.73 vs. 26.50 mg/dl SRL) in mash fed animals might be due to theconsumption of concentrate mixture at faster rate. Unlike T

1, the complete feed (T

2) in block form


can have the control over the concentration of rumen ammonia-N due to consumption of grassand concentrate at proportionate ration and speed. TCA precipitable-N, was higher in block fedanimals than the mash fed calves. The average total bacterial population (number ml) was 6.78 x109 and 9.31 x 109 in T

1 and T

2 respectively. The anaerobic rumen fungal population was about

double (15.25 x 103 vs. 8.52 x 103 per ml) in block fed animals than those animals receiving diet inmash form. However, the total protozoa population (number/ml) was higher in mash fed animals.Differential protozoa count indicated entodinia population (number/ml) ranged from 12.91 x 106

to 16.47 x 106 while hoiotricha population (number/ml) was within the range of 6.41 x 106 to 13.44x 106. In mash fed animals, populations of holotricha (especially Isotricha) were more than theEntodinia population. But in block fed animals, the population of Entodinia was more than theHolotricha. Therefore the feeding of complete diets in block form ensured better rumenenvironments for growth and multiplication of anaerobic microbes in crossbred heifers.

078 Large scale propagation of yeast for supplementation in animal feeds - G.V.N. Reddy andB. Bhima, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya

N. G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

A series of experiments were conducted to standardize the conditions for harvestingmaximum quantity of yeast and evolved a procedure for large scale propagation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3190 strain of yeast for feeding livestock as probiotic. Theeffect of addition of different percentage of certain compounds on growth of yeast was studiedand growth curve experiment was conducted in order to assess the time for peak growth. Thesecompounds included molasses, urea or ammonia (N source), phosphoric acid (P source) andboric acid (Boron source). The optimum levels of these compounds required for maximum yield ofyeast were detected. It was found that addition of phosphoric acid did not show any significantincrease in growth. Based on the above results, economically viable medium for large scalepropagation of yeast was designed. This medium included 25% molasses, 0.2% urea and 185µM/L, boric acid. Maximum yield of yeast was obtained within 24 hrs. at 30±2°C, pH 4.5-5. It wasshown that boric acid decreases incubation time by 2 hrs. (26 hrs. to 24 hrs.). The collected yeastharvested was concentrated by centrifugation and lyophilization. After harvesting of yeast, themedium was subjected to distillation and ethanol (5%v/v) was collected and cost economics ofyeast production was worked out. A profit of Rs. 69.55 was per 62.5 kg molasses used obtainedmaking cost of yeast nil.

079 Effect of yeast culture based diet on growth and nutrient utilization in deoni bull calves - G.V.N.Reddy and B. Bhima, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science,Acharya N. G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

Two complete diets (1) without yeast culture and (control) and (2) lyophilized yeastculture at 0.1 % level were formulated and processed into mash using sorghum straw as solesource of roughage. These two diets were fed to 12 Deoni bull calves (6 in each group, 5-6months) in a growth cum digestion experiment to assess the effect of yeast culture on growth and


nutrient utilization. The DMI was 5.3% higher on the diet containing yeast culture. Digestibilitiesof all the nutrients and DCP and TDN contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher on diet containingyeast culture. The ADG was significantly (P<0.05) higher and feed intake /kg gain wassignificantly (P<0.05) lower on the diet containing yeast culture. These results indicate thatincorporation of yeast culture at 0.1 % level in the diet of growing Deoni bull calves improved theanimal performance in terms of higher ADG (P<0.05), and decreased feed /kg gain.

080 Effect of supplementing lactobacilli (Sporolac) on growth rate, nutrient utilization, rumenfermentation pattern of male Muzaffarnagari lambs - S.B. Nageswara Rao and T.K. DuttaNutrition Feed Resources and Products Technology Division, Central Institute for Research onGoats, Makhdoom, Farah (P.O.), 281 122

Eighteen male Muzaffarnagari lambs at about 10 days age were divided into 3 groups ofsix each to find out the effect of supplementing two levels of commercial lactobacilli preparation(Sporolac) on growth and nutrient utilization. Group I served as control. Group II received (Sporolac)orally with normal saline solution in the doses calculated on body weight basis. Group IIIreceived double dose as that of Group II. All the lambs were maintained under standard farmmanagement conditions. They were allowed to suckle with their respective mothers twice a. day.Concentrate mixture [maize grain, 25%; Barley grain, 20%; ground nut cake (expellar), 25%; tilcake, 10%; wheat bran, 17%; mineral mixture, 1.5% and salt 1.5%], seasonal greens and gramstraw were provided. After 90 days of age, the lambs were weaned and fed the concentratemixture, gram bhusa and green fodder until they attained 180 days of age. A digestion trial of 5days duration was conducted around 5th month of age. After digestion trial, rumen liquor sampleswere collected by stomach tube and were analyzed for pH, total N, NH

3-N, TVF A and fractional

VFA. The birth weight, weight at 3 months, weight at 6 months (Kg), ADG (0-3 months), ADG(0-6 months) was found to be similar in all the groups. The ADG (0-6 months) was found to be122.50±8.77, 127.13±10.91 and 126.48±5.88 g/day, respectively in the GI, GII and GIII, respectivelyand similar statistically (P<0.05). The feed efficiency (Kg feed per Kg gain) that calculated over 10week period was found to be 7.89, 7.65 and 7.44 in GI, GII and G III. The greasy fleece yield (g) wasfound to be apparently improved by lactobacilli supplementation (515.83±28.36 in G I; 553.33±74.42in G II and 574.17±29.28 in G III). The intake of DCP and TDN (g/ Kg W 0.75) were numericallyimproved (P>0.05) by supplementation of lactobacilli (5.98±0.28 in G I; 6.31±0.41 in G II and6.92±0.42 in G III for DCP and 45.97±0.35 in G I; 46.55±2.07 in G II and 47.99±1.97 in G III for TDN).Although, the supplemented lactobacilli did not improve the nutrient digestibilities significantly,some numerical improvements were noticed in the digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, EE and NFE. ThepH of SRL was significantly (P<0.01) more due to lactobacilli feeding. The total N and NH3-N (mg/100 ml) were significantly lowered (P<0.05) due to lactobacilli feeding. TVFA and proportions ofVFA (acetate, propionate and butyrate) were not affected by supplementation of lactobacilli. Itmay be concluded from the results that lactobacilli supplementation caused similar growth per-formance and non-significant improvements on greasy fleece yield, nutrient utilization. At thesame time, it had some positive effect on some of the rumen profiles.


081 EfFect of supplementing lactobacilli (SporoLac) on mIneral status of male Muzaffamagari lambs -

S.B. Nageswara Rao and T K. Dutta, Nutrition, Feed Resources and Products Technology

Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah (P.O.) 281 122

Eighteen male Muzaffarnagari lambs at about 10 days age were divided into 3 groups ofsix each to find out the effect of supplementing two levels of Cmmercial lactobacilli preparation

(Sporolac) on growth and nutrient utilization. Group I served as control. Group II received (Sporolac)

orally with normal saline solution in the doses calculated on body weight basis. Group IIIreceived double dose as that of Group II. All the Iambs were maintained under standard farm

management conditions. They were allowed to suckle with their respective mothers twice a day.

Concentrate mixture [maize grain, 25%; Barley grain, 20%; ground nut cake (expellar), 25%; tilcake, 10%; wheat bran, 17%; mineral mixture, 1.5% and salt 1.5%], seasonal greens and gram

straw were provided. After 90 days of age, the lambs were weaned and fed the concentrate

mixture. gram bhusa and green fodder until they attained 180 days of age. Blood samples werecollected by jugular vein puncture. The minerals such as Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg were estimated.

Tissues such as muscle (Longissmus dorsi) and liver were collected ftom three animals ftom each

group after slaughter. The tissues were wet digested with tri acids and minerals such as Cu, Zn,Mn, Co, Mg and Ca were estimated. The Cu content (ppm) in blood was found to be apparently

(P>0.05) more due to supplementation of lactobacilli (0.88±0.09 in G I; 1.03±0.06 in G II and

0.92±0.08 in G III). The Ca (mg%) and Fe (ppm) contents in blood were similar in all groups.However, the contents of Zn was more (P<0.01) in G I where as the contents of Mg was more

(P<0.05) in G II in comparison to other groups. Although lactobacilli supplementation did not

cause significant improvements in muscle mineral concentrations, some numerical improvementswere noticed in muscle Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Ca. Similar trend was observed for Liver Cu, Zn and

Mn. It may be inferred from the results that little enhancement in the mineral status of male

Muzaffarnagari lambs was observed due to feeding of lactobacilli from 10 days of age to 6 months

of age.

082 Effect of herbs as feed additive on groth nutrient utilization in crossbred heifers - Nilin Gupta,Anil Kumar and D.P. Tiwari, Department Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary and Animal

Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, U.S. Nagar,

(Uttaranchal)

Twenty one crossbred female calves were divided into 3 groups of 7 animals each to

study the effect of herbs as feed additive in terms of growth and nutrient utilization. Animals in

group I were fed concentrate mixture and served as a control group. Animals in group II and IIIwere fed concentrate mixture containing Asparagus racemosus and Cryptolepis buchanani and

Urtica dioica, Eclipta alba and Bacopa monneiri @ 1.0 per cent as feed additive, respectively.


All the animals were fed seasonally available green fodder (berseem and maize) in a restricted

quantity (2 kg green/animal), paddy straw ad libitum and concentrate mixture as per requirementduring the experimental feeding lasted for 150 days. There was no significant difference in the

average total daily intake, average dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight and average dry

matter intake per kg metabolic body size among the heifers of different groups. The roughage:concentrate ratio also did not differ significantly. The daily TDN intake/ kgw0.75 was 60.94±2.97g

in group I, 61.34±1.77 g in group II and 67.81±2.46 g in group III whereas the values of DCP intake/

w0.75 kg were 8.15±0.36g, 8.09±0.21, 9.28±0.48 g in groups I, II and III, respectively. The TDN andDCP intake values also did not differ significantly among the 3 groups of heifers. However, the

values of TDN and DCP intake were higher in group III. The digestibility of organic matter and

crude fiber was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group II and group III as compared to group I,whereas, digestibility of crude protein was significantly higher (P<0.05) in group III as compared

to group I and group II. The digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and nitrogen free extract did

not differ significantly among all the groups. The value of average daily body weight gain was382.30±12.59 g, in group I, 419.22±4.17 g in group II and 470.50±15.69 g in group III. The value of

feed conversion ratio during the entire feeding trial was 9.39±0.36, 8.69±0.49 and 8.11±0.41 kg

DMI/kg gain in group I, II and III, respectively. Average daily body weight gain differedsignificantly among the three groups and highest weight gain was observed in heifers of group

III fed Bacopa monneiri, Urtica dioica and Eclipta alba herbs. Thus, supplementations of these

herbs as feed additive enhanced the digestibility of paddy straw and have a beneficial effect on

nutrient utilization and growth of heifers.

083 Effect of fungal treatment on the gross protein value and net protein utilization of poultrydroppings - Parminder Singh1, J.S. Chawla and S.S. Sikka, Department of Animal Nutrition,

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004 (Pb.)

Dried poultry droppings (PD) of broiler cage house were collected and subjected to

solid state fermentation using non-toxic fungi viz. Aspergillus sp. (AP-1) and two strains of

Trichoderma reesei i.e. TR-9123 and TR-9414. The PD after moistening with 1.36 per cent (w/v)

sulphuric acid, were autoclaved at 15 psi pressure for 30 minutes. The autoclaved PD were

inoculated with each of the above fungi and allowed to ferment at 30oC for 10 days. The fermented

PD were sundried and fed to one week old broiler chicks by formulating depletion, reference andtest diets for determining gross protein value (GPV) and nitrogen free and test diets for

determining net protein utilization (NPU), respectively. The GPV of PD fermented with TR-9414

was maximum (18.02) and significantly (P<0.05) more than the untreated (8.50) and autoclaved PD(13.52) but was statistically comparable to that of AP-1 (17.13) and TR-9123 (14.92) fermented PD,

respectively, The GPV of TR-9123, AP-1 and autoclaved PD were statistically similar but1Deptt. of Vety. & A.H. Extension


significantly (P<0.05) more than the untreated PD. The NPU of PO fermented with TR-9123 (11.66)

and AP-1 (11.70) were statistically similar but significantly (P<0.05) more than the untreated (8.80)and autoclaved PD (9.10). The NPU of PD fermented with TR-9414 (10.40) was significantly(P<0.05) more than the untreated PD but was statistically similar with NPU of TR 9123, AP-1 andautoclaved PD. The NPU of autoclaved and untreated PD were statistically comparable with eachother. These results indicated that fungal treatment improved the protein quality of PD withrespect to its GPV and NPU.

084 Effects of plant extracts on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and fibre degrading enzymeactivities in an in vitro gas production system - A.K. Patra, D.N. Kamra and Neeta Agarwal,

Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,

-243 122 (U.P.)

The effects of ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the pulp of Terminalia belerica(bahera), Terminalia chebula (harad) and Emblica officinalis (amla), Azadirachta indica (neem)seed kernel and Acacia concinna (shikakai) pod were studied on rumen fermentation pattern,methane generation and enzyme profile in in vitro gas production system. Methanol extracts ofT. belerica, T. chebula and A. indica seed kernel, ethanol extract of T. chebula, and water extractof T. belerica reduced methane generation by rumen microbes of buffaloes fed high roughagediet. Water extracts of all the plants, methanol extracts of A. concinna and E. officinalis , andethanol extracts of T. chebula and E. officinalis showed higher total gas production. Molar percent of propionate was increased significantly by water and methanol extracts of A. concinna,methanol extract of T. chebula, and water extracts of E. officinalis and T. chebula. Rumen ciliateprotozoal numbers were decreased by all extracts of A. concinna. The effects of the plant extractswere also studied on carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and acetyl esterase activities and in vitrodry matter degradability of feed. The preliminary results of these experiments indicate thatsecondary metabolites present in some economically important plants have activity againstmethanogenic bacteria and ciliate protozoa and affect the rumen fermentation significantly.Therefore, these plant secondary compounds appear to have a potential of practical application

in the manipulation of rumen fermentation for increasing animal productivity.

085 Isolation and characterization of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens from the rumen of crossbred steersA. Thulasi, M. Chandrasekharaiah, and K.T. Sampath, Animal Nutrition Division, National

Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030

Studies were undertaken to isolate Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a secondary cellulolyticbacteria that could serve as one of the target organism for introduction of vectors containingcellulase gene. A habitat simulating media (Rumen Glucose Xylose Agar) was prepared containingglucose and xylose as the energy source. The organism was isolated by the Hungate’s roll tubetechnique from the rumen digesta. The colonies from the roll tubes were sub cultured in the


Rumen Glucose Xylose broth. The various isolates were then identified and characterized based

on morphology, cultural characteristics, physiological and biochemical tests. Six isolates weretaken for the study and all the six were found to be gram-negative curved rods. All the isolates

tested positive for the O-F test, which indicated that these isolates were fermentors. All the

isolates were able to ferment xylose, glucose, cellobiose and maltose and two of them were ableto ferment starch and carboxy methylcellulose. It was observed that none of the isolates were

able to ferment glycerol or lactose or lactate and salicin. Butyrate and acetate were found to be the

end products of fermentation. The results obtained were similar to the fermentation characteristicsof Butyrivibrio. Five of the isolates were able to liquefy gelatin, which indicated that these strains

were able to break down proteins. However all the isolates tested negative for the other biochemical

tests - methyl red test, hydrogen sulphide production test, indole test and nitrate reduction. Thefinal pH of the medium was found to be in the range of 5.6 -6.0. Based on the microbiological tests,

biochemical tests, sugar fermentation tests and end product analysis, the isolates were identified

as those of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.

086 Activity of the hydrolytic enzymes in pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria - A. Thulasi,

M. Chandrasekharaiah, and K.T. Sampath, Animal Nutrition Division, National Institute of

Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030

Studies were undertaken to determine the activity of endo b 1, 4, glucanase, xylanase,amylase, beta glucosidase and alpha glucosidase, in pure cultures of Ruminococcus albus and

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, using the substrates carboxy methyl cellulose, xylan (from oat spelts),

starch, p-nitro phenyl b D- glucopyranoside and p-nitro phenyl a- D- glucopyranoside respec-tively . The reducing sugars that were formed after incubation of the enzyme and the substrates

were estimated using dinitro salicilic acid. The enzyme activity was expressed as µ moles of

reducing sugars (glucose or xylose) produced per minute per ml under assay conditions. Theactivity of carboxy methyl cellulase was found to be 0.013±0.0004 µ mole glucose/min/ml in

Ruminococcus albus and 0.0052±0.0009 µ mole glucose/min/ml in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The

activity of this enzyme was found to be significantly higher in the rumen fluid (0.049±0.0008 moleglucose/min/ml) as compared to the activity in pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria. The activity

of xylanase was found to be 0.0031±0.0001 µ mole xylose/min/ml with Ruminococcus albus and

0.0133±0.003 µ mole xylose/min/ml with Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The activity of xylanase in therumen fluid (0.0265±0.0007 µ mole xylose/min/ml) was significantly higher when compared with

the activity of the enzymes in the two cellulolytic bacteria. The activity of amylase was found to

be 0.0072±0.0005 µ mole glucose/min/ml in Ruminococcus albus and 0.0017±0.0002 µ moleglucose/min/ml in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and 0.0098±0.0002 µ mole glucose/min/ ml in rumen

fluid. The activity of a - glucosidase was found to be 0.021±0.002 µ mole glucose/min/ml in

Ruminococcus albus, 0.0014±0.0001 µ mole glucose/min/ml in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and


0.0432 µ mole glucose/min/ml in the rumen fluid. The activity of this enzyme was significantly

higher in the rumen fluid. The activity of a - glucosidase was found to be 0.0044±0.0008 µ moleglucose/min/ml in Ruminococcus albus, 0.0022±0.0003 µ mole glucose/min/ml in Butyrivibriofibrisolvens and 0.0050±0.001 µ mole glucose/min/ ml in the rumen fluid. It was found that theactivity of all the enzymes except xylanase is lower in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and hence thissecondary cellulolytic bacteria could be chosen as a target for genetic manipulation forenhancing the activity of the cellulase enzymes.

087 Effect of oral supplementation of lactobacilli on carcass characteristics of muzaffarnagarilambs - V. Rajkumar, M.K. Agnihotri and S.B.N.Rao, Central Institute for Research on Goats,

Makhdoom, Farah - 281 122, Mathura (U.P.)

In order to assess the effect of oral supplementation of lactobacilli culture on meatproduction profile of lambs, 18 Muzaffarnagari lambs (10 days after lambing) wererandomly divided in to 3 groups, six in each. Group I was kept as control; group II was givenSporolac @ 0.0 15 x 108 lactobacilli/kg body weight, daily orally and group III received Sporolacdouble the dose of group II. Lambs were reared up to 90 days on standard creep mixture, seasonalgreens and gram straw in addition to suckling dams. After weaning at 90 days concentrate mixture@ 300 - 600 g/d in addition to seasonal greens and gram straw were given till 7 months ofslaughter age. Three animals from each group were slaughtered using standard commercialprocedure. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in body weight, body dimensions,carcass and non-carcass traits and carcass composition of lambs reared under differenttreatments. The overall mean slaughter and carcass weights were 32.26±0.78 and 14.46±0.34 kg.The DP was 44.84±0.86 with carcasses having lean, fat and bone percentage of 64.97±0.92,7.17±0.65 and 23.97±0.3, respectively. Results suggested that feeding lactobacilli did not revealmarked beneficial effect on meat production profile of lambs reared under intensive managementsystem.

088 Testing proteolytic of potential of cud liquor vis-a-vis rumen liquor in cattle and buffalo -

Goapal Krishna1, Animal Nutrition, CCS-HAU, Hisar,

An attempt was made to test the proteolytic potential of cud liquor vis a-vis rumen

liquor and Fungal cellulase ( Sigma Cat. No. E -9422) by incubating raw and protected casein (150

mg approximately under in vitro system for 96 hrs continuously with 15ml cud liquor (Cattle andbuffalo) 15 ml rumen liquor (Cattle and Buffalo. Fungal cellulase 156 units/25 ml liter (Sigma Cat.

No. E-9422) and Distilled water, respectively. The dilution rate of inoculum (undigested residue

and microbial protein ) varied between 0.4 to 0.8 under different incubation media cited above. Itis worth noting that casein dry matter disappearance per cent in raw casein was considerably1 Kothi No. 790, Sector 55, Faridabad-121 004 (Haryana)


reduced from 98.7 to 61.3, 91.3 to 70.3 as tested by using cud liquor (Cattle and Buffalo),

simultaneously casein dry matter disappearance was also reduced significantly (P<0.05) from 99to 68, 100 to 70.7 on protection as tested by using rumen liquor (Cattle and Buffalo ). The use of

Fungal cellulase Sigma (Cat .No. E-9422) under in vitro system also confirmed the considerable

reduction af casein dry matter disappearance per cent from 100 to 49 (raw casein vis-a-vis pro-tected casein).however proteolysis potential was significantly (P<0.05) lower with Fungal cellu-

lase as compared to cud liquor and rumen liquor. respectively. which is directly related with higher

concentration of proteases in cud liquor and rumen liquor.The proteolysis potential of cud liquorin terms of casein crude protein disappearance per cent was significantly (P<0.05) higher as

compared to rumen liquor (Score card value 153 vis-a vis 133 in Cattle. ) and (Score card value 172

vis-a-vis 153), Overall proteolysis Score card values were significantly ( P<0.05) higher in Buffaloas compared to Cattle when protected casein was tested (172 vis-a-vis 153 with cud liquor) and

(153 vis-a-vis 133) with rumen liquor). Higher Score card values with cud liquor and rumen liquor

as compared to Fungal cellulase is a documentary evidence of presence of hiqher concentrationof protease & with earlier incubation media. It may be concluded from the present study that cud

liquor is a very rich source proteases complex having excellent proteolysis potenial and its

commercial exploitation is feasible being cheaper natural source that too toxin free.

089 Influence of fibrolytic enzyme on rumen fermentation - Raman Malik, S.K. Sirohi, S.G. Gayal1 and

Rameshwer Singh2, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

Six fibrolytic enzymes (three cellulase T1,T2 and T3; three xylanase T4, T5 and T6; one containing

both cellulase and xylanase T7) were evaluated as feed supplement under in vitro conditionusing buffalo rumen liquor and a substrate having 50:50 concentrate and wheat straw (on DM)

along with a control group (T8). Each enzyme was added at the three levels (L1, L2 and L3). The

levels of cellulose enzyme were 2000, 2850 and 4300 carboxymethyle cellulase units per kg DM ofsubstrate and xylanase enzymes 7500, 10700 and 16050 xylanase units per kg DM of substrate

respectively. IVDMD at L1 improved when E2 (55.46%) and E5 (54.20%) were supplemented as

compared to control (44.75%). IVDMD at L2 were significantly higher in all enzyme supplementedgroups over control, and greatest response were recorded in the E2 (70.50%) and E5 (70.71 %)

supplemented groups as compared to control (48.16%). IVDMD at L3 were also higher in all

enzyme supplemented group but there was no significant effect in L2 and L3. TVFAconcentration (meq/100ml) at L1 was higher in groups E2 (9.5) and E5 (8.6) as compare to control(6.5). At level 2 TVFA concentration (meq/100ml) was higher in groups E1 (9.8), E2 (10.2), E5 (10.5)and E6 (8.9) as compare to control group (6.6). TVFA concentration at level 3 was higher in allenzyme supplemented groups except in group supplemented with E4. Level of ammonia-N washigher in only E4 and E5 groups on all the three levels of enzyme supplementation. TCA1 CIRCOT, Mumbai, 2 DM Division NDRI, Karnal


precipitable protein (g/kg of OM digested) were higher in group supplemented with E1, E2 and E5on all the three levels over control group. Total gas production was higher in groups E2, E3, E4,E5 and E7 at level L1 and L2, however, it was significantly higher in all enzyme supplementedgroup over control. The concentration of bacteria and protozoa were also higher in E2 and E7 atlevel L1, however, at level 2 and 3 population of bacteria and protozoa were significantly higher inalmost all enzyme supplemented groups. It was concluded from this study that the fibrolyticenzyme can be used to improve the rumen fermentation and fiber degradability.

090 Response of cellulose and xylanase enzyme mixtrure on in vitro rumen fermentation - RamanMalik, S.K. Sirohi, S.G. Gayal1 and Rameshwer Singh2, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National

Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

A mixture of enzyme containing cellulase and xylanase was evaluated under rumen in

vitro conditions feed supplement condition using buffalo rumen liquor and a substrate having

50:50 concentrate and wheat straw (on DM basis) along with a control group. The level ofcellulose enzyme was 2850 carboxymethylecellulase units per kg DM of substrate and xylanase

enzyme 10700 xylanase units per kg DM of substrate. It was found that supplementation of mixed

enzyme significantly improved the IVDMD (74.25 Vs 48.15%), TVFA concentration (11.2 Vs7.3meq/100 ml), total gas production (32.6 Vs 25.4 ml), population of bacteria (7.5X10 Vs 25.4X108)

and protozoa population (8.9X104Vs5.9 X104) as compared to control group. However level of

ammonia-N and TCA precipitable protein was not significantly influenced by the enzymesupplementation. It was also found that supplementation of mixture of both enzyme excelled over

the individual supplementation of enzyme. From this study it was concluded that a mixture of

fibrolytic enzyme can be used to improve the rumen fermentation and dry matter degradability.

1 CIRCOT, Mumbai; 2 DM Division, NDRI, Karnal


3. Strategic feed supplementation for livestock

091 Effects of source and dietary fat level on conjugated linoleic acid content of buffalo milk andmilk products - A.K. Tyagi, Neelam Kewalramani, T.R. Dhiman1, S.K. Kanawjia, Harjit Kaur and

K.K. Singhal, DCN, Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

The present experiment was conducted to find out the effect of level and source of fat onCLA content of milk and milk products in buffaloes. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes weredivided into 3 equal groups on the basis of milk yield. They were fed concentrate mixture andnon-leguminous green fodder ad lib. Concentrate mixture contained deoiled GNC (EE 2.5%),expeller GNC (EE 4.6%) and mustard cake (EE 4.8%) in the three groups respectively. At the startof the experiment, milk yield averaged 9.1, 9.5 and 10.3 kg/d in the three respective groups. After21 days of adaptation, daily milk yield and nutrients intake were recorded for two monthsexperimental period. Milk samples collected at fortnightly intervals were analysed for fat, protein,SNF and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content. The milk products viz paneer, ghee andmozzarella cheese were prepared from the milk of each group of buffaloes and were evaluated forflavour, body texture and appearance. Daily DM intake through concentrate mixture androughage in groups I, II and III averaged 5.19, 5.45,4.82 and 12.04, 12.53 and 12.35 kg amountingto total intake of 17.23, 17.98 and 17.17 kg respectively. The DM intake in group II wassignificantly higher than groups I and III. The daily milk yield in group II (9.37 kg) and group III(9.07 kg) was higher (P<0.05) than in group I (7.88 kg). However, variation among the groups formilk fat, protein and SNF contents was not significant. The milk products like paneer, ghee andMozzarella cheese showed no significant change in their flavour, texture and colour appearancedue to dietary fat levels. The cis 9, trans 11 fraction of CLA which is beneficial from health pointof view, was 0.504, 0.605, 0.618 mg/g of fat in the milk of groups I, II and III respectively. The CLAcontent (cis 9, trans 11) of all the milk products tested was highest in group II which were fed theconcentrate mixture containing EE content of 4.6% from expeller GNC. The total CLA content ofall the milk products was also highest in group II. Thus, the expeller groundnut cake was foundto increase the CLA content of milk and milk products in buffaloes.

092 Strategic supplementation of finger millet straw to improve milk yield in crossbred cows - On-

farm trial - M. Chandrasekharaiah, K.T. Sampath and U.S. Praveen, Animal Nutrition Division,

National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore- 560 030

Two on-farm lactation trials of 6 months and 3 months duration were conducted in twovillages i.e. Anagalapura and Menesi, respectively of Doddaballapura taluk of Bangalore district1 Utah State University, Logan, USA


in Karnataka state to study the effect of strategic supplementation to the basal diet of finger milletstraw in lactating crossbred cows. 24 crossbred cows (8 to 10 lits/day) were divided into twogroups (Control and Experimental) of 12 each in Anagalapura village and 16 crossbred cows (8 to10 lits/day) were divided into 8 each in Menesi village based on lactation number, milk yield anddays after calving. In both the villages, the cows in Control group were fed finger millet straw withsupplements such as groundnut cake and wheat bran as practiced by the farmers. Animals inExperimental group were fed finger millet straw with groundnut cake, wheat bran and maize grainby replacing part of wheat bran in this group. The animals in both the groups were fed ad libitumfinger millet straw as the major source of roughage. The average milk yield/day in Experimentalgroup was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in Control group in Anagalapura (9.28±1.25 lit/day vs 8.35±1.10) and Menesi (8.13±1.15 lit/day vs 7.05±1.13) villages. A digestibility trial of a 7day duration was also carried out at the end of the study using 5 animals in each group. It wasfound that the digestibility of CF, EE and NFE was significantly (P<0.05) higher in experimentalgroup than in Control group. The farmers income was increased by Rs. 10.54 and Rs. 13.46/cow/day respectively, in Anagalapura and Menesi villages by improved method of feeding. The studyindicated that strategic supplementation of finger millet straw with limiting nutrients i.e. energythrough maize grain improved the utilization of finger millet straw, therebyincreased milk production. Hence with minimum alternation in the existing feeding practices byscientific intervention, the farmers income can be increased through enhanced milkproduction.

093 Performance of lactating buffaloes fed sugarcane top based diets with or withoutstrategic supplementation - A.K. Garg, P. Singh, M. S. Rathore and R. K. Tiwari, Animal

Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

Seventeen lactating buffaloes with an average milk yield of 5.4 kg/d and being fedsugarcane tops regularly as a major source of green fodder were selected. These cows were

divided into three groups. Gr I: (Control, 5 buffaloes) was kept on feeding practice being followed

by farmers themselves. In Gr II (6 buffaloes), mineral mixture was supplemented @ 100g/animal/d.Animals in Gr III (6 buffaloes) were supplemented with concentrate mixture to meet the

requirements. Initially milk yield (kg/day) and body wt. (kg) were comparable among the three

groups. However, average milk yield after 3 months of experimental feeding period was 3.75, 4.52and 5.8 kg/day in group I, II and III, respectively. Digestion trial conducted during the experimental

period showed that the DM intake (kg/day, kg/100 kg b.wt. and g/kgW0.75) was comparable

among three groups. However, the digestibility of DM was significantly (P<0.05) higher in groupIII as compared to group I and II. Digestible DMI (kg/100 kg b.wt. and g/kgW0.75) and final body

wt. were similar among the three groups. It was deduced that the supplementation of mineral

mixture and/or concentrate mixture to the lactating buffaloes fed sugarcane top based diets

substantially improved their milk production.


094 Groundnut gotar supplementation at graded levels tojowar straw vis-a vis improvement innutritive value of jowar straw in Gir animals - K. Ravikala, K.S. Murthy, M.D. Patel, K.S. Dutta,K.R. Tajane, and R.R. Shah, Cattle Breeding Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University,

Junagadh.362 001

Jowar straw is a common dry non maintenance roughage offered to all categories of

bovines. Different treatments viz., physical, chemical and biologicals of straw result in loss of dry

matter and costly and hence, are not widely practiced. Even ecofriendly treatment such as ureatreatment is not followed in this area. Hence, in the present experiment, efforts were made to

enhance the nutritive value of jowar straw by supplementation with groundnut gotar, a

commonly available leguminous crop residue in this area. Groundnut gotar is a good source ofprotein (12.0 to 15.0 %) and calcium (1.0 to 2.5 %), respectively. Six castrated animals (Average

body Wt.270.12+13.58 Kg and average age 4.53+0.43 years) formed the part of the study. Jowar

straw was offered to these animals as sole feed (T-1) and its nutritive value was estimated. Jowarstraw was mixed with groundnut gotar in the rations of 80 : 20, (T -2) 70 : 30 (T -3) and 60 : 40

(T -4), respectively and offered as sole feed to these animals in different phases, each phase

consisting of three weeks preliminary period and seven day collection period for digestion-cum-metabolic trials. Dry matter intake/day, kg per 100 kg body weight and g/kgw0.75 T-1 were 3.78, 1.40

and 57.42 for T1, 3.93, 1.45 and 58.71 for T2, 4.17, 1.51 and 61.38 and for T3 and 4.30, 1.51 and 63.69for T4 respectively. Dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight and g/w kg0.75 were at par

respectively. DCP and TDN contents of rations under T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 2.36 and 51.15; 3.39

and 52.14, 4.07 and 53.24 and 4.39 and 54.19, respectively and at each supplementation there issignificant ( P< 0.02 ) improvement in DCP percent Cost of feeding per day per animal for

maintenance purpose was Rs.5.92, 6.86, 7.72 and 8.06, respectively under T1, T2, T3 and T4 being

significantly (P<0.05) higher under T4 and T3 compared to T1 and T2. Higher cost of feeding isjustified due to elevation in nutritional status of jowar straw from T1, T2, T3 and T4. The results

of the experiment concluded that the leguminous crop residue groundnut gotar can be practically

and economically used to supplement and improve the nutritional status of jowar straw from nonmaintenance roughage to maintenance roughage.1 Gotar is a local term used to denote crop residue left after harvesting of main leguminous crop.

095 Performance of crossbred cattle fed pearl millet straw as sole feed supplemented with GNC andgreen fodder - Prabha Nisal, Surekha Kale and V.C.Badve, BAIF Development Research Foundation,

Central Research Station,Uruli Kanchan, Pune 412-202, Maharashtra

Performance of cross-bred lactating cattle on pearl millet straw was studied. Twelve

crossbred animals of 20 to 25 months old, about 350 kg body wt.were divided into two groups ofsix each. In control group the animals were fed ad libitum chopped green maize along with


concentrate. Experimental group was on peal millet straw as sole roughage. In addition GNC and

min mix was offered to each animal The digestibility trial was conducted at the end of intakestudies. Intake studies were carried out for one complete lactation. The average milk yield/day/

animal was 7.5 lits. and fat % 4.5 in control group. In experimental group the milk yield was 7.9 lits

and fat % is 4.7 % . Village level studies on pearl millet straw were encouraging. Studies wereconducted in Tal parner dist.Ahmednagar. where Pearl millet straw is only available roughage to

the animals in summer. Total 20 animals average milk yield of 8-12 lits and 1st and 2nd lactation

were selected. The animals were divided into two groups of 10 each. The records of daily intakeand milk production were maintained. Animals were supplemented with GNC in addition to Pearl

millet straw to observe the effect of strategic supplementation on milk yield. Studies conducted at

farmer level showed rise in milk yield and fat % in GNC supplemented to pearl millet straw.

096 Effect of strategic supplementation on milk production and reproduction performance of indigenouscows maintained on straw based ration - B.K. Sahu, A.K. Nath, R.K. Swain and D.P. Samantaray,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa

University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003

An on-farm trail was conducted for a duration of 210 days on 24 lactating indigenouscows (5.08±0.12 years old; 209.36±15.87 kg b. wt.; 59.92±5.37 days of lactation; within 2nd

lactation; 1.96±0.15 l initial average milk yield/d) supplementing deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC)to a paddy straw ration to study the milk production and reproduction performances. The farmers

were feeding their cows wheat bran, mixed grasses and ad libitum paddy straw. The cows were

divided in to two groups on the basis of their body weight, lactation number, days of lactation atthe start of experiment and average daily milk yield in to two groups. Cows of group 1 were led as

per the prevailing feeding practices, but in group 2 the cows were supplemented daily with DGNC

equivalent to 22.5 g RDN/kg DOM in addition to the ration fed by the farmers. The animals weremaintained in shed of the farmers as per their practices. The DM and DCP intake were signilicantly

higher (P<0.05) in supplemented group but no effect in TDN intake. The group 2 cows yielded

208.40 litres more milk compared to group 1 during experimental period of 210 days. The averagemilk yield (l/cow/d) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in group 2 (2.19±0.09) compared to group 1

(1.40±0.67). The fortnfghtly average milk fat, milk protein, SNF and total solids percentage were

4.86±0.06 and 4.87±0.04; 3.22±0.02 and 3.24±0.03; 8.14±0.07 and 8.82±0.09 and 14.14±0.09 and14.06±0.09 in group 1 and group 2 respectively, which were not statistically significant. The profit

per day was calculated to be Rs. 13.05 in group 2 as against Rs. 7.72 in group 1, indicating a clear

advantage of supplementation. The average postpartum oestrus period (d), average days ofexperimental feeding up to the first oestrus (d) services per conception (no) were 198.25, 123.25

and 1.75 in group 1 and 136.63, 72.75 and 1.5 in group 2. Eight cows in group 2 and four cows in

group 1 were found pregnant registering a conception rate of 66.6% Majority of the farmers


(approximately 90 %) expressed their willingness to feed groundnut cake to their milking cows fed

paddy straw as sole fodder. They perceived that their animals when given GNC consumed morepaddy straw, condition of the animal and milk yield improved, no change in butter content, more

assured cash out-lays.

097 Effect of feeding mustard oil on milk yield and milk composition of Murrah buffaloes - S. B.

Shinde and Aruna B. Bobade, Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science, College of

Agriculture, Pune - 411 003; M.P.K.V. Rahuri (Maharashtra)

Sixty private commercial buffalo dairy farms located around the Pune city were selectedrandomly and divided into Group I - less than 10 buffaloes, Group II 11 to 25 buffaloes, Group III- 26 to 50 buffaloes and Group IV-more than 50 buffaloes. It was found that feeding of varyinglevels of mustard oil was a common practice among all the groups. The levels of oil fed were 50,100, 150, 200,250 and 500 ml. oil/day/buffalo. The group wise distribution of respondents feedingoil to their buffaloes was 77.33, 93.33, 100.00 and 53.00 percent, respectively. Among the differentlevels of oil fed, it was found that the level of 200ml/day/buffalo showed significantly higher milkproduction than 100, 150, and 250 ml levels while it was at par with the levels of 50, 200 and 500 mlrespectively. The increasing trend in milk production was noticed up to 200 ml level and thereafter it was declined. The fat content of milk of buffaloes fed with 50, 100 and 200 ml oil was at parwith each other but significantly lower than 250and 500 ml. Levels. The SNF contents of milk ofbuffaloes fed with 50, 100, 200 and 500 ml. were at par. The highest value of 9.85 per cent wasfound with 150 ml. Level but the same was at par with 250 and 500 ml. Levels. The different levels

of mustard oil feeding had no significant effect on TS content of milk of either group.

098 Effect of herbal preparation on nutritional and lactation performances in Murrah buffaloes fed

concentrate mixture and wheat straw - S.K. Mahanta, S.S. Kundu and L.K. Karnani, Plant

AnimalRelationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute Jhansi-284003

(U.P.)

A feeding trial of 70 days duration was conducted on fourteen lactating Murrahbuffaloes (480 kg body weight, 2nd to 4th parity, mid-lactation and 6.0 kg milk yield/d). Animals weredivided into two groups (control and experimental) of 7 animals in each, and fed a compositeration of concentrate mixture (barley: maize: mustard cake: deoiled rice bran: wheat bran: mineralmixture: salt: molasses: urea, 25: 15: .18.75: 22.50: 7.50: 1.50: 1.50: 7.50: 0.75) and wheat strawaccording to ICAR (1998) standard computed on fortnightly basis. Buffaloes of experimentalgroup were additionally given (10g/animal/d) a combination of certain herbs (Zingiber officinale,Adds rocemosus, Lepidium sativum, Fergonelia facunm, Pychotis ajowan, Accium sativum,Anacycus pyrethrum, Anaqua sodichlordum, Ficus religiosa and Myristica officialis) with ga-lactogogue and stomachic actions to record its effect on nutritional and lactation


performances. Average daily DM intake was higher (P>0.05) by 10.97% in buffaloes underexperimental group (12.24 kg) than those on control group (11.03 kg). Average digestibility ofDM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose were comparable between the groups.All the animals were in positive nitrogen balance. Animals were also under similar plane ofnutrition consuming (g/ kg W0.75) comparable quantities of CP (10.00 vs 11.23) and TDN (57.74 vs64.70). Average daily milk yield was higher by 25.1% in buffaloes of experimental group (5.37 kg)when compared to those of control group (4.29 kg). However, combination of herbs did not haveany influence on milk constituents like total solids (18.38 vs 17.90%), fat (8.21 vs 8.19%), protein(4.46 vs 4.30%) etc. Thus additional offering (little quantity) of above said herbal preparation hadpositive effect (p>0.05) on daily feed (DM) intake and milk yield in lactating buffaloes fed on

composite ration of concentrate mixture and wheat straw.

099 Effect of different levels of fibre in maintanence diet on methane production in cattle

Madhu Mohini and Veena Mani, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research

Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Twelve male cattle (217 to 300 kg body weight) were divided in three groups of fouranimals each. Three diets were prepared with concentrate mixture and wheat straw (40:60) byvarying the composition of ingredients of conc. mix to get three levels of NDF (40,50 and 60%) inthe diet. The NDF(%) was 10.87, 24.72 and 34.55 in the three conc. mixtures, respectively.However, CP content was kept between 11-12%. Animals were fed concentrate mixture to meet theprotein requirements with wheat straw as basal roughage. Finally the ratio of concentrate andwheat straw came to be 42:58, 40:60 and 42:58 in the three groups. Total DMI (kg/d) was 6.42 ±0.44,6.85±0.47 and 6.49±0.21 and the values were 2.29±0.04, 2.42±0.10 and 2.27±0.11 kg/100 kg bodyweight. These values did not differ statistically among the groups. As the amount of straw as wellas concentrate intake did not vary among the groups, the difference was only in the type ofconcentrate mixture. Digestibility of the total diet was also not affected. DMD and OMD rangedbetween 56.14 to 58.88 and 57.24 to 60.17%. In fact increase in the fibre content of the diet wasbecause of higher fibre in conc. which is highly digestible and has not affected the digestibility ofthe diet. Though methane production (g/d) increased with the increase in the fibre content yet thedifference among the groups was not significant indicating that methane production does not

depend only on amount of fibre in the diet but on the type of fibre also.

100 Effect of increasing fibre in the diet through straw on methane production - Madhu Mohini,Veena Mani, T.K.Walli and Aruna Chhabra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy

Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Concentrate mixture comprising GNC, maize and wheat bran (35,30 and 32 parts) wasprepared having 12.41% CP and 67.5% TDN. NDF of concentrate mixture and wheat straw wasestimated, the values were 34 and 79%. Four substrates were prepared to get 40,50,60 and 70%


NDF in the diet. Ratio of concentrate mixture and wheat straw came to 85:15, 65:35,40:60, and 20:80to get the desired NDF level. These substrates were incubated for 24 hours to estimate in vitrodigestion (one stage) and in vitro gas production. IVDMD (%) was 68.65, 59.62, 48.40 and 39.43,which decreased significantly with the increase in fibre content of diet. IVOMD also decreasedfrom 65.17 (40% NDF) to 35.48 (70%NDF). However, the percent NDF digestibility was not af-fected. Total gas produced was 50.69±2.85, 44.99±2.99, 33.87±1.82 and 23.13±1.76 lt /kg DM in thefour substrates respectively, which differ significantly (P<0.05). When expressed as lt/kg, DDMthe values were 75.40, 77.53, 70.99 and 61.27. Total Methane produced (lt/kg DDM) alsodecreased significantly with the increase in fibre level however the percent of methane producedwas more and when digestibility of the diet was considered, the values (28.28, 30.26, 29.03 and30.57) did not vary significantly. The result indicated that percent of methane in the total gas wasmore when level of fibre was high.

101 Effect of oil supplementation on methane production from high fibrous diets - Madhu Mohini,

Veena Mani, T.K.Walli and Aruna Chhabra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy


Concentrate mixture (12.41% CP and 67.5% TDN) and wheat straw were mixed to have 60

to 70% NDF in the substrate. Ratio of concentrate and wheat straw came to 40:60 and 20:80. EE ofconcentrate mixture came to be 2.77%, which led to 1.6 and 1.1% EE in the whole ration. The two

substrates were supplemented with mustard oil (1 and 1.5%). In vitro DMD and gas productioo

was studied. IVDMD as well as IVOMD was significantly lower on high level of fibre. One percentaddition of oil stimulated digestibility while no difference was observed at 1.5% level of

supplementation. Total gas produced per kg DDM reduced at 60% NDF (95.60, 90.9, 87.92) as well

as at 70% NDF (85.14, 74.95, 67.97) on supplementation of oil. Methane percent in the total gasalso reduced without affecting digestibility of both diets at 1.5% level of oil supplementation.

Total vaoatile fatty acids and the fractionaI VFAs were not effected significantly. The results

indicated that lower level of oil in the diet cause more methane production.

102 Effect of Short term Supplementation of Monensin onGrowth Performance of Dairy Heifers -

Sujata Pandita, Himadri Patir and Madhu Mohini, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National

Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Ten, KF Dairy heifers, apparently healthy and disease free were divided into two groups.

Group I was fed to gain @ 500 g/day. Group II heifers in addition to above feeding were

supplemented with monensin for a period of 75 days. All the heifers were then subjected to adlib

feeding for 220 days. Growth was monitored every 15 days during treatment period and every 20

days during post treatment period. Body weight increased significantly (p<0.01) during the

treatment as well as post treatment period. The live weight gain tended to be 42.75 kg and 53.04 kg


at the end of 75 days. The average daily gain (ADG) was significantly higher in supplemented

calves (24.13%) as compared to group I. After 220 days of withdrawal of the treatment, the live

weight gain continued to be high in supplemented group (83.1 Vs 98.85 kg, p<0.01). Thus, even

short-term supplementation of monensin had a beneficial effect on growth even after its

withdrawal.

103 Effect of feed additives on nutrient digestibility and rumen metabolites in buffaloes - S.S. Khirwar,

B.S.Tewatia and Shiv Kumar, Department of Animal Nutrition CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)

Effect of feed additives (0.2% iso-butyric acid, 0.2 % iso-valeric acid and 4 % linseed oil)

on nutrient digestibility, rumen metabolites and microbial population was studied in a 4x4 switch

over trial on adult male fistulated buffaloes. The animals were fed chaffed pearl millet stover and

concentrate mixture (70:30). Concentrate mixture contained mustard cake 25, crushed maize grain

36, de-oiled rice polish 36, mineral mixture 2 and salt 1 per cent. After preliminary feeding period of

15 days, a digestion trial of five days duration was conducted. Rumen liquor samples for

estimation of metabolites were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours post-feeding. Freshly drawn

rumen liquor samples collected at 0 and 4 hours were used for total protozoal and viable as well as

cellulolytic bacterial counts. The total dry matter intake varied between 9.18 to 9.98 kg per day,

while dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight varied between 1.61 and 1.66 kg. The digestibility

of dry matter, organic matter, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and cellulose was highest under linseed oil

group, while the ether extract digestibility was lowest under this group. Addition of iso-acids

resulted in marginal improvement in the digestibility of crude protein, while the digestibility

coefficients of all other proximate principals and fibre fractions remained similar to the control

group given no additive. The average total volatile fatty acid content was lowest under iso-

butyric feeding followed by linseed oil and iso-Valeric acid, while it was highest under control

group feeding. This was mainly due to lower TVFA content before feeding. The TVFA content

increased with time after feeding up to 6 hours but declined at 8 hours of feeding. The average

total N as well as ammonia N content was lowest in animals fed linseed oil followed by iso-butyric,

iso-valeric and the control indicating that N utilization may be better in animals fed linseed oil

followed by iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid. Addition of iso-valeric and iso-butyric acid had

depressing effect on the total protozoal, total viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts at 0 as well

as 4 hours after feeding in comparison to control. Addition of linseed oil at 4 % level increased the

viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts with decreased protozoal counts due to partial defaunation.


104 Effect of feeding untreated and urea treated straw with three levels of concentrate onreproductive performance in crossbred heifers - Chetna Bhatt, R.S. Jaiswal, Himanshu Pandeyand Anand Singh, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145

Sixteen cross breed heifers of 8 to 18 months of age were divided into four groups. In T1

group untreated wheat baled straw and 100% of concentrate mixture was given to balance energy

and CP requirement. In T2, T

3 and T

4 groups urea treated wheat straw with 100%, 75% and 125%

of concentrate mixture were given according to their requirement. This untreated and urea treated

straw was offered ad lib and concentrate mixture was content mustard cake, wheat grain and rice

bran. Mineral mixture 30g and common salt 30 g as well as 2 kg green fodder given to all of thegroups. Reproductive performance of animals shows age of animals at puberty in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4

groups were found 912 days, 823.6 days, 925 days and 923.66 days, respectively and weight of

animals at puberty time was recorded 202, 202, 232 and 204 kg, respectively. Same way age ofanimals at conception in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups were found 1046, 1069, 1097 and 1138 days,

respectively and weight of animal at that time were recorded 257, 258, 263 and 259 kg in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups, respectively. Numbers of services required in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups were

found 4.6, 4.3, 4.0 and 8.0, respectively. It may be concluded that T3 groups was found better in

comparative to T1, T

2, and T

4 groups, also less services required in T

3 group compare to other

groups. Thus urea treatment of straw with 75% concentrate mixture gives better results in term ofreproductive performance.

105 Effect of feeding untreated and ammonia (urea) treated straw with three levels of concentrate on

blood parameter in crossbred heifers - Chetna Bhatt, R.S. Jaiswal, Anand Singh and Himanshu

Pandey, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145

In an experiment was conducted on sixteen cross breed heifers of 8 to 18 months of age

were divided into four groups. In T1 group untreated wheat baled straw and 100% of concentrate

mixture was given to balance energy and CP requirement. In T2, T

3 and T

4 groups urea treated

wheat straw with 100%, 75% and 125% of concentrate mixture were given according to theirrequirement. This untreated and urea treated straw was offered ad lib and concentrate mixture

was content mustered cake, wheat grain and rice bran. Mineral mixture 30 g and common salt 30

g as well as 2 kg green fodder given to all of the groups. Blood sample were taken before ureatreated straw feeding and after one year urea treated straw feeding. Blood glucose level before

urea treated straw feeding in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 were found 47.07, 52.30, 51.47 and 48.3 mg/dl,

respectively. Whereas after feeding of urea treated straw in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups were 72, 75,

84 and 77 mg/dl, respectively. Blood urea level before urea treated straw feeding inT1, T

2, T

3 and


T4 groups were observed 21.8, 19.92, 18.7 and 23.3 mg/dl respectively, and after feeding of urea

treated straw in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups blood urea level were found 24.25, 22.5 and 24.0 mg/dl,

respectively. Where as in T1 group where untreated wheat straw were given there blood urea level

was 24.75 mg/dl. Concentration of a serum protein in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups before urea treated

straw feeding were found 7.26, 7.03, 7.26 and 7.22 mg/dl, respectively, and after feeding of a ureatreated straw value of a serum protein were found 7.61, 7.51, and 7.86 in T

2, T

3 and T

4 group,

respectively. Where as in T1 group this value was 7.56mg/dl. Thus the result shows that feeding

of urea treated straw ration increase.

106 Studies the effect of feeding ammonia (urea) treated straw with three levels of concentrate onnutrient utilization and growth performance in crossbred heifers - Chetna Bhatt, R. S. Jaiswal,Himanshu Pandey and Anand Singh, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinaryand Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145

Sixteen cross bred heifers ranging from 8 to 16 months of age and 58 to 148 kg in body

weight were divided into four groups of four in each. T1 group was untreated wheat baled straw

and 100% of concentrate mixture and T2, T

3 & T

4 groups were 100%, 75% and 125% of

concentrate mixture with urea treated wheat straw given in respective groups according to their

requirement. This untreated and urea treated straw were offered ad lib and concentrate mixture

prepared with mustard cake, wheat grain and rice bran. Mineral mixture 30 g and common salt 30g as well as 2 kg green fodder given to all of the groups. The average daily body weights gain

were 280±26.41, 331±18.31, 302±21.22 and 385±36.80 gm/day in treatment groups T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4,

respectively. These value were statistically non significant. The dry matter intake in terms of kg/100 kg body weight was 3.4, 3.4, 2.9 and 3.7 in T

1, T

2, T

3 & T

4, respectively. These values were

statistically tested and showed non-significance. A seven days digestion trial was conducted

and digestibility coefficients were calculated the digestibility of dry matter and CP were 60.4,55.2:60.3, 42.8:57.3, 39.4 and 60.4,39.7 in T

1, T

2, T

3 & T

4, respectively. The digestibility of NDF and

ADF were 56.2, 41.4:60.7, 56.7:67.5, 60.9 and 63.3, 65.8 in treatment groups T1, T

2, T

3 & T

4,

respectively. These values were non significant (P>0.5). In view of above, it may concluded thaturea treatment of wheat straw is economic and beneficial for growing heifers and also reduce the

concentrate requirements.

107 Studies on milk production and its composition in lactating cows fed with ammonia (urea)treated straw with three levels of concentrate mixtures - Anand Singh, Himanshu Pandey andR.S.Jaiswal, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145

The experiment was conducted to determine the amount of milk that can be supportedby ammonia (Urea) treated baled wheat straw fed ad lib and concentrate mixture were given100%, 75% and 125% to T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups, respectively on their requirement. The T

1 was


control group which fed untreated wheat straw and 100% concentrate mixture with usual

supplement of green fodder 2 kg per head per day. The milk production in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups

were 7.0, 9.0, 8.6 and 9.5 kg per day. For the milk composition two type sample were taken 1st urea

treated and 2nd untreated wheat straw fed animals milk and found that in urea treated wheat straw

fed animal milk urea content 23.3 mg per 100 ml, fat 4.24% and milk protein 3.89%. In untreatedwheat straw fed animals milk urea content 18.5 mg per 100 ml, fat 3.31% and milk protein 4.04%. It

was observed that ammonia treated baled wheat straw with 75% concentrate mixture could

support milk production up to 8.6 kg per day and its feed cost lowest than other feed. There wasno adverse effect on milk production and composition.

108 Performance of lactating crossbred cows fed different levels of undegradeable dietary proteinand plane of nutrition - M.Ravi Kumar, D.P. Tiwari and Anil Kumar, Department of Animal

Nutrition College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and

Technology, Pantnagar-263145 (Uttaranchal)

Twenty-four medium producing (10 kg/d, 45 to 135 days postpartum) lactating

crossbred cows were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each and were fed either concentratemixture I containing 59:41 (Low UDP) or concentrate mixture II containing 52:48 (High UDP)

RDP:UDP ratio and to meet either 100% of NRC requirements (Normal plane) or 115% of NRC

requirements (Higher plane), in a 2x2 factorial designed experiment. Green jowar was fed ad

libitum as sole roughage to all the animals. The total dry matter intake, roughage DMI, concen-

trate DMI, roughage : concentrate ratio, DMI/100 kg body weight, DMI/kg W0.75, digestibilities of

DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and intakes of TDN and DCP did not differ significantly due to bothUDP level and plane of nutrition and also due to their interaction. The total dry matter intake

varied from 145.18 gin LUDP + NP to 152.57 g/kg W0.75 in LUDP + HP diet. Increase in milk yield

with increased UDP level and also with increased plane of nutrition was consistent throughoutthe experimental period. The overall daily average milk yields in cows fed with low and high UDP

diets were 7.91 and 8.99 kg, respectively and for normal and higher plane, the milk yields were 8.15

and 8.75 kg/day, respectively. The 4% FCM yields were, 9.20 kg for low UDP diet, 10.28 kg for highUDP diet, 9.11 kg for normal plane of nutrition and 10.37 kg for higher plane of nutrition. Fat yields

for the corresponding treatments were 0.40, 0.45, 0.39 and 0.46 kg, respectively. Milk yield, FCM

yield and also fat yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments and alsotheir interaction, but values were higher with increased UDP level and higher plane of nutrition.

Total solids (14.65 and 13.83%), lactose (5.44 and 4.92%), solids-not-fat (9.44 and 8.83%) and

gross energy (887 and 838 kcal/kg) of milk decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased UDPlevel while total solids (13.84 and 14.64), fat (4.84 and 5.36%), and gross energy (832 and 894 kcal/

kg) increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in plane of nutrition. Gross and net energetic

efficiencies and also gross and net efficiencies of nitrogen utilization for milk production were not


affected significantly with either of the factors or their interaction. The study suggest that,

increasing UDP level from 41 % to 48% of dietary CP and also increasing plane of nutrition from100% to 115% of NRC requirements maintain a consistently higher milk production, though the

differences were statistically non-significant.

109 Serum biochemical constituents as influenced by different undegradeable dietary protein levelsand planes of nutrition in lactating crossbred cows - M. Ravi Kumar, D.P. Tiwari, Anil Kumar and

Nilin Gupta, Department Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant

University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar 263145, U. S. Nagar (Uttaranchal)

Twenty four medium producing lactating crossbred cows were divided into 4 groups of

6 animals each. Animals of each group was fed with concentrate mixture with either 59:41 (Low

UDP) or 52:48 (High UDP) RDP: UDP ratio and either in normal plane (to meet 100% NRCrequirements) or in higher plane (to meet 115% NRC requirements), in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment

in order to discern the effect of undegradable dietary protein levels and plane of nutrition on

blood biochemical constituents. Green sorghum ad lib was the sole roughage. The lactation triallasted for 105 days excluding 15 days of prior adaptation period. Blood samples were collected on

0th, 45th and 90th days of experimental period and serum samples were analyzed for total protein,

albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, ammonia nitrogen, and activities of aspartatetransferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) and compared among various treatment groups.

Only AST activity increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in UDP level and plane of nutri-

tion and the increased values were also within normal physiological range and all the otherparameters were not affected by treatments. It was concluded that increase in UDP level from 41

to 48% of dietary CP and increase in plane of nutrition from 100 to 115% of NRC requirements

pose no additional stress on lactating crossbred cows, as assessed from serum biochemical

constituents.

110 Economics of a dairy farm under commercial feed supplements in a village dairy cooperative inthe terai area of Uttaranchal - Rajan Kumar Tripathi1, Vir Singh2 and Anil Kumar3, College of

Veterinary and Animal Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,

Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal)

Dairy farms in village dairy cooperatives (VDCs) often depend on the supplementationof commercial feeds for dairy animals. Study on the economics of such dairy farms wasundertaken randomly in selected VDCs in the Terai area of Uttaranchal Himalayas. Highest costin a dairy farm was incurred on labour (43 per cent of the total variable costs). Feed costs

1 Department of Livestock Production & Management; 2 Department of Animal Nutrition, 3 Department ofAgricultural Economics; Address for Correspondence: Dr. Vir Singh, Professor;e-mail : [email protected]


accounted for 42 per cent. Costs on medicine, AI, services, etc accounted for only sevenper cent.

Miscellaneous costs were merely one per cent of the total variable costs. Annual gross returns ata dairy farm were valued at Rs. 44517.00. Net returns on total (fixed + variable) costs were Rs.

11708.26. Net returns derived from variable costs were equal to Rs. 18945.07. Investment of Rupee

one in dairy farming in the Terai area, based on the variable costs, for example, will earn Rs. 1.74.This, by all standards, appears to be a profitable enterprise rather than just a subsidiary source of

economy. The study suggests that if prices of milk produced were fixed on the basis of the costs

of inputs, dairying would emerge far more remunerative than it at present is. Analysis of a dairyfarm from the perspective of ecological economics would be instrumental in our understanding of

dairy farm-farming system linkages and in the process of enhancing sustainability of agro-eco-

systems.

111 Relative nutrient utilization, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation in sheep and goat due toCenchrus ciliaris-Grewia optiva dietary combination - Sultan Singh, L.K. Karnani, S.S. Kundu

and B.B. Singh, Plant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research

Institute, Jhansi-284003 (U.P.)

For adult male each of sheep and goat were maintained on Cenchrus ciliaris - G. optiva

dietary regimen for three months. Cenchrus cilaris and G. optiva were offered in 75 : 25 and 50 :50

ratio to sheep and goat, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, rumen liquor samples were col-

lected at 0 and 4 h post feeding and were evaluated for nitrogen metabolites (Total -N, NH3-N,

TCA soluble - N), pH and VFA production. Digestion-cum-metabolism trial was conducted at the

end of experimental period to determine nutrient utilization and Nitrogen balance. Dry matter

intake as % body weight and g/kg W0.75 basis was comparable between both species. However

the dry matter intake (g/d) was relatively higher in goat (771.75±55.9) than sheep (614.72±32.8).

Dry matter, organic matter and cell wall contents digestibility was identical between both species.

However, CP digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.05) in goat (71.18±1.24) vis-a vis sheep

(57.60±2.03). Both the species were in positive nitrogen balance, while goat (36.44) revealed

higher nitrogen balance (% of intake) than sheep (29.02). Concentration of nitrogen metabolites

(mg/100 ml) was more at 4 hr post feeding than before feeding. Total volatile fatty acid production

(m eq/L) was more in sheep than great at both the hours of sampling. However the mean TVFA

concentration was 99.37 and 89.15 m eq/L in sheep and goat, respectively. The concentration of

nitrogen metabolites was more in goat than sheep at both the hours of feeding. Average total-N

and TCA soluble-N concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in goat (98.25 and 70.43) than

sheep (83.81 and 61.95). Results revealed that dry matter intake and cell wall contents utilization

is similar in sheep and goat however goat had higher CP digestibility and more concentrate of

nitrogen metabolites than sheep.


112 Rumen fermentation and microbial concentration in sheep and goat fed grass concentrate diet -P.K. Gupta, Sultan Singh, S.S. Kundu, Hari Singh and G.N. Lodhi, Department of Animal

Husbandry, Brahama Nand Post Graduate College, Rath, Hamirpur (U.P.)

Four animals each of adult Muzaffarnagari sheep and local goat with mean body weightof 40.1±3.4 and 28.3±3.3 was maintained on grass concentrate diet. Rumen liquor sample werecollected before feeding through stomach and were evaluated for pH, TVFA and nitrogenmetabolites (Total - N and NH3 - N) concentration. Microbial population (Total protozoa, bacterialmicroscope count and sporangial count) was also determined in rumen liquor sample of bothspecies. Total volatile fatty acid concentration (m eq/L) was non significantly (P<0.05) higher ingoat (134.75±4.49) than sheep (119.25±10.43). Similarly the concentration of total - N and NH3 - Nwas identical in both species (37.1 and 11.72 in sheep and 39.9 and 13.30 in goat). Total protozoacount (x 105/ml) was relatively higher in goat (12.60 than sheep (9.78), however the percentdistribution of Holotrichs was more in sheep (21.3 than goat (7.9). Total sporangial count (x 105/ml) was comparatively higher in sheep (6.50) vis-a.-vis goat (5.30). Goat existed higherconcentration of bacterial microscope count (13.41) vis-a.-vis sheep (9.10 x 108/ml). Resultsrevealed that goat had better rumen fermentation and microbial concentration than sheep on

grass - concentrate diet.

113 Effect of protein and energy levels in complete pelleted feeds on nutrient digestibilitY and rumenparameters in goats - P. Baswa Reddy, T.J. Reddy, K. Sivaiah, M. Uma, Y.R. Reddy and B.Ekambaram

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

A metabolism trial was conducted by feeding four complete pelleted rations with CP andTDN combinations of 12 and 55 (CR

1) 12 and 60 (CR

2) , 14 and 55 (CR

3) and 14 and 60 (CR

4) to four

groups of native Mahaboobnagari goats with four animals in each group. Rumen samples wereanalysed at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h intervals of post feeding. The average daily DM intake was 767.01,709.36, 926.53 and 953.35 grams and the average DM intake per BW 0.75 was 79.91,72.62, 93.05 and95.53 grams in CR

1,CR

2,CR

3 and CR

4 respectively. The DM digestibilities were 56.52, 59.73, 57.86

2 and 60.25 per cent and the CP digestibilities were 69.34, 71.28, 70.33 and 72.41 percent for CR1,

CR2, CR

3 and CR

4 respectively. The digestibilities of CF were significantly (P<0.05) higher for CR

1

and CR3 where as the digestibilities of EE and NFE were significantly (P<0.01) higher for CR

2 and

CR4. All the animals were in positive N, Ca and P balance with significantly higher balances in CR

4.

In all the groups, total nitrogen (mg/100 ml) in the rumen liquor significantly (P<0.01)increased from 0 to 2 hrs and then gradually decreased. The values were higher for CR

4 at all the

intervals. TCA precipitable nitrogen (mg/100 mg), NH3-N (mg/100 ml) and NPN (mg/100 ml) alsofollowed same trends as that of total nitrogen. TVFA contents (meq/100ml) in the rumen liquorincreased significantly (P<0.01) from 0 to 2 hours and then decreased gradually in all the groups.At all the intervals TVFA values were highest for CR

4 and lowest for CR

1. PH values were higher

in CR1 and lower in CR

4 at all intervals, where as within the group, significantly (P<0.01) lower PH

value was recorded at 2 h post feeding in all the groups.


114 Studies on rumen metabolites in goats fed different levels of protein and energy - P.J Anaiah,

K. Sivaiah, T.J. Reddy and M. Uma, B. Ekambaram and Y.R. Reddy, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Fifty Mahaboobnagar goat kids were randomly divided into five groups of ten animals

each (five males and five females) and were fed with milk and milk + milk replacers for 42 and 90

days, respectively. Five experimental kid starter rations were prepared with CP and TDN combina-

tions of 18 and 65 (T1) 18 and 70 (T

2) 20 and 65 (T

3),20 and 70(T

4) and 16 and 75 (T

5 - control group)

and were given to kids. A growth experiment was conducted for a period of 120 days. At the end

of the growth trial, rumen liquor was collected to study rumen metabolites with four animals in

each group. Rumen liquor samples were analyzed at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h interval post-feeding.

Significantly (P<0.01) lower PH was observed in T5 group (16%CP) and higher TVFA (meq/100ml)

concentration in T5 and T

4, which contained higher energy (75% and 70%. TDN) in the ration.

NH3 -N (mg/100 ml) and total nitrogen concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) lowered in T5

group (16%CP) than other experimental groups. Significantly (P<0.01) lowest pH values and

higher TVFA values at 2h post feeding were observed, when compared, to 0 and 6h post-feeding

in all the treatments. Peak concentrations of all rumen nitrogen fractions were observed at 2h

post-feeding in all the treatments.

115 Performance of graded Jamunapari goat kids fed rice straw mixed sola (Aeschonomene indica

linn) hay supplemented with urea molasses granules - N. Jain, S.P. Tiwari and M.K.Gendley,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora,

(Chhattisgarh)

The study was carried out for 105 days in the sub-tropic humid climate of Chhattisgarh

plains in the Southeast India. Twenty graded Jamunapari kid goats (4-5 months age and 12.43 kg

average body weight) were randomly assigned to four groups of five animals in each. The kids of

group I were fed ad lib. chopped sola hay and rice straw (70:30). In group II kids were fed de-oiled

rice bran (100g) and in group III kids were fed urea molasses mineral granules (50g) whereas in

Group IV kids were fed fish meal (25g) plus urea molasses mineral granules (50g) along with fine

chopped sola hay and rice straw. A 7-day metabolism trial was conducted at the end of

experiment. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) digestibility were more

(P<0.05) in groups III and IV but similar in other groups. Digestibility of organic matter (DM)

differed (P<0.05) among the four groups. It was highest in group III (66.16%) and the lowest in

group I (57.20%) digestibility.

72 Proc. XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 2004116 Effect of urea molasses mineral granules (UMMG) on rumen fermentation pattern in goat kids

fed sola (Aeschonomene indica linn) grass based diet - Nisha Jain, S.P. Tiwari and M.K.Gendley,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora

(Chhattisgarh)

A study was conducted in goat (Capra hircus) kids fed on sola (Aeschonomene IndicaLinn) grass hay and rice straw (70:30) as source of roughage. Twenty graded Jamunapari kids(4-5 months age, 12.43 kg average body weight) were randomly allocated to fourgroups of fivekids in each. The kids were fed ad-lib only roughage. In groups II, III and IV kids were fedde-oiled rice bran (100g/d), urea molasses mineral granules (50g/d) respectively along withroughage. The rumen fermentation studies revealed that the microbial protein synthesis washigher in group III (42.94g/100ml) and IV (57.04g/100ml) as compared to control (5) and II. Therewas a significant improvement of bacterial biomass (0.057g/100ml) and (0.082 g/100ml). Similarlybacterial and protozoal population also get affected due to supplementation of fermentable-Nand bypass protein like fish meal in the diet. This is due to the better digestibility of organic matterand production of volatile fatty acid in the rumen.

117 Effect of feeding monensin sodium and vitamin E on nutrient intake and growth rates in barbarigoats - R.S. Upadhyaya, U.B. Chaudhary and Nawab Singh, NFR and PT Division, Central

Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom, P.O. Farah-281 122 (U.P.)

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of Monensin sodium with or withoutvitamin E supplementation on nutrient intake and growth rates in Barbari kids of about 8 to 9months of age. The initial body weights of animals ranged from 11.9 to 13.3 kg. Twenty Barbarikids were divided into four groups of 5 each and fed as per following feeding schedule, Group A:Gram straw ad lib + concentrate mixture, Group B: Gram straw ad lib + concentrate mixturecontaining Monensin sodium (25mg/kg on fresh basis) Group C: Feeding same as given to groupB + vitamin E (160 mg tocopheryl acetate given to each animal twice a week), Group D: Feedingsame as given to group A + vitamin E as given to group C. The feeding period lasted for about 150days followed by a digestibility trial. The body weights were recorded at fortnightly intervals.The dry matter (DM) intake (g/h/d) in groups A, B, C and D were 708.05±12.39, 630.51±33.84,610.63±43.56 and 686.55±73.42 respectively. The percentage roughage in the dry matterconsumed by animals of group A, B, C and D were 57.6, 51.8, 54.5 and 58.9 respectively. The intakeof crude protein (g/h/d) by animals in group A, B, C and D were 113.04±2.19, 108.93±2.91,107.40±6.01and 103.24±10.34 respectively. While corresponding values of TDN intake (g/h/d)were 395.27±:6.28, 350.48±2.44, 322.53±18.09 and 315.13±10.88. The growth rate of animals hasbeen computed as group A, Y=0.049X+13.241(R2=0.96), Group B, Y

1=0.0606X

1+12.17(R2=0.9707),

Group C, Y2=0.051X2+13.516(R2=0.96), Group D,Y3=0.0408X

3+13.721(R2=0.98) Where Y, Y

1, Y

2

andY3 represent body weights (kg) at fortnightly intervals and X, X

1, X

2, and X

3 are days (from

start to end of the experiment). The growth rate was higher in group B followed by groups C, A

and D in decreasing order. All the goat kids remained healthy through out the experimental period.


118 A Preliminary study on effect of Concentrate supplementation on growth performance of MaleYaks - R. Pourouchottamane and A. Chatterjee, National Research Centre on Yak (lCAR) Dirang,

Arunachal Pradesh

The present experiment was carried out to study the growth performance of young maleyaks under different feeding regime. The experiment was conducted at institute experimental farmat nyukmadung (2750 m above mean sea level). The animals were maintained under intensivesystem of management (tie stall). Fifteen male yaks of around one year of age and similarbodyweight were selected and divided into three groups. There was no significant difference inaverage bodyweight of the yaks in three groups. The first group was fed only roughagead-libidum consisting of cut grasses, maize fodder and locally available tree leaves. The secondgroup was supplemented with concentrate mixture @ 1% of their bodyweight while third groupwas supplemented concentrate mixture @ 1.5% of their bodyweight to meet their nutritionalrequirements. Crude protein content of concentrate mixture was 15.3 percent. The feeding trailwas carried out for sixty days and the bodyweight was taken at fortnightly interval. At the end ofsixty days, the bodyweight gains were found to be 1.4 Kg per animal in 1st group, 13.58 Kg peranimal in 2nd group and 15 Kg per animal in 3rd group. The daily bodyweight gains werecalculated to be 23.33±5.45 grams, 226.33±20.44 grams and 250±25.5 grams respectively in 1st,2nd and 3rd groups. Yaks in general are not supplemented with any concentrate mixture undertraditional system. In this study, efforts have been made to see the effect of concentratesupplementation at two different level on growth rate of young yak calves. The preliminaryobservation clearly showed the positive effect of higher plane of nutrition through concentratesupplement on growth rate of yaks.

119 Methane production and nutrient utilization at different levels of oil in diets of steers - Barun

Bairagi1 and Madhu Mohini, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Based on average body weight, twelve crossbred steers of 2 to 2½ years were dividedinto 3 groups (I, II, III) of 4 animals each. Three treatment diets (T1, T2, T3) were prepared bymixing wheat straw and concentrate mixture in the ratio of 60:40, where deoiled groundnut cakewas used in concentrate mixture. T2 and T3 were prepared by adding groundnut oil inconcentrate of T1 diet to bring the EE content of total diets to 1, 2 and 3% respectively. The intakeof different nutrients (DM, OM, CP and CF) and digestibility of different nutrients (DM, OM, CP,CF, NDF, ADF, EE and NFE) were statistically (p>0.05) not different in three treatment groups.Nitrogen balance (23.99, 24.84,and 17.76 g/d) and N-retention as percent of N-intake (27.06, 30.00and 23.21) also did not vary among the three groups. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) inmethane production (g/d) in group II (60.74) and group III (63.82) compared to group I (85.58).When the methane loss (g/d) expressed as per kg of nutrient intake as well as percent of energyintake, there was also a significant decrease (p<0.05) in group II and III. The results indicated thatthere was reduction in methane production without affecting the digestibility in group II and III.1 Ph.D. Scholar, DCN Division


120 Effect of level of oil (groundnut oil) on in- vitro digestibility and methane production - BarunBairagi1 and Madhu Mohini, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Concentrate mixture (deoiled GNC, maize grain and rice bran) after oil extraction with

ether was taken along with wheat straw in the ratio of 60:40 as substrate. One to 5% groundnut oilwas added in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. IVDMD, IVOMD, IVNDFD and IVADFD (%) decreasedsignificantly (p<0.05) from 40.38(T2) 32.22(T5); 39.06(T2) to 32.50(T5); 38.45(TO) to 31.11 (T3) and29.26(TO) to 18.99(T5) respectively. In case of total gas and methane production (lit/kg DM) meanvalues were ranged from 54.39(T5) to 91.57(TO) and from 12.49(T4) to 27.82(TO) among differentdiets. So, results indicated that nutrients digestibility improved at lower level (T2) andsignificantly reduced (p<0.05) at higher level of oil (T5) where as total gas and methaneproduction decreased consistently and significantly (p<0.05) without affecting TVFA

concentration (meq/100 ml SRL) due to the addition of increasing amounts of oil in the diets.

121 In-vitro methane production and nutrient’s digestibility as affected by addition of different levels ofmustard oil in diet - Barun Bairagi1 and Madhu Mohini, National Dairy Research Institute,Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Digestibility of nutrients, total gas and methane production were determined by usingin- vitro rumen fermentation from six different diets (TO, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) containing 0, 1, 2,3, 4 and 5 percent of mustard oil. Diets were prepared with wheat straw and concentrate mixture(60:40). The concentrate mixture was prepared with deoiled mustard cake, maize grain and ricebran along with mineral mixture and salt. The oil content of diets was extracted previously withether. The IVDMD, IVOMD, IVNDFD and IVADFD (%) decreased from 45.49(T2) to 42.13(T4);31.29(T3) to 28.49(T4); 43.32(T3) to 38.82(T1) and 31.85(T1) to 28.15(T2) respectively, where astotal gas and methane production (lit/kg DM) varied from 26.03(T5) to 34.82(TO) and from 10.58(T5) to 13.81 (TO) respectively among different diets. So, results indicated that DM, OM, NDFdigestibility improved at lowers level (T2 or T3) with significant decrease (p<0.05) at higher level(T5) of oil inclusion. There was consistent and significant reduction (p<0.05) in total gas as wellas methane production without affecting TVFA concentration (meq/100 ml SRL) with increasedoil content of the diets. The study indicated that there was reduction in methane productionwithout affecting digestibility of the substrate upto 4% level of oil inclusion.

122 In vitro dry matter digestibility and rumen fermentation as affected by bypass fat supplementationin total mixed ration - S.K. Sirohi, S.S. Thakur, Raman Malik, T.K.Walli, Dairy Cattle Nutrition

Division, National Dairy of Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Calcium salts of soap stock, Acid oil, Palm fatty acid and Kusum oil were prepared by doubledecomposition method and tested for their efficacy under in vitro conditions to see rumenfermentation pattern and DMD. Protected fat supplements as mentioned above were evaluated1 Ph.D. Scholar, DCN Division


by in vitro method as a supplement in a total mixed ration (TMR), containing Wheat Straw andConcentrate in ratio of 60:40.concentrate mixture was prepared by using wheat bran-25, maize-40,mustared cake-32, mineral mixture 2.0 and salt 1.0 parts respectively. TMR having crude proteinand ether extract 12.0 and 3.2 percent respectively. Five percent and ten percent i.e. two levels offat were tested in TMR under in vitro system. Results indicated that at 5% level of fatsupplementation, IVDMD (%) was at par with the control diet. The values of IVDMD were39.6(control), 40.1, 37.0, 38.2, 36.0 and 38.0, 35.5, 37.6 and 34.2 at 5% and 10% level of fatsupplementation in control soap stock, acid oil, Palm fatty acid and Kusum oil protected fatsupplemented treatments. However at 10% level, the digestibility value decreased slightly.Similar trend was noticed in the case of rumen fermentation parameters like TVFAs, NH

3-N, TCA-

N and Total-N. The values of ammonia nitrogen (mg/100 ml) at 5% and 10% level of protected fatsupplementation in all sources were similar to control diet. However TVFAs (meq/100 ml) valueswere higher on 10% level of supplementation than 5% and control diet. It was concluded fromresults that protected fat supplement could be used in TMR upto 5% level without any effect ofDMD and rumen fermentation.

123 Effect of protected fat supplements on rumen fermentation nutrient utilization and digestibilityin adult buffalo calves - S.K. Sirohi, T.K. Walli, Raman Malik and S.S. Thakur, DCN Division,

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Protected fat supplements (calcium salts) were prepared by using byproducts of edibleoil Industries and non-conventional resources like soap stock, acid oil, palm fatty acid and karanjoil, using double decomposition method. Five adult fistulated buffalo calves were used for the invivo trial and allotted to five diets in a switch over design. The five diets were: T1- Wheat strawad lib + Concentrate + Green fodder, as per their requirement. In T2, T3, T4, T5 groups, additional200g protected fat was supplemented from soap stock, Acid oil, Palm fatty acid and Karanj oilrespectively. Experimental feeding was carried out for a period of one month and digestion trialwas conducted at the end of experimental feeding. During the trial period, samples of rumen liquorwere collected to study the fermentation parameters. Results showed that DMI (Kg/d) was similarin all the treatment groups as compared to control. DMI (Kg/d) in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was 4.14,4.34, 4.44, 4.36 and 5.01 respectively. Similarly, the digestibility coetfficients were also not effecteddue to protected fat supplementation. Highest DMD% was noticed in treatment group 5 andvalues were 56.46, 62.42, 60.16, 60.46 and 65.34 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. CPD% washigher in treatment groups in comparison with control group and the highest value was noticedin T1 group. The crude fiber digestibility was highest in T5 and values were significantly (P<0.05)higher T4 and T5 in comparison with control T1.digestibility of EE were significantly (P<0.05)higher in T2, T4 and T5 in comparison with T1, however values of T1 and T3 remained similar.Rumen fermentation parameters like TVFAs, NH

3-N, and TCA-N Total-N were also not affected

by protected fat supplementation. It was concluded from the study that protected fat could besupplemented in the diet upto 4% over and above to the fat present in the normal diet without anyadverse effect on nutrient utilization.


4. Commercialization of feed technologies :Problems and prospects

124 On farm evaluation of expander extruder processed sunflower heads based complete diets in

lactating crossbred cows - D. Nagalakshmi, D. Narasimha Reddy and M. Rajendra Prasad,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N. G. Ranga

Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500 030

An On farm trial of 180 days was conducted on 12 crossbred cows (Ongole X Jersey) by randomly

allotting to a complete diet and a conventional diet (6 in each group). The complete diet was

formulated with 40% sunflower (Helianthus annunus) heads (capitulum after removal of seeds)

as sole roughage source and subjected to expander-extruder pelletization (EEP). The EEP

complete diet was compared with conventional system of feeding under which calculated amount

of concentrate mixture and ad lib amounts of hybrid Napier and paddy straw were fed separately.

The CP content in concentrate mixture and expander extruded pelleted diet was 17.70 and 12.03%

respectively. The DM (P<0.01), OM (P<0.05), ether extract (P<0.05), CF (P<0.01), NDF (P<0.01)

and ADF (P<0.01) digestibility was higher when fed conventional diet in comparison to those fed

EEP diet. The digestibility of CP, NFE and cell contents was comparable between both the groups.

The CP (P<0.01) and DCP (P<0.05) in the processed SFH based complete diet were higher while

TDN was similar in comparison to conventional diet. The DM intake by cows fed EEP was lower

(P<0.01) than the intake of cows fed conventional diet. The DM intake and nutrient intakes by

cows fed on either diet was higher than the recommended requirements of Kearl (1982). The cows

fed EEP diet yielded 5.93 lts of milk daily with 4.0% fat, whereas the cows on conventional system

produced on an average 5.26 litres of milk daily having 4.47% fat. There was no difference

regarding milk yield, 4% FCM, fat % and SNF. The DM intake/kg 4% FCM was 1.72 kg by cows

fed EEP diet and was 2.02kg in that fed conventional diet. The cost of feed/kg FCM was though

statistically similar; it was 72 paisa lower in EEP diet than conventional diet. This long-term study

indicated that SFH can form a sole source of roughage in complete diets of milch cows and this

diet proved more balanced and nutritious than the conventional feeding.


125 Effect of rapeseed meal based expander extruder processed complete diet on milk and meatproduction in on farm situation - G.V.N. Reddy, P. Dipti Wilhelmina and M.S. Reddy, Departmentof VeterinaryBiochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

A complete diet was formulated using pressure cooked rapeseed meal as proteinsupplement and processed into pellets using expander extruder. In the first experiment, thiscomplete diet was compared with a conventional diet containing concentrate, mixture, greengrass and chopped sorghum straw by feeding to 12 crossbred cows of early lactation (6 in eachgroup) for 6 months and studied the effect of these diets production. In the second experiment,the same complete diet was compared with a conventional diet containing concentrate mixtureand chopped sorghum straw by feeding 12 Nellore ram lambs (6 in each group) for 6 months andstudied the effect of these diets on growth and carcass characteristics. The complete dietrecorded 21% higher milk yield with 17.5% less feed/kg milk production and 29.6% less cost offeed/kg yield compared to conventional diet in cows. Complete diet recorded 13.4 % higher ADG,15.15% less feed/kg gain 12.7% less cost of feed/kg gain compared to conventional diet in lambs.Dressing percentage and proportion of lean were higher on complete diet. These results indicatethat pressure cooked rapeseed meal can form an alternative protein supplement to traditionally

used groundnut cake.

126 Effect of differently processed rapeseed meal based complete diet on growth and nutrientutilization in sheep - G.V.N. Reddy P. Dipti Wilhelmina and M.S. Reddy, Department of Veterinary

Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

A complete diet was formulated using pressure cooked (30min, 15 psi and 121o C)rapeseed meal and processed into mash. This was further subjected to expander extruderprocessing and steam pelleting. These three differently processed diets were compared with acomplete diet containing sorghum straw and concentrate (conventional) by feeding to 24 Nelloreram lambs (4-5 months, 6 in each group) for 6 months in a growth cum metabolic experiment. TheDMI was comparable among all the diets. The DCP and TDN contents and ADG weresignificantly (P<0.05) higher in pelleted rapeseed meal based complete diets as compared to mashand conventional diet. The feed intake/kg gain and cost of feed/kg gain were significantly (P<0.05)higher in conventional and mash and mash diets compared to expander-extruder processed andsteam pelleted diets. N, Ca, P balances were positive on all the diets. Carcass studies revealed abetter performance of sheep fed on steam pelleted diet in terms of dressing %, wholesale cuts,lean, bone and fat % and meat: bone ratio though not significant statistically. These results,indicate that processing of RSM based complete diet using expander extruder or steam pelletingimproved nutrient utilization as well as better ADG when compared to mash or conventional diet.Further, the performance of sheep fed on expander extruder processed and steam pelleted dietswas comparable.


127 On farm trials: Effect of complete feed blocks on milk yield and its composition in buffalo -

M.M. Das, K.K. Singh, A.K. Samanta, S.S. Kundu and S.D. Sharma, Plant Animal Relationship

Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

The complete feed blocks containing natural grass and concentrate mixture(mustard cake 35 kg, barley 25 kg, wheat bran 37 kg, mineral mixture 1kg, common salt 1 kg andurea 1kg) at the ratio of 60 : 40 were given to farmers of Simardha village (Jhansi) to compare theeffect of complete feed blocks and farmers own package of feeding practices (mash) on milk yieldand its composition. In one farmer two lactating buffaloes were maintained on complete feedblock and two were kept on farmer’s own diet in mash form. The concentrate mixture (farmer’s) iscomprised of mustard cake 1 kg, cottonseed cake1 kg and barley 2 kg. This 4 kg of concentratemixture is offered in two times; two kg during morning and 2 kg during evening milking. Wheatstraw was offered ad libitum. 3-4 complete feed blocks were offered in a day. In case of secondfarmer, three buffaloes were maintained on complete feed blocks and three buffaloes weremaintained on farmer’s mash diet i.e. wheat straw and concentrate mixture. The concentratemixture (farmer’s) is comprised of mustard cake 1kg, cottonseed cake 1kg and wheat bran 1kg.Animals received total of 3 kg above concentrate mixture i.e. 1.5 kg during each milking. Wheatstraw was given ad libitum. The intake, milk yield and composition were recorded after completionof adaptation period. The average body weight in control group was 474.9 kg and in block fedbuffalo it was 480.2 kg. The average dry matter intake was 9.89 kg / day and 11.55 kg / day incontrol and block fed lactating buffaloes respectively. When the dry matter intake was expressedin terms of % body weight the values were 2.08 and 2.41 in respective groups. This reflected 15 %higher intake in case of block form of diet over the mash diet as adopted routinely by the farmer.The dry matter intake (% body weight) was significantly high in block diets in compared to mashdiets. The average milk yield in control and block diets was 5.94 liter and 6.77 liter. This repre-sented 14 % higher milk yield in block fed buffaloes in compared to mash fed buffaloes, but didnot differ significantly. The fat %, total solids %, solid not fat % and protein % were identical inboth the groups. Milk urea was 24.70 mg/dl of milk in buffaloes maintained by farmers ownpackage of practices while it was 22.13 mg/dl in block fed buffaloes and did not differsignificantly. The cost of milk in control and block diets was Rs 7.00 per liter and Rs. 7.30 per literrespectively. Farmer opined that the blocks not only enhanced milk yield but also easy for feeding

and storage.

128 Effect of differently processed complete diet on performance of murrah buffaloes - G.V.N. Reddy,P. Dipti Wilhelmina and M.S. Reddy, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Collegeof Veterinary Science, Acharya N. G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad-500 030

A complete diet was formulated using pressure cooked (30min. 15psi and 121°C)rapeseed meal at 15% level and processed into mash. One third of mash was subjected toexpander-extruder processing and another one third was subjected to steam pelleting. These


three differently processed diets were compared with a conventional diet (containingconcentrate mixture, chopped sorghum straw and sorghum silage) by feeding to 24 lactatingMurrah buffaloes for 6 months (6 in each group) to study the effect of processing of complete dieton nutrient utilization and milk production. A digestibility trail was conducted half way throughthe experiment. The DMI was comparable on all the diets. The DCP and TDN contents weresignificantly (P<0.05) higher on pelleted diets. The conventional diet was comparable with mashgroup. The digestibility coefficients except for EE were higher (P<0.05) in pelleted diets whencompared to mash and conventional diet. Total milk and FCM yields were significantly (P<0.05)higher on pelleted diets compared to mash or conventional diet. Cost of feed/kg milk yield wasless in processed complete diet.These results indicate that nutrient utilization was improved dueto processing of complete diet and bear a significant effect in increasing the milk production.Pelleting of mash either by expander-extruder or steam pelleting had similar effect on nutrientdigestibility and milk production in Murrah buffaloes.

129 Comparative utilization of wheat straw and groundnut fodder based complete feed in loose andblock form in calves - T. Sharma, R. S. Arya, R. K. Dhuria, D. D. Garg, M. Harish and G.R. Purohit,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, RajasthanAgricultural, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days on twelve growing calves divided into twoequal groups of six each. One group (T1) was given complete feed in loose form and secondgroup (T2) was offered complete feed in block form. The complete feed prepared was consistingof Wheat straw 30 parts, groundnut fodder 30 parts and concentrate mixture 40 parts. Thecomplete feed blocks of 4 kg each were prepared at 3000 PSI. The effects of feeding complete feedin loose and block form to calves were evaluated in terms of dry matter intake, body weightchanges, digestibility of dry matter and gross nutrients and intake of digestible nutrients. Thecalves well accepted the complete feed in loose and block form and remained in good healththroughout the experiment. The dry matter intake calculated as kg/100 kg body weight and g/kgmetabolic weights were recorded to be 3.83 and 139.05 for T1 and 4.04 and 147.47 for T2 group.The digestibility of nutrient did not reveal any significant effect of compaction of complete feedexcept for ether extract, showed significantly higher digestibility in T2 group. A live weight gainof 288.88 g/day in (T2)calves compared to calves kept on complete ration in loose form ensureda live weight gain of 233.33 g/day. The result indicated that compaction of feed increased feedintake and daily weight gain in calves.

130 Effect of complete feed blocks on nutrient utilization and growth in crossbred heifers - K.K.Singh, M.M. Das, A.K. Samanta, S.S. Kundu and S.D. Sharma, Plant Animal RelationshipDivision, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Effect of complete feed blocks on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred animalswas studied on twelve growing crossbred female calves (10-12 months age) divided into two


three differently processed diets were compared with a conventional diet (containingconcentrate mixture, chopped sorghum straw and sorghum silage) by feeding to 24 lactatingMurrah buffaloes for 6 months (6 in each group) to study the effect of processing of complete dieton nutrient utilization and milk production. A digestibility trail was conducted half way throughthe experiment. The DMI was comparable on all the diets. The DCP and TDN contents weresignificantly (P<0.05) higher on pelleted diets. The conventional diet was comparable with mashgroup. The digestibility coefficients except for EE were higher (P<0.05) in pelleted diets whencompared to mash and conventional diet. Total milk and FCM yields were significantly (P<0.05)higher on pelleted diets compared to mash or conventional diet. Cost of feed/kg milk yield wasless in processed complete diet.These results indicate that nutrient utilization was improved dueto processing of complete diet and bear a significant effect in increasing the milk production.Pelleting of mash either by expander-extruder or steam pelleting had similar effect on nutrientdigestibility and milk production in Murrah buffaloes.

129 Comparative utilization of wheat straw and groundnut fodder based complete feed in loose andblock form in calves - T. Sharma, R. S. Arya, R. K. Dhuria, D. D. Garg, M. Harish and G.R. Purohit,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, RajasthanAgricultural, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days on twelve growing calves divided into twoequal groups of six each. One group (T1) was given complete feed in loose form and secondgroup (T2) was offered complete feed in block form. The complete feed prepared was consistingof Wheat straw 30 parts, groundnut fodder 30 parts and concentrate mixture 40 parts. Thecomplete feed blocks of 4 kg each were prepared at 3000 PSI. The effects of feeding complete feedin loose and block form to calves were evaluated in terms of dry matter intake, body weightchanges, digestibility of dry matter and gross nutrients and intake of digestible nutrients. Thecalves well accepted the complete feed in loose and block form and remained in good healththroughout the experiment. The dry matter intake calculated as kg/100 kg body weight and g/kgmetabolic weights were recorded to be 3.83 and 139.05 for T1 and 4.04 and 147.47 for T2 group.The digestibility of nutrient did not reveal any significant effect of compaction of complete feedexcept for ether extract, showed significantly higher digestibility in T2 group. A live weight gainof 288.88 g/day in (T2)calves compared to calves kept on complete ration in loose form ensureda live weight gain of 233.33 g/day. The result indicated that compaction of feed increased feedintake and daily weight gain in calves.

130 Effect of complete feed blocks on nutrient utilization and growth in crossbred heifers - K.K.Singh, M.M. Das, A.K. Samanta, S.S. Kundu and S.D. Sharma, Plant Animal RelationshipDivision, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)

Effect of complete feed blocks on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred animalswas studied on twelve growing crossbred female calves (10-12 months age) divided into two


for NDF and 79.88±6.26 for Hemicellulose. The average nitrogen balances in experimental sheep

were recorded to be 13.40g/day. The DCP and TDN content of complete feed blocks were

calculated to be 11.44% and 54.29% respectively. The rumen parameters viz., pH, TVFA and totalprotozoal count estimated at 0, 3 and 6 h post feeding, revealed drop in pH at 3 h post feeding

whereas, TVFA and rumen ammonia nitrogen showed continuously rising trend from 0 to 6 h post

feeding. The result indicated that sheep can be effectively maintained with high nitrogen balanceand good health on feeding complete feed in compressed block form.

132 Nutrient utilization in sheep fed sodium hydroxide or alkaline hydrogen peroxide treated millet(Pennisetum typhoides) kabdi based complete feed diets in mash or block - O. H. Chaturvedi,R. Prasad, M.K. Tripathi, A.S. Mishra, S. Vaithiyanathan, S.K.S. Raghuvanshi and R. C. Jakhmola,Animal Nutrition Division, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan- 304501

Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) kadbi either untreated or treated with sodium

hydroxide (2% NaOH) or with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (2% NaOH and 1.5% H2O

2) was made

into complete feed mixture with roughage : concentrate ratio of 60:40 (pearl millet kadbi-60. con-

centrate-35 and molasses-5 parts). One part of the complete feed mixture was compressed into the

form of block using complete feed block making machine at 4000 PSI, while another part was

remained in mash form. Thirty Malpura adult rams were fed complete feed diet either in mash or

block form in six groups of five each. Feeding experiment lasted for 35 days followed by a

metabolic trial. Dry matter intake (DMI) in rams ranged from 1050 to 1428 g/day on different diets,

amounting 3.2 to 4.1% body weight. DMI indicated that pearl millet kadbi based complete diets

are effectively utilizcd. Organic matter intake (OMI) followed a similar trend to that of DMI among

different groups. Digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) was higher (P<0.01) in rams fed NaOH

treated kadbi based complete feed blocks. AHP treated kadbi based complete feed blocks or mash

than other groups. Similarly, Nitrogen utilization was better in rams fed NaOH treated kadbi based

complete feed blocks, AHP treated kadbi based complete feed blocks or mash than other groups.

The digestibility of DM and fibre fractions was 5 to 12% units better (P<0.05) in rams fed treated

kadbi based diets as compared to those fed untreated diets. Rams fed block and mash diet

consumed 1369 and 1226 g DM, respectively. Similarly. there was an increasing trend for

digestible OMI, DCPI and N utilization in block fed rams as compared to those fed mash. The

differences between both the forms of diets were statistically non-significant. It is concluded that

the treatment of pearl millet kadbi with NaOH or AHP signilicantly improved intake and utilization

of nutrients over untreated pearl millet kadbi based diets. However, the AHP treatment of kadbi

did not have added effect over the NaOH in terms of improving their feeding value.


133 Effect of white rot fungus (Coriolus versicolor) treatment of mustard (Brassica juncea) strawon its feeding value in sheep fed complete feed blocks - A. S. Mishra, M. K. Tripathi, A. K. Misra,S. Vaithiyanathan, R. Prasad. V. Dixit and R. C. Jakhmola, Division of Animal Nutrition, Central

Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304 501 (Rajasthan)

Mustard straw (autoclaved, moisture content 70%), and spawn of Coriolus versicolor(2.5% on W/W basis) were mixed and incubated in polythene bags at 5°C for 21 days. After 21days the bags were opened and treated straw was dried under the sun. The fungal treatmentaffected the chemical composition of straw in a way that the treated straw had higher NDF, ADFand ADL and lower hemicellulose content than that of untreated straw. Complete feed blocks(CFB) were prepared by using either fungal treated mustard straw or untreated mustard straw asa major source of roughage. Sixty parts of either of these straws were mixed intimately with 35parts of concentrate mixture and 5 parts of uromol (10% urea on W/W) before being compressedin the form of blocks. The pressure applied for making complete feed block was 2000 psi in fungaltreated and 4000 psi in untreated straw, based mixtures. Sixteen adult Malpura ram (27±0.9kg bodyweight and 20±1.5 months age) were divided into 2 groups of 8 anirnals each and each groupreceived either untreated mustard straw based complete feed blocks (UCFB) or fungal treatedmustard straw based complete feed blocks (FCFB) for 60 days. Dry matter intake and digestibilityof dry matter, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose were similar in both groups. However, digestibility oforganic matter, crude protein, cellulose and lignin were significantly lower in sheep fed FCFBdiets than those eaten UCFB diet. As a result, both metabolisable energy content (MJ/kg DM)and digestible protein content (g/kg DM) of FCFB diet (7.28 and 81.35) were lower than that ofUCFB diet (6.49 and 75.73). The digested protein in FCFB fed animals was better utilized asindicated by lower urinary nitrogen excretion in sheep fed FCFB diets than those offered UCFBdiets. The microbial protein supply from rumen to lower gut - calculated using excretion pattern ofpurine derivatives, was 50.6 g/d in FCFB fed animals against 86.7 g/d in those fed UFCB diet. Allblood parameters and liver enzymes were with in reported normal range of variations for sheep.Blood glucose, serum protein, blood urea-N was similar whereas, serum albumin, globulin andalbumin : globulin ratio was significantly (P<0.05) higher in FCFB fed sheep than those of UCFBfed animals. It is concluded that Coriolus versicolor could not effectively degrade lignin ofmustard straw possibly due to non availability of oxygen radicals which facilitate higher lignindegradation. The fungal treatment however, improved utilisation of absorbed nitrogen from thegut.

134 Studies on Feed Block Formation using Mustard Straw - A. Singh, S.K. Jha, J.S. Panwar, A. Kumar,A. Pandeya and R.B. Gautam, Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research

Institute, New Delhi - 110 012

Moisture dependent physical properties of mustard straw like bulk density, true density

and porosity were studied. The bulk and true densities increased linearly with increase in


moisture content and varied from 42.5 to 55.3 kg/m3 and from 1915.56 to 1945 kg/m3, respectively

as the moisture content varied from 8 to 22 per cent (w.b.). Feed blocks of mustard straw alone aswell as mixed with concentrates and molasses were prepared at different compaction pressures

(0.021 to 0.042 kg/m2) and at different moisture contents of feed. The properties of these blocks

like bulk density and block resiliency were determined. Bulk density increased with increase incompaction pressure but decreased with increase in moisture contenf of feed. However,

resilience of block decreased with increase in compaction pressure and increased with increase

in moisture content of feed. Bulk density of blocks ranged in between 260 to 808 kg/m3. Bulkdensity increased with addition of concentrates and molasses. At 15% (w.b.) moisture content,

the bulk density of blocks of a mixture of mustard straw (65%), concentrate (35%) and molasses

(5%) varied from 571 to 669 kg/m3 whereas the bulk density of blocks of mustard straw alone wasin the range of 400 to 500 kg/m3. Blocks of a mixture of mustard straw, concentrate and molasses

are nutritious feed and due to increase in bulk density; its handling, storage and transportation is

easy and economical.

135 Voluntry inyake and nutrient utilization of mixed and complete rations by lactating camels andtheir calves - A.K. Nagpal, Manju Arora and G.P. Singh, National Research Centre on Camel,P.B. 07, Bikaner-334 001 (Rajasthan)

Seven lactating camels (B.Wt 516.00±20.92 kg and age 8-10 years) in their second/thirdlactation were randomly divided into two groups. First group MR (milch) of 3 camels was fed onmixed ration consisting of dry moth chara, dry khejri leaves and mineral mixture (74.3: 25.0: 0.7)while second group CR (milch) of 4 camels was fed on complete ration consisting of dry mothchara, khejri, wheat straw and concentrate ingredients (35.3: 25.0: 30.0: 9.7) for a period of 92 days.Their 7 camel calves CR (calves) were fed in group on the same complete ration as that given toCR (milch). The MR (milch) could not maintain their body weights and suffered a loss of 332.5g/d while CR (milch) could achieve ADG of only 27.2g/d. The CR (calves) had higher (P<0.01) ADGof 587 g/d. CR(milch) had significantly (P<0.05) higher DMI kg/100 kg body weight of 3.06 thanthose of MR (milch) and CR (calves). Significant higher (P<0.05) digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, EEand NFE were observed in CR(calves) as compared to lactating camels. The DM, DCP and TDNintakes g/kg WO0.75 were 109.24, 146.17, 83.60; 4.88, 10.51,7.79 and 63.83, 89.32, 60.49 in MR(milch), CR(milch) and CR(calves) respectively. The apparent absorption of sodium, potassium,calcium and phosphorus were observed to be maximum (P<0.1) in CR (calves) and minimum in CR(milch) except calcium. Magnesium absorption was higher (P<0.01) in MR(milch) and lower inCR(calves). Lactating camels had lower (P<0.01) serum values of glucose, triglyceridespotassium and phosphorus indicating camels were under lactation stress. However higher (P<0.01)serum magnesium was observed in MR(milch) than the other 2 groups which could be attributedto higher (P<0.01) Mg absorption (65%). It was concluded that feeding of complete feedimproved nutrient digestibility, intake and serum biochemicals in lactating camel and calves

although higher cost was involved.


136 Nutrient utilization in camel calves fed gram (Cicer arietinum) straw based complete feedblocks - A.K. Nagpal, Manju Arora and G.P. Singh, National Research Centre on Camel, P.B. 07,

Bikaner-334 001 (Rajasthan)

In the first phase nutritional evaluation of chane ki khar (CKK) as sole roughage diet in

4 camel calves (apprx. 10 months, 241-276 kg ) was studied for 21 days. In second phase, 12 camel

calves (approx. 10 months, 187-240 kg ) were randomally distributed into 3 groups of 4 each and

were given complete ration in loose form ( CR 1-L ) consisting of chane ki khar, groundnut charaand concentrate in the ratio of 70: 15: 15, complete ration having similar composition as that of CR

1-L but in the form of feed blocks (CR1-FB) prepared on feed block making machine developed by

IARI, New Delhi and complete ration consisting of chane ki khar, groundnut chara andconcentrate in the ratio of 60:25:15 in feed block form (CR2-FB) for 98 days. Significant (P<0.05)

difference was observed for all proximate principles except CF and cell wall components among

CKK and CR1-L, CR1-FB, CR2-FB. Nutrient intake of DCP, TDN and ME did not differsignificantly among CR1-L, CR1-FB and CR2-FB but was significantly (P<0.05) higher than CKK.

Nutrient intake in terms of DCP g/kg W0.75 was 7.77 and significantly (P<0.05) highest in CR2-FB

and lowest (4.01) in CKK while TDN was significanltly (P<0.05) highest (62.40) in CR1-L andlowest in CKK (41.41). The apparent absorption (%) of Na, Ca and P was found to differ non

significantly (P<0.05) among the groups given complete rations but was significantly higher as

compared to CKK. The average daily gain and feed/body weight gain ratio did not differsignificantly among CR1-L, CR1-FB and CR2-FB and ranged from 377.55 to 420.92 g/d and

13.51-14.30 respectively. It was inferred that camel calves given complete feed blocks had better

nutrient utilization and growth, apart from additional advantages of easy handling, storage andtransport of complete feed blocks.

137 Farmers perceptions for the feeding of complete balanced feed blocks - O.P. Lohan, Nand Kishore

and S.K. Sunda, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana)

A study was planned to find out the perception of farmers about the feeding of completefeed blocks and their effect on the performance of animals. The farm trial was conducted in three

villages of near to CCS HAU, Hisar. In each village one farmer, having lactating animal was

selected. The complete feed blocks having concentrate to roughage ratio 40:60, along with greenfodder available with the farmers were offered to lactating animals, only. The trial was conducted

for a period of one month in each village. It was observed that in comparison to conventional

feeding systems there was about 1 kg increased in feed intake and 850 ml to 1.20 litre increased inmilk yield. The farmer’s perceptions were; all the farmers liked form of the feed; reported increased

in milk yield and observed improvement in body condition of animals.


138 A comparison of two forms of complete feed i.e. mashvis pelleted with regards to nutrientsintake by goats - Nawab Singh, V.B. Chaudhary and P.K. Sahoo, Nutrition Feed Resources

and Products Technology, Division Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom Farah

Mathura-281 122 (U.P.)

Two complete feeds one in mash and another in pelleted form made from dried Neem (Azadirachta

indica) tree leaves (50%), Gram straw (20%) and concentrate mixture (30%) were prepared in bulkquantity and tested using 12 adult male goats of Barbari breed having six animals for each feed

using standard procedures of metabolic trial. The concentrate mixture was consisted of Maize

25%, Barley 20%, Ground nut cake 25%, Wheat bran 17%, Sesame cake 10%, Mineral mixture1.5% and common salt 1.5%. The organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen

free extract and total ash contents were 87.19, 15.12 ,3.31, 14.66, 54.10 and 12.81 per cent

respectively on DM basis in mash complete feed. The corresponding values for pelletedcomplete feed were 89.42, 15.85 ,2.38, 15.30, 55.87 and 10.58 per cent. Dry matter intake was

3.045±0.118 and 3.319±0.314 kg per 100 kg live weight for mash and pelleted feed respectively. The

digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE were 47.03±1.65, 49.23±1.68, 51.91±2.91,75.44±0.86, 50.07±3. 08 and 46.64±2.22 respectively in case of mash feed. The corresponding

values in case of pelleted feed were 45.77±1.39, 50.52±1.25, 51.16±1.34, 72.83±428, 43.56±2.73 and

51.29±1.44 respectively. CP and TDN Intake per kg W0.75 was 11.06±0.52 and 31.43±1.92g for meshfeed respectively. The corresponding values for pelleted feed were 12.46±0.84 and 35.71±2.98 g

respectively. The nitrogen balance in g/day/animal was 1.25±0.19 and 1.88±0.25

respectively for mash and pelleted feeds. The values of DM, CP and TDN intake were 8.86, 12.84and 13.62 percent higher for pelleted feed then the mash feed. Similarly the values of nitrogen

balance in experimental animals were 50.40 percent higher for pelleted feed. Thus pelleted feed

was found superior in terms of DM, CP and TDN intake in goats.

139 Evaluation of complete diets containing varying proportions of sunflower heads in differentconcentrate and roughage ratios by in vitro and in situ techniques - D. Narsimha Reddy, D.

Nagalakshmi and M. Rajendra Prasad, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary

Science,Rajendranagar, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad- 500 030

Twelve complete diets were formulated for cattle using sunflower heads (SFH) as sole

roughage source or in combinations with sorghum straw (SS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and maizecobs (MC) in three roughage concentrate ratios of 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60. The crude protein (CP)

was similar among all the diets (15.48 to 17.49%) except for lower (P<0.01) CP in diet containing

20% MC and 20% SFH (14.74%). The ether extract was lower (P<0.01) in MC incorporated dietscompared to other roughages sources. The fibre content decreased (P<0.01) and ash content

increased (P<0.05) when SFH was a sole roughage source. Incorporation of SB increased (P<0.01)


the fibre content in diets. The fibre fractions were similar among all the diets. The in vitro organicmatter (IVOMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities ranged from 55.67 to 69.02%and 11.84 to 52.35%, respectively. Increase in SB in diets from 10 to 20% reduced (P<0.01) theIVOMD. The IVNDFD lowered (P<0.01) as the SS or SB increased in diets beyond 10%, but sucheffect was not observed when SFH was present as sole roughage (20-40%). The effective DMdegradability (EDMD) was higher (P<0.01) when SFH was present as sole roughage source(69.04%) compared to other dietary combinations. Based on these results, 4 complete diets wereagain formulated with 60% roughage proportion containing 40% SFH in combination with eitherMC, SS or SB and 50% SFH with SS. Incorporation of SFH at 50% level, did not affect the chemicalcomposition, fibre fractions, mineral content in diets and the in vitro digestibilities. The EDMD%was highest (P<0.05) for diet containing 50% SFH (69.70%) followed by diets with 40% SFH alongwith 10% SB and SS (62.87%) or 20% SS (60.87%). From these results it can be inferred that SFHcan be incorporated in complete diets of cattle either as sole roughage source at 40% level or at

50% level in combination with 10% SS.

140 In vitro studies to determine optimum level of inclusion of red gram (Cajanus cajan) straw incomplete pelleted diets - P. Baswa Reddy, T.J. Reddy, K. Sivaiah, Y.R. Reddy, B.Ekambaram,

M.UmaDepartment of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad-500 030

Red gram (Cajanus cajan) straw is one of the major agricultural by-products available in

most parts of Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh. In vitro studies were carried out to determine

the optimum level of inclusion of red gram straw in complete pelleted rations for goats. Red gramstraw contained 9.26% CP, 42.44% CF, 1.24% EE, 38.64% NFE, and 8.42% total ash. Four

concentrate mixtures C1, C

2, C

3 and C

4 were formulated to have CP and TDN contents of 18 and 70,

18 and 65, 20 and 70 and 20 and 65 percent respectively. Six complete feeds were prepared in pelletform under each concentrate group by incorporating red gram straw at 20(T

1), 30(T

2), 40(T

3), 50

(T4), 60(T

5) and 70(T

6) percent level. The 24 complete rations thus obtained were evaluated for

IVDMD, NH3-N(mg%), TVFA (meq/100ml) and Total gas production in 48h (ml/200g substrate).Under C

1 group, as the roughage level increased from 20% (T

1) to 70% (T

6), the IVDMD values

significantly (p<0.01) decreased from 59.67 to 43.85. NH3-N and TVFA values also decreased

significantly (p<0.01) from13.28 and 10.87 to 8.85 and 7.63 respectively. Total gasproduction in 48h was highest for T

1 (44.57) and lowest for T

6 (44.40). Under C

2 group, the

IVDMD, NH3-N,TVFA and total gas production were53.65, 12.68, 9.43 and 43.72 for T1 and they

decreased significantly as the roughage level increased to 70% (T6). Similar trend was observed

for these in vitro parameters in C3 and C

4 groups also. Basing on the results of the in vitro

evaluation and also considering the cost factor involved in inclusion of higher levels of

concentrate mixture in complete diets, it is concluded that 50(T4), 40(T

3), 50(T

4) and 40(T

3) per

cent of red gram straw was the optimum level of inclusion in C1, C

2, C

3 and C

4 respectively.


141 Effect of dietary incorporation of solvent extracted Karanj Cake with or without processing on in vitro rumen fermentation and nutrient degradability in buffalo - S.K. Saha, V.R.B. Sastry, N.M. Soren, A.K. Panda and A. Kumar, Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary

Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122 (U. P.)

In order to assess the effect of incorporation of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) with

or without processing on in vitro rumen fermentation and nutrient degradability in buffalo three

isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures were formulated having soyabean meal in theconcentrate mixture of reference concentrate mixture which was replaced at 20 % level with

solvent extracted karanj cake as such and NaOH (1.5%, w/w) treated SKC in the test mixtures.

Exactly 0.2g of respective concentrate mixtures and 0.3g finely ground wheat straw as substratewas added to the in vitro flask containIng 10 ml strained rumen liquor of buffalo and 30 ml

Mcdougall's buffer. The flasks were then incubated at 39°C in BOD incubator for 3,6,12 and 24

hours as per Tilley and Terry method. After respective periods of incubation, the contents of flaskwere filtered through sintered glass crucible for assessing the degradability of DM and NDF.

Rumen liquor was collected for estimation of TVF A and ammonia nitrogen. The results revealed

that the percent degradability of DM and NDF was significantly (p<0.05) decreased during all theincubation periods when SKC was incorporated as such with concomitant

reduction in TVFA production and ammonia nitrogen concentration as compared to that of NaOH

treated SKC While the percent degradability of DM and NDF of the NaOH treated SKC contain-ing concentrate mixture was found to be significantly higher than that of untreated SKC mixture.

The concentration of ammonia nitrogen was comparable when NaOH treated SKC and soyabean

meal incorporated mixtures were incubated. It could, therefore, be concluded that solventextracted karanj cake had a negative effect on in vitro rumen fermentation and nutrient

degradability which could be alleviated to some extent by NaOH treatment.

142 Effect of season and moisture content on the efficiency of energy consumption in grinding and

particle size of barley grain - Z.S. Sihag and K.K.Yadav, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,

Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

The experiment was conducted in the month of November and December for winter season (roomtemperature: 20±3°C; relative humility: 50±4%) and in the month of May and June for summer

season (room temperature: 41±2oC; relative humidity 40±2%). Four quintals of material was ground

through hammer mill by using 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm screen size. The energy consumption wasmeasured with the help of energy meter and using Ro-Tap sieve shaker did further analysis for

different parameters. The sieves were arranged in such a way that the largest number sieve was

at the bottom and in ascending order the smallest number sieve at the top. 100 gm of sample was

placed on the top sieve and shaked until the weight of sieves become constant (20 mm) with a


RoTap sieve shaker. The screen size and moisture level significantly (P<0.05) affected the energy

consumption in the grinding of barley. As the screen size increased energy consumptiondecreased significantly (P<0.05), whereas in case of moisture levels inverse relationship was true.

With the increase of screen size the time taken for grinding also decreased significantly (P<0.05),

whereas in case of moisture levels inverse was true. The energy consumption (KWh/quintal) at2 mm screen hole size was 4.4, 5.0, 5.1; at 3 mm screen hole size was 1.07, 2.0, 1.93; at 4 mm screen

hole size was .6, 1.3, 1.33; at 5 mm screen hole size was .4, .8 .4 and 6 mm screen hole size was .2,

.3 and .2 KWh/quintal of material at 11, 13 and 15 percent moisture levels, respectively. Theenergy consumption was significantly lower in summer season compared to winter season. The

average energy consumption was .55 KWh/quintal in winter and .37 KWh/quintal in summer.

That may be due to comparatively low moisture content of grains, lower humidity during theseason and less loss of energy by the motor. As the screen size increased the proportion of

coarse particles goes on increasing with subsequent decrease of medium and five particles.

There was a direct relationship between screen size and modulus of finess. With the increase ofmoisture level the number of coarse particles and modulus of finess increased significantly

(P<0.05). Particle size increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of screen hole size and

moisture level, however, inverse was true for surface area. No. of particles per gram of sampledecreased significantly (P<0.05) in general with the increase of screen hole size and moisture

level. From this experiment, it can be concluded that grinding in summer is economical than in

winter. Above 11% moisture level grinding is not optimum and economical in case of barley. 3 mmsieve is best for optimum particle size.

143 Effect of season and moisture content on the efficiency of energy consumption in grinding andparticle size of groundnut cake - Z.S. Sihag and K.K.Yadav, CCS Haryana Agricultural

University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana)

The experiment was conducted in the month of November and December for winterseason (room temperature: 20±3°C; relative humility: 50±4%) and in the month of May and June

for summer season (room temperature: 41±2oC; relative humidity 40±2%). Four quintals of

material was ground through hammer mill by using 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm screen size. The energyconsumption was measured with the help of energy meter and using Ro-Tap sieve shaker did

further analysis for different parameters. The sieves were arranged in such a way that the largest

number sieve was at the bottom and in ascending order the smallest number sieve at the top. 100gm of sample was placed on the top sieve and shaked until the weight of sieves become constant

(20 mm) with a Ro-Tap sieve shaker.The screen size significantly (P<0.05) affected the energy

consumption in the grinding of groundnut cake also but the affect of moisture level was notobserved in case of groundnut cake on energy consumption. The energy and time consumption

for grinding was lower in summer than in winter. The bulk density of GNC increased from 14 kg/


ft3 to about 19 kg/ft3 after grinding. As the screen size increased number of coarse particles

increased and that of medium and fine decreased, but the effect was not so prominent as in caseof barley. Moisture level did not affected modulus of uniformity and finess significantly (P<0.05).

Particle size in general increased and surface area and particles/gram decreased with the increase

of sieve size. Moisture level did not affect the particle size of GNC upto 11 % of moisture level.From this experiment it can be concluded that grinding through even 6 mm sieve has

optimum particle size (2:6:2) and a lot of saving of time and energy is possible.

144 Effect of urea and alkali treatment of wheat straw and its replacement by concentrate mixture atdifferent levels on its compaction behaviour - Nand Kishore, O.P.Lohan and S.K. Sunda, CCS

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Wheat straw was separately treated with urea and NaOH at 4% level (w/w) keeping the moisturelevel at 50%. The urea treated and NaOH treated straws was stacked air tight for 21 and 3 days,respectively followed by their aeration for three days to reduce their moisture content to about 12to 15%. Treated and untreated straw and the concentrate mixture were analysed for its proximatecomposition NDF, ADF and ADL contents. A concentrate mixture was prepared by mixing barley,rice polish, mustard cake, mineral mixture and salt keeping the CP and TDN contents at 20 and68%, respectively. The treated straws were replaced by concentrate mixture at 10, 20, 30, 40 and50% levels and densified into complete feed blocks keeping moisture content between 15 to 17%and molasses at 15% level. The complete feed blocks so formed were stored under atmosphericconditions for two months and later were evaluated for their durability, post compression expan-sion and density. The urea treatment significantly (p<0.01) increased the CP content of wheatstraw from 2.85 to 8.83%. The CF content was significantly (p<0.01) decreased from 35.25% to31.12% due to alkali treatment of the straw. The ash, NDF, ADF and cellulose contents of thestraw increased slightly due to both the treatments, however, the differences were non significant.The densification of urea and alkali treated straw increased their density to 2.8 to 3.9 times,respectively. As the level of concentrate mixture in the feed blocks increased, the times increasein density significantly (p<0.01) decreased and was recorded 1.5 and 1.9 times at a replacementlevel of 50% of urea treated and NaOH treated wheat straws, respectively. Both the treatmentsdecreased (p<0.01) significantly the post compression expansion of the feed blocks. The postcompression expansion was low (38.08%) with alkali treated straw than (45.05%) with urea treatedstraw. The increase in the level of concentrate mixture in the feed blocks decreased (p<0.01)significantly the post compression expansion with a minimum value of 32.33% in the blocks madeof alkali treated straw and concentrate mixture in the ratio 50:50. The durability of the blocks was52% with untreated straw, 88.62% in urea treated straw and 95.65% with NaOH with NaOH treatedstraw, the differences being highly significant. Increase in the level of the concentrate mixture inthe blocks increased their durability. The most durable feed blocks with 97.11 and 99.32%durability were obtained at 50% replacement of urea treated and NaOH treated wheat straws,

respectively.


145 Effect of replacement of urea and alkali treated paddy straw by concentrate mixture at differentlevels on its compaction behaviour - Nand Kishore and O.P. Lohan, CCS Haryana Agricultural

University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana)

Paddy straw was chaffed to a particle size of 2 to 2.5 cm and separately treated with ureaand NaOH at 4% level (w/w), keeping the moisture content at 50% level. Urea treated and NaOHtreated straws were stacked airtight for 21 and 3 days, respectively followed by their aeration for3 days to reduce their moisture content to about 12 to 15%. Treated and untreated straws wereanalysed for their proximate composition, NDF, ADF and ADL contents. A concentrate mixturewas prepared by mixing barley, rice polish, mustard cake, mineral mixture and salt keeping the CPand TDN contents at 20 and 68%, respectively. The concentrate mixture at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%levels replaced the treated straw and blocks were made keeping moisture content between 15 to17% and molasses at 15% level. To keep the CP content of NaOH treated blocks at par to ureatreated blocks required amount of urea was added at the time of block making. The blocks soformed were stored in atmospheric conditions for two months and then evaluated for theirdurability, post compression expansion and increase in density. The urea treatment of paddystraw increased its CP content from 5.02% to 10.06%. The contents of OM, CF, ADL andhemicellulose slightly decreased while the contents of total ash, NDF, ADF and cellulose slightlyincreased due to both urea and alkali treatments. Urea and NaOH treatments increased thedensity of wheat straw by 5 and 6 units, respectively, while the densification of straws increasedtheir density by 3.36 and 4.67 times, respectively. The level of supplemental concentrate mixturewas inversely proportional to the times increase in density and it was 1.57 and 1.87 times in ureaand NaOH treated straws, respectively when replaced by concentrate mixture at 50% level. Thepost compression expansion was more in the urea treated straw based blocks (30.20%) incomparison to NaOH treated straw based blocks (20.43%). With an increase in concentratemixture level in the blocks, the post compression expansion studiedly decreased both in urea andNaOH treated straw based blocks. Urea treated paddy straw based blocks were less durable thanthe NaOH treated straw based blocks, the values being 82.80 and 96.74%, respectively, thedifference being significant (P<0.01). As the ratio of roughage; concentrate narrowed, thedurability of the blocks increased (P<0.01) significantly and was 96.69% and 79.05% in urea andNaOH treated straw based blocks, respectively at 50% replacement of the straw by the

concentrate mixture.

146 Cottonseed hulls based complete diets for crossbred calves - M. Ramachandran and K.K. Singhal

Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National,.Dairy Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

To compare the feeding value of wheat straw (WS) and cottonseed hulls (CSH) basedcomplete diets in mash and flaked forms, 15 crossbred male calves were divided into 3 groups of5 each and fed on complete diets (roughage: concentrate 60:40; CP 12%, TDN 55%). Group I wasfed on WS based diet while groups II and III were fed on CSH based complete diet in flaked and


mash form, ad lib, respectively, along with similar quantity of non-leguminous green fodderthroughout the experimental period of 120 days. Daily DM intake /100 kg BW was higher (P<0.05)

in groups II (3.55 kg) and III (3.55 kg) than in group I (2.78 kg). Average daily body weight gain

was also higher (P<0.05) in groups II (585.83 g) and III (533.33 g) than in group I (245.42 g),resulting in higher (P<0.05) feed conversion efficiency in groups II (8.49) and III (9.29) than in

group I (15.61), however, variations between the groups II and III for DMI and body weight gain

were non-significant. CP digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in group I (69.28%) than in groups II(54.19%) and III (56.30%) and the variation between later groups was not significant. Digestibility

of cell wall constituents, except cellulose did not vary significantly among the groups. Intake of

digestible OM, CP and NDF was higher (P<0.05) in groups II and III than in group I. DCP contentof diet I (8.75%) was higher (P<0.05) than diets II and III (6.94 and 7.39%, respectively), however,

TDN content of all the diets was similar (about 55%). DCP intake was 21.34 and 28.26 per cent

higher in groups II and III than group I and TDN intake was 55.81 and 70.23 per cent higher ingroups II and III than group I. All the groups were in positive balances of N, Ca and P, however,

balance of N was higher (P<0.05) in groups II and III than in group I. It can be concluded that

feeding of cottonseed hulls (60%) based complete diets (CP 12%, TDN 55%) in crossbred calvesimproved (P<0.05) growth rate and nutrient utilization than WS based complete diet. Flaking of

CSH based complete diet though improved the bulk density (about 85%), feed intake and growth

performance over respective mash diet but improvement was not significant.

147 Digestion kinetics of complete diets based on wheat straw and alkali treated cottonseed hulls -

M. Ramachandran and K.K. Singhal, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research

Institute, Karnal 132 001 (Haryana)

Digestion kinetics of isocaloric (55% TDN) complete diets comprising 60 per cent roughage eitherwheat straw (WS) or 5% alkali treated cottonseed hulls (CSH), containing 10, 12 and 14 per cent

CP, in mash and flaked forms were studied. Degradation constants, rate of DM degradation and

DM degradability of complete diets as well as fibre (ash free NDF) digestion kinetics of differentcomplete diets was estimated as per recommended models. NDF content of all the diets decreased

on raising their CP content, however, lignin content of CSH based complete diets was higher than

those based on WS. DM disappearance (a) and rate of degradation were higher for WS baseddiets than those based on CSH. Average value of potentially degradable DM fraction (b) of CSH

based diets, irrespective of the CP level, was higher than WS based complete diets. Potential DM

degradation (PDMD) of CSH and WS based complete diets was similar, however, flaking of CSHbased diets improved the effective DM degradability. At the end of 96 h incubation flaked diet

had 12.93 and 8.42% higher average DM disappearance, than those based on CSH and WS,

irrespective of the CP level, respectively. Lag time of NDF digestion in CSH based diets washigher than that based on WS, irrespective of CP level and physical form. However, rate of NDF


digestion was higher (P>0.05) in CSH based mash (20.59%) and flaked diet (38.24%) than WS

based diets and it was optimum for the diets containing 12% CP, irrespective of roughage orprocessing. Potential extent of NDF digestion (PED) in WS based complete diets of all the CP

levels were similar and higher than CSH based mash, however, flaking improved it. CSH based

mash and flaked diets containing 12% CP had higher (P>0.05) apparent extent of NDF digestionthan respective WS based diet. It can be concluded that fibre digestion kinetics of NaOH treated

CSH was almost similar to that of WS and physical rocessing of the diet such as alkali treatment

followed by flaking can improve the fibre digestion of cottonseed hulls.

148 Evaluation of complete feeds for lactating cows using locally available feed in ingredients ofcotton belt - S. Saijpaul, R.S. Grewal1 and Ravneet Kaur, Department of Animal Nutrition Punjab

Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Pb.)

A lactation study was planned to evaluate the most economical complete feed for high yieldlactating animals of the cotton-growing region of Punjab. Twenty high yielding crossbred cows

of similar body weight, lactation number and lactation days (9442.9 kg, 2.73 and 71.35 resp.) were

randomly divided into four groups of five animals each. The complete feeds were prepared using50:50 and 40:60 roughage to concentrate ratio depending upon the crude protein of concentrate

mixture and the type of roughage. The roughage combinations were 40 berseem green + 10 wheat

straw (T1), 10 berseem hay + 40 non-leguminous fodder (T2), 40 berseem hay + 10 wheat straw(T3) and 20 non-leguminous fodder + 20 urea treated wheat straw (T4) respectively. The protein

sources were soybean meal + mustard cake (T1), cotton seed + mustard cake + soybean meal (T2

& T4) and cotton seed + mustard cake (T3). The feeding trial revealed that the voluntary drymatter intake of the animals ranged between 15-20 kg/animal/day. The dry matter intake of the

animals in T-2 group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than other treatments. The digestibility of

DM, OM, CF and NFE were also significantly higher in T-2 group (76.86±4.29, 77.34±4.95,70.75±4.93, 83.83±9.13) but comparable to T-1 group (72.65±1.86, 74.23±2.07, 67.18±8.62, 78.91±1.08

% respectively). There was no significant difference in total milk yield, fat corrected milk, fat %

and SNF % among the groups. The cost of milk production were comparable in T-1, T-2, T-3 andT-4 ( Rs 4.46, 3.88, 4.16 and 3.81 liter respectively) but due to higher milk production in T-2 group

and lower feed cost, the profit margin turned out to be more in T-2 (Rs. 1.05/liter) as compared to

T-1 (Rs. 0.57/liter) which constituted the control.

1 Dairy Manager, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana


5. Feed quality in animal production systems

149 One point in situ in cubation technique for the estimation of undegraded protein in forages -Neeraj Gupta, A.K. Tyagi1 and K.K. Singhal, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001

(Haryana)

Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) was used as a direct estimate of UIP.

Different feeds and fodders, collected from the fields of NDRI Karnal farm from January to March,

were incubated In situ for a time equivalent to mean retention time (MRT), estimated from the

digestibility of the feeds and fodders plus 10 h to account for a lag in passage of particles from the

rumen. The samples were incubated for 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the estimated total mean

retention time (TMRT). In some samples, the UIP values obtained from the fractional rates of

degradation and passage were highly correlated with those estimated from samples incubated for

75% of TMRT, while incubating rest of the samples at this point over estimate the UIP fraction.

150 Practical Nutritional worth of Solvent extracted Taramira ( Eruca sativa) seed cake for sheepVishnu Sharma, G.R. Purohit and Sanjita Sharma2, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Apex

Centre, S.F.S. IV Sector, Mansarovar, Jaipur

Taramira (Eruca sativa) is an important rainfed crop in the desertic area of Rajasthan.

Owing to imultiple use of its oil, solvent extraction of seeds of Taramira has started by the

industries. Solvent extraction leaves a huge protein rich bio mass containing about 37.50 per cent

protein. An experiment was planned and conducted to study practical nutritional worth of this

cake in terms of DCP, TDN, NR, RDP and UDP. For this two digestibility trials were conducted on

four adult rams and digestibility coefficients of Taramira cake were determined by difference

method. In situ study was also made. The values for digestibility of various fractions were DM

59.07±3.20, CP 71.91±2.29, EE 62.23±2.79, CF 54.82±1.85 and NFE 64.47±3.60 per cent respectively.

On computation nutritive value in terms of DCP, TDN and NR of Taramira seed cake were 26.96,

62.78 and 1:1.133 respectively. Further partitioning of protein revealed that this cake contains

24.15 and 13.35 per cent rumen degradable (RDP) and undegradable (UDP) fractions. It was

inferred that this protein rich agro-industrial by product can be used as a protein replacer in arid

zone.1 Corresponding author, [email protected]; 2 8/C-54, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Phatak, Jaipur, Rajasthan.


151 Studies on detoxification of castor cake - S. Anandan, G.K. Anil Kumar and K.S.Ramachandra

National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560 030

In spite of its high protein content, castor cake is not used as livestock feed due to thepresence of toxic factors- Ricin, Ricinine and Allergen. Of the three, Ricin is the most detrimentalto the animals. In order to detoxify the cake, a number of physical and chemical methods wereemployed. Soaking (3h, 6h and 12 h), steaming (30 min and 60 min), boiling (30 min and 60 min),Autoclaving (15 p.s.i , 30 min; 15 p.s.i, 60 min) and heating (100oc 30 Min; 120oc 25 Min) were thephysical methods employed while the chemical methods consisted of Ammonia (0.75 %; 1.25 %),Formaldehyde (0.5 %, 1.0%), Lime (1%, 2% and 4%), Sodium chloride (0.5%, 1% and 2%), Tannicacid ( 0.5%, 1%) and Sodium hydroxide (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%). The efficacy of the treatmentswas assessed based on the quantitative changes in Ricin content. Of all the methods employedAutoclaving (15 p.s.i., 60 min) and Lime treatment (4%) could completely remove the toxin. Thesame was confirmed by the qualitative test using PAGE (Poly acryl amide gel electrophoresis)wherein there was total disappearance of band corresponding to ricin in these two treatments.

152 Growth performance of lambs fed detoxified castor cake - S. Anandan, G.K. Anil Kumar and

K.S. Ramachandra, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi,

Bangalore 560 030

Six lambs (Mandya cross) aged 10 to 12 months were fed for a period of eight months toascertain efficacy of detoxification by feeding castor cake as a sole protein source. Theanimals were given concentrate mixture at the rate of 1.5 % body weight long with ad lib Paragrass as the roughage source. The initial and final body weights were 15.62 Kg and 31.67 Kg,respcectively. The average daily gain (ADG) was 76g. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and thefeed efficiency were 8.9 and 0.12m respectively. A metabolism trial was conducted in the middle ofthe experiment to assess the nutritive value of the diet. The average dry matter intake (DMI) was805.78 g/day. The average digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CF, CP, NDF, and ADF were 51.35, 50.82,54.30, 57.42, 68.8, 40.22 and 30.72 respcectively. All the animals were apparently healthy and didnot show any symptoms throughout the feeding trial showing that detoxified castor cake can be

used as a sole protein source in the diet of growing lambs.

153 Effect of dry heat and sunlight on aflatoxin counteraction in compounded feed - N.K.S. Gowda, V.

Malathi and R.U. Suganthi, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,

Bangalore 560 030

A study was undertaken to know the effect of drying feed on aflatoxin degradation.Compounded feed spiked with 50 mg aflatoxin culture material was taken in a series of aluminium

trays (AFB1 : 605-655 ppb), and kept in hot air oven at temperatures of 60, 80, 100 and 120°c.


separately. At each level of temperature replicate samples were taken at 0 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr and

3 hrs. interval and analysed for aflatoxin using TLC. Maximum aflatoxin reduction (AFB1 : 67 to

138 ppb; 80-90%) was noticed at 120oc for 2 hr and 3 hr of drying. At 100oc after 3 hrs of drving

about 65% aflatoxin reduction was recorded. Moderate reduction (36-40%) was observed at 80°c

for 2-3 hr of drying. However, drying of contaminated feed at 60°c did not result in much reductionin aflatoxin content even upto 3 hr. In an another experiment, effect of sunlight (ambient tempera-

ture 27-36°c) on aflatoxin degradation was studied. Aflatoxin contaminated feed (AFB1 : 502 ppb)

was spread as thin layer in a series of aluminium trays and exposed to sunlight for different hoursof duration. Aflatoxin content in feed reduced linearly with increased duration of drying in sun-

light. About 27% aflatoxin reduction was noticed with 30 min. ex posure and 90-94% of reduction

was recorded after 10-14 hr of drying AFB1 : 30-47 PPb). It can be concluded that drying of feeds

is an effective and practical way of reducing the aflatoxin level in contaminated feeds.

154 Effect of endosulfan on nutritional and lactation performances in goats fed concentrate mixtureand oat hay - S.K. Mahanta, S.K. Nag, B.K. Bhadoria and M.K. Raikwar, Plant Animal Relationship

Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 004 (U.P.)

Twelve Barbari milch goats (18.14f±0.89 kg; 2nd-3rd parity and mid lactation), divided into

3 treatment groups (T1 to T3) of 4 in each, were fed a mixed ration of concentrate mixture and oat

hay along with daily dosage of endosulfan (an organochlorine pesticide) to record its influence

on nutritional and lactation performances including milk quality. Goats under T2 and T3 groupswere fed endosulfan @ 15 and 30 mg/head/day, respectively for 25 consecutive days, while goats

under T1 group were kept as control without any dosage of endosulfan. Towards the end of

experimental feeding, a metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted including record ofdaily milk yield. Milk and blood samples were also analyzed for milk quality and blood

metabolites. Average daily dry matter intake (DMI) of composite ration was 527, 582 and 526 g in

goats of T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively and the differences were non significant. DMIcalculated as percent of body weight was also comparable among the groups, ranging from 2.89

to 3.17%. Similarly, average digestibility of nutrients like DM (69.6-73.7%), OM (72.6-77.2%), CP

(74.2-75.2%) and NDF (63.5-68.5%) was comparable among the groups. Although the values wererelatively low in goats of T3 group. All the animals were in positive nitrogen balances (0.94-1.02

g/ head/day). Animals were also on similar plane of nutrition consuming (g/kg W0.75) comparable

quantities of protein (DCP: 6.53-6.93) and energy (TDN: 40.95-46.55). Average daily milk yield was373, 383 and 396 g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively and the differences were non-significant.

In milk samples the fat (5.27-5.47%), protein (4.25-4.45%), ash (0.90-0.93%) and total solids

(14.69-14.97%) contents were also statistically similar among the groups. However, theendosulfan content (mg/kg) in milk was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2 (0.17) and T3 (0.24)

groups when compared to T1 group (0.06). While in blood samples, plasma protein, glucose and


urea-N contents were comparable and ranged from 7.27 to 7.52 g, 47.55 to 49.62 mg and 15.52 to16.12 mg per dl, respectively. Thus the study revealed that endosulfan will appear in milk of milchgoats apparently without any adverse effect on nutrient intake and utilization, milk yield and itscomposition, and blood metabolites, provided feed stuffs and drinking water are contaminatedwith it. However, the pesticide may have some effect on the animals on exposure for quite a long

time.

155 Effect of detoxified rapeseed (brassica sp.) Meal on biochemical profile and vital organs -S. Gangu Naidu, G.V.N. Reddy, Y. Anjaneyulu, G. Alexander and M.S. Reddy, Dept of VeterinaryBiochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500 030

Five complete diets were formulated without rapeseed meal (control D1) or raw rapeseedmeal (D2) or rapeseed meal treated with 0.5% copper sulphate (D3) or pressure cooked rapeseedmeal (D4) or 0.5% copper sulphate followed by pressure cooked rapeseed meal (D5) as proteinsupplement. Diets were processed into mash and fed to growing ram lambs to study the effect ofmethod of processing of rapeseed meal on growth, biochemical profile and vital organs. Thelambs fed on D2 showed lowered serum total protein, albumin, albumin : globulin ratio, choles-terol, urea, creatinine, thyroxin and haemoglobin and increased ALT levels. Further, the lambs ofthis group also exhibited the damage of vital organs viz., mild congestion in liver, hyaline casts inkidney and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. The lambs fed with D3 and D5 also showedlowered serum albumin levels and higher ALT and AST levels reflecting the effect on vitalorgans, may be due to the excess copper sulphate used as a toxin binder to detoxify the rapeseedmeal. Two animals from each group fed on D3 and D5 died after four months due to cumulativeeffect of copper toxicity. Lambs fed with D4 did not show any adverse effect on the healthcompared to other diets. These results revealed that pressure-cooking could be a safe methodfor detoxification of rapeseed meal and it can be used in livestock rations as protein supplementwithout any deleterious effect on growth, biochemical profile and vital organs.

156 Effect of storage of feed ingredients and compounded feeds in different structures on nutritionalquality - G.V.N. Reddy and J.V. Lakshmi, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College ofVeterinary Science, Acharya N. G.Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar,Hyderabad-500 030

Eight feed ingredients (maize, rice bran, rice polish, deoiled rice bran, wheat bran,groundnut cake, deoiled groundnut cake and soya bean meal) and two compounded feeds(concentrate feed for cattle and poultry feed) were stored in cement concrete, galvanized iron,plastic, cardboard and thatched storage structures for eight months and analysed for changes innutritional quality, microbial counts and aflatoxins at bimonthly intervals. The studies indicatedthat plastic structures proved to be the best with minimum changes in chemical composition,microbial count and aflatoxins. These studies also indicated that use of these ingredients and

feeds within 60 days avoids deterioration of nutritional quality.


157 Effect of storage of finished feeds in various packing materials on nutritional quality - G.V.N.

Reddy and J.V. Lakshmi, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

Three finished feeds (concentrate mixture for cattle, poultry feeds and complete diets for

ruminants) were processed into mash and pellet form and stored for 6 months in different packingmaterials available : 1. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 2. HDPE woven (HDPEW), 3. HDPEW

with paper lining outside, 4.) HDPEW with gunny outside, 5. Gunny with paper lamination

outside, 6. Gunny with damber lamination inside, 7. Gunny with damber lamination on both sidesand 8. Ordinary gunny bags. The samples collected at the monthly intervals were assessed for

physical, chemical characters, microbial load and aflatoxin. Highest (P<0.05) CP and EE contents

and low insect, microbial load and aflatoxin contents were recorded on HDPE and HDPEW bagscompared to other packing materials. CP and EE contents decreased with the storage period in all

packing materials with concomitant increase in CF and TA. Insects, microbial count and aflatoxin

contents increased (P<0.05) as the storage period increased irrespective of packing material. Theresults of this study indicate that though HDPE and HDPEW bags proved better than all other

bags, HDPEW can be prefered due to low cost for storing finished feed and it is better to use the

finished feed within a month to avoid deterioration of quality.

158 Detoxification of certain toxins (triterpenoids) in neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake -O. Suneel Kumar, K. Joji Reddy- and G.V.N. Reddy, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030

Neemseed-cake (NSC) is bitter and contains certain toxic principles (triterpenoids),

which limit its usage as an animal feed. To detoxify these toxins different physical, chemical and

combination of physical and chemical methods were applied. These triterpenoids were estimatedquantitatively by analytical HPLC. Water washing removed 82.53% of azadirachtin, 53.13% of

nimbin and 35.89% of salannin. The chemical treatments (4% urea with 40% moisture) removed

45.5% azadirachtin, 75.94% nimbin and 98.07% Salannin. Water washing followed by urea

treatment removed 83.27% azadirachtin and 100% nimbin and salannin.

159 Antinutritional factors and insecticide-pesticide residues in agriculture byproducts - Sajjan

Sihag, and K.R. Yadav, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,


The study was under taken to formulate safe total mixed rations for ruminants by

incorporating cotton byproducts for major cotton growing area of Haryana. During thesurvey of area samples of wheat straw, bajra stover, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, cotton leaves


(after last picking) and cotton plants were collected. As due to sever attack of insect pest on

cotton crop insecticide pesticide are used as plant protection measures and find their way intoanimal feed. Therefore, prior to incorporation of these feed ingredients in total mixed rations they

were analysed for insecticide pesticide residues and antinutritional factors. The oxalates

contents of wheat straw, urea treated wheat straw, bajra stovers and urea treated stovers were0.06, 0.19, 0.23 and 0.25 g per 100g of dry matter, respectively, indicating that oxalates of urea

treated and non treated straw or stover were with in the permissible limit. The gossypol content

of cotton seed and cotton seed cake was 75 and 16.5 mg percent, respectively, indicating highamount of gossypol in cotton seed than cake. The quantitity of gossypol in both byproducts was

with in permissible limits. The oxalates in cotton straw and urea treated cotton straw were 0.25g

and 0.29g per 100g, which were also with in limits. The DDT content of cotton leaf, cotton plant,cotton seed and cotton seed was 0.246, 0.052, 0.078 and 0.049 µg per g of dry matter, respectively.

It was analysed that HCH, Endosulphan, Cypermethrin and Malathion insecticide residues in

cotton leaves, cotton plant, cotton seed and cotton seed cake were with in permissible limit asanimal feeds. It was also found that among organochlorines, residues of lindane were at par of the

permissible value of 0.05ppm in cotton seed, however among the synthetic pyrethroids, residues

of permethrin and cyfluthrin were found above the maximum residue limits of 0.5 and 0.05 ppm incotton seeds. It was noticed that insecticide-pesticide residues were comparatively less in cake

than cotton seeds.

160 In vitro evaluation of adsorbents as antidote for monocrotophos : An organophosphoruspesticide - Pramod Singh and Aruna Chhabra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy

Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal- 132001 (Haryana)

Activated charcoal and zeolite were evaluated against Monocrotophos (MCP), the

most commonly used organophosphorus pesticide in India. Both the adsorbents were used atthree levels in diet comprising of concentrate mixture and Lucerne hay in the ratio of 50:50 along

with 100 ppm of MCP. Control groups T-1 (without MCP) and T-2 (with MCP) did not contain any

adsorbent. The treatment groups T-3, T-4 and T-5 contained 1, 2 and 3 per cent of activatedcharcoal respectively on DM basis in total diet where as groups T-6, T-7 and T-8 contained zeolite

at levels used for charcoal. The volume of total gas produced and dry matter disappearance were

estimated using in vitro gas technique. The values for volume of total gas produced (ml/g feed/48 hr) were 204.10±5.57, 167.90±7.27, 175.17±7.13, 184.10±7.02, 173.04±7.80, 166.86±6.81, 168.45±6.48

and 163.73±6.62, and percent dry matter disappearance after 48-hour incubation were 70.55±1.70,

62.30±2.21, 64.86±2.36, 67.52±1.72, 66.92±1.40, 63.93±1.68, 64.92±1.81 and 66.02±1.65 in groupsT-1 to T-8 respectively. It was evident from the results that activated charcoal at 2 percent level in

diet provided better rumen environment for the utilization of feeds contaminated with

organophosphorus pesticides.


161 Effect of different calcium sources on quantity and quality of milk, nutrient utilization andserum mineral profile in crossbred cows - Deepak Kumar Dubey, S.D. Sharma, and P.V. RamanRao, Department of Animal Nutritioin, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,Pantnagar-263 145 (U.P.)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different calcium sources onquantity and quality of milk and blood serum mineral profile in crossbred cows. There were seventreatments and 3 replications in each treatment. In all the 7 treatment groups control diet was fedbut different calcium sources were fed. In T

7, no calcium source was supplemented. The values of

milk production and milk fat in different treatment groups did not differ significantly amongthemselves up to the end of experimental period. After 120 days from beginning, the value ofserum calcium level were significantly higher in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

6 than in T

4. The values of serum

phosphorus level in group T1, T

2, T

3, T

4, T

5, T

6 and T

7 did not differ significantly among

themselves up to end of experimental period. The values of digestibility coefficients of dry matter,organic matter, crude protein, gross energy, ether extract, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulosedid not differ significantly among the 7 treatment groups. The values of dry matter intake, organicmatter intake, crude protein intake and gross energy intake did not differ significantly among the

7 treatments.

162 Effect of supplementing chelated minerals on blood mineral profile and immune response ingrowing kids - Khong Van Dinh and Aruna Chhabra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National

Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

To study the effect of chelated minerals supplementation, a growth experiment of 105days duration was conducted on 24 goat kids (Alpine x Beetal) of similar age and body weight(12.90 Kg) divided into 4 groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 6 animals in each group. Animals in group 1 werenot given trace elements Cu, Mn and Zn, whereas groups 2, 3 and 4 were supplemented with12ppm of Cu, 60ppm of Mn and 70ppm of Zn in the form of inorganic salts (CuSO

4, MnCl

2, ZnSO

4),

organic (imported) and organic (prepared) chelated minerals respectively. It was found that supple-mentation of minerals had no significant effects on blood mineral profile of Ca, P, Mn and Zn.Meanwhile, the level of Cu in blood of group 1 deceased sharply from 82.66±2.03 to 29.68±11.41µg/100ml (P<0.001) and Cu level in other groups remained unaffected. The immune response wasincreased by 28.51 % (2.35±0.40 to 3.02±0.11) and 30.08% (2.46±0.24 to 3.20±0.20) in groups 3 and4 respectively while in the group 1, it was decreased by 29.20% (2.74±0.38 to 1.94±0.14) and ingroup 2, this parameter remained almost unchanged (2.57±0.21 to 2.55±0.17). It was concluded

that the supplementation of chelated minerals has beneficial effects on immune response in goat kids.

6. Micronutrients and fertility, immunity interactions


163 Micro and macro nutrient utilization and milk production in dairy cows fed finger millet andpaddy straw as major source of dry roughage - N.K.S. Gowda, C.S. Prasad and L.B. Ashok,

National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560 030

Nutrient intake, nutrient utilization, milk yield, milk composition and plasma mineralprofile were studied in crossbred dairy cows during the late stage of lactation fed either fingermillet (ragi) (Group I) or paddy straw (Group II) as a source of dry roughage. The cows in both thegroups were fed as per requirement with concentrate, green fodder (para grass) and straw in theratio of 30:45:25 parts (DM). The animals in both the groups were provided 1 per cent commercialmineral mixture in the concentrate. After a preliminary feeding of 50 days a digestibility trial wasconducted for 7 days and samples of feed, fodder, dung, urine and milk were analysed for macroand micro nutrient content. Nutrient analysis has shown that ragi straw contained more CP, Ca, P,Mg, Cu, Zn and Co than paddy straw. However, paddy straw contained higher ADF, ash andsilica. The oxalate content of paddy straw (0.32%) was more than that of ragi straw (0.12%) andgreen fodder (0.07%). The intake of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and most of the micronutrients (Ca, P,Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co) was significantly higher in cows fed ragi straw. The digestibility of DM(50.3 & 43.9%), CP (72.8 & 67.5%), NDF (39.8 & 24.7%) and AD F (23.6 & 14.1%) was significantlyhigher in cows fed ragi straw. The gut absorption of Ca (26.0 & 15.4%), Cu (71.2 & 63.1%), Mn(28.7 & 13.5%) and Co (59.8 & 31.2%) was significantly higher in the ragi straw fed group. The netretention (Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn) and retention as percentage of total intake (Ca, Mn) was better incows consuming ragi straw as a roughage source. The requirement of all the micronutrients inboth the group of cows could be met irrespective of the type of roughage fed except that of Ca,which was low (0.40%) in paddy straw fed cows. This suggests that additional Ca supplementationis required in paddy straw feeding system. The average dairy milk yield was also non-significantly higher (7.0 lit/cow/day) in cows fed ragi straw as compared to cows fed paddy straw(6.3 lit/cow/day). The average milk composition (SNF, protein, ash) also did not differ except thatof milk fat which was significantly (4.7 & 4.5%) low in cows fed paddy straw. The blood plasmavalues did not differ significantly between the groups. The overall results of this study hasindicated that ragi straw is a better source of dry fodder than paddy straw in terms of micro andmacro nutrient composition and their utilization.

164 Metabolic profile and performance of lactating cows with salt deficiency followihg repletion -A.K. Pattanaik, M.K. Joshi, S.A. Khan and S. Mehmood1, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal

Nutrition, Indian veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122

A herd of crossbred lactating cows showing symptoms of licking the walls wereinvestigated. The cause was narrowed down to a possible deficiency of sodium chloride in their

diet. To confirm this, ten representative cows were selected from the herd for an exploratory

study. The multiparous cows, with an average live weight of 390 kg, were in their 4-6 months of1 Livestock Production Research (Cattle & Buffalo)


lactation. The experimental protocol was to compare the changes in their metabolic, nutritional

and production parameters before and following a period of replenishment of dietary sodiumchloride. Accordingly, blood was collected for assessing their metabolic profile. The daily feed

and water intake of the cows were recorded along with milk yield and,composition for a period of

five days after which the cows were switched over to a concentrate supplement containing 1.5%common salt. Following three weeks of experimental feeding, all the experimental procedures were

repeated for another five days, fol1owed at the end by blood studies. The results revealed that

the mean intake of roughages showed an increase (P<0.05) with a concurrent significant decreasein water intake. An increase was also recorded in mean daily milk yield following salt

supplementation. No differences was however apparent in fat, protein, lactose, total ash, sodium

and potassium contents of milk; calcium and phosphorus content of milk, on the other handincreased (P<0.05) following salt supplementation. Comparison of mettabolic profile between the

pre- and postsupplementation period revealed similar serum concentrations of glucose, total

protein, albumin, globulin and their ratio while that of urea and alkaline phosphatase increased(P<0.05) coupled with a significant increase in haemoglobin and packed cell Section volume. No

changes was evident with respect to the serum osmolality and its content of macro-minerals viz.

sodium, potassium and calcium but serum inorganic phosphorus level showed a significant(P<0.05) increase following the replenishment period. It is concluded that deficiency of sodium

chloride in diet can alter the productive and metabolic parameters of milch cows.

165 Effect of feeding zinc sulfate treated soyabean meal on nutrient utilization and nitrogen balancein crossbred cattle - R.S. Dass, A.K. Garg, R.K. Tiwari, and G.P. Mandal,Centre of Advanced

Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

An experiment was conducted on 12 crossbred cattle bulls of 364.48 kg mean body

weight to study the effect of feeding zinc sulfate treated soyabean meal on nutrient utilization and

nitrogen balance. Animals were divided into three groups of four animals in each in a randomized

block design and fed on wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirementas per Kearl (1982). Concentrate mixture contained wheat bran (55 parts), maize (20 parts), soyabean

meal (22 parts), mineral mixture (2 parts) and salt (1 part). Concentrate mixture offered to the

animals in group II and III was having soyabean meal treated with 1 and 2 percent zinc sulphate,respectively. The experimental feeding lasted for 40 days, followed by a 6 days metabolism trial.

Results revealed no significant difference in the DM intake as well as digestible dry matter (DDM)

intake (Kg/day, of kg/100kg B.W., g/kg W0.75) in three groups. Daily intake (kg/d) of organicmatter (OM) and digestible organic matter (DOM) was also similar in three groups, but when the

intake was calculated as g/KgW0.75, it was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group III as compared

to group I, but there ware no significant (P<0.05) differences between group I and group II; andbetween group II and group III. The digestibility of all the nutrients was alike statistically in the


three groups except for crude protein (CP), which was significantly higher in group III (67.46 percent), as compared to group I (60.8 per cent) and group II (61.25 per cent). Intake of nitrogen andits excretion through feces and urine was comparable in the three groups but nitrogen balance (g/day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group III as compared to other two groups. There was noeffect of treatment on calcium and phosphorus intake, their excretion and balance. These resultsindicate that treatment of soyabean meal with 2 per cent zinc sulfate may be used as a mean ofprotection of good quality protein from rumen degradation.

166 Growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred calves as affected by zinc supplementation frominorganic and organic sources - G.P. Mandal, R.S. Dass and A.K. Garg, Centre of Advanced

Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

An experiment was conducted on twenty crossbred calves (avg. body wt. 226.2±8.77kg) of about 14 months of age, randomly divided into four equal groups to ascertain the effect ofzinc supplementation on their growth and nutrient utilization. All the experimental calves were fedon basal diet having 33ppm zinc and consisted of concentrate mixture (maize 30 parts, soybeanmeal 27 parts, wheat bran 40 parts, mineral mixture, 2 parts and common salt 1 part) and wheatstraw. Calves in group I, II and III were supplemented with 0, 35 and 70 ppm zinc as zinc sulfate,while calves in group IV were supplemented with 35ppm zinc as zinc propionate. Experimentalfeeding cum growth trial was conducted for 180 days. During this period fortnightly body weightswere recorded to assess their growth rate. A metabolism trial was conducted after 120 daysfeeding to know the digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance. Results revealed that averagedaily gain was similar (P>0.05) at 500.8, 483.4, 503.4 and 527.8g/d in group I, II, III and IV,respectively. Though, the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and hemicellulose was highest ingroup III and lowest in group IV (except for hemicellulose, which was lowest in group II),digestibility of EE, ADF and cellulose was similar (P>0.05) in the four groups, with the result thedaily DM, DCP and TDN intakes (g/kg W0.75) were similar (P>0.05) in the four groups, at 83.67,84.22, 84.94, 89.01; 7.56, 7.42, 8.27, 7.33; 54.06, 53.42, 57.88, 56.03 in G-I, G-II, G-III and G-IV,respectively. Nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance also did not show any significant differenceamong the four treatments. Therefore, these results indicated that basal diet containing 33ppm

zinc was sufficient so far as growth rate and nutrient utilization in crossbred calves is concerned.

167 Studies on mineral status of different categories of anoestrus cattle in the red laterite zone ofWest Bengal - P. Biswas and Amit Kumar Patra, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal

University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037 (West Bengal)

A survey work was undertaken to evaluate the mineral status of different categories of

anoestrus cattle and normal cyclic cows in Bankura District under the Red Laterite Zone of WestBengal. A total of 102 nos. non-descript cows were randomly selected out of which 22 animals

were normal cyclic and 80 were anoestrus cows. Anoestrus cows consisted of 38 heifer (3 to 5years), 16 dry cows and 26 lactating cows (Post Partum anoestrus). Hb, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn


in normal cyclic cows were found to be 10.57±0.136, 11.66±0.155, 4.64±0.028, 4.56±0.113, 0.80±0.026,1.19±0.024 and 0.24±0.015 respectively. All the values were within the normal limit. Hb, Ca, P, Fe,Cu, Zn, and Mn in anoestrus heifer were found to be 10.21±0.122, 11.42±0.194, 3.81±0.043,3.74±0.110, 0.46±0.021, 1.16±0.022 and 0.10±0.010 respectively. Hb, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn indry cows were found to be 10.25±0.129, 11.21±0.325, 4.07±0.056, 4.00±0.117, 0.47±0.032, 1.12±0.023and 0.11±0.010 respectively. Hb, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn in post-partum anoestrus cows werefound to be 9.75±0.104, 10.38±0.219, 3.66±0.077, 4.33±0.107, 0.36±0.026, 1.06±0.034 and 0.11±0.009respectively. All the values were significantly higher in normal cyclic cows. P, Cu and Mn. content

in all categories of anoestrus animals were found below the minimum critical level.

168 Effects of selenium supplementation on clinical chemistry, thyroid hormones and antioxidantstatus of fluorosed calves - M.K. Joshi, A.K. Pattanaik and A. Sahoo1, Centre of Advanced Studies in

Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122

Twenty crossbred calves of 18 months of age were used in the present study in order toascertain the efficacy of dietary selenium (Se) in ameliorating fluorosis. Group I (n=5) with nofluoride (F) and no Se served as control. The rest (n=15), having prior exposure to 200 ppm dietaryF during the previous year and showing signs of fluorosis, were distributed into 3 equal groups,and either given no F but 0.5 ppm Se (T1), 200 ppm F and 0.5 ppm Se (T2), and 200 ppm F but noSe (T3). The calves were fed on a standard concentrate mixture, supplemented to a basal feed ofwheat straw. Blood was collected initially and thereafter at 40 days intervals, and analyzed forvarious haematological, biochemical and antioxidant indices besides thyroid hormones : Resultsrevealed that the mean values of haemoglobin, packed-cell volume and differential leukocytecount did not show significant variation due to treatments. Likewise, calves under differenttreatments exhibited similar concentrations of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin,urea, cholesterol, calcium and inorganic phosphorus so also aspartate aminotransferase. Serumactivities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, on the other hand, were higher(P<0.01) in T3 compared to control and T1 while being comparable to T2. Serum fluorideconcentration was higher (P<0.01) in T2 and T3 compared to other two groups. Serum levels ofboth the thyroid hormones viz. triiodothyronine and thyroxine varied significantly (P<0.05) dueto dietary interventions, indicating improved thyroid status because of Se supplementation. Asregards the antioxidant indices, while no effect of dietary treatments was apparent on theerythrocytic reduced glutathione (P>0.05), that of catalase and lipid peroxidation were signifi-cantly (P<0.5) higher in T3 compared to T1 andT2 which in turn was higher than control. Theactivity of superoxide dismutase was significantly (P<0.05) lowered in T3 compared to controlwith the values for T1 and T2 being comparable to both. It is concluded that exposure to highdietary fluoride creates a situation of oxidative stress in calves, and Se supplementation appearedto be a promising ameliorative agent to resist it. However further studies are warranted to prove

it conclusively.

• Oral presentation, 1 IVRI Regional Station, Palampur


169 Effect of dietary protein on growth performance of crossbred calves exposed to high fluoridediet - J. Lohakare A.K. Pattanaik and S.A. Khan, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition,

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122

Effects dietary protein levels on the performance of crossbred calves exposed to highfluoride diets were investigated. Accordingly, 30 crossbred calves (6-8 months) were

distributed randomly into a 2x3 factorial arrangement involving two levels of dietary fluorine (F;

0 and 200 ppm), and three levels of dietary protein (CP; 100, 75 and 125% of Kearl, 1982). All thecalves were fed on a standard diet consisting of concentrate mixture and ad libitum wheat straw.

There was daily recording of dry matter intake as well as fortnightly monitoring of live weight

changes. A metabolism trial was conducted towards the end of the 210 days of experimentalfeeding. The results revealed that the mean digestibility of all organic nutrients, with the

exception of ether extract, was significantly (P<0.01) higher upon F supplementation

concomitant to an increased intake. The dietary CP levels also significantly influenced the CPdigestibility as well as nitrogen balance. The mean daily nitrogen retention was significantly

(P<0.01) reduced due to F supplementation chiefly because of reduced intake. High F in the diet

also affected (P<0.05) the calcium and phosphorus balance. The plane of nutrition during themetabolism trial revealed the mean intake (per kg W0.75) of DM (92.24±1.96 vs. 66.46±2.40g), CP

(10.74±0.60 vs. 9.69±0.56g) and ME (188.89±3.37 vs. 144.20±4.78 kcal) were affected (P<0.05) due

to F inclusion. The average daily gain of the calves was significanrly (P<0.05) influenced by bothdietary CP as well as F levels, being lower on low protein (319.3±50.41 vs. 400.0±26.99 and

407.4±34.54g) and high F (289.1±27.92 vs. 462.1±17.07g), respectively. Similar was the case in

terms of feed conversion efficiency; it was lower (P<0.05) upon low CP and high F feeding.Moreover, a significant interaction between F and CP indicated a lower (P<0.05) feed efficiency

when F was added to low CP diet. Overall, it is concluded that while feeding of high CP did not

exert appreciable protective effects, provision of low CP diet aggravated the performance-

reducing effects of high fluoride diet.

170 Excretion pattern of Arsenic in growing crossbred calves - C.S. Mishra, Veena Mani and Harjit

Kaur, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Ten Karan Fries calves of about 4-5 months of age were distributed in two equal groups.

The requirements of both the groups of calves were met by feeding concentrate mixture and

green oats, however, the calves in group II were supplemented with 50 ppm As in the form ofarsenic trioxide (As

2O

3). The calculated amount of As

2O

3 was mixed in small quantity of

concentrate mixture which was offered to the animals separately in plastic troughs and after

consumption of that quantity, rest of the concentrate mixture was offered. After two and a halfmonths of feeding on this diet, a metabolic trial of 7 days duration was conducted to study the


excretion pattern of As. Samples of feed, fodder, water, faeces and urine were analyzed for As.Blood samples from these calves were analysed for As at the start and end of the experiment. Theconcentrate mixture, green oats and water contained 1.20, 0.71 and 0.03 ppm As respectively.Daily arsenic intake averaged 4±0.09 and 93±9.01mg resulting in faecal and urinary excretion as1.69±0.04, 1.69±0.14 and 0.93±0.12 and 1.11±0.19 mg in the two groups, respectively. The resultsobtained from the metabolic trial revealed 34.17% and 97.00% retention of As in groups I and IIrespectively. Blood As concentration was 156.22±2.89 and 112.80±20.89 ppb at the onset ofexperiment in the respective two groups. The blood As level remained same in group I till the endof the experiment, but increased significantly in As supplemented group II (211.14±15.39 ppb)after 60 days of arsenic supplementation. The data suggested accumulating nature of arsenic in

the animal body.

171 Effect of feeding green sugarcane tops with various sources of calcium and phosphorus on their

bio-avallabillty in Red-Kandharl calves - V.H. Kalbande, S.M. Wankhede, and R.B. Jagtap,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,MAFSU, Parbhani

(Maharashtra)

Twenty-four native Red-Kandhari calves of 15.84±0.23 months age and 92.64±0.95 kgbody weight were randomly distributed into four equal groups, control group and experimentalgroups T

1, T

2 and T

3 with 1:1 male to female ratio with six calves in each. The calves in control

group C were fed’ ad-libitum green sugarcane tops as a sole source of roughage without anymineral supplementation while those in experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 were fed

ad-libitum green sugarcane tops alongwith calcium carbonate plus diphosphorus pentaoxide,diacalcium phosphate and mineral mixture, respectively. All the calves were provided freshdrinking water ad-libitum throughout experimental period (120 days). The dry matter intake (kgday) and dry matter intake kg per 100 kg body weight were higher (P<0.05) in experimental groupsT

2 ( 4.15 and 3.26) fed with dicalcium phosphate as compared to those in groups T

1 (3.85 and 2.96)

and T3 (3.71 and 2.96) fed calcium carbonate plus diphosphorus pentaoxide, and mineral mixture,

respectively than in control group. (3.50 and 2.96) which did not receive any mineral supplement.However DMI g per kg metabolic body weight (W075 kg) was remained similar in all the groups,the values being 82.73 for control and 77.28, 86.39 and 77.69 for experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3

respectively. The calves in experimental groups T1, T

2 and T

3 gained significantly (P<0.01) higher

total body weight (kg) and daily gain in body weight (g), the values being 38.2, 32.63, 34.31 and318.00, 271.00 and 285.00, respectively, the corresponding values for control group were 25.55and 213.00. Serum calcium level (mg/100 ml) at ‘0’day and average from 1st to 15th week in controlgroup and experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 were similar. The values being 9.17, 9.17; 8.65, 9.98;

8.39, 10.33 and 9.04, 10.34, respectively. However the phosphorus content of serum (mg/100 ml)at‘0’ day was similar in all the groups but average serum phosphorus level (mg/100 ml) from 1st to 15th

week was higher ( P<0.O5) in experimental calves T2 (3.91, 6.09) as mineral source as compared to

in groups T1 (3.85,5.19), T

3 (3.07, 5.22) and control group C (4.94, 4.94). Calcium retention (g


day) in experimental groups T1, T

2 and T

3 was significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to group.

Per cent bio-availability of calcium from dicalcium phosphate in group T2 (45.29) was higher

(P<0.01) than T1(33.73) fed calcium carbonate which was higher (P<0.01) than mineral mixture fed

group T3 (22.95). Retention of phosphorus (g/day) in groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 was higher (P<0.01) as

compared to group. The values being 4.66,7.18,5.19 and 2.92 in the four groups respectively andfor control groups C 2.92. Per cent bio-availability of phosphorus in group T

2 (40.84) was signifi-

cantly higher (P<0.01) than T1 (21.56) and T

3 (24.25). Overall results clearly indicated that when

green sugarcane tops fed to the ruminants as a sole source of roughage, dicalclum phosphate (50g/day/head) should be supplemented to meet the daily requirement of calcium and phosphorus

of ruminants, otherwise ruminants.

172 Effect of dietary sulphur on nutrients digestibilitiy, microbial and metabolic profiles inbuffaloes - B.S.Tewatia, S.S. Khirwar and Shiv Kumar, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS

HAU, Hisar (Haryana)

Four adult male fistulated buffaloes were offered four levels of dietary sulphur to studyits effects on nutrient digestibility, microbial and metabolic profiles in a 4 x 4 switch overexperiment. The animals were offered chaffed pearl millet (Pennesitum typhoides) stover andconcentrate mixture (70:30). Concentrate mixture contained mustard cake 25, crushed maize grain37, wheat bran 37 and salt 1 %. The T

1 group ration contained 0.14 % sulphur on DM basis. The

level of dietary sulphur was increased to 0.16 %, 0.20% and 0.24% by supplementing appropriatequantities of sodium sulphate under treatments (T

2), (T

3) and (T

4), respectively. Rumen liquor

samples for estimation of metabolites were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours post-feeding whilesamples collected at 0 and 4 hours were used for microbial counts. The daily DM intake (kg/100kg body weight) was 1.63 (T

1), 1.62 (T

2),.1.66 (T

3) and 1.68 (T

4). DM digestibility was 62.55, 62.27,

61.08 and 62.08 %, respectively. The differences observed in daily DM intake and DM digestibil-ity were statistically non-significant. Digestibility of fibrous constituents of ration increased withhigher levels of dietary sulphur in the ration.. TVFA concentration increased up to 6 hourpost-feeding in T

1 while the concentration increased up to 8 hour post-feeding under T

2, T

3 and

T4, which indicated that sulphur addition hampered TVFA production. The total-N content of

rumen liquor at 0 hour was lowest under T3 followed by T

2, T

4 and T

1. The trend remained same at

all the post feeding intervals. Average total-N (mg/100 ml) of rumen liquor was lowest in T3 (69.4)

followed by T2 (72.9), T

4 (73.8) and T

1 (74.9). Ammonia-N (mg/100 ml) of rumen liquor at 0 hour was

lowest under T2 (14.2) followed by T

3 (16.1), T

1 (17.1) and T

4 (17.5). Total protozoal counts (x 105/

ml) at 4 hr. post-feeding were 2.03, 2.64, 2.68 and 3.06 in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4, respectively. Total

bacterial (x 109/ml) and cellulolytic bacterial counts (x 107/ml) at 4 hr. post-feeding were 3.6,15.0;4.6, 24.0; 4.8, 24.0 and 6.8, 46.0 in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4, respectively. Total fungal units (x 104/ml) also

increased with higher levels of dietary sulphur. Results of this study indicate that higher levels ofdietary sulphur up to 0.24 % of total dry matter augmented rumen microbial population andsubsequently the digestibility of fibrous constituents of the ration.


173 Mineral status of soil, feed and fodders and its influence on animals and its products in redlaterite zone of West Bengal - M. Mondal, S.K. Pyne and G. Samanta, Palli Siksha Bhaban,

Visva Bharati, West Bengal

A detailed survey was conducted in the red laterite zone of West Bengal covering fourdistricts namely West Midnapur, Bankura, Birbhum and Purulia to study the mineral status of soil,feed and fodders, animals and in their products. The soil of this region indicated that it wasadequate in calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). However,zinc (Zn) deficiency (0.4ppm) was found to be wide spread throughout this region. The mineralstatus in different feed ingredients showed that Ca,0.10-2.42%; P, 0.18-1.8%; Cu, 6.57-56.10ppm;Zn, 11.77-59.59ppm; Mn, 22.29-393.26ppm; and Fe, 157.56-698.10ppm, respectively. The averagemineral content in different cultivated fodders were Ca, 0.28-3.69%; P, 0.12-0.37; Cu,4.50-16.88ppm; Zn,12.15-46.33 ppm; Mn,24.03-126.88 ppm and Fe, 143.46-901.95ppm . From the findings it wasindicated that cultivated fodder, dry roughages and tree leaves were deficient in phosphorus andzinc, however, marginal deficiency of copper was obtained. The haemoglobin values in differentcategories of cattle varied from 9.08-13.78% . Plasma mineral levels in cattle showed that itcontains Ca, 8.37-11.71% ; P, 3.22-5.13%; Cu, 0.48-2.86ppm; Zn, 0.50-1.76ppm; Mn, 0.28-1.32ppmand Fe, 1.53-5.99ppm, respectively. The haemoglobin percentage in various categories of buffa-loes ranged from 9.63-15.95% .The level of plasma minerals were Ca, 8.36-11.49 %; P, 3.20-5.42% ;Zn, 0.51-1.54ppm ; Cu, 0.62-1.73ppm ;Mn; 0.37-1.28ppm and Fe, 2.29-6.02ppm, respectively. Thehaemoglobin values of goats varied from 9.76-12.94% and the different plasma minerals like Ca,9.02-11.04%; P, 4.22-5.31%; Cu, 0.74-1.18ppm ; Zn, 0.67-1.46ppm; Mn,0.43-1.55ppm and Fe, 2.85-5.19ppm, respectively. Milk samples from cows indicated that the level of Ca. 112.85-123.17%; P,88.66-108.18 %; Cu, 0.12-0.53ppm ; Zn, 2.76-3.99ppm ; Mn, 1.23-2.58 ppm and Fe, 2.28-4.18ppm,respectively. From the observation it was inferred that the plasma of cattle, buffalo, sheep andgoat were deficient in phosphorus. A very few cattle and buffaloes were also deficient in copperand zinc. A marginal deficiency was observed in the plasma of goats. In the m ilk samples of cowsand buffaloes phosphorus and zinc were below the normal level. Major milk constituents like, fat,SNF and total solid were also followed the same trend. From the above findings it may be inferredthat Zn defiency in soil was reflected in the feed and fodders. The poor level of P, Zn and Cu alsoinfluenced the plasma of cow, buffalo, sheep and goat and they were also deficient in those

animals and ultimately milk from them had the low levels of P, Zn and Cu content.

174 Effect of supplementary selenium on endogenous faecal excretion and true absorption ofselenium in cattle and buffaloes fed on paddy straw based diets - Chander Datt1 and ArunaChhabra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001

(Haryana)

The apparent absorption of any mineral under estimates the extent to which element isabsorbed and also does not differentiate between the contributions made from unabsorbed1ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Centre,Lembucherra-799210, Tripura (W)


mineral and the mineral of endogenous origin to the net faecal excretion. With this view

endogenous faecal excretion of selenium (Se) was estimated in cattle and buffaloes given low andhigh Se diets in order to arrive at true absorption values of this element. For this, 10 male calves

each of crossbred cattle (Karan Fries) and Murrah buffaloes were randomly distributed into 2

groups of 5 animals each in a two way randomized block design. The animals in group 1 (T1) were

fed on basal ration (dietary Se =0.487 ppm) consisting of paddy straw and concentrate mixture in

order to meet their requirements. The animals in group II (T2) were supplemented with 2.7 ppm of

Se in form of sodium selenite over and above the basal ration. The animals in both groups werealso given green maize fodder so as to meet their Beta carotene requirement. After 60 days of

experimental feeding a metabolism trial of 7 days was conducted concurrent with in radio tracer

technique using 75Se (Sodium seleno sulphate, BARC, Mumbai) as tracer administered via jugularvein. The accumulated total excretion of 75Se ( per cent of injected dose) during 8 day collection

was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2 as compared to T

1 in both the species. The apparent

absorption was found to be 38.30 and 15.61 per cent in cattle, 39.67 and 22.42 per cent in buffaloesin T

1 and T

2, respectively. Endogenous faecal excretion of Se (V

f ;mg/d) was significantly(P<0.0)

higher inT2 than T

1 in both the species. The contribution of V

f to total faecal excretion of Se

averaged 22.13±0.61 and 5.10±0.23 in T1 and T

2 , respectively in cattle. The corresponding values

were 13.49±0.22 and 6.32±0.19 per cent in buffalo. True absorption of Se was 51.93±1.23 and

19.91±0.83 per cent of intake inT1 and T

2, respectively in cattle. The corresponding values in

buffaloes were 53.16±1.15 and 28.74±1.70 per cent. Apparent absorption, endogenous faecalexcretion and true absorption values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in buffaloes than in cattle.

Supplementary Se in excess of requirement though increased endogenous faecal excretion (mg/

d) but its effect on total daily faecal Se per se was far more than on endogenous faecal Se whichwas reflected in lower contributions of endogenous faecal Se to total faecal Se excretion in T

2.

Results also indicated that absorption underestimated the extent to which Se was truly absorbed.

175 Mineral status of feeds and fodders and buffaloes of Jhajjar district of Haryana - V. Kapoor, K.K.

Yadav, P.S. Yadav and M.A. Akbar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal

Sciences, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

An extensive survey was conducted in Jhajjar district of Haryana to assess the mineral

status of buffaloes. Sufficient number of samples of feeds, fodders and of biologicalmaterials viz. blood, hair and milk of different categories of buffaloes were collected from eight

different sites to represent whole of the district. The samples were analyzed for Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Mn

and Fe content and the values were compared with the requirements (feeds and fodders) andwith the standard normal values (biological samples). The results indicated deficiency (% of

samples analyzed) of Zn (93%), Cu (91%) and Mn (85%) in the commonly fed dry fodders viz.

wheat straw, Jowar kadbi and bajra kadbi. Deficiency was also recorded in green berseem (Zn


91%, Cu 68%), oat (Zn 86%, Cu 57% and Mn 70%) and sugar cane tops (Zn 100%, Cu 100% and

Mn 75%). Wheat Dalia offered by majority of the farmers was found to be deficient in Zn (73%)and Mn (63%) content. About 30% samples of cottonseed, mustard cake and guar seed and 50%

samples of pelleted feeds and methi were also deficient in Cu and Zn, respectively. However, Ca

and P in all the feeds and fodders were within the normal range. The profile of minerals in bloodserum indicated deficiency of Ca and P in 40 and 33% of overall buffalo population, respectively

while Cu and Fe were within the normal range. Deficiency of Zn and Mn, as based on hair Zn

status, was recorded in 61 and 12% of population, respectively. The values of various minerals inmilk were, however, within the normal reported range. It may thus be inferred from the study that

there is a need of supplementation of Ca, P, Zn and Mn in the diet of buffaloes of Jhajjar district.

176 Feeding pattern and mineral status of buffaloes in Fatehabad district of Haryana - P.S. Yadav,K.K. Yadav, and A.B. Mandal1, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences,

CCS.H.A.U. Hisar-125004 (Haryana)

A survey was conducted during rabi season (December-January) to study the feeding

pattern and mineral status of buffaloes in Fatehabad district of Haryana state. Accordingly, the

data related to feeds and feeding, milk production etc. and sufficient number of samples of blood,hair and milk of buffaloes and feeds and fodders offered to them were collected

from eight sites representing the whole district. The samples were analyzed for Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Mn

and Fe contents. Wheat straw was the main dry roughage and berseem was the major greenfodder available which was fed liberally to milch buffaloes. However, some farmers were also

using oat and grasses along with some locally available weeds as green supplement to their

buffaloes. Among the concentrates, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, mustard cake, bajra grain andgram churi were the most popular ones and were being over fed in terms of DCP and TDN as the

sole concentrates. Some farmers were feeding wheat bran, feed pallets and also methi grains to

their buffaloes. Use of common salt and mineral mixture as supplement was not a commonpractice among farmers. The Ca and P contents in feeds and fodders were within the normal

range. On comparison of mean values of trace mineral concentrations with their corresponding

requirements, the wheat straw, available green fodders and all the ingredients of the concentratemixture were found to be deficient in Zn. In addition, wheat straw was found to contain lesser

amount of Cu and Mn than the required level of 10 and 40ppm, respectively. The mean values of

various minerals in serum of buffaloes were, Ca (mg/dl) 8.32±0.20, P (mg/dl) 4.20±0.11, Zn (ppm)2.61±0.22, Cu (ppm) 0.63±0.06, Mn (ppm) 0.10±0.01 and Fe (ppm) 2.47±0.26. The critical analysis of

serum and hair mineral status indicated a deficiency of Ca, P, Cu and Zn in 42, 25, 43, and 34% of

buffalo population, respectively. Hence, there is a need of supplementation of Ca, P, Zn and Cuin the diet of milch buffaloes of this district.1 Animal nutrition and feed technology, CARl, Izatnagar


177 Mineral status of common kharif and rabi fodder crops at different stages of maturity -K.K. Yadav, P.S. Yadav, M.A. Akbar, and V. Kapoor, Department of Animal Nutrition,College of

Animal Sciences, CCS.H.A.U. Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

An experiment was conducted to know the mineral content of different varieties offorages grown during kharif and rabi seasons at two/three stages of maturity. Samples of different

varieties of kharif season viz. bajra (12), cowpea ((1), guar (2), makchari (1), napier grass (1),

sorghum single cut (6), sorghum multi cut (1) and of rabi season viz. berseem (3), oat (4), lucerne(1), chinese cabbage (1) were collected and analyzed for their Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe contents.

The concentration of Ca in leguminous fodders like cowpea (1.04 -1.76%), guar (1.40-1.77%),

berseem (1.10-1.70%) and lucerne (1.50-1.70%) was higher than in non leguminous fodders suchas bajra (0.16-0.48%), makchari (0.37-0.70%), napier grass (0.26-0.43%), sorghum (0.26-0.67%), oat

(0.57-0.70%) and chinese cabbage (0.32-0.40%). The P content was higher in non-leguminous

(bajra:0.22-0.32%, sorghum:0.13-0.28%, oat 0.20-0.31% and chinese cabbage:0.30-0.37%) than inmost of the leguminous fodders (guar:0.14-0.24, berseem:0.13-0.22% and lucerne:0.16-0.17%) of

both seasons. The concentration of Ca in bajra and napier grass declined and that of makchari

increased with advancing maturity and all varieties of sorghum exhibited higher Ca content at 2nd

stage of maturity. Generally, a decline in trace mineral concentration was observed w.r.t. Cu, Zn

and Mn in kharif fodders. While Mn content was higher, the content of Cu and Zn was much

below the recommended level. In rabi fodders, besides Ca and P, a declining trend in trace mineralconcentration was observed as the plants matured; the values in berseem were, however, above

the required level. None of the varieties of oat fodder contained the required amount of Cu

(10ppm) and Zn (40ppm) except OS-7 which though deficient in Zn contained 10ppm Cu. Thus itmay be concluded from the study that almost all the fodders grown in kharif season and oat

fodder of rabi season were deficient in Cu and Zn.

178 Trace element Concentration in some locally available tree fodder of Sikkim - A. Chatterjee,

D. De1, I.U. Sheikh and M. Requib, National Research Center on Yak (ICAR), Dirang-790 101

Arunachal Pradesh

The samples of twenty one locally available tree fodder were collected from different

parts of Sikkim. These tree fodder are commonly used for feeding of cattle, goat and sheep. The

samples were dried and processed as per standard procedure for trace element analysis. Theconcentration of five important trace elements namely Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Cobalt

were analysed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer A-100). The copper

concentration (mg/kg DM) varied from 12.8 in Kabra ( Ficus infectoria) to 232.6 in Gayo (Bridelia

retusa). The Zinc concentration (mg/kg DM) ranged from 19.70 in Kabra (Ficus infectoria) to

* Scientist, ICAR- RC - NEH (Sikkim center) , Tadong, Sikkim.


12.8 in Chiple (Reevesia pubescens). The Manganese concentration varied widely from sample tosample - the range being much wider. The lowest manganese concentration (mg/kg DM) wasonce again in Kabra or Ficus infectoria (31.0) closely followed by Rubber or Ficus elastica (32.2).The highest Manganese concentration (mg/kg DM) was obtained in Jhingani (Eurya japonica)- the value being 758.0. The Iron concentration (mg/kg DM) ranged from 39.8 in Lali (Amporawallichi) to 901.0 in Khasre (Ficus hirta). The cobalt was nondetectable in six samples out oftwenty one. The highest Cobalt concentration was in Chiple (Reevesia pubescens) - the valuebeing only 6.6 mg/kg DM. The mean concentration ( mg/kg DM) of different trace elements in treefodder analysed in this study were 58.83±10.64, 39.13±3.47, 227.9±47.0, 396.8±46.7 and 3.06±0.56respectively, for Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Cobalt.

179 Trace element concentration in some tree fodder commonly fed to Yaks in Arunachal PradeshA. Chatterjee, A. Basu, M. Sarkar and M. Bhattacharya, National Research Center on Yak

(ICAR) Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh- 790 101

Blemkar (Buddlija asiatica), Domkar (Symplocus racemosa), Salyx (Salyx humboldtiana), Syluli(Acer campbellp), Maar (Costanopsis spp), Zimbu (Lingustrum myrsinitis), Karsingh (Acerhookeri ), Bagar (Berberis spp), Phrengpa ( Quercus walliasehiana) and Bamlakpa (Embeliaspp) are some tree fodder commonly available for feeding of yaks in West kameng district,Arunachal Pradesh. In the present study efforts have been made to have a comparative data ontrace element status of these tree fodder. The samples were dried and processed as per standardprocedure for trace element analysis. The concentration of five important trace elements namelyCopper, Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Cobalt were analysed through atomic absorptionspectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer A-100). Highest copper concentration (mg/kg DM) was in Domkar(18.25), where as in Baggar copper was non detectable. The Zinc concentration (mg/kg DM)ranged from 6.75 in Blemkar to 43.0 in Baggar. The Manganese concentration varied widely fromsample to sample ranging from 15.45 in Syluli to 301.95 in Maar. Wide range was obtained for Ironas well. The Iron concentration (mg/kg DM) ranged from 44.35 in Baggar to 647.0 in Domkar. Thecobalt (mg/kg DM) was very low in all the samples ranging from 0.50 in Sylulii to 3.90 in Maar. Themean concentration ( mg/kg DM) of different trace elements in tree fodder analysed in this studywere 6.61±1.92, 14.95±3.52, 168.38±36.94, 175.08±52 and 1.73±0.38, respectively, for Copper, Zinc,Manganese, Iron and Cobalt. The result obtained in this study revealed that the tree fodder

analysed here are richer in Manganese and Iron in comparison to Copper, Zinc and Cobalt.

180 Mineral status of tree leaves commonly used as fodder in Tripura - Chander Datt, M.Datta and

A. Baidyasukla, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Lembucherra -799210 Tripura (W)

Twenty species of tree leaves used as fodder in Tripura were analyzed for their major (Caand P) and trace (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) minerals in order to assess their mineral status. Thesespecies included Artocarpus heterophyllyus, Erythrina indica, Ficus h ispida, F. religiosa,Gmelina arborea, Bambusa sp. Grewia sp., Acacia auriculiformis, Leucaena leucocephala,


Albizzia lebbeck, Gliricidia sepium, Moringa oleifera, Zizyphus sp., Morus sp., Bauhinia

Variegata, Cassia siamea, Samanea saman, Shorea robusta, Bombax ceiba and Dalbergia

sissoo. The average (range in parenthesis) content of Ca and P were found to be 1.52±0.13 (0.23-

2.74) and 0.21 (0.07-0.42) per cent (DM basis), respectively. The content of Fe varied from 40.68 to

284.70 ppm with an average value of 140.87±19.19.The Cu concentration averaged 7.70±1.25ranging from 7.05 to 17.11 ppm. The Zn content was found to range from 6.50 to 244.29 ppm

averaging 60.92±16.78 ppm. The value for Mn concentration was found to be as low as 31.10 ppm

to as high as 952.25 ppm.Generally, the tree leaves possessed a very wide ratio of Ca:P (7.71:1)compared to the ideal one. While Fe and Mn content seemed to be adequate but Zn concentra-

tion was slightly less than the requirements. Sixty per cent of the tree leaves showed Cu content

below the required level of 10 ppm.

181 Macro element Concentration in some locally available tree fodder of Sikkim - A. Chatterjee,

D. De1 and I.U. Sheikh, National Research Center on Yak (ICAR) Dirang-790 101 (Arunachal

Pradesh)

Twenty one locally available tree fodder were collected from different parts of Sikkim.

These tree fodder are commonly used for feeding of cattle, goat and sheep. The samples were

dried and processed as per standard procedure for macro element analysis. Theconcentration of four important macro elements namely Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and

Potassium were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer A-100). The

calcium concentration ranged from 0.16 per cent in Katush (Castonopsis tribuloides) to 0.31percent in Khasre (Ficus hirta). The Magnesium concentration (g/kg) ranged from 0.372 in

Jhingani (Eurya japonica) to 0.727 in Kamle (Bohmeria macrophylla). The Sodium

concentration ranged from 0.02 percent (in several species) to 0.06 percent in Chiple (Reevesia

pubescens). The potassium concentration was much higher than other elements analysed here in

all the tree fodder species ranging from 0.38 percent in Pipli (Exbucklandia populnea) to 2.51

percent in Rai Khanyum (Ficus benjamina). The mean concentration of Calcium, Magnesium,Sodium and Potassium in tree fodder analysed in this study were 0.28±0.01 percent, 0.574±0.021

g/kg, 0.029±0.002 percent and 1.54±0.15 percent respectively.

182 Mineral Status of feed and fodder of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan - G.P. Singh, National

Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner - 334 001 (Rajasthan)

A total of 12 randomly selected villages of Jaisalmer District were surveyed and samplesof feed and fodder were collected for analysis of trace elements. In addition to feed and fodder

samples, information on feeding practices were also collected. Samples were processed and1 Scientist, ICAR- RC - NEH (Sikkim center), Tadong, Sikkim.


analyzed for Cu, Zn, Co and Mn. It was observed that in 58% villages common salt was used for

camel feeding, however, feeding of mineral mixture is not a practice. Interesting feature during thesurvey was that camel population was increased in 25% villages, while, there was decrease in

camel population in 75% villages. In this district camel milk was used as such or as kheer. Most

common feed and fodder were guar chara and phalgati (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus). Sewangrass (Lasiuxus sindicus), Moog (Phaseolus mungo), and Moth Chara (Phaseolus aconitifolius).

Average copper content in the feed and fodder of Jaisalmer district was 44.02 ppm with range of

6.8 to 67.2 ppm. Similarly zinc content 27.78 ppm with range of 3.72 ppm in sewan to 54.20 ppm inguar phaligati. Cobalt content of feeds varied from 4.0 ppm in wheat straw to 32.2 ppm in guar with

average of 8.78 ppm. Similarly magnese content was 13.70 ppm. Thus majority of feeds & fodder

of Jaisalmer district were deficient in respect of Cu, Zn, Co and Mn.

183 Copper, manganese and zinc content of feeds and fodders in the Patan district of North Gujrat -

M.R. Chavda, Subhash Parnerkar and H.B. Desai, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University,

Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506

To study the Copper, Manganese and Zinc content of feeds and fodders, a survey was

conducted in five talukas of Patan district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairycooperative network. Two villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographically lo-

cated apart in direction and truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each

village, 10 farmers whose animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selectedensuring that they truly represent animal feeding practices of the village. The Cu, Mn and Zn

content of concentrates jowar (1.33-3.01, 14.00-21.12, 30.61-62.56), wheat (3.30-4.49, 35.55-44.65,

21.89-34.63), Bajra (2.86-4.48, 11.24-24.93, 17.46-59.85), barley (3.87, 49.71, 32.15), guar (13.05-18.34, 21.57-30.13, 54.68-69.41), cotton seed cake (8.20-11.38, 28.87-41.36, 33.39-62.06), isabgul

gola (3.86-5.50, 13.44-15.95, 18.03-58.06), bajra husk (2.32-6.12, 24.65-34.23, 18.84-24.60), Sagardan-

the balanced compound concentrate of dairy cooperative (19.79-21.47, 87.38-105.52, 120.72-127.48)and home mixed concentrate (5.18-31.75, 26.85-107.78, 62.17-155.83) was estimated. The Cu, Mn

and Zn content of green fodder viz. Lucerne (7.90-7.96,31.15-34.39, 22.92-26.53), maize (3.90-5.84,

39.42-41.84, 30.26-45.27), jowar (3.20-5.24, 46.47-63.29, 19.50-58.81), multi cut bajra (3.67-8.11,39.22-89.43, 31.33-52.80), hybrid napier (2.74-4.88, 37.97-48.93, 27.94-32.83), local mixed grass (2.25-

7.38, 49.78-69.88, 26.86-41.33) and dry fodder like straws of bajra (0.26-9.60, 26.44-50.21, 8.82-

12.81), jowar (0.76-5.62, 31.00-50.61, 8.97-23.43,), wheat (0.26, 6.61, 34.35), legume straws like udid(2.74-6.93, 32.27-59.49, 9.08-13.04) and mung (5.79-9.08, 65.12-96.88, 14.71-27.55) were also

estimated. The majority of home mixed / compound concentrate mixture were adequate in Cu, Mn

and Zn content. Most of the green/dry fodder was deficient in Zn and Cu, but Mn content was

adequate in majority of them.


184 Copper, manganese and zinc content of feeds and fodders in the Banaskantha district of NorthGujrat - Subhash Parnerkar, Mehul Patel, S. Zadbuke, Sanjay Patil, M.R. Chavda, and H.B. Desai,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat

Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar -385 506


conducted in five talukas of Patan district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairy

cooperative network. Two villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographicallylocated apart in direction and truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each

village, 10 farmers whose animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selected

ensuring that they truly represent animal feeding practices of the village. The Cu, Mn and Zncontent of concentrates jowar (2.50-), bajra (4.19-32.26, 14.15-36.54, 22.91-32.26), guar (13.97-

16.34, 9.01-35.00, 48.41-58.45), cotton seed cake (12.10-27.52, 34.07-38.78, 35.69-96.05), isabgul lali

(20.22-22.65, 39.96-45.83, 65.28-96.19), maize (4.92-8.92, 81.71-94.83, 27.15-80.13), Banasdan-thebalanced compound concentrate of dairy cooperative (22.26-53.27, 130.52-166.91, 116.38-148.34)

and home mixed concentrate (11.36-53.26, 35.42-166.91, 16.88-149.82) was estimated. The Cu, Mn

and Zn content of green fodder viz. Lucerne (7.32-36.06, 31.17-61.49, 24.69-119.14), jowar (8.32-8.84, 31.58-76. 75, 22.88-32.84), multi cut bajra (5.20-36.93, 28.96-99.35, 18.91-42.44), napier (5.28-

25.58, 25.29-141.96, 25.52-36.83), and dry fodder like straws of jowar (10.32, 68.14, 46.01), maize

(28.53, 55.98, 26.53), bajra (4.64-7.09, 62.00-84.68, 4.82-19.94). The majority of home mixed/compound concentrate mixture were adequate in Cu, Mn and Zn content. Most of the green/dry

fodder was deficient in Zn but Mn and Cu content was adequate in majority of them.

185 Copper, manganese and zinc content of feeds and fodders in the Mehsana district of NorthGujrat - D.L.Upadhyaya, Subhash Parnerkar and H.B.Desai, Department of Animal Nutrition,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University,

Sardarkrushinagar -385 506

To study the Copper, Manganese and Zinc content of feeds and fodders, a survey wasconducted in five talukas of Mehsana district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairycooperative network. Two villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographicallylocated apart in direction and truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In eachvillage, 10 farmers whose animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selectedensuring that they truly represent animal feeding practices of the village. The Cu, Mn and Zncontent of home mixed concentrate (3.71-97.34, 4.45-128.36, 4.46-177.40) was estimated. The Cu,Mn and Zn content of green fodders viz. Lucerne (4.48-21.82, 25.07-52.73, 8.76-39.84), jowar(6.44-19.30, 16.60-60.48, 12.25-22.06), bajri (9.71, 28.5, 10.79), local mixed grass (7.74-26.18,14.39-128.26,13.47-100.82) and dry fodder like straws of bajra (5.66-51.53, 23.55-64.26, 2.20-18.48), jowar

(6.54-18.34, 34.48-94.38, 10.82-67.34), paddy (5.08-6.34, 42.22, 6.70-43.17).


186 Copper, manganese and zinc content of feeds and fodders in the Sabarkantha district of NorthGujrat - Parag Ghogale, Subhash Parnerkar and H.B.Desai, Department of Animal Nutrition,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University,Sardarkrushinagar -385 506


conducted in five talukas of Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat, which has well-developeddairy cooperative network. Two villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographicallylocated apart in direction and truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In eachvillage, 10 farmers whose animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selectedensuring that they truly represent animal feeding practices of the village. The Cu, Mn and Zncontent of concentrates Maize (4.92, 72.6, 21.38), wheat (13.60, 42.25, 22.95), guar (6.25, 21.84,60.65), cotton seed cake (12.73, 12.83, 36.26), and home mixed concentrate (2.10-8.83, 12.03-55.76,26.54-62.56) was estimated. The Cu, Mn and Zn content of green fodders viz. Lucerne (19.67,55.74, 38.98), jowar (4.05-9.90, 29.28-51.82, 18.46-50.64), multi cut bajra (3.02-11.33, 32.74-115.91,17.66-39.83), local mixed grass (2.07-4.30, 22.42-46.17, 19.47-30.76) and dry fodder like straws ofbajra (4.11-13.72, 61.99-95.85, 16.37-68.96), jowar (2.02-16.84, 13.30-60.46, 12.14-45.08), paddy (4.22-5.26, 29.09-85.57, 18.51-22.15), legume straws like udid (3.73-5.14, 69.64-27.61, 10.58-28.24).

187 Mineral status of soil, feed and fodder in and around Jabalpur district - S.K. Mukherjee, M.M.

Mathur, and R.P.S. Baghel,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur

In the survey conducted in and around Jabalpur district soil, feed and fodder, samples

were collected to study their mineral status. These samples were processed and analyzed forminerals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer USA Model No. 3300). It was

observed that the soil of Jabalpur mainly comprised of mixed red and black soil. The Ca, P, Mg (%)

and Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn (ppm) content of soil ranged from 0.28-0.89 (0.46), 0.016-0.067 (0.035),0.012-0.031 (0.018) and 6.9-32.1 (24.33), 0.07-3.56 (2.99), 0.20-0.93 (0.47), 0.21-0.92 (0.58) and 7.9-

44.9, respectively. The soil was found severely deficient in P (73%) and Zn (77%) and

marginally deficient in Mg (13%) Fe, Co and Mn (10% each). The non-leguminous straws (Wheatand paddy) were found to contain on an average 0.155, 0.04 and 0.13% Ca, P and Mg and 100.34,

8.44, 0.075, 35.575 and 81.92 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. While, in leguminous

straw (Mashoor) these minerals were 0.21, 0.04 and 0.13% and 202.0, 3.92, 0.02, 16.6 and 117.2ppm, respectively. Similarly, cultivated non-leguminous green like M. P. Chari contained 0.56, 0.26

and 0.13% and 76.33, 5.77, 0.01, 11.6 and 197.66 ppm, respectively. While, the cultivated

leguminous fodder like berseem contained 2.36, 0.27 and 0.16% and 126.75, 24.95, 0.55, 16.1 and114.5 ppm, respectively. These minerals in local grass hay were 0.72,0.28 and 0.33 % and 298.1,

10.7, 0.19, 37.12 and 77.54 ppm, respectively. Top feeds like Ber, Baool, Pipal, Subabbol, Pakar and


Gular on an average contained 1.09-4.7, 0.16-0.48 and 0.11-0.56% Ca, P and Mg and 58-419, 1.9-29,

0.08-0.37, 16.2-47.8 and 63.0-125.3 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. The cereal grainslike maize and wheat contained 0.04, 0.35 and 0.25% Ca, P and Mg and 56.65, 4.13, 0.04, 16.39 and

23.48 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. While, the by-products like rice polish, uradand mashoor chuni contained 0.22, 0.94 and 0.21% and 62.88, 7.42, 0.033, 28.307 and 90.273 ppm,respectively. Oil seed meals like groundnut, mustard, and linseed contained 0.53, 0.917 and0.343% Ca, P and Mg and 81.107, 64.82, 0.561, 41.287 and 36.957 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn,respectively.

188 Evaluation of critical supplementation of wheat straw with graded levels of various sources ofcobalt by in vitro gas production techhnique - V. Nagabhushana1, K. Sharma, A.K.Pattanaik and

Narayan Dutta, Indian Vetrrinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122 (U.P.)

Wheat straw was supplemented with graded levels of cobalt from three sources such as

cobaltous chloride, cobaltous sulphate and cobalt acetate to study the effect on in vitro gas

production parameters by Hohenheim gas test (HFT). The 24 hr. gas production was notsignificantly affected by supplementation of cobalt as cobaltous chloride or cobaltous sulphate

supplementation but caused general decrease in gas volume. True substrate degradability of

wheat straw in terms of DM and NDF was found to be significantly improved up to 6ppm of cobaltas cobaltous chloride where as similar picture was not evident with cobalt as cobaltous sulphate

or cobalt acetate. In vitro microbial biomass production was also found to be increased when

cobalt was supplemented as cobaltous chloride up to 6 ppm and no such effect was evident fromother two sources. Neither level nor source of cobalt supplementation affected the partition

factor or ME content of wheat straw in the present study. The results indicated that

supplementation of wheat straw with cobaltous chloride up to 6 ppm was appear to be effectiveas a divalent cation in enhancing microbial attachment to fibre particles, there by increasing the

in vitro substrate degradability and microbial growth.

189 Nutrient utilization in goats as influenced by dietary interaction of iodine and cobalt - A. K.

Pattanaik and S.A. Khan, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary

Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122 (U.P.)

Twenty four goats of 9 months of age and weighing 17.55±0.91 kg were assigned ran-domly into four groups, in order to assess the implications of dietary iodine and cobalt levels interms of nutrient utilization and growth performance. The treatments included supplementationof two levels of iodine viz. 0 and 25 mg along with either 0 or 0.1 mg cobalt per animal per day ina 2x2 factorial design (T1: I0-Co0, T2: I.25-Co0, T3: I0-Co0.1 and T4: I.25-Co0.1). All the goats werefed a standard concentrate supplement in addition to ad Libitum wheat straw. A metabo1ism trial1 Present address: Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition,Vveterinary, College, Bidar (Karnataka)


of 6 days duration was conducted at 120 days post-feeding. There was fortnightly recording of

live weight changes besides daily recording of voluntary feed intake. The results, revealed thatduring the metabolism trial the intake of DM, CP, DCP and ME were without significant

differences among the four groups. The digestibiliry of organic nutrients also did not vary

significantly except for the CP, which was lower (P<0.05) in T1 and T4 groups as compared to T2and T3. Although there was no difference with respect to the mean daily intake and excretion of

nitrogen, its retention was found to be significantly (P<0.05) lowered in group T1 (1.05±0.12 g)

and T4 (1.43±0.31 g) in comparison to T2 (2.79±0.35 g), while that of T3 (2.02±0.20g) wascomparable to both T2 and T4. The same trend was apparent when the retention was expressed

as percentages of intake and absorbed nitrogen, indicating significant influence of dietary

treatments on nitrogen metabolism and assimilation. The average daily gain exhibited by theanimals under the four groups were -7.50±6.58, 31.46±1.75, 1.83±7.50 and -3.33±3.20 g following

120 days of experimental feeding with a mean daily feed (DM) intake of 398.9, 480.3, 396.7 and

365.7 g, respectively. It is concluded that the positive impact of iodine supplementation appearsto be nullified in the presence of higher dietary cobalt, possibly because of dietary interaction

between the two.

190 Evolving economic mineral mixture for broilers using agriculture grade trace minerals - G.G.Barley, M.M. Mathur, R.P.S. Baghel, and S.K. Mukhrjee, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

One hundred eight day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in 6 treatments each

with 3 replicates. The diets contained 22% CP and 2800 Kcal ME/kg for starter and 20% CP and2800 Kcal ME/kg for finishers. In T1, commercial grade (Supplement) and T2, L.R. grade mineral

supplements were used @ 2.5 kg in the ration. Agriculture grade micro mineral sources were used

in T3 (Zn), T4 (Mn), T5 (Cu) and T6 (Zn, Mn, Cu) replacing L.R. grade mineral source. During0-4 weeks, gain in body weight was significantly lower in T5 than T2. Chicks in T2 attained

significantly more gain in weight than T1. Average feed intake among broilers did not vary

significantly. The FER and PI values were significantly lower (P<0.05) in T5 than T2. During 4-6weeks, feed intake in T4 was significantly more than T1, T2, T3, and T5 and T6. The gain in body

weight was significantly higher in T4 than T3 and the FER and PI values did not differ

significantly amongst the dietary groups. Overall, performance of broilers (0-6weeks) indicatedthat chicks in T4 group consumed significantly more feed than T1, T2, T3 T5. No significant

difference was observed in gain in body weight between T2, T4, T5, and T6 groups. Similar trend

was followed in FER and PI values. The cost/kg weight gain observed was Rs.15.66 (T1); 15.48(T2): 15.30 (T3): 15.53 (T4); 15.26 (T5) and 15.18 (T6) in different groups. Hence, it is concluded

that agriculture grade mineral sources can safely replace laboratory grade mineral sources for

preparing the mineral mixture for broilers.


191 Mineral status of soil, feeds and fodders in and around Seoni district of M.P. - S.K. Mukherjee,

R.P.S. Baghel, and M.M. Mathur, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary

Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Seoni district is mostly covered with forest area rich in grazing land leading to betterfeeding of animals. The survey was conducted in and around Seoni district to collect the samples

of soil, feed and fodder to know their mineral status. The samples so collected were processed

and analyzed for mineral content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin ElmerUSA Model, No. 3300). The analyzed data indicated that the mineral contents of soil samples

ranged from 0.32-0.62 (0.38), 0.021-0.038 (0.030) and 0.021-0.028 (0.025) % in Ca, P and Mg and

4.18-31.8 (27.06), 0.22-3.02 (2.12),0.48-0.88 (0.68), 0.29-1.4 (0.91) and 23.0-25.5, (23.19) ppm in Fe,Cu, Co, Zn and Mn (ppm), respectively. The soil was found severely deficient in P (97%) and Zn

(60%) and marginally deficient in Ca and Fe (3%). The non-leguminous straws (Wheat and

paddy) were found to contain on an average 0.14, 0.055 and 0.165% Ca, P and Mg and 117.63, 8.79,0.01, 30.49 and 81.26 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. While, in leguminous straw

(Mashoor) these minerals were 0.21, 0.06 and 0.13% and 194.6, 4.50, 0.02, 19.49 and 150.89 ppm,

respectively. Similarly, in cultivated non-leguminous fodders like M.P. Chari average values ofthese minerals were 0.69, 0.22 and 0.16% Ca, P and Mg and 103.0, 2.52, 0.02, 10.7 and 185.66 ppm

of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. While, green berseem on an average contained 2.32, 0.26

and 0.22% Ca, P and Mg and 73.5, 29.87, 0.64, 13.0 and 119.0 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn,respectively. The cereal grains like maize and wheat contained 0.05, 0.355 and 0.23% Ca, P and Mg

and 48.16, 3.28, 0.045, 32.24 and 26.54 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. While, the

by-products like rice polish, urad and mashoor chuni contained on an average 0.227, 0.84 and0.277% Ca, P and Mg and 51.76, 6.87, 0.047, 25.85 and 87.35 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn,

respectively. Oil seed meals like groundnut, mustard and linseed on an average had 0.547, 1.05

and 0.30% Ca, P and Mg and 113.55, 12.07,0.55, 44.61 and 44.14 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn,

respectively.

192 Mineral Status of soil feeds and fodder in and around Rewa district - S.K. Mukherjee, R.P.S.

Baghel, and M.M. Mathur, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Survey was conducted in and around Rewa district to collect the samples of soil, feedand fodder to study their mineral status. These samples were procured and analyzed for

minerals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer USA Model No 3300). It was

observed that the soil of Rewa district mainly comprised of mixed black soil. The Ca, P, Mg (%)and Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn (ppm) content ranged (with average) from 0.1-0.99 (0.27), 0.03-0.08

(0.052) 0.02-0.031(0.028), 16.1-96.27(25.98),0.01-6.04 (1.60), 0.09-0.75(0.49), 0.04-1.26 (0.46) and 6.7-


62.0 (20.97), respectively. The soil was found deficient in P (43%) and Zn (73%) and marginally

deficient in Cu, Ca (13%), Fe and Co (10%) and Mn (7%) while Mg content were found adequate.The non-leguminous straws like (wheat and paddy) were found to contain on an average 0.145,

0.115, 0.20 % of Ca, P & Mg and 88.5,12.38, 0.01, 36.1 and 104.03 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn,

respectively. While in leguminous straw (Masoor) these minerals were 0.22, 0.05, 0.16 and 206.6,1.29, 0.02, 25.63 and 87.39, respectively. Similarly, cultivated non-leguminous green like M.P. Chari

contained 0.52, 0.23 and 0.15 and 138.3, 3.556, 0.024, 12.04 and 108.07, respectively. Cultivated

leguminous fodder like berseem contained 2.18, 0.26, 0.37% of Ca, P & Mg and 115.0, 47.77, 0.54,14.45 and 116.0 ppm of Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Mn, respectively. These minerals in local grass hay

were 0.31, 0.27, 0.35% and 182.25, 14.250, 0.18,28.7 and 77.84 ppm, respectively. The cereal grains

like maize and wheat contained on an average 0.035, 0.365, 0.195 and 45.79, 2.965, 0.028, 32.195 and26.19, respectively. While, by products like rice polish, urad and masoor chuni contained 0.223,

0.887,0.297 percentage and 56.43, 0.037, 28.597 and 86.723 ppm, respectively. While, oil seed meals

like groundnut, mustard and linseed cake contained 0.58, 0.69, 0.33 % and 98.33, 15.02,0.527,38.93

and 29.09 ppm, respectively.

193 Effect of chromium supplementation on Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in blackBengal goats - S. Haldar, T.K. Paul and T.K. Ghosh, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal

University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the effect of supplemental Cr on the

intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in black Bengal goats. For this 9 male black Bengal

goats of 2.5 to 3 years of age were divided into 3 groups viz. C (control), T1 and T

2, The diet in

group C was devoid of any supplemental source of Cr while that in T1 and T

2 groups were

supplemented with 200 and 400 ppb of elemental Cr in the form of Cr-chloride hexahydrate for 50

days. At the end of supplementation blood samples were collected from the animals at 5, 15, 30,

60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after infusion of 50% dextrose monohydrate solution at the rate

of 0.5 g/Kg body weight for 2 minutes. The maximum glucose concentration was found to be

189.0, 177.0 and 230.0 mg dl-1 in C, T1 and T

2 respectively. The rate of glucose clearance on the

other hand was observed to be 0.42, 0.41 and 0.31 ml minute-1 respectively in the corresponding

groups, Plasma half-life (T½ of glucose was 76.28, 71.66 and 105.75 minutes respectively in C, T

1

and T2. Area under curve (AVC) in C, T

1 and T

2 groups was 16717.5, 17985.0 and 20942.5 mg-min

ml-1 respectively while VD area (1 Kg-1) was 2.75, 2.56 and 2.85 respectively in the corresponding

groups. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) between groups in relation to

clearance rate and T½ of glucose though the other parameters were not affected to that extent due

to supplementation of Cr. The present study, therefore, did not reveal any definite trend of Cr

supplementation on the kinetics of glucose utilization.


194 Utilization of diammonium phosphate instead of dicalcium phosphate as a source of phosphorus

by lactating goats - R.T. Maitey, A.K. Dabadghao, R.P.S. Baghel, and M.M. Mathur, Department

of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-

482 001 (M.P.)

The study was undertaken to see the utilization of phosphorus from diammonium

phosphate (Fertilizer grade) replacing dicalcium phosphate at 50% level. Twelve lactating goatsjust after kidding were divided into two treatments (T1 and T2). These animals were fed for 120

days a mixture of green tree leaves (Pipal and Gular) in equal proportions as sole roughage ad lib

and a concentrate mixture containing 20% CP and 70% TDN. The mineral mixture of control group(T1) contained di-calcium phosphate while in treatment group di-ammonia phosphate was used

replacing phosphorus of DCP at 50% level (T2). The reduction in the amount of calcium due to

use of DAP was maintained by including limestone powder in the mineral mixture at an appropri-ate level. The body weight gain, milk production and nutrient utilization were studied in Barbari

goats. The overall daily dry matter intake (DMI) during the entire experimental period was 1.062

kg and 1.067 kg/h/d in groups T1 and T2, respectively which comes to 4.070 and 4.066kg/100 kgbody weight. Differences between the groups were non- significant. The average body weights

of goats attained during this period in T1 and T2 groups were 26.13 and 26.29 kg respectively

which were non significant. Digestibility of various nutrients also did not show any significantdifference among the dietary treatments. No significant differences were observed in milk yield in

both the dietary groups. Numerically a higher percent fat was noted in T2 (3.08%) than in T1 (2.93)

but statistically it was found non significant. It was therefore concluded that phosphorus of DCPcan be replaced safely by DAP at 50% level in lactating goats without affecting the milk yield and

milk quality (fat%) and minerals contents in milk.

195 Status of chromium and other minerals in plasma and body tissues of black Bengal goats -

T.K. Ghosh, T.K. Paul and S. Haldar,Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of

Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

A total of 69 adult black Bengal goats of 2-3 years of age were selected randomly from

three villages for assessing the status of Cr and some major (Ca and Mg) and trace (Cu, Zn, Feand Mn) in the plasma and body tissues (liver, kidney and different muscles) of under natural

grazing conditions. Cr concentration in plasma of the surveyed goats was found to be 0.056±0.002

µg ml-1 while in liver and kidney its concentration was 0.113±0.006 and 0.068±0.004 mg Kg-1 freshweight respectively. Amongst different muscles Cr concentration ranged from 0.106±0.016 to

0.142±0.013 mg Kg-1 fresh weight. Comparatively (P>0.05) higher concentration (mg Kg-1) of Cr

was detected in the quadriceps femoris muscle (0.142±0.013) followed by that in neck muscle


(0.114±0.014), triceps (0.111±0.011) and trapezius (0.106±0.016) muscles. Plasma Ca and Mg in

the surveyed goats were found to be 11.8±0.05 and 3.5±0.09 mg dl-1 respectively. Cu, Zn, Fe andMn contents (µg ml-1) in plasma were 0.89±0.024, 1.13±0.047, 1.59±0.060 and 0.23±0.011

respectively. The corresponding values (mg Kg-1 FW) of the concerned trace elements in liver

were 9.99±0.75, 25.17±0.66, 38.36±2.09 and 2.75±0.48 respectively. The same in kidney were2.99±0.66, 18.97±0.67, 34.92±1.66 and 1.76±0.53 respectively. In different muscles the

concentrations of these trace elements ranged between 0.87±0.074 to 1.05±0.063 (Cu), 24.64±1.541

to 37.14±3.493 (Zn), 23.31±2.975 to 31.56±3.489 (Fe) and 0.58±0.052 to 0.71±0.045 (Mn). It wasconcluded from the present study that in the surveyed area the goats had adequate distribution

of Cr in plasma and body tissues. However, marginal deficiency of other trace elements was

detected in the goats.

196 Status of chromium and other minerals in soil and common feedstuffs of goats in rural WestBengal - T. K. Paul, S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal

University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

A field survey was conducted to assess the status of chromium (Cr), some major (Ca and

Mg) and trace (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) in the locally available feeds and fodder generally consumedby black Bengal goats reared by the farmers of rural West Bengal. The survey areas, which

belong to new alluvial agroclimatic zone, were located at least 200 m away from the road sides to

avoid possible contamination from vehicular emissions. Soil samples were collected at ploughdepth (12" -18") randomly from the vi11ages under survey. All the samples were oven dried,

ground through 0.5 mm sieve and analyzed for Cr as well as other elements in atomic absorption

spectrophotometer. Cr concentration in soil ranged from 1.05 to 2.30 (1.62±0.13) mg Kg-1 DM and66.7% soil samples were found to be deficient in Cr (the minimum critical level is 2.0 mg Kg-1 DM

as per WHO, 1988). Concentration of Ca varied from 0.066 to 0.082 (0.071±0.001)% DM and that of

Mg ranged between 0.024 to 0.036 (0.028±0.001)% DM. Concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn insoil were estimated to be 1.40 to 1.55 (1.48±0.02), 2.08 to 2.45 (2.26±0.04), 89.50 to 103.30 (96.62±1.23)

and 56.12 to 72.50 (63.20±1.24) mg Kg DM-1. Pasture grass, which mainly consisted of doob grass

(Cynodon dactylon), contained 0.15 to 0.60 (0.34±0.01) mg Cr Kg-1 DM and 8.33% of the pasturegrass samples were found to be deficient in Cr (minimum critical concentration 0.20 mg Kg-1 DM).

In concentrate feeds Cr concentration varied from 0.88 to 1.08 (0.98±0.20) mg Kg-1 DM while that

in the green roughage ranged from 0.74 to 0.86 (0.80±0.01) mg Kg-1DM. As found in soil, Ca inpasture grass, green roughage and concentrate feeds had adequate distribution of Ca (0. 52±0.01,

0.58±0.01 and 1.81±0.01% DM respectively. Mg in pasture grass varied from 0.09 to 0.16

(0.13±0.01)% DM and deficiency was detected in all the samples. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Feand Mn were adequate in pasture grass, green roughage and concentrate feeds. In pasture grass

the concentration of the corresponding trace elements were 48.34±0.74, 31.59± 0.55, 414.84±1.55


and 62.83±1.01 mg Kg-1 respectively. However, about 16.7% of the pasture grass samples were

having Zn concentration lower than the minimum critical level of 30 ppm. In green roughage theconcentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn were 49.13±1.29, 36.89±0.83, 353.71±1.53 and 96.58±1.14 mg

Kg-1 respectively. In concentrate feeds the corresponding values were 21.02±0.54, 30.46±0.96,

217.69±1.22 and 69.08±1.19 mg Kg Kg-1 DM respectively. All the mean values were above therespective minimum critical values. The survey indicated that the goats in the surveyed area can

be maintained on natural pasture and concentrate feeds without much risk of being exposed to

deficiency of Cr and other important major and trace elements.

197 Arsenic content in the water of some districts of Haryana - Veena Mani, Harjit Kaur

and C.S. Mishra, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute,


Water samples were collected from various locations of some industrial cities (Sonipat,Yamunanagar, Panipat and Ambala) and sources (tap, well water, tubewell, sewage, etc.) for

analyzing arsenic content. The flourometric method for the estimation of arsenic was

standardized. Since the arsenic content in water was very less, the samples were concentratedand complexed with catechol and sodium EDTA. After drying, the samples were extracted with

toluene via the formation of ion-associate with acridine orange (ACO) followed by regeneration

of ACO by sulphuric acid. The complex gave bright yellow colour in toluene which was furtherprocessed and the fluorescence in aqueous solution was monitored at 480/530 nm. The Arsenic

content in various water sources taken from Panipat varied from 110-125 ppb, however Yamuna

river water contained about 220 ppb As. In Gohana region (Distt. Sonepat), As content variedfrom 118-224 ppb in water samples taken from tap, well and tubewell. In Ambala and Yamunanagar

districts, As content ranged from 143-190 ppb in different water sources. There was not much

difference in the arsenic content of sewage water before and after treatment (154 vs 143 ppb).WHO recommendation for safe level of arsenic is 0.01 mg/L and maximum allowable

concentration is 0.05 ppm, whereas FAO has recommended 0.10 ppm as the safe level. The levels

observed in the present study are higher than the recommended levels of WHO and FAO.

198 Relative bio-availabilty of copper sources (sulfate or nitrate) administered through oral or

intravenous routes in black Bengal bucks (Capra hircus) - D. Prasad, S. Haldar and T.K. Ghosh,

Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037

Six black Bengal bucks (Capra hircus) of 14 to16 months of age were used in a switch

over design to study the relative bio-availability of copper from copper sulfate or copper nitrate.

In vitro solubility assay showed that Cu from copper nitrate was more soluble than that fromcopper sulfate in neutral pH at room temperature (P<0.05) and also in 0.1 N HCl (P<0.01) at 39°C.


Single oral dose of 100 mg Cu as copper sulfate (T1) or Cu-nitrate (T2) did not appreciably

influence (P>0.05) the apparent digestibility coefficients of OM, CP and NDF.Intake of digestible

OM and body weight changes in the bucks were also similar (p>0.05) during either of the

treatment periods. Cu intakes, which were identical (P>0.05) in T1 (13.95 mg/Kg DM) and T2

(13.89 mg/Kg DM), were within the normal dietary limits. Following the single oral dose feacal

excretion of Cu reached the peak at 48 h in both T1 and T2 which was followed by a consistent

decline and the basal level of excretion was reached by 168 h. Overall Cu excretion through feaces

was more (P<0.05) in T1 than T2. Plasma Cu concentration did not vary much (p>0.05) in the

bucks fed with either copper sulfate or copper nitrate though a transient rise was observed up to

4 h in T1 and 8 h in T2. When sterile solutions of copper sulfate or copper nitrate containing 50 mg

or 100 mg Cu/ml was injected intravenously no localized reaction could be noticed in the

experimental bucks. Plasma Cu level was not affected by the source of the copper salt (P>0.05)

though it increased when the dose level of Cu was raised from 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml copper

nitrate caused a rapid rise in plasma Cu concentration which was followed by a steep decline in

the same and this was suggestive of faster clearance of the compound from the body. Copper

sulfate, on the other hand, sustained higher (P<0.05) level of plasma Cu till the last sample of

blood was collected at 48 h. The study indicated positive but short term effects of copper sulfate

and copper nitrate in elevating blood Cu concentration. It was suggested that these two sources

of Cu might be explored with different dose levels and other possible routes of administration for

rectification of Cu deficiency in ruminants.

199 Effect of bromochloromethane capsule on methane production in rams - R. Bhar and N. Haque,

Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122 (U.P.)

Four adult muzaffarnagari rams (45.34±2.29 kg) were taken to study the antimethanogenic

effect of bromochlormethane (BCM) capsule. The rams were fed on wheat straw ad lib along with

600g of concentrate mixture without any BCM capsule (control). The animals were then put one

by one into the metabolism crate within open circuit respiration chamber. Digestibility trial of six

days collection period was conducted along with the collection of air samples from respiration

chamber for estimation of methane. Thereafter, in the second phase though the rams were

continued on similar diet but one BCM capsule was supplemented daily along with their

concentrate mixture. Digestibility of the diets along with the estimation of methane production

was done once again in all the four rams fed on BCM capsule supplemented diets one by one.

There was no signifIcant difference in DM intake and DM digestibility between the control and

capsu1e fed rams. However, supplementation of BCM capsule significantly (P<0.01) reduced the

methane production from rams.


200 Effect of niacin supplementation on growth nutrient utilization and blood profile in bufalo calves-

Ravindra Kumar and R.S. Dass, Centre of Advanced Studies in Anilnal Nutrition, Indian

Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

A study was undertaken to examine the effect of three levels of niacin (0, 100 and 200ppm)supplementation on the performance of buffalo calves. Fifteen non-descript growing malebuffalo calves (9-10m of age) were divided in a completely randomized design into three groups(I, II and III) on the basis of their BW. Group I served as control (0 ppm niacin) while buffalo calves

in group II and III were supplemented with 100 and 200ppm niacin, respectively. Feeding wasdone for a body weight gain of 500-600g per day for a period of 120 days. During this period daily

DM intake and fortnightly BW changes were recorded. A metabolism trial was conducted after 75

days of experimental feeding to assess nutrient intake, their utilization and balance. Blood wasalso collected from all the animals at 0 day and subsequently at an interval of one month to study

the various blood biochemical parameters.Results revealed that the intake and digestibility of

DM, OM, CP, EE, TCHO, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemi-cellulose were statistically similar in threegroups. Animals in all the three groups were in positive N, Ca and P balances. Intake of DM, CP,

DCP and TDN (g/d/KgW0.75) was comparable among the control and niacin supplemented groups.

The DCP (%) and TDN (%) in the ration of three groups were 8.07, 7.99, 7.92 and 56.70, 56.63, 56.74respectively and were comparable among the groups. There was no significant difference in

overa1l fortnightly daily DM intake (kg/d) among the groups. The ADG (g) in group II (567.50)

was non-significantly higher than group I (500.00) and group III (510.00). The feed: gain ratio wasalso comparable among the three groups. Blood biochemical profile (glucose, total protein,

albumin, globulin, A: G ratio, blood urea nitrogen, insulin) did not show any significant effect of

niacin supplementation. Serum cholesterol (mg/100ml) was significantly (P<0.01) lower in 200ppmniacin supplemented group than control and 100 ppm niacin supplemented groups. From present

study it can be concluded that niacin supplementation at 100 and 200ppm level in buffalo calves

fed on wheat straw and concentrate mixture did not have any significant effect on daily feed

intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency during normal growing period.

201 Reduction in the incidence of mastitis in dairy buffaloes upon vitamin E supplementation duringperiparturient period - N. Panda, Harjit Kaur and A.K. Tyagi, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division,


Twenty four pregnant buffaloes in their advance pregnancy were randomly divided into

four groups (T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 ) of six each. They were supplemented with 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000

IU of a-tocopheryl acetate 60 days before parturition to 30 days after parturition. The dose ofvitamin E was reduced to 500, 750 and 1000 IU in the respective three supplemented groups from

30 days to 60 days post partum. After parturition, buffaloes were examined for sub clinical and


clinical mastitis. The subclinical mastitis was examined by modified California mastitis test (MCMT)

and somatic cell counts in milk (SCC).During the first fortnight, 41.6, 33.3, 25.0 and 25.0 % of teats

in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 were infected having score/ teat as 0.75, 0.67, 0.50 and 0.42. Upto 120 days of

lactation, the % teat infection was significantly less in all the vitamin E supplemented groups than

control group. The SCC was 2.02 x 105, 1.58 x 105 and 1.46 x 105 and 1.51 x 105 on the day of

parturition in the four groups respectively. The SCC values were significantly lower in T3 and T

4

groups from parturition to 45 days of parturition as compared to other two groups. The number of

clinical mastitis cases were 3, 2, 1, and 1percent teat infection was 53.33, 25.00, 16.66 and 16.66 in

the respective four groups. The reduction in teat infection was 0.25, 50 and 50 % in T2, T

3 and T

4,

groups respectively in comparison to T1. The reduction in the duration of IMI was 15.92, 29.20

and 38.05 % in T2, T

3 and T

4 groups. The data indicated beneficial effect of vitamin E

supplementation on sub clinical and clinical mastitis.

202 Influence of supplemental vitamin E on milk yield, milk antioxidant vitamins and somatic cellcounts in Murrah buffaloes - N. Panda, Harjit Kaur and Neelam Kewalramani, Dairy Cattle

Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-l32 00l (Haryana)

An experiment was conducted on 24 dry, pregnant Murrah buffaloes selected from

NDRI, Cattle yard. They were divided into four groups of six each and were supplemented with 0,

1000, 1500 and 2000 IU of vitamin E 60 days pre partum to 60 days post partum with a reduced

dose of 0, 500, 750 and 1000 IU from 30 to 60 days post partum. The milk yield was recorded upto

120 days of lactation. The average 60 day milk production was 8.12, 9.13, 10.40 and 10.15 kg /day

in the four respective groups which was significantly higher in T3 and T

4 as compared to T

1 and

T2 groups (P<0.05). The overall increase in milk production was 12.44, 28.07, 25.00 % in T

2, T

3 and

T4 groups over T

1 group which was due to more number of clinical mastitis cases in the control

group. The number of SCC remained lower in both T3 and T

4 up to 60 days of vitamin E

supplementation, which was 2.03, 1.59, 1.39 and 1.38 lakhs in the four respective groups. The

a-tocopherol content of colostrum was 3.36, 3.96, 5.15 and 5.19 µ/ml in the four groups showing

17.86, 53.27 and 54.46% increase in the level of a-tocopherol in T2, T

3 and T

4 over T

1 group. All the

supplemented groups also had significantly higher milk a-tocopherol than control. The average

milk a-tocopherol upto 60 days lactation was 23.37, 28.97, 34.25 and 34.69 mg/g of fat in the T1, T

2,

T3 and T

4 groups, respectively. The retinol level in colostrum and milk was 1.09, 1.07, 1.10 and 0.52,

0.51, 0.52 and 0.52 mg/ml in the respective four groups. The milk fat and SNF content did not vary

among the treatments.


203 Effect of vitamin E supplementation on plasma antioxidant vitamins and total antioxidant status

of periparturient Murrah Buffaloes - N. Panda and Harjit Kaur, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division,

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana)

Twenty-four Murrah Buffaloes in their advance pregnancy were distributed into fourequal groups. They were supplemented with 0, 1000, 1500,2000 IU dl-a-tocopheryl acetate

(vitamin E) h-1d-1 respectively from 60 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum and at half the dose

from 30 to 60 days post partum in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 respectively. Blood samples were collected at

-60, -45, -30, -15, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of parturition. Vitamin E and b-carotene contents

of feeds and fodders offered to the buffaloes and the blood samples were estimated. Intake of

vitamin E through feeds and fodder was 221, 232, 252 and 226 mg/d during dry period and 246, 267,279 and 255 mg/d during lactation in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 respectively. Plasma a-tocopherol level 60

days before parturition averaged 1.10, 1.18, 1.11 and 1.06 µg/ml which decreased by 54.54, 48.30,

32.43 and 26.42% on the day of parturition in the four respective groups. Higher plasma a-tocopherol in T

3 and T

4 at calving helped to regain normal plasma vitamin E status within two

weeks of parturition, whereas, T1 and T

2 required more than four weeks to reach this level.

Average plasma retinol concentration 60 days prior to parturition decreased by 19.48, 28.75, 21.69and 19.74% on the day of parturition, in the four respective groups (P>0.05). The decrease in

plasma antioxidant values (FRAP values) at calving was 39.91, 29.65, 18.60 and 16.67%

respectively in the four respective groups. On the day of parturition, FRAP values weresignificantly higher in T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups than control group T

1. The data indicated that the

extent of decrease in the levels of a-tocopherol and total antioxidant activity at parturition in

buffaloes can be reduced by supplementing vitamin E during dry period which may help in

improving their immunity status.

204 Losses in vitamins A and E potency on storage of concentrate mixture - Harjit Kaur, Neelam

Kewalramani, M.R. Garg and Parameet Kumar, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy


Concentrate mixture was fortified with three levels of vitamin A i.e. 5000, 10000 and 15000

IU/Kg, with and without the addition of an antioxidant. Similarly, vitamin E was added at threelevels viz.150, 225 and 300IU/Kg concentrate mixture. The samples were divided into 6 portionsand stored. The samples were estimated for their vitamin A and E contents in the beginning.Samples were withdrawn from these stored feeds at monthly intervals for the analysis of vitaminsA and E, to observe the changes in vitamin A and E content on storage. The analysis of vitaminsA and E was carried out using HPLC. Vitamin A content decreased from 4.68 - 60.42, 3.78-43.18 and3.71-55.47% from one month to six months of storage in concentrate mixture fortified with 5000,10000 and 15000 IU vitamin A/Kg with an overall average of 4.05 to 53.02 % at


first and sixth month of storage, without added antioxidant. The decrease in vitamin A potency

was 3.84% at first month and 50.40% at sixth month, with added antioxidant (BHT@500ppm). Theaddition of antioxidant did not reduce the extent of losses of vitamin A activity. Similarly, vitamin

E activity showed decline of 6.92% at first month of storage which increased to 39.93% at six

months of storage of concentrate mixture. The results highlight the need to consider losses inthese two vitamins upon storage and fortification should be done accordingly to fulfill the

requirements of the animals.

205 Effect of Arsenic on immunity and haematological parameters in growing crossbred calves -C.S. Mishra, Veena Mani and Harjit Kaur, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Division National Dairy


Ten growing Karan Fries calves of about 4-5 months age, were randomly distributed in

two groups. The animals in both the groups were fed concentrate mixture and green fodder, to

fulfill their energy and protein requirements. However group II calves were additionally given 50ppm As in the form of As

2O

3. The required quantity of As

2O

3 was mixed in small quantity of

concentrate mixture which was offered to the calves in plastic tubs to ensure complete intake and

the rest of the concentrate was given later on. Blood samples were taken at fortnightly intervalsfor a period of 90 days to study the effect of As on various blood parameters like Hb, PCV, TLC

and DLC. Blood As content and total Ig were also estimated at fortnightly intervals. Lymphocyte

proliferation assay was carried out at 0, 45 and 90 day. A significant (P<0.05) decrease inlymphocyte stimulation index from 1.138 to 0.794 was observed at 90 days in experimental group.

However total Ig content was not affected due to treatment. There was gradual increase in blood

As content in group II calves. The blood As level was 156.22±2.89 and 112.10±20.79 ppb in groupI at 0 days which was increased to 162.45±4.84 and 197.14±18.11 ppb in group II at 90 days,

indicating statistically significant difference. There was no significant change in various hemato-

logical parameters such as Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC during 90 days of As feeding at 50 ppm level to

growing crossbred male calves.

206 Influence of Homoeopathic Preparations on Immune Response to Commercial Broilers in HotHumid Climate - S.S Jagtap, M.R.Vahora, Kuldeep Khanna, V.P.Vadodaria1, H.B.Desai2, Poultry

Complex, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand-388 001

The growth and development of bird is adversely affected by high ambient temperaturebesides nutrition, management and disease control. To study the interaction ofenvironmental factors during the various phases of growth, an experiment was planed and1 Principal, College of Vety. Science & A.H, GAU, Sardarkrushinagar-385 5062 Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College,GAU,Sardarkrushinagar-385 506


conducted with the use of heat regulating homoeopathic preparations. For this purpose, day old300 commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to two groups viz. T1 (control) and T2(treated with heat regulating homoeopathic preparations @2gm/lit of drinking water) with ten

replications each. Feed given to both the groups was same. Immune response of birds againstRanikhet disease was assessed through serum collected on 6th day (preimmunization) and on 42nd

day (post-immunization) by HI test. For serum biochemistry on 42nd day two birds were randomly

selected from each replication and serum from both the birds was pooled to make onerepresentative sample per replication. On 6th day antibody titre in T1 and T2 were 2.427±0.043 and

2.674±0.036 respectively. On 42nd day antibody titers in T1 and T2 were 1.400±0.163 and 2.648±0.036

respectively. Results of the serum biochemistry in T1 and T2 were total protein 3.50±0.18 and3.96±0.26; calcium 8.16±0.12 and 8.28±0.15; phosphorus 5.61±0.25 and 5.80±0.25 (mg/dl); SGOT

145.68±12.23 and 131.78 ±9.66; SGPT 53.77±2.20 and 48.62±2.74 respectively. Thus, it can be

concluded that heat regulating homoeopathic preparations gives better immune response andalso protect the birds from heat stress.

207 Immune response and serum biochemistry as influenced by homoeopathic preparations given tocommercial broilers in hot humid climate of Gujarat - M.R.Vahora, S.S Jagtap, H.B.Desai1,

V.P.Vadodaria2, Kuldeep Khanna, Poultry Complex, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural

University, Anand-388 001

An experiment was planned and conducted with the use of homoeopathic preparations(Immune promoter-Growth promoter) to study the effect on immune response and serumbiochemistry. For this purpose day old 300 commercial broiler chicks were randomlydistributed equally into two groups T1 and T2 with ten replications each. Group T1 wasmaintained as control and group T2 was treated with heat regulating homoeopathicpreparations @ 1gm/lit. of drinking water for first two weeks and then @ 2gm/lit throughout theexperiment. Feed given to both the groups was same. Immune response of birds against Ranikhetdisease was assessed through serum collected on 6th day (pre-immunization) and on 42nd day(post-immunization) by HI test. For serum biochemistry on 42nd day two birds were randomlyselected from each replication and serum from both the birds was pooled to make one represen-tative sample per replication. On 6th day antibody titre for T1 and T2 were 2.43±0.043 and 2.72±0.036respectively. On 42nd day antibody titers in T1 and T2 were 1.40±0.16 and 2.82±0.037 respectively.Results of the serum biochemistry in T1 and T2 were total protein 3.50±0.18 and 3.67±0.16 (g/dl);calcium 8.16±0.12 and 8.23±0.12 (mg/dl); phosphorus 5.61±0.25 and 5.85±0.24 (mg/dl); SGOT145.68±12.23 and 128.44±8.41; SGPT 53.77±2.20 and 48.40±2.41 respectively. Thus, it can beconcluded that heat regulating homoeopathic preparations gives better immune response andalso protect the birds from heat stress.1 Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, GAU, Sardarkrushinagar-385 5062 College of Vety. Science & A.H, GAU, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506


208 Implication of dietary energy restriction on the humoral and cell-mediated immunity of lambs -

V.K. Sihgh, A. K. Pattanaik, T.K. Goswami and K. Sharma, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal

Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar - 243 122

Twenty-four Muzaffarnagari lambs ( 8 months, 24 kg), consisting 12 each of male and

female were used for ascertaining the effects of dietary energy restriction on the humoral andcell-mediated immune (CMI) response. The lambs, allotted randomly into three equal groups,

were fed on wheat straw based diets to provide 100, 80 and 60 per cent of the calculated dietary

energy requirements. The immunity of the experimental animals was appraised towards the endof the feeding trial lasting for 180 days. The CMI response of the animals was assessed through

in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) as well as in vitro nitrite production. The DTH

response, measured by increase in skin thickness following intra-dermal inoculation ofphytohaemaglitinin-P, was significantly (P<0.05) compromised in both the energy-restricted groups

compared to the control. Likewise, the in vitro nitrite production by lymphocytes, both basal as

well as following LPS stimulation, also revealed significantly (P<0.05) lower values due to energyrestriction; the values being 5.17±0.27 and 6.84±0.89, 3.78±0.14 and 4.33±0.24, and 3.65±0.19 and

4.29±0.65 µM/105 cells for 100, 80 and 60 percent energy groups, respectively. The humoral

immunity of the lambs was measured by monitoring the antibody production against Brucella

abortus S 19 soluble antigen employing ELISA. The antibody titre, expressed as A492

, was

significantly reduced in the energy restricted lambs at 7 day post-inoculation (PI) with no

apparent variation at subsequent periods up to 21 days PI. No effect of sex was apparent on theimmune parameters measured. It is concluded that dietary energy restriction even at 80 per cent

of the suggested requirements significantly affected that CMI response with no

apparent effect on the humoral immunity of lambs. However, further studies are warrantedinvolving varied antigenic sources to conclusively prove the impact of dietary energy on the

humoral immunity.

209 Serum Sodium and Potassium content in female yaks of different age groups under fieldcondition - A. Chatterjee, R. Pourouchottamane, U.A. Nandankar, M. Sarkar, National Research

Center on Yak (ICAR), Dirang-790 101 (Arunachal Pradesh)

Serum Sodium and Potassium content were analysed in thirty three female yaks of

different age groups from Mandalaphudung area (around 8500 ft. above msl.) in West Kameng

district, Arunachal Pradesh. The animals were divided into different age groups namely 6-12

months (Group A), 12 -24 months ( Group B), 24-30 months (Group C), 30-36 months(Group D) , 36-42 months (Group E) and 42-48 months (Group F). All the animals were maintained

under traditional system of grazing on high altitude grassland without any

supplementation. However salt used to be offered to the animals for licking once or twice in a


month. The blood samples were collected and the serum concentration of Sodium and Potassium

were analysed as per standard procedure using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer A-100). The results obtained for sodium concentration (m mol/1) were 119.7±24.9, 128.6±16.8,137.3±13.4, 109.4±7.3, 127.54±14.3 and 132.9±19.4 respectively for groups A,B,C,D,E and F. Theover all mean Sodium concentration was 125.9±4.5 m mol/1. The Potassium concentration (m mol/1) were 4.88±0.39, 7.02±1.49, 6.75±0.91, 5.32±0.43, 5.75±0.57 and 5.88±0.58 , respectively for groupsA,B,C,D,E and F. The overall mean Potassium concentration was 5.97±0.36 m mol/1. The Na: Kratio ranged from 18.3 : 1 (Group B) to 24.5 : 1 ( Group A). The average Na : K ratio was found to be21.1: 1.

210 Nutrient intake, digestibility and reproductive performance of buffaloes fed Wheat grains andMustard cake based Total Mixed Rations - S.S.Thakur, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division,

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001 (Haryana)

Twelve Murrah milch buffaloes were divided into two groups of six in each with initial body

weights 519.5 and 541.8 kg, initial milk yield was 10.17 and 10.33 kg/day, days in lactation 42 and43 and the lactation number from II to IV. All the buffaloes were fed mixed ration comprising of

concentrate, green sorghum/green maize fodder and wheat straw in 50:35:15 proportion for initial

two months of experimentation and thereafter in 40:40:20 proportion on DM basis. Group Ibuffaloes were fed traditional concentrate comprising of maize grains18, barley grains 15,

cottonseed cake 6, groundnut cake 15, mustard cake 12, wheat bran 20, deoiled rice bran 11,

mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part. Buffaloes of group II were fed concentrate in whichmaize were replaced partially and barley grains completely with wheat grains. The composition of

group II concentrate was, wheat grains 20, maize grains 15, mustard cake 22, groundnut cake 14,

wheat bran 10, deoiled rice bran 16, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part. The experiment wasconducted for a period of 120 days during which daily feed intake; fortnightly body weights,

seven days digestibility trial and reproductive performance were recorded. The digestibility data

showed that the DM digestibility was 65.59 and 65.32 percent and digestible DMI was 9.24 and9.80 kg/day in group I and II buffaloes. Digestibilities of DM, CP, NFE and hemicellulose were

higher by 3.8, 5.0, 3.7 and 5.2 in group II buffaloes than those of group I. DCP and TDN values of

TMR’s of group I and II were 8.49, 9.55; 64.78 and 66.50% showing improvement of 12.5% in DCPand 2.7% in TDN content of group II TMR over that of group I. A glance at the reproductive

performance of the buffaloes indicated that buffaloes of group II and I came in to heat 55.8 and

78.8 days post calving and pregnancy percentage was 33.3 and 50% in the respective groups.Thus the results of the present study indicate that the replacement of traditional feed

ingredients with feed ingredients available with local farmers in rice wheat production

system such as wheat grains mustard cake and deoiled rice polish in the TMRs of lactatingbuffaloes brought improvement in digestibility of DM, CP, NFE and hemicellulose and

reproductive performance.


211 Effect of environmental and nutritional factors on the fertility of goats in hot semiarid regions -A.K. Shinde, S.K. Sankhyan, Raghavendra Bhatta, N.P. Singh and D.L. Verma, Division of Animal

Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar - 304 501 (Rajasthan)

The effect of ambient temperature, humidity, rainfall, pod feeding and level of nutritionon fertility of Kutchi goats under free range grazing in semiarid environment of Rajasthan was

examined. The data contained 297 natural services over a period of 3 years. The conception rate

in the mean minimum and maximum temperature range of 10-30, 20-40, 30-30, 30-40 and 30-50°Cwas 9.76, 11.11, 15.48, 40.74 and 22.89 % and in temperature humidity index range of 60-70, 70-80,

80-90 and >90 was 3.70, 20.20, 59.25 and 16.83% respectively. The warm season favored

conception rate (Summer 40.7; Monsoon 49.5%) compared to cool season (Winter 9.8%). Theconception rate was 70.3% during no or sporadic rains as compared to 29.7 % during rainy

season. The decrease of sunshine hours, because of cloudy weather, favored the conception rate

and 33% of goats were conceived in July month. The increase of digestible crude protein andmetabolic energy intakes by 36.10 and 7.14 % in summer, and 41.01 and 18.83 % in monsoon over

that during winter increased the conception rate from 9.80 in winter to 40.70 in summer and 49.50%

in monsoon. The conception rate was 73.7 % during the period when tree pods from grazing landwere accessed to goats compared to 26.3 % in non-accessed period. It was concluded from the

study that maximum number of goats were conceived when minimum-maximum temperatures

were 30-40°C, THI 80-90, DCP and ME intakes >90g and >16MJ/day, sporadic or no rain, pod

access and cloudy weather conditions.

212 Reproductive performance of rams fed raw, processed and supplemented cotton (Gossypium)seed meal in corporated diets - A. Kannan, V.R.B. Sastry, D.K. Agrawal, A.K. Panda and Avneesh

Kumar, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Division, IVRI,

Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

Gossypol causes infertility in male and female nonruminants. However effect of gossypol in male

ruminants are not clearly researched. To study the effect of gossypol in male ruminants, Twenty

four rams of 5-8 months of age and of uniform body weight were divided into four groups of six

animals each in a completely randomized design. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate

mixtures were formulated, containing 20% soybean meal (Diet I) or 40% raw (Diet II), 40% raw

supplemented with 500 IU of vitamin E per head per day (Diet III) and 40%, 1.5% Ca (OH)2 treated

cotton seed meal (Diet IV). The rams were fed with respective concentrate mixtures as per

fortnightly body weights to meet 80% CP requirements of NRC (1985) along with ad libitum

wheat straw and clean drinking water through out 510 days of experimental feeding. Daily dry

matter intake and fortnightly body weight changes were recorded. Just after the attainment of


maturity semen was collected at different intervals to evaluate reproductive performance of rams.

At 450th day blood was collected at hourly intervals to estimate plasma testosterone levels. After

510 days of experimental feeding, animals were sacrificed to study gross and histopathological

changes in reproductive organs if any, due to feeding of raw, Vitamin E supplemented and Ca

(OH)2 treated CSM incorporated diets. Though, there was no significant difference between

groups in attaining sexual maturity, raw CSM fed rams could not show typical sexual behavior.

The pH and mass activity of ram semen were found to be comparable between the treatments.

However, the semen volume was significantly lower (P<0.01) in rams of raw CSM group as

compared to those of control. Progressive motility and sperm concentration were depressed

significantly (P<0.01) in raw CSM as well as vitamin supplemented group. The percentage of live

spermatozoa was significantly (P<0.01) lower on all CSM containing diets as compared to that on

control diet. Raw CSM feeding resulted in the presence of significantly (P<0.01) higher

percentage of abnormal spermatozoa. However, seminal biochemical profile of rams did not show

significant difference. Total protein, total cholesterol and the enzyme activities (AST and ALT) of

seminal plasma collected from rams of different dietary groups were similar on all the diets.

Feeding of raw CSM incorporated diet significantly (p<0.05) depressed plasma testosterone level

which was collected hourly intervals throughout the day as compared to other diets. The testicu-

lar degenerative changes and histopathological changes in vital organs noticed on raw CSM diet

were alleviated to some extent by vitamin E supplementation and to a major extent by [Ca (OH)2]

treatment. Thus, CSM after processing with 1.5% lime [Ca(OH)2] was found suitable in the feed-

ing of breeding rams without any adverse effect on reproductive performance.

213 Lead levels in common feeds and fodders - Arvind Kumar and R.C. Chopra, National Dairy

Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

Random samples of commonly available feeds (maize, ground nut cake, mustard cake, wheat bran,

cotton seed meal), roughages (berseem. oat, maize, green jowar, wheat straw, paddy straw) and

water were collected from different areas of Karnal (including NDRI farm), Panipat and Yamuna

Nagar districts of Haryana State. Cocentrate feeds like cotton seed meal, ground nut cake, maize

grain, mustard cake and wheat bran were found to contain (DM basis) 16.7±1.4 to 18.6±1.6,

6.6±1.3 to 8.9±0.8, 7.4 ±2.0 to 9.1±0.9, 17.6±1.6 to 19.5±1.9 and 15.3±1.9 to 18.9±1.6 ppm lead

respectively. Barseem, oats, green maize, jowar. wheat straw and paddy straw (DM basis) were

found to contain 10.0±0.8 to 12.6±0.8, 7.9±0.9 to 8.5±0.8, 10.6±0.5 to 12.3±1.4, 3.6±0.4 to 4.6±0.6,

6.6±0.3 to 7.0±0.8 and 9.9±0.7 to 11.7±0.5 ppm lead respectively whereas water contained 0.10 to

0.17 ppm lead.


214 Influence of dietary lead levels on growth nutrient utilization and certain blood parameters incrossbred calves - Arvind Kumar and R.C. Chopra, National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal- 132 001 (Haryana)

Eighteen growing male crossbred calves weighing 86.8±5.9 kg were randomly divided into 3

treatment groups and adapted for a period of 20 days on basal ration consisting of concentratemixture and green maize as per their requirements (NRC 1989). Treatment particulars were : T

1

(basal diet). T2 (basal diet + 50 ppm lead as lead acetate) and T

3 (basal diet + 100 ppm lead as lead

acetate). Fortnightly body weights and dry matter intake were recorded. Blood samples weredrawn from all the calves at fortnightly intervals and analysed for Hb, PCV and blood lead

content. Serum was carefully separated from blood and analysed for SGPT, SGOT, alkaline

phosphatase, acid phosphatase and serum urea contents. A metabolic trial of 6 days duration wasconducted to study the effect of lead supplementation on nutrient digestibility and mineral

balances after 6 fortnights of growth study. Addition of lead (50 and 100 ppm) did not show any

adverse effect on ADG, DMI, FCE, N balance and nutrient digestibility (DM, CP, ADF, NDF exceptEE, which was low in the T

2 & T

3 groups) in calves. The mineral balances (Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn)

were not affected by lead supplementation in diet. Most of the ingested lead was excreted

through the faeces. Howevever, the absorption and retention of lead was higher in the leadsupplemented groups. Supplementation of lead (50 and 100 ppm) increased the concentration of

lead in blood and SGOT, alkaline phosphatase and urea in serum. However, Hb, PCV, SGPT and

acid phosphatase concentration were not affect by the supplementation of lead in diet.

215 Influence of various dietary lead levels on milk production and it’s excretion pattern in lactating

goats - Arvind Kumar and R.C. Chopra, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Twelve lactating goats in their late lactation were divided into 3 groups of 4 each on the

basis of their milk yield after adaptation period of 20 days on basal ration (concentrate

mixture+cowpea). T1 served as control whereas in T

2 and T

3 lead (as lead acetate) was added in

the concentrate mixture to raise the concentration of lead by 50 and 100 ppm in the diet (OM

basis) respectively. Daily DMI and milk yield were recorded for a period of 40 days. Milk samples

were collected at weekly intervals and analysed for milk composition (fat, protein, lactose. SNF,Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe). Dietary supplementation of lead (50 and 100 ppm) did not show any

effect on the DMI, milk yield and milk composition of goats. The concentration of lead in milk

remained unaffected by the supplementation of lead (50 and 100 ppm) in the diet. Faeces seemedto be the main route of excretion for orally ingested lead.


7. Nutritional Strategies for Ruminant Production Systems

216 Evaluation of berseem based total mixed ration (TMR) having different levels of energy andproteins on nutrient utilization and balances of Ca, P and N in lactating crosbred cows - NareshGirdhar1 and N. Balaraman2, Project Directorate on Cattle (ICAR), Grass Farm Road, P.O. Box No.

17, Meerut Cantt - 250 001 (U.P.)

To assess the nutritive value of berseem based total mixed ration (having different levelsof energy and protein) in terms of DCP, TDN and balances of Ca, P, and N in lactating animals, ametabolism trial was conducted on 12 crossbred cows (Karan Fries). A 7 day collection periodwas adopted. Animals were selected from the herd of NDRI, Karnal with similar milk yield andstage of lactation and were randomly distributed into three groups of four each. The animals wereoffered berseem based TMR with energy and protein levels (%) as 55, 10 (group I); 60, 12 (groupII) and 65, 14 (group III), respectively. The feeding was done ad libitum. The results indicated asignificantly higher (P<0.05) digestibility of CP in group-III (65% TDN and 14% CP) as comparedto group I (55% TDN and 10% CP) and group II (60% TDN and 12% CP). The digestibility of CFwas significantly higher (P<0.05) in group I and III as compared to group II. The animals of groupIII also showed significantly higher (P<0.05) digestibility of NFE as compared to group I. Thedigestibility co-efficients of various proximate principles and NDF ranged from 59.7 to 78.6%indicating by and large a highly digestible nature of various nutrients of TMR. There was nosignificant difference with respect to TDN among the three groups. Inspite of assumed levels of55, 60 and 65% in the three groups, the actual levels obtained ranged from 60.72 to 63.71 %. Thenutritive ratio ranged from 4.53 to 8.00 in the three groups, being highest in group I and lowest ingroup III, N retained (g/100 kg BW) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in group III followed bygroup II and lowest in group I. Ca and P retained (g/100kg BW) was significantly higher (P<0.01)in group III as compared to group I and II. The higher retention of Ca in the animals of group IIImay be due to the higher content of Ca in the TMR of these animals, higher DMI and the less

losses through faeces.

217 Evaluation of maize based total mixed ration (TMR) having different levels of energy and proteinon nutrient utilization and balances of Ca, P and N in lactating crossbred cows - Naresh Girdhar1 andN. Balaraman2, Project Directorate on Cattle, P.O. Box No. 17, Grass Farm Road,

Meerut Cantt-250 001 (U.P.)

To assess the nutritive value of maize fodder based TMRs (having different levels ofenergy and protein), in terms of DCP, TDN and balances of Ca, P and N in lactating crossbredcows, a metabolism trial was conducted. A 7 day collection period was adopted. Animals were1Sr. Scientist, PDC, Meerut Cantt., 2 Joint Director (R), NDRI, Karnal.


selected from the herd of NDRI, Karnal with similar milk yield and stage of lactation and wererandomly distributed into three groups of four each. The animals were offered maize based TMRwith energy and protein levels (%) as 55, 10 (group I); 60,12 (group II) and 65, 14 (group III),respectively. The feeding was done ad libitum. The results indicated no significant differencebetween the different groups with respect to digestibilities of various nutrients (DM, OM, EE, CF,NFE, NDF and ADF) except CP. The digestibility of CP was significantly higher (P<0.05) in thegroup III as compared to group I and II. There was an increase in the digestibility of CP withincreasing level of CP in the TMRs. There was significant difference (P<0.0 I) regarding DCP (%)between the different groups. The TDN (%) ranged from 66.7 to 70.4 in different groups and it wasmuch higher than the assumed values of 55, 60 and 65% in the respective groups. Nutritive ratioranged from 5.51 to 9.00, which varied significantly (p<0.05) in different groups. N and Ca retained(g/100 kg BW) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the three groups however the P

retained (g/100 kg BW) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the group I as compared to group III.

218 Effect of high plane of nutrition on mammogenesis and growth in KF heifers - Mahendra Singh,A.K. Dang, Charan Singh and R.K. Mehla, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National DairyResearch Institute Karnal-132 001, (Haryana)

To find out the effect of high plane of nutrition, 20 Karan Fries (KF) female calves of 6months age were divided into two groups ot ten each. Group I (Control) calves were maintainedas per the feeding practices (1 kg concentrate and ad lib roughage) followed in the Institute’sherd, while Group II (Experimental) calves were offered concentrate @ 2% body weight and ad libroughage. Body weight, feed intake, udder measurements were recorded at fortnightly intervalstill the onset of puberty. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly interval and blood glucoseand NEFA were determined. In the beginning of the experiment the mammary fat pad of both thegroups was similar. At the time of puberty the mammary growth as indicated by uddermeasurements was more (P<0.05) in heifers fed at high plane of nutrition in comparison to control.Total feed intake of the Experimental group recorded at fortnightly interval was significantly high(P<0.05) in comparison to control. Blood glucose and NEFA varied in both the groups. All theheifers of the experimental group exhibited heat with average age of 18,19 months in comparisonto heat shown by only one heifer of the control group. All the heifers of the experimental groupalso became pregnant. The heifers kept on high plane of nutrition exhibited heat with averagebody weight of 295 kg.

219 Milk yield and composition in buffaloes fed wheat grains and mustard cake based total mixedrations - S.S.Thakur and S.K.Tomar,Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research


Twelve milch buffaloes were divided into two groups of six in each on the basis of milkyield and days in milk. The initial body weights were 519.5 and 541.8 kg, initial milk yield was 10.17and 10.33 kg/day, days in lactation were 42 and 43 and the lactation number varied from II to IV. All


the buffaloes were fed mixed ration comprising of concentrate, green sorghum / green maize

fodder and wheat straw in 50:35:15 proportion for initial two months of experimentation andthereafter in 40:40:20 proportion on DM basis. Group I buffaloes were fed concentrate which was

being offered to institute herd comprising of maize grains18, barley grains 15, cottonseed cake 6,

groundnut cake15, mustard cake12, wheat bran 20, deoiled rice bran11, mineral mixture2 andcommon salt 1 part. Buffaloes of group II were fed concentrate in which maize was replaced

partially and barley grains completely with wheat grains. The composition of group II concen-

trate was, wheat grains 20, maize grains15, mustard cake22, groundnut cake14, wheat bran10,deoiled rice bran16, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part. The experiment was conducted for

a period of 120 days during which daily feed intake and milk yield, fortnightly body weights, milk

pH, milk fat, total solids, milk protein, milk fat composition, reproductive performance wererecorded. The final body weights were 500.50 and 550.19 kg showing loss of 19.00 kg and gain of

3.62 kg in groups I & II. DM intake (kg/d) was 12.54 and 14.21 kg and DMI/100kg body weight was

2.49 and 2.64 kg in the respective groups. Average milk yield was 8.23 and 8.65 kg/day and fatcorrected milk yield (4%fat) was 11.56 and 12.24 kg showing an increase of 5.10 and 5.88 % in milk

yield and FCM yield/day in group II buffaloes over those of group I. Milk pH was 6.9 and 7.0, milk

fat 6.27 and 6.70, and milk protein 4.26 and 4.31, SNF 10.14 and 10.33 percent respectively in thetwo treatment groups. Perusal of the milk fat composition in two groups revealed that short chain

fatty acids were 50.04, 52.09%, stearic acid 11.37, 10.85%; mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)

28.28, 28.15%, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 2.00 and 1.94 % respectively. DMI/kg milkyield was 1.53 and 1.66 kg in groups I and II.

220 Nutrient utilisation and performance of milch buffaloes fed mustard cake and sunflower cakebased total mixed rations - B.S. Tewatia, S.S.Khirwar and V.S. Panwar, Department of Animal

Nutrition CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana)

Ten milch Murrah buffaloes weighing on an average 500 kg and running into secondmonth of their lactation were selected and distributed into two comparable groups of five animals

each. The animals under group-I (TMR-I) were fed calculated quantities of chopped green oats,

wheat straw and mustard cake based concentrate mixture in the form of TMR. The animals undergroup-II (TMR-II) were fed sunflower cake based concentrate mixture in TMR. After six

fortnights of experimental feeding, a digestion trial of seven days duration was conducted. Crude

protein content of TMR-I and TMR-II was 11.7 and 11.5 %, respectively. Ether extract, crude fibreand nitrogen free extract content of TMR-I and TMR-II were 2.92, 1.72; 23.02, 24.01 and 51.62,

51.38 per cent, respectively. The average daily dry matter intake values were 12.3 and 12.4 kg while

average dry matter digestibility coefficients were 61.8 and 62.5 per cent in TMR-I and TMR-IIgroups, respectively. The results indicated that dry matter intake and its digestibility did not

differ significantly between experimental groups. The mean values of crude protein, crude fibre


and NFE digestibility coefficients were 63.9, 54.3, 71.4 and 65.9, 53.7, 73.2 per cent in TMR-I andTMR-II, respectively. No significant difference could be recorded in NDF, ADF and cellulosedigestibility between the two experimental groups. The mean values of DCP and TDN intake perday were 918.81g and 7.53 kg under TMR-I while corresponding figures were 939.92g and 7.42kgunder TMR-II. The differences in milk yield and milk composition between TMR,s were statisti-cally nonsignificant thus indicating that source of protein did not have any effect on milk yieldand its composition in milch buffaloes. The results of the experiment clearly showed that mustardcake and sunflower cake based TMR,s are efficient in meeting the nutrient requirements of

lactating Murrah buffaloes.

221 Effect of feeding different levels of roughage and concentrate on the performance of lactatingbuffaloes - R.S.Yadav, S. Singh, A.K. Varma and M.A. Akbar, Department of LivestockProduction and Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar -125004 (Haryana)

An experiment was conducted on eighteen buffaloes (30-45 days calved). Thesebuffaloes were divided into three homogenous groups on basis of their milk production, lactationlength and body weight. The three groups were randomly allotted to the following treatments viz.T

1 buffaloes were fed roughage and concentrate in the ratio of 60:40, T

2 buffaloes were fed

roughage and concentrate in the ratio of 50:50 and T3. Buffalos were fed roughage and

concentrate in the ratio of 40:60 The average daily nutrients intake was significantly (p< 0.05)higher in T

2 as compared to T

1 and T

3. No significant difference was observed in the nutrients

intake between T1 and T

3. The nutrients required per kg milk produced was significantly (P< 0.05)

low in T2 as compared to T

1. However, no significant difference was observed in nutrients intake

per kg milk produced between T1 and T

3 and T

2 and T

3. Buffaloes were fed roughage and

concentrate in the ratio of 40:60. The average daily milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher inT

2 (8.9 kg) as compared to T

1 and T

3. the milk composition was not significantly influenced by the

treatment. However, the fat percentage was slightly higher (6.94%) in T1 as compared to T

2 and T

3.

There was no significant difference in body weight of buffaloes during the experiment underdifferent treatments. The feed cost per kg milk produced was low (Rs. 8.4) in T

1 as compared to T

2

and T1.

222 Response of compound v/s home made concentrates to milk yield by buffaloes - R.J. Pote andL.M. Karanjkar, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Marathwada

Agricultural University Parbhani- 431 401 (M.S.)

The experiment, planned with the objectives to evaluate the MAIDC milk ration, itsdigestibility and economics, was undertaken at the University Dairy farm for 90 days on sixteenlactating buffaloes. It (T1) was compared with homemade concentrates (T2) along with requiredroughages. The mean values of various parameters were tested by student’s ‘t’ test The meandaily milk yield ranged from 3.10 to 4.23 lt in T1 and T2 as well. The homemade concentrate and

MAIDC milk ration responded equally to the milk yield. But, feeding of homemade concentrate


resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase (7.41 %) in milk fat over compounded feed (6.71 %).Further, yields of FCM showed significant difference (P<0.05) between two treatments; feedinghomemade concentrate had significantly higher FCM yield (3.85 lt) over compoundedconcentrate (3.60 lt). The DCP values ranged from 11.32 to 11.54 and from 11.46 to 12.08% underT1 and T2 with mean of 11.41 and 11.58 %, respectively. The anticipated nutritive values ofhomemade concentrate and MAIDC feed were 16% DCP and 70% TDN; however the observedvalues under T1 and T2 were less by 28.69 and 27.69 and 27.62 % for DCP; the TDN value wasreduced merely by 4.18 % under T1 but increased by 11.51% in T2. No significant difference couldbe recorded for mean DCP values observed (P>0.05); however TDN value of compounded feedwas significantly (P<0.05) superior. It was inferred that both feeds are palatable, nutritious andenhance the milk yield substantially. Homemade concentrate mixture is equally beneficial forsmall farmer because the locally available feed ingredients can be utilized. If a farmer of

commercial dairy entrepreneur can offer little higher price, they can go for to MAIDC milk ration.

223 Performance of milch buffaloes fed sunflower heads based complete feed - S.Anandan, G.K. AnilKumar and K.S. Ramachandra, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi,

Bangalore 560 030

Sunflower heads based complete feed was fed to eight milch buffaloes at differentstages of lactation at Kasabe Camp, Raichur, Karnataka for four months. The animals werecompared with those animals under the routine feeding practices followed by the farmers. Theprevailing practice comprised of rice straw based diet wherein compounded feed (around 2 kg) orrice polish/rice bran/wheat bran (around 4 kg) were given along with rice straw. The initial milkyield in the control and complete feed fed groups were 5.04 and 5.90 lts/day respectively. The milkyield at the end of the trial was 5.22 and 7.58 lts/day. An increase of 1.68 lts/day was seen in thegroup fed complete feed. The average feed consumption in this group was around 13 kg/day onas such basis. The Eat % and SNF % in control and treatment groups did not vary throughout thetrial. The results indicated that sunflower heads based complete feeds could, not only be safelyfed to the milching buffaloes but also could increase and sustain the higher milk yield for a longer

duration.

224 Efect of different feeding regimes on nutrient and water intake in lactating Murrah buffaloes and their calves -Amit Kumar, R.S.Yadav, T.R.Chauhan and N.S.Yadav, Department of Livestock

Production and Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana)

Twenty Murrah buffaloes during early lactation (20 days) and their calves (sixteen innumber) were divided into four groups viz., T1 and T3 animals were fed 100% ICARrecommended level of nutrition while T2 and T4 animals fed 120% ICAR recommendations. T2and T4 groups in group feeding systems. The feed & fodders were fed conventional concentratemixture, green berseem, mustard, sorghum, sugarcane tops and ammoniated wheat straw (4%


urea) for a period of 180 days. Calves were kept on milk and conventional concentrate mixtureupto three months of age except some green fodder in order to stimulate the rumen. It wasobserved that the average daily dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient intake anddry matter and crude protein intake were significantly different between levels of feeding both inbuffaloes and calves. TDN intake per 100 kg body weight and per kg W0.75 differed significantlybetween levels of feeding, in case of calves. The difference for these parameters between rearingsystems were found non-significant in both except daily dry matter intake, daily TDN intake andTDN intake per 100 kg body weight in case of buffaloes. Daily voluntary water intake differedsignificantly between levels of feeding. However, average voluntary water intake, per kg drymatter consumed and per kg W 0.75 were non-significant between rearing systems in bothbuffaloes and calves. Similar results were obtained for total water intake. The results obtained

clearly showed that nutrient and water intake increased with increase in levels of feeding.

225 Study of physiological states and feeding behvariour of lactating murrah buffaloes and theircalves under different planes of nutrition and rearing systems - Amit Kumar, T.R.Chauhan,R.S.Yadav and N.S.Yadav, Deptt. of Livestock Production and Management, CCS Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana)

Twenty lactating Murrah buffaloes (20 days) and their calves, sixteen in number were

divided into four groups viz. T1 and T3 groups were fed individually while T2 and T4 group in

group feeding system. T1 and T3 animals were fed 100% ICAR recommended level of nutrition,while T2 and T4 animals fed 120% ICAR recommendations. The feed and fodders were fed

conventional concentrate mixture, green berseem, mustard, sorghum, sugarcane top and

ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea) for a period of 180 days. Calves were kept on milk andconventional concentrate mixture upto three months of age except some green fodder in order to

stimulate the rumen to become all four part functioning. It was observed that the rectal

temperature and respiration rate were significantly (P<0.01) higher in levels of feeding inbuffaloes but non-significant in calves. Rearing system has no significant difference in above

parameter in both buffaloes and calves. Blood haemoglobin level was found nonsignificant

under different feeding regimes both in buffaloes and calves. Feeding levels significantlyinfluenced the blood glucose level and plasma protein in both buffaloes and calves. Although

these parameters were not influenced by rearing systems. In case of buffaloes, time spent on

feeding and rumination (8 pm to 9 am) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by feeding levels. Thedifference for these parameters between rearing systems were found non-significant except time

spent on rumination from 8 am to 8 p.m. while in case of calves rearing systems significantly

(P<0.05) influenced time spent on feeding, although differences due to level of feeding werenon-significant. Time spent on rumination was found non-significant. Time spent on rumination

was found non-significant in both feeding levels and rearing systems, in calves.


226 Effect of pre-partum supplemetary protein on milk production in subsequentlactation in buffaloes - S.S. Khirwar, B.S. Tewatia and S.S. Grewal1, Department of Animal

Nutrition CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Fifteen Murrah buffaloes in the last quarter of their pregnancy and weighing on an

average 600 kg were divided into three groups. The animals in T1 group were offered wheat straw,

green fodder and concentrate mixture to meet their requirements. Animals in T2 and T

3 groups

were offered 15 and 30 % higher protein vis-a-vis T1 group. Animals in all the groups were fed

individually for a period of four fortnights. Feed intake and body weight changes were recordedat fortnightly intervals and the nutrients supply at each fortnight was revised accordingly.

Average daily dry matter intake varied between 1.80 and 2.00 kg per 100 kg body weight and did

not vary significantly among different treatment groups over different fortnights. Average bodyweight gains for four fortnights were 548.9, 626.7 and 693.3g/d, respectively in T

1, T

2 and T

3

groups. Average body weight (kg) of new born calves was higher in buffaloes offered higher

protein prepartum and the values were 38.8 (T1), 41.4 (T

2) and 42.0 (T

3). Twenty-one days after

calving the animals were taken for second phase and fed according to their requirements for

maintenance and milk production for a period of three months. Concentrate mixture for the

second phase constituted of crushed wheat (30 parts), crushed barley (33.5), mustard cake (33.5),mineral mixture (2) and common salt (1). Crude protein, EE, CF, total ash and NFE content of

second phase concentrate mixture was 19.64, 3.64, 7.78, 8.18 and 60.76 per cent, respectively.

Average milk yield (kg) of buffaloes for a period of three months was 10.14 (T1), 10.30 (T

2) and

10.61 (T3) and the differences amongst treatment groups were non-significant. Milk composition

did not vary among different groups. Results of present study indicated that increased protein

supply during last two months of pregnancy resulted in higher growth rate of buffaloes withhigher birth weights of new born calves. However, no significant effect on milk yield and milk

composition in subsequent lactation was observed.

227 Nutritional status of buffaloes in Mehsana district of North Gujrat - D. L. Upadhyaya, Subhash

Parnerkar and S. R. Bhagwat, Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506

To study the plane of nutrition of buffaloes, a survey was conducted in five talukas of

Mehasana district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairy cooperative network. Two

villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographically located apart indirection and truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each village, 10 farmers

whose animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selected ensuring that they truly1 Department of Livestock Production and Management, HAU, Hisar


represent animal feeding practices of the village. The average daily milk yield of buffaloes

surveyed was 11.24 (10.0-17.0) kg. The average DCP intake of buffaloes in Vijapur, Keralu, Mehasana,Visnagar and Kadi taluka was 104.03 (85.94-117.23), 96.33 (74.01-125.60), 103.68 (60.90-152.45),

103.68 (79.53-140.16) and 102.86 (74.03-135.25) per cent of requirement, respectively. The respec-

tive average TDN intake was 102.79 (91.58-116.02), 114.80 (97.37-133.42), 112.31 (98.12-136.60),124.55 (105.45-138.24) and 127.06 (95.76-156.78) percent of requirement. The overall average DCP

and TDN intake of the buffaloes worked out as 102.12 and 116.30 per cent of requirement

respectively.

228 Feeding plane of buffaloes in the Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat - Parag Ghogale, Subhash

Parnerkar and K.B. Prajapati, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science

and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506

To study the plane of nutrition of buffaloes, a survey was conducted in five talukas of

Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairy cooperative network. Two

villages were selected in each taluka, which were geographically located apart in direction and

truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each village, 10 farmers whose

animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selected ensuring that they truly

represent animal feeding practices of the village. The average daily milk yield of buffaloes

surveyed was 10.56 (10-11.44) kg. The average DCP intake of buffaloes in Khedbrahma, Idar,

Bhiloda, Bayad and Modasa taluka was 108.6(68.18-142.69), 104.59 (83.36-126.31), 101.06

(84-125.26), 91.16 (67.8-129.37)and 107.15 (77.82-133.61) per cent of requirement, respectively. The

respective average TDN intake was 121.35(97.4-142.69), 104.99(77.3-141.14), 113.01(89.64-125.36),

110.88 (74.18-124.13) and 115.61 (100.44-125.63) percent of requirement. The overall average DCP

and TDN intake of the buffaloes worked out as 101.70 and 112.35 per cent of requirement

respectively.

229 Nutritional status of buffaloes in the Banaskantha district of North Gujarat - Subhash Parnerkar,

Mehul Patel, Sanjay Patil, S. Zadbuke and S. R. Bhagwat, Department of Animal Nutrition

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University

Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506

To study the nutritional status of buffaloes, a survey was conducted in five talukas of

Banaskantha district of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairy cooperative network. Twovillages were selected in each taluka, which were geographically located apart in direction and

truly represent the animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each village, 10 farmers whose

animals produced at least 10 kg or more milk per day were selected ensuring that they truly


represent animal feeding practices of the village. The average DCP intake of buffaloes in Dantiwada,Palanpur, Deesa, Deodar and Vadgam taluka was 120.40 (71.90-182.43), 122.38 (86.08-174.17),126.17 (84.91-174.11), 123.12 (51.22-162.46) and 96.26 (61.50-117.06) per cent of requirement,respectively. The respective average TDN intake was 109.25(69.97-143.33), 120.75 (87.57-157.02),114.80 (70.42-149.73), 120.03 (93.88-150.86) and 115.89 (77.11-133.54) percent of requirement. Theoverall average DCP and TDN intake of the buffaloes worked out as 117.67 and 116.14 per cent ofrequirement respectively.

230 Feeding plane of buffaloes in the Patan district of North Gujarat - M. R. Chavda, SubhashParnerkar and S. R. Bhagwat, Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar - 385 506

To study the plane of nutrition of buffaloes, a survey was conducted in five talukas of Patandistrict of North Gujarat, which has well-developed dairy cooperative network. Two villages wereselected in each taluka, which were geographically located apart in direction and truly representthe animal husbandry practices of taluka. In each village, 10 farmers whose animals produced atleast 10 kg or more milk per day were selected ensuring that they truly represent animal feedingpractices of the village. The average daily milk yield of buffaloes surveyed was 11.24 (10.0-17.0)kg. The average DCP intake of buffaloes in Siddhpur, Patan, Chansma, Harij and Sami taluka was104.03 (85.94-117.23), 96.33 (74.01-125.60), 103.68 (60.90-152.45), 103.68 (79.53-140.16) and 102.86(74.03-135.25) per cent of requirement, respectively. The respective average TDN intake was102.79 (91.58-116.02), 114.80 (97.37-133.42), 112.31 (98.12-136.60), 124.55 (105.45-138.24) and 127.06(95.76-156.78) percent of requirement. The overall average DCP and TDN intake of the buffaloes

worked out as 102.12 and 116.30 per cent of requirement respectively.

231 Nutritional Status of buffaloes in Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh - Himanshu Pandey,R.S. Jaiswal, Ripusudan Kumar and Anand Singh, Department of Livestock Production andManagement, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agricultureand Technology, Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal)

A study was conducted in five tehsils of Kanpur Dehat district for evaluate the nutritional statusof buffaloes by 140 farmers having land holding. More number of buffaloes were kept by eachcategories of the land holding farmers. The average dry matter supply was 2.36, 2.35, 2.01 and 2.52kg/day in calves, 3.72, 3.99, 4.82 and 4.21 kg/day in non milch and 8.74, 8.92, 8.96 and 8.57 kg/dayin milch buffaloes in marginal, small, medium and large categories of farmers respectively. Theaverage DCP intake by animals of corresponding categories was deficit by 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.09gm/day in calves, 0.06, 0.08, 0.09 and 0.08 gm/day in non milch and 0.36, 0.39, 0.40 and 0.41 gm/dayin milch buffaloes. The average TDN supply was 0.97, 1.06, 0.82 and 1.06 in calves. It is too lowerthan other than two groups. Small categories of the farmers given too much green fodder but notfulfill the requirement of concentrate but medium and large categories of the farmers fulfill thenutritional need of the farmers. Production status of the each category of farmers is too well in the

study areas.


232 Feeding practices of Murrah buffaloes in the home tract of Haryana - S.R. Bhardwaj, H.K. Gulatiand R.S.Yadav, Department of Livestock Production and Management, CCS Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Based on cross-section data of 240 farmers in home tract of Murrah buffaloes in Haryana, thefeeding practices were worked out. About 84% of the farmers do not follow the recommendedfeeding practices. They feed home-prepared concentrate according to their economic conditions.Majority (75%) feed roughage three times in a day. Eighty-one persent of respondents arefeeding the concentrate twice in a day at the time of milking. More than 50% farmers give 10-15 kggreen fodder and 5-10 kg dry fodder to an animal per day. Majority (78%) respondents feed extraration to pregnant animals in the form of concentrates. The feeding has been done in the form ofmixture of green and dry fodder by two third of the respondents. All the respondents providechaffed green fodder to the animals. Concentrate has been provided to the animals after boilingwhole ingredients. Eighty percent respondents do not feed mineral mixture & common saltregularly to their animals. Half of the respondents use bucket to provide drinking water. The mostcommon source of water is water works. Watering is done three times a day to the animals by 77%

of the farmers.

233 Effect of different levels of roughage & concentrate on growth, reproduction and productionperformance of growing Murrah buffalo heifers - M.S. Saini, D. Prasad, R.S. Yadav and S.S.Grewal, Department of Livestock Production & Management, CCS Haryana Agricultural

University, Hisar-125 004

Murrah buffalo heifers (24) at the age of about 8 months were divided into threehomogenous groups of 8 heifers each on the basis of their body weight. They were fedconcentrate and roughages in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 and denoted as G

1, G

2 and G

3. The

feeding schedule continued till their first heat (sexual maturity). Thereafter, the heifers wereplaced on feeding schedule of pregnant buffalo as per ICAR (1985). Bimonth1y body weight, ageat first heat, weight at first heat, age at first conception number of insemination per conceptionweight at first conception, age at first calving, weight at first calving and average peak yield wererecorded. Although there were some numerical variation in weight in growing period due todifferent concentrate level, weight at first heat (346, 350 and 356 kg) did not differ significantly.Age at first heat was lower (878, 907 and 1001 d) in G

1, but age at first conception was higher (1022,

980, and 991 d) in G1 as compared to G

2 and G

3 due to higher number of inseminations per

conception (3.75, 1.85 and 2.57). The weight at first conception were almost similar in all the threegroups (419, 418 and 417 kg). The age at first calving (1328, 1290 and 1298d) and weight at firstcalving (486, 477 and 480 kg) were not affected due to feeding regimes. The average peak yield(9.1, 9.0 and 9.3 kg) has been recorded and it has not been affected due to previous treatments. Itmay be concluded that lower level of concentrate to roughage ratio (1:3) during growing periodsustain proper growth and reproduction in buffalo heifers as compared to higher level of

concentrate to roughage ratio (1:1 or 1:2).


234 Sustainability and feeding of high yielding buffaloes under field vis a vis farm conditions - D. Lal,

V.B. Dixit, S. Khanna, A. Saini and T.R. Chauhan, Buffalo Nutrition Division, Central Institute for

Research on Buffaloes, Sisra Road, Hisar

Hisar and its nearby areas come under the native breeding tract of Murrah buffaloes.There are a few high yielding buffaloes giving about 18-20 kg milk daily. The feeding practices offive such buffaloes were studied in the adopted villages under the field conditions. There animalswere fed variety of energy rich feed ingredients like cotton seeds, wheat, bajra, black gramfenugreek seeds etc. in the boiled form; cotton seed cake (soaked) mixed with straw and green(sanni) in the traditional manner. These animals were able to meet their nutrients requirementswhen calculations were made at the farmers doorsteps. The daily dry matter intake of theseanimals were 16-17 kg. however when similar information was collected on eight such high yieldbuffaloes shifted from villages, brought and reared under farm conditions, there was a drop inmilk production upto 30-40 per cent within a month, because of the reason that desired DMI couldnot be achieved. Meeting the energy requirements of these buffaloes is a challenge because ofthe physiological limits of DMI. Thus it is concluded that feeding of high producing buffaloes tomeet their nutrients requirements is more of an art rather then following the simple thumb rules ofnutrition.

235 Comparative response of loose house and village type house on the performance of buffalo

heifers during winter - L.R.Gupta, I.J.Juneja, R.S.Yadav, Hari Om and S.S.Grewal, Deptt. of LP.M.

CCSHAU, Hisar -125 004 (Haryana)

Fifteen Murrah buffalo heifers (13-18 months) were divided into three groups on thebasis of body weight and age and were allotted to 3 type of houses i.e. (T1 loose house, T2 loosehouse & mud roof and T3 village type closed house with kucha floor). The dry matter and waterintake was affected (P<0.05) by type of housing. The buffalo heifers reared on kutcha floor (T3)house consumed more (P<0.05) dry matter than those kept in T2 group. No significant differencein the dry matter intake among the buffalo heifers of T1 and T3 as well as T1 and T2 group wasobserved. The daily voluntary water intake in T3 (14.44±0.616 litre) was more (p< 0.05) than T1(12.26±0.786 litre) group heifers. There was no significant difference in daily water intake of T1and T2 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The same trend was observed when voluntary water intakeper kg dry matter intake was calculated. The respiration rate did not differ but rectal temperaturewas effected (P<0.05) by the system of housing. The rectal temperature was higher (P<0.05) in T3heifers than T1 heifers in the morning, whereas; rectal temperature in the evening was not af-fected by treatments. The mean daily weight gain in T1, T2 and T3 was 0.508±0.030, 0.521±0.030and 0.435±0.020 kg., respectively. The buffalo heifers maintained on kucha floor (T3) had lowest(P <0.05) daily weight gain as compared to other groups. The feed cost per kg gain in T1, T2 andT3 was Rs. 33.78, 32.21 and 39.91, respectively. It is inferred that loose house as superior to village

type closed barn house for buffalo heifers.


236 Intake and utilization of nutrients in male buffalo calves in loose and closed house duringwinter - L.R.Gupta, I.J.Juneja, Hari Om, R.S.Yadav and S.S.Grewal, Deptt. of L.P.M. CCSHAU,

Hisar -125 004 (Haryana)

Ten Murrah male buffalo calves of 12-13 months of age were divided into two groups on

the basis of their body weight and age and allotted in two type of (T1 loose house and T2 closedbarn) houses during winter (Nov. to March 2003). The calves were fed green jowar and berseem

as roughage and concentrate mixture as per their requirements. The mean dry matter intake per

100 kg body weight in T1 and T2 group calves was 2.58±0.110 and 2.82±0.101 kg, respectively.The mean daily voluntary water intake in T1 and T2 calves was 7.55±0.455 and 7.99±0.483 litres,

respectively. The differences were statistically non-significant. The digestibility of nutrients was

not affected significantly by the type of houses. The respiration rate and rectal temperature bothin the morning and evening were not affected significantly by treatments. The daily mean live

weight gain was 0.397±0.035 and 0.381±0.028 kg. in T1 and T2 group calves, respectively. The

mean dry matter intake per kg body weight gain was 9.67±0.551 and 11.62±0.821 kg., respectively.This showed that growth rate and feed conversion efficiency was not affected significantly by

housing system. The average feed cost per kg gain inT1 and T2 was Rs. 31.01 and Rs. 33.48,

respectively. It is inferred that male buffalo calves could be maintained in loose house during

winter without any adverse effect. Thus construction of costly house is not warranted.

237 Effect of various levels of cotton seed feeding on the growth performance of surti buffalo heifers -

J.L. Chaudhary1, Hem Raj Jat2 and C.M. Yadav3, Department of Animal Production, Rajasthan

College of Agriculture, Udaipur - 313 001 (Rajasthan)

A study on 18 growing surti buffalo heifers was conducted for 120 days from february to

June, to assess the effect of three levels of (T1 zero percent, T

2 30 percent and T

3 60 percent)

cotton seed feeding on nutrient intake, digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in surti

buffalo heifers. Average dry matter intake and daily body weight gain in groups T1, T

2 and T

3 were

5.77±0.69, 5.95±0.85 and 6.08±1.02 kg/day; 0.533±19.03, 0.583 ±21.36 and 654±77.20 kg/day,respectively and variation among groups were non significant in DMI/day. But daily body weight

gain was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in T3 than T

2 and T

1 heifers. Digestibility coefficient of DM

and OM were higher (P<0.05) in T3 group as compared to T

1 group. There was no difference in

digestibility coefficient of these nutrients among T3 and T

2 groups. Similarly, digestibility

coefficient of CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 than T

2 and T

1. The digestibility of CF, EE

and NFE was not affected by different levels of cotton seed feeding. It may be inferred from thisstudy cotton seed may be fed 60 percent or 30 percent in concentrate mixture for optimum growth

rate and nutrient utilization in growing buffalo heifers.1 Asstt. Professor; 2 Ph.D. Scholar; 3 Senior Research Fellow


238 Effect of feeding total mixed rations on nutrient utilisation and growth performance of pregnantbuffalo heifers - Mahesh Ahlawat, S.S. Khirwar and T.R.Chauhan1, Department of Animal

Nutrition, CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)

Eighteen Murrah buffalo heifers weighing on an average 425 kg and running into lastquarter of their pregnancy were selected and distributed into three comparable groups of six

animals each. The animals under group-I (T1) were fed calculated quantities of chopped sorghum

green, wheat straw and groundnut cake based concentrate mixture in the form of total mixedration (TMR). The groundnut cake was replaced by sunflower cake and mustard cake under

group-II (T2) and group-III (T

3). The animals were fed individually for a period of 90 days, at the

end of which a digestion trial of seven days duration was conducted. The mean value offortnightly total dry matter intake of the experimental heifers over a progressive period (90 days)

indicated that daily total dry matter intake was 9.45, 9.53 and 9.36 kg in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups,

respectively. The dry matter intake values per kg metabolic body size were 91.62, 92.32 and 90.39g in T

1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The differences amongst treatment group were nonsignificant.

The average dry matter digestibility coefficients were 68.91, 68.88 and 68.38 per cent in T1, T

2 and

T3 groups, respectively. The mean values of DCP intake per day were 840.0, 830.0 and 830.0 g and

the differences of DCP intake per day were non-significant. The values of TDN intake (kg/day)

per day in treatments T1, T

2 and T

3 were 5.53, 5.34 and 6.28, respectively. DCP and TDN intakes

were not affected by incorporation of sunflower cake and mustard cake in place of groundnutcake in the ration of pregnant Murrah buffalo heifers. Total body weight gain during the

experimental period was 63.33, 63.83 and 65.00 kg in T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The body weight

gain (g/day) was 703.70, 709.26 and 722.22, respectively. The cost of concentrate mixture (Rs/perkg) was 6.26, 5.51 and 5.80 in T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively. The respective figures of average

daily feeding cost per animals were Rs. 38.79, 35.79 and 36.95 in respective treatments and the

cost of daily feeding was more in T1 as compared to T

2 and T

3.The results of this study clearly

indicate that by incorporating cheap sources of protein like sunflower cake and mustard cake in

place of costly groundnut cake, feeding cost could be reduced significantly without any adverse

effect on growth and nutrient utilization in pregnant buffalo heifers.

239 Feeding plane of pregnant cattle and buffalo in Karnal district of Haryana - D.V. Dahiya, V.K.

Paliwal and S.S. Khirwar, Department of Animal Nutrition,CCS Haryana Agricultural University,

Hisar-125 004 (Haryana),

A survey was conducted to study the plane of nutrition and conventional feeding of pregnantcattle and buffalo in Karnal district of Haryana. From each of the two blocks, three villages wererandomly selected. Twenty families from each village, rearing cattle and buffalo belonging to four1 Central Institute of Research on Buffaloes, Hisar


categories, namely landless, small (having up to 5 acres of irrigated land), medium (having 5 to 10acres of irrigated land) and large (having more than 10 acres of irrigated land) were selected tocollect data on the plane of feeding pregnant cattle and buffalo. The area (% of cultivated land)under fodder crop shown by small, medium and large farmers was 18.70, 11.58 and 5.95 per centduring kharif and 18.14, 11.44 and 5.98 per cent during rabi season, respectively. Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) and barseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) were the main fodder crop during thekharif and rabi season, respectively. Among the energy feeds, farmers were using wheat flour,wheat dalia, gram husk, wheat bran and rice polish. Mustard cake was the main source of proteinfollowed by cotton seed cake. The DMI (kg/100kg body weight) was 2.37, 2.33, 2.52 and 2.57 incattle owned by large, medium, small and landless farmers, whereas the corresponding figures ofthe DMI in buffalo were 2.19, 2.32, 2.17 and 2.29, respectively. Average TDN intake of cattle rearedby large, medium, small and land less farmers was 5.99, 6.14, 1.67 and 0.64 percent less thanrequirement, while in buffalo the deficit was of the order of 0.12, 5.24, 14.20 and 11.35 per centrespectively. Protein was fed 20.72, 25.88, 22.60 and 27.98 percent higher in cattle reared by large,medium, small and land less farmers while it was and 13.31, 24.62, 12.60 and 4.21 percent higher inbuffaloes than requirement. Significantly (P<0.05) less TDN was supplied to pregnant buffaloesby all categories of farmers while buffaloes of large and medium and small and landless farmersdid not differ among themselves between protein supplied vis-a-vis required. Pregnant cattle didnot differ significantly in TDN supplied vis-a-vis- required irrespective of categories of farmerswhere as significantly (P<0.05) higher protein was supplied by medium, small and land lessfarmers while it was similar in large farmers. This clearly reflects that pregnant cattle and buffalo

were getting less energy and excess protein than requirement.

240 Feeds and feeding practices of buffaloes in Jaipur City of Rajasthan - Sanjita Sharma1, VishnuSharma, B.K. Sharma and P.K. Mehrotra, Apex Centre (RAU), SFS, IV sector, Mansarovar,Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Jaipur is having highest buffalo population in Rajasthan. Most of farmers are engagedin buffalo farming. A survey was conducted to study the feeds & feeding practices of buffaloesin Jaipur city. For this out of total 14 Veterinary hospital areas four areas were selected. Total 12farmers from each area were selected and categorized according to animal holding viz, less than 5,6-10 and more than 10 buffaloes.It was reveled that commonly used green fodder is Berseem,Bajra Kasni, Jowar and local Makra grass. The dry fodder used were mainly wheat straw andBajra straw. Commonly used concentrate ingredients are Cotton seed cake, Til cake, Mustardcake, Chana churi, Moong churi, Guar churi, Wheat bran and deoiled rice bran. Frequency offeeding is twice a day and concentrates offered in all the forms like mash/pellets. Soaking andboiling are commonly used pretreatment. Mineral and Vitamin supplementation is least adoptedregular practice. During gestation no spatial nutrient allowance is provided by most of thefarmers. However at time of parturition Methi, Jaggery and Ajwain is given for 10-30 days. It wasreveled that availability of ingredients differ significantly among seasons and socioeconomiccondition of the farmers and the amount of concentrate also varied according to the milk yield andeconomic status of the farmers. The adoption of principles of scientific feeding is on low score.1 Mailing address : 8/C-54 Pratap Nagar, Tonk Phatak, Jaipur, Rajasthan


241 Effect of feeding management practices on performance of female buffalo calves - O.P. Mehla,R.S.Yadav, Naresh Kumar and H.K.Gulati, Deptt. of Livestock Production & Management, CCS

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana)

The study was conducted on twenty Murrah female buffalo calves between 8-10 monthsof age were divided into four homogeneous groups according to their body weight and age.These four groups were randomly allotted to different feeding mangement practices viz. T

1 calves

were fed concentrate mixture containing mustard cake as a source of protein + concentrate androughage feeding once in a day, T

2 fed concentrate mixture containing mustard cake as source of

protein + two times concentrate and roughage feeding, T3 fed concentrate mixture containing

cotton seed cake as a source of protein + concentrate and roughage feeding once in a day and T4

fed concentrate mixture containing cotton seed cake as a source of protein + two times roughageand concentrate feeding in a day. The average daily dry matter, crude protein and total digestiblenutrients intake of buffalo calves was not significantly influenced by the treatments. Similarresults were obtained for nutrients intake per kg body weight gain. The average daily bodyweight was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in calves fed mustard cake as source protein in theconcentrate as compared to those fed cotton seed cake as a source of protein in the ration. Similarresults were obtained for increase in body length of buffalo calves. However, increase, height,heart girth and abdominal girth were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Cost per kggain was lowest (Rs. 17.36) in T

1 as compared to other treatments.

242 Effect of replacement of wheat bhoosa with mustard straw on growth performance of pre-pubertal heifers - S.K. Sunda, O.P. Lohan and Nand Kishore, CCS Haryana Agricultural

University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Effect of feeding mustard straw on 18 growing buffalo heifers of similar body weight wasstudied using three groups of six animals in each treatment. The group T

1 was offered

complete feed blocks having concentrate and wheat bhoosa, whereas in T2 and T

3 20% and 30%

wheat bhoosa was replaced with mustard straw respectively. In each treatment, roughage toconcentrate ratio was kept to 60:40. All the rations were isonitrogenous. To prepare the completefeed blocks, roughage portion was mixed with 15% molasses and then with concentrate mixturethoroughly and compressed in hydraulic block making machine. A growth trial of 90 days wasfollowed by a digestion trial of 6 days. The complete feed blocks were offered ad lib and theintake was recorded. The daily DM intake per 100 kg body weight was wimilar and the values were1.92, 1.91 and 1.69 in treatment T

1, T

2 and T

3 respectively. The digestibility co-efficients of DM,

CP, CF and EE were slightly decreased in T2 and T

3 treatments, however, the differences were

non-significant. The digestibility coefficient of NFE was decreased significantly due to theaddition of mustard straw in the ration. The DCP content of treatments were almost same, whereas,the TDN content decreased in treatment T

2 and T

3. The initial body weight of different groups

was 261.67, 261.63, 261.60 kg, in treatment T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The average daily gain was

506, 423 and 355 g, in treatment T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The daily gain was significantly higher

in T1 treatment as compared to both T

2 and T

3 treatments. It can be concluded that replacement of

wheat bhoosa with mustard straw had adverse affect on the growth of animals.


243 Feeding practices and economics of milk production in buffaloes of Mahakosal region of M.P. -S. Nayak, and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur

There are about 516 big dairies (Jabalpur, 349; Mandla, 65; Katani, 57) in Mahakosalregion. In these dairies, more than 200 buffaloes are maintained by the farmers. Survey of 15dairies of Jabalpur area was done to study the feeding practices and economics of milkproduction of buffaloes in this region of Madhya Pradesh. In general, it was observed thatcommon fodder available for feeding of buffaloes in this area was green M.P. Chari, maize andjowar in Kharif season (June to September) & green berseem during Rabi season (Oct. to April).The wheat straw constitutes the major portion of roughage fed to these buffaloes. The averagemilk production of buffaloes recorded was 10-12 kg/animal/day. In most of the dairy farms routinefeeding practice observed was to feed about 8 kg of wheat straw, 10kg of available green fodderand 8 kg of concentrate mixture/animal/day for about 10-12kg of milk production. Normally foreach 2kg of milk production about lkg, concentrate mixture was offered to animals. Normally, theconcentrate mixture is prepared using maize, mustard cake, wheat bran, gram chuni, arhar chuni &gram husk. The proportion of maize, cake, chuni and wheat bran was 1:1:7:7. On an average 8 kgconcentrate mixture was fed daily divided in the morning and evening preferably prior to milking.Daily about 50g common salt and 100ml of mustard oil/animal/day was also fed to each milkingbuffaloes. The mineral mixture was mostly not fed to animals. Thus, it was realized that theseanimals are over fed and not fed the balance feed. The cost of feed calculated was aboutRs. 70-/ day (Wheat straw, 8kg Rs. 12/-; Concentrate mixture, 8 kg Rs. 48, Green roughage about10 kg Rs. 10/-). While, the cost of milk production was Rs. 140/- per day. Thus, over and above thefeed cost there was net return of Rs. 70 - day from each milking buffaloes. If we consider theexpenditure on other items per animal per day it may be accounted to Rs. 20/- day. Thus, out ofeach milking buffalo there is net profit of Rs. 50/- day. If we calculate the cost of milk production, itcomes to about Rs. 9/- per kg.

244 Influence of family size of farmers on feeding and production performance of buffaloes - S. B.Shinde and Aruna B. Bobade, Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science,College of


Influence of family size of sixty dairy farmers on feeding and production performance ofMurrah buffaloes was studied by grouping them into four groups. Group I: less than 2members, Group II: 3 to 5 members, Group III: 6 to 10 members and Group IV: more than 10members. It was noticed that with increasing size of the family the feeding of green and dryroughages increased significantly with highest values of 23.5 and 12.0 kg/day/buffalorespectively (group IV). As regard to concentrates feeding, it was found that significantly high-est quantity of 9.0 kg/day/buffalo was fed by group I than rest of the groups. Among group II, IIIand IV the quantities of concentrates fed did not differ significantly. The significantly higher milkproduction of 8.5 lit/day/buffalo was noticed in group III than that of group II and IV. The fatcontent of 8.5 % was significantly higher in group IV than rest of the groups. Similar trend was

observed in case of SNF (10.33 %) and TS (18.68% )contents of milk of group IV.


245 Influence of educational status of farmers on feeding and production performance of buffaloes -

S.B. Shinde and Aruna B. Bobade, Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science, College of


Influence of educational status of sixty dairy farmers on feeding and production perfor-mance of Murrah buffaloes was studied by grouping them into four groups. Group I: Illiterate,

Group II: Primary education, Group III : Secondary education, Group IV: Higher secondary

education. All these respondents were feeding green fodder to milch buffaloes throughout theyear. The overall average quantity fed was 19.83 kg./day/buffalo. The differences among the

groups were non significant. However, the highest quantity of 22.54 kg/day/buffalo was fed by

group I followed by group II (20.9 kg), group III(19.00kg), group and 17.30 by group IV,respectively. The decreasing trend in feeding of green fodder to buffaloes was observed among

the groups. The significant differences were noticed in feeding of dry fodder by different groups.

Significantly lower quantity (6.6kg/day/buffalo) was fed by group I than rest of the groups. Allgroups practiced feeding of concentrate mixture with overall average quantity fed was 6.1 kg/

day/buffalo. The highest quantity offered was 6.7 kg by group IV and lowest (6.1 kg) by group I.

However, there were non significant differences among the groups. The milk production ofbuffalos from different groups did not differ significantly. The daily milk production of 8.3lit./

buffalo was found in group II. The overall average daily milk production was 7.8 lit. The fat

content of milk of group IV (7.8%) was significantly higher than group I and III, respectively. The

SNF content (9.92%) and TS content (17.7 %) of milk were significantly higher in this group.

246 Studies on feeding pattern followed at private commercial buffalo dairy farms - S.B. Shinde andAruna B. Bobade, Department of Animal Science and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture,

Pune - 411 003; M.P.K.V. Rahuri (Maharashtra)

A study was under taken to know the feeding pattern followed at the private buffalo

dairy farms located around Pune city. In all sixty farms were randomly selected and grouped into

Group I -less than 10 buffaloes, Group II - 11 to 25 buffaloes, Group III - 26 to 50 buffaloes andGroup IV-more than 50 buffaloes. It was observed that almost all the groups were offering green

fodder throughout the year to their milking buffaloes. The overall average quantity fed was 22.76

kg./Buffalo/day. Group IV offered the highest quantity of 27.6 kg, while the lowest quantity of17.66 kg. was fed by group I. The highest quantity of dry fodder (10.38kg/day/buffalo) was fed by

group IV and lowest (8.7kg) by group II. The over all average quantity of dry fodder (9.84 kg) fed

was almost uniform in all the groups. Therazing of buffalo and chaffing of roughages was also acommon practice in all the groups (100%). 43.33 % respondents followed feeding of home made

concentrate mixture. Among the different groups 60 % respondents from group IV adopted this

practice while lowest percent (26.66) was noticed in-group I. The common ingredients used for


making home made concentrate mixture were cotton seed cake, ground nut cake, coconut cake,

crushed sorghum, maize, wheat grains, gram chuni and bhusa. All the respondents from four

groups (100%) were feeding concentrates to their buffaloes either of home made or ready made

type. The overall average quantity of concentrate mixture offered was 5.57 kg/day/buffalo. The

lowest quantity of 4.2 kg was fed by group I . The highest quantity of 6.6 kg was offered by group

IV. The feeding of cooked Bajra grains along with jaggery to freshly calved buffaloes was also

practiced by all groups with varying percentages of 33.33, 93.33, 86.66 and 100.00 in group I to IV,

respectively. Feeding of mineral mixture was also practiced by all groups The highest percentage

(33.33%) of respondents adopting this practice was in-group IV indicative of the fact that still

large number of respondents were not feeding mineral mixture to their buffaloes.

247 Comparative palatability of mustard (BrasSsica juncea) seed cake and til (Sesamum indicum)seed cake and its effect on production performance of Tharparkar cattle in arid zone - .B.K.

Mathur, A.K. Patel, A.C. Mathur, S.K. Kaushish and Ramesh Chandra Bohra, Central Arid Zone

Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Mustard (Brasssica juncea ) crop is grown for oil in western Rajasthan, however

mustard seed cake is not incorporated in ration of cattle in arid zone. A comparative study was

conducted to understand the effect of feeding mustard seed cake in lactating Tharparkar cattle.

Experiment was conducted using eight Tharparkar cows divided into two equal groups of four

each, forming control (T1 replacing 25% concentrate by water soaked, til seed cake (41.4% CP),

and treatment (T2) water soaked mustard seed cake (32.90% CP). The cake and water optimum

ratio worked out was 1:3 and 1:2 for Til and mustard seed cake respectively. Til seed cake mixed

ration was well acceptable and palatable to cattle from very first day where as mustard seed cake

containing ration for the first fortnight, was less acceptable (25 to 30% left) their after cattle

developed taste and accepted it. The average fortnight milk yield was 84.57±2.35 and 78.83±1.76

liters for T1 and T

2 group, respectively. The calving interval observed was 396±20.84 and 393±15.24

days in T1 and T

2 groups respectively. Average time taken for expulsion of

placenta was more or less same in T1 and T

2 groups i.e. 03.00±00.14 and 3.11±00.22 hours

respectively. The hemoglobin and blood biochemistry viz glucose, total portion, albumin and

urea showed non- significant differences, however MSC fed group showed higher values for

globulin and cholesterol. Study revealed higher acceptability, palatability and milk yield of cows

in which concentrate was replaced on weight basis by til seed cake in comparison to mustard

seed cake fed group, however non significant difference on reproductive health parameters was

observed.


248 Superiority in terms of nutrient utilization and milk yield ability of total mixed ration overcontrol in lactating cattle - R.K. Sohane, P.B. Jha and Asha Kumari, Rajendra Agricultural

University, Bihar Pusa, Samastipur - 848 125

A study on 10 lactating crossbred cows were conducted for 120 days during rabi season(November, 2002 to March, 2003) to see the effect of a promising total mixed ration which was

selected through growth trials. The ten lactating cows (2-4 lactation period) were divided into two

groups of five each. One groups of cows was fed the TMR while the other group was fed thecontrol. The total mixed ration contained green berseem mixed with oat and paddy straw 60 parts

by weight as a roughages and 40 parts concentrate mixture incorporating locally available feed

stuff like maize, wheat bran, mustard cake, linseed cake, mineral mixture and common salt in theratio of 34, 33, 15, 15, 2 and 1 per cent respectively. The TMRs was analysed for proximate

principles cell wall and mineral composition. The results indicated that daily dry matter was

substantially higher in TMR as compared to control. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM,CP, NDF, HC were significantly higher (P<0.05) in TMR as compared to control. Significant

difference (P<0.05) existed with respect to average milk yield of cows on feeding of control and

TMR which were 6.31 and 9.26 kg/day, respectively. The corresponding values of the fat contentwere 3.20 and 3.96 per cent, respectively. It was inferred from the present study that TMR

consisting of 60 per cent roughage and 40 per cent concentrate is desirable for crossbred cows

yielding 8-10 kg milk/day and also for increasing milk production efficiency and profit from thedairy programme.

249 Evaluation of Total Mixed Rations in Crossbred Cattle - S.S. Chauhan and P.C. Saxena,

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, U. S. Nagar, Uttaranchal,

An experiment using 18 growing crossbred heifers of around 100 Kg body weight weredivided into three groups of six animals in each. Three Total Mixed Rations comprising of localfeed stuffs were fed to the above heifers. The results revealed that total organic matter intake was5676.69, 4534.27 and 4663.72 g/day in the treatments I, II and III, respectively. Group I showed thehighest and significantly (P<0.05) different value than group II and III. The later two groups didnot differ significantly. TMR # I had significantly highest (P<0.05) value of CP intake (739.33 g/day) followed by TMR # II (552.03 g/day) and TMR # III (511.63 g/day). The last two values didnot differ significantly. The intake of total crude fibre was significantly higher in group I (1596.30g/day) than group II (1264.44 g/day) and group III (1242.51 g/day). The gross gain of heifers onthree TMR’s at 75th day of the trial were noted as significantly highest (P<0.05) in T

I (38.58)

followed by TII (34.17) and T

III (32.25) T

II and T

III did not differ statistically. The body gains at the

end of the experiment i.e. after three months were noted as highest in TI having 47.25 Kg and

lowest in TIII (40.08 Kg). T

II had medium gain and the value was 43.33.


250 Effect of feeding untreated and treated soybean cake on lactation curve based on linearregression in crossbred cows - S.R. Bhagwat1 and Arun Srivastava2, Department of Animal

Nutrition, Veterinary College, G.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar Gujrat-385 506

Sixteen crossbred cows maintained at N.D.R.I., Karnal were randomly distributed in tofour groups of four each. They were fed green maize and concentrate mixture. However Soybean

cake was incorporated in untreated form, (Group-I) and after heat treatment at 140o C for 4 hrs

(Group-II ), formaldehyde treatment with 1 per cent v/w of protein (Group-III) and tannic acidtreatment with 10 per cent w/w of cake (Group-IV) in order to protect the protein in concentrate

mixture. Mean total FCM yield and 4% FCM in 120 days were 1368.67 and 11.41 in untreated,

1288.03 and 10.93 in heat treated, 1370.98 and 11.41 in formaldehyde treated and 1446.07 and 12.05kg in tannic acid treated groups, respectively. Based on daily milk yield for 120 days linear

regression was fitted and the regression coefficients (b) and constant (A) estimated as Y=A+bt.

Values were 13.39 and -0.0139 in Group-I, 14.33.and -0.0334 in Group-II, 12.01 and -0.0101 inGroup-III and 14.40 and -0.0253 in Group-IV, respectively. Results indicated that though the milk

yield was higher in tannic acid followed by heat and untreated and was minimum in formaldehyde

the rate of decrease was maximum in heat followed by tannic acid and untreated and minimum in

formaldehyde treated groups.

251 Comparative feeding plane of milch cattle and milch cattle and buffalo in Karnal district ofHaryana - D.V. Dahiya, V.K. Paliwal and S.S. Khirwar, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS


A survey was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana on 120 respondents in thecategory of landless, small (having up to 5 acres of irrigated land), medium (having 5 to 10 acres

of irrigated land) and large (having more than 10 acres of irrigated land), taken randomly to study

the plane of nutrition of milch cattle and buffalo reared by them. The area under fodder crops(acres) during kharif sown by small, medium and large farmers was 0.66, 0.99 and 1.36 and

corresponding figures for rabi season were 0.63, 0.96 and 1.44, respectively. The average

livestock population increased progressively and significantly (p<0.05) with the increase in landholding of the farmers. Large category of the farmers had significantly (p<0.05) more number of

milch cattle and buffalo than other categories of the farmers. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in

kharif and berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) in rabi season were the major fodder crops.Different wheat products, byproducts of wheat, gram husk and oil cakes especially mustard oil

cake were the feed ingredients used by different categories of farmers for feeding to their milch

animals. The average daily milk yield per family from cattle and buffalo was 5.48 and 11.56 kg,respectively. The values for DMI (kg) per 100 kg body weight were 3.12, 2.75, 2.89 and 3.04 in1 Associate Professor; 2 Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, N.D.R.I., Karnal.


milch cattle owned by landless, small, marginal and large farmers, respectively. While the

corresponding figures for milch buffaloes were 2.54, 2.46, 2.67 and 2.65, respectively. AverageTDN intake for milch cows reared by landless, small, marginal and large farmers was 7.31, 0.57, and

0.70 and 10.69 percent higher than required. The buffaloes reared by landless, medium, and large

categories of farmers were consuming 2.98, 1.87, and 4.83 percent higher TDN,respectively, where as the milch buffaloes maintained by small farmers were getting 0.40 percent

less TDN than the required. The comparison of protein requirement and supply revealed that the

cattle reared by landless, small, medium and large categories of farmers were receiving 1.55, 9.75,21.25 and 11.52 percent higher protein than required. While the buffaloes reared by the landless

and medium farmers were getting 5.19 and 2.89 percent excess protein and of small and large

farmers were receiving 0.73 and 0.36 percent less protein than the required. This showed that thesmall and large farmers were supplying marginally lower amount of protein in the diet of milch

buffaloes. These observations are interesting in view of the. individual care taken by these

categories of the farmers.

252 Ruminnat species and feeds related differential ruminal disappearence of fibrous components -

S.K. Bhatia, and K. Pradhan, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, CCS

HAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Relative ruminal degradation of fibrous components from 12 variable (CP ranged from11.5-12.9, NDF 50.1-73.0, ADF 28.1-49.8) substrates constituted by sole source of roughage

(wheat straw, paddy straw) supplemented with protein moiety (cakes, hays, concentrate mixture)

was discerned through nylon bag (2x4.5", mesh size 57µm) technique in adult cattle and buffalofed wheat straw - groundnut cake fortified with common salt mineral mixture-vitamin. Irrespective

of feeds fermented (12, 24, 48, 72 hr.), cattle (24.7, 28.7%) and buffalo (28.9, 32.7% for NDF and

ADF, respectively) did not vary for ruminal disappearances but a concomitant increase (P<0.05)due to fermentation periods existed. An overall average disappearance of these two fibrous

moieties from wheat straw-groundnut cake, wheat straw-mustard cake, wheat straw- cottonseed

cake, wheat straw concentrate mixture exceeded in buffalo (32.7, 33.5, 8.6, 24.5% NDF and 41.5,35.2, 26.5, 28.9% ADF) than cattle (24.3, 25.9, 16.1, 15.3% NDF and 33.2, 26.9, 16.3, 17.5% ADF).

The disappearance of NDF and ADF at 48 hr. of incubation, irrespective of feed substrates, was

higher (P<0.05) in buffalo (35.7%, 38.6%) than cattle (28.9%, 31.7%). The differential degradationamongst feeds (though with identical crude protein contents) may be ascribed to varied lignin

(1.3 to 7.2%) contents. Of all the feeds, wheat straw-sesame cake (8.4%), wheat

straw-concentrate (7.5%) and paddy straw-mustard cake (7.6%) exhibiting the least NDFdisappearance in cattle at 12 hr. had an overall average less degradation than buffalo. Though,

buffalo also surpassed cattle in NDF degradation from paddy straw cottonseed cake but was

without differential ADF degradation between these ruminants. More ruminal disappearance


between 24 and 48 hr. of fermentation for NDF (13.0 vs. 9.3 units) and ADF (11.3 vs.7.3 units) bybuffalo vis-a-vis. cattle became evident. The study inferred no variation for ruminal disappearanceof fibrous components between cattle and buffalo but differential degradations of such moietiesdue to fermentation of few feeds between these ruminants were evidently recorded. Slowerdisappearance in the rumen of buffalo relative to cattle beyond 48 hr. of fermentation was

consistently observed.

253 Evaluation of some total mixed rations on nutrient utilization and growth pattern on crossbredcalves - R.K. Sohane, P.B. Jha and Asha Kumari, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur - 848 125

In a growth experiment of 16-weeks duration 25 crossbred growing calves (7-12 months)were distributed into five groups (five calves in each group). The initial body weight of calves in

different treatments were almost similar. A digestion trial was also conducted for 7-days during

the fifth fortnight of the growth trial period. The dietary treatments were T1 (control), T

2 (Sorghum

based TMR), T3 (TMR based on urea treated paddy straw), T

4 (TMR based on paddy straw) and

T5 (TMR based on berseem mixed with Oat and Paddy straw). All the rations contained roughage

and concentrate in the ratio of 60 : 40. The average daily gain in weight was 435, 550, 475, 420 and500 g/d in groups T

1, T

2, T

3, T

4 and T

5, respectively and the variation among groups was

significant (5% level). The DM intake was 2.428, 2.576, 2.569, 2.334 and 2.426 kg/100kg body

weight in groups T1, T

2, T

3, T

4 and T

5, respectively. The efficiency of feed utilization (feed gain

ratio) was 6.37, 5.2, 6.0, 6.52 and 5.54 in groups T1, T

2, T

3, T

4 and T

5, respectively. The digestibility

coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose for different treatments varied from

51.56 to 57.28, 51.86 to 59.46, 49.25 to 56.38, 43.28 to 49.25, 39.25 to 43.68 and 46.42 to 54.38 percent, respectively. It may be concluded from the present study that the sorghum (for kharif

season) and berseem mixed with oat (for rabi season) based TMRs can be used economically for

the feeding of crossbred calves without any adverse effects on nutrients intake and growth

performance of calves.

254 Survey for feeding practices and feeding status of Gir animals in Junagadh, Rajkot and Bhavnagardistricts - H.B. Gardhariya and M.R. Gadariya, K.R. Tajane, K.S. Murthy and K.S. Dutta, Cattle

Breeding Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagadh-362 001

As a part of Network Project on Survey of Animal Genetic resources of Gir cattle,

information on feeding schedules and grazing were collected from dairy farmers of four talukas

each of Rajkot, Junagadh and Bhavnagar. Concentrate feed was offered only after soaking by43% of farmers surveyed. The common concentrate feeds were groundnut cake, cotton seed

cake, cereal grains, dried coconut and pelleted compounded feeds. Milch animals are fed


concentrates individually twice-a-day. In Bhavnagar district, there was a tendency to feed

concentrate during noon also. Bullocks and breeding bulls are fed about 2.5 to 3.0 kg

concentrate/day. About 66 % of dairy farmers grow green fodder for their cattle, while 1/3 of this

percentage feed green fodder by mixing various crops. Chaffing of green and dry fodder was

done by 54.35 % of farmers. Most common green and dry fodders are maize, jowar, bajra, lucerne,

groudnut gotar, jowar straw and paddy/wheat bhoosa. The amount of green fodder offered

varied between 7.8 to 9.2 kg. while dry fodder offered was 5.5 to 8.0 kg and the feeding is

distributed evenly in morning, noon and evening hours of the day. Gir calves were offered

230 - 320 g concentrate in each morning and evening in Bhavnagar district only and not sent for

grazing. The other feeds offered to calves in these districts include 1-1.4 kg green fodder, 0.7-1.0

kg dry fodder, respectively. Grazing, for growing cattle ( 6-42 months) after covering a distance of

2.3 kms. consisted of 2.5 hrs grazing, while for milch cows and breeding bulls, it was for a shorter

distance of 1.4 to 1.9 km and for 2 to 3 hours. Concentrate feeding for growing animals was seen

in Bhavnagar district only. Considering various estimates, generally, all the categories of

animals that were surveyed are adequately fed for DCP but underfed slightly for TDN.

255 Effect of different seasons on nutrient utilization in Rathi heifers - K. Paliwal, Sanjita Sharma1,

Vishnu Sharma and R.S. Chaudhary,Deptt. of LPM,College of Veterinary and Animal Science

Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Rathi breed of cattle is native to Bikaner. Looking to the hot environment in this part an

experiment was planned and conducted to study the effect of seasons viz. winter spring and

summer on nutrient utilization in Rathi heifers. Four female calves of Rathi breed having more or

less similar body weight and age at college dairy farm were kept individually and fed conventional

concentrate pellets and wheat straw. Digestibility trials were conducted in mid of every season.

The effect of seasons on digestibility coefficient of DM was non significant but it was found to

be higher in summer (68.83%) than spring (66.01%) and winter (65.77%). Similarly non significant

difference were evident in digestibility coefficient of CP and CF. the digestibility of CP & CF were

higher in winter (65.30 & 59.35%) than spring (62.01 and 57.38%) and summer (59.13 & 53.05%).

The digestibility coefficient of EE was non significantly differ in summer (77.85%) as compared to

spring (76.36%) but both of these were highly significant (P<0.01) differ with winter (63.26%). the

digestibility of NFE was significantly higher in summer (70.96%) as compared to winter (67.54%).

However, no significant difference was found between winter and spring, spring and summer

seasons on digestibility of NFE.

Correspondence: 8/C-54, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Phatak,Jaipur(Raj)


256 Curve fit for the liquid and solid pools in the rumen of cattle to develop probabilistic model basedon cell wall intake (CWI) in diet - Bandla Srinivas1, Soumitra Jash and Khub Singh, Division of

Bioenergetics and Environmental Sciences,National Institute of Animal Nutrition and

Physiology, Bangalore - 560 030

Three multifarious crossbred steers fitted with large diameter flexible rumen cannula

(Age 2.5-3 yrs; Mean Body weight 299±7, 323±8 and 287±12) were fed on 6 isonitrogenous andisocaloric diets in a switch over. Diets were formulated to meet maintenance requirement with

variable cell wall proportion from a minimum of 25% to 75% with 10% increment. The total ration

was fed at once at 9.30 h. Rumen was manually evacuated at 4 hourly fermentation intervalsstarting from 9.30 h, at zero, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours. Digesta contents were separated into two

compartments; mat and bailable and sampled separately in 1/1000 and total contents were sampled

in 1/100 proportion. Overlapping between compartments was estimated based on hydration.Estimated values of solid and liquid through 3-compartmental model were tabulated in

continuous frequency with 5% class interval of CWI. Mean solid pool at 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-

45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70 and 75% of CWI in rumen was 1.99, 2.89, 4.64, 3.38, 2.64, 3.18,5.09, 5.23, 8.01 and 9.45, respectively. The corresponding values for liquid pool was 30.58, 35.24,

41.82, 37.33, 34.81, 38.72, 40.70, 46.60, 59.04 and 67.71, respectively. The corrected R2 values for the

some of the best curve fit were 0.270, 0.272, 0.259 and 0.267 respectively for linear & reciprocal, 2nd

order hyperbola, Hoeval function and log normal, respectively for solid and corresponding

values for liquid were 0.161, 0.148, 0.151 and 0.146, respectively. It is to conclude that the linear &

reciprocal curve fit (Y=A+B*X+C/X) may be the best curve in general for using in the first orderdigestion kinetic models to estimate pool size of solid and liquid in rumen based on CWI.

257 Occurence of solid and liquid intersections in rumen cattle with reference to cell wall intake(CWI) in diet - Bandla Srinivas1, Soumitra Jash and Khub Singh, Division of Bioenergetics and

Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore - 560 030

Three multifarious crossbred steers fitted with large diameter flexible rumen cannula(Age 2.5-3 yrs; Mean Body weight 299±7, 323±8 and 287±12) were fed on 6 isonitrogenous andisoenergy diets on a switch over. Diets were formulated to meet maintenancerequirement with variable cell wall proportion from a minimum of 25% to 75% with 10%increment. The total ration was fed at once at 9.30 h. Rumen was manually evacuated at 4 hourlyfermentation intervals starting from 9.30 h, at zero, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours. Digesta contentswere separated into two compartments; mat and bailable and sampled separately in 1/1000 andtotal contents were sampled in 1/100 proportion. Overlapping between compartments wasestimated based on hydration. Data tabulated in continuous frequency with 5% class intervalbased on CWI using conditional probability such as the probability of an event B occurring when1 CSWRI, Avikanagar (Rajasthan)


it is known that some event M has occurred, following equation applied to estimate theoccurrence of intersection of both the compartments P (B/M) = P (M u B)/P (M) if P(M) >0. Theoccurrence of solid in bailable was 0.39, 0.26, 0.240.29, 0.38, 0.40, 0.21, 0.20, 0.14 and 0.14 for theCW intake of 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70 and 70-75%, respectively.Similarly the occurrence of liquid on mat form of digesta for the corresponding CI of CW intakewas 0.39, 0.55, 0.60, 0.40, 0.31, 0.41, 0.62, 0.65, 0.77 and 0,71; respectively. Based on the aboveobservations, the optimum level of occurrence of mat intersection with bailable and mat unionwith bailable were 0.25 and 0.58, respectively. It is to infer that it was a median proportion of the

intersection of mat and bailable form of digesta for a favorable fermentation in rumen.

258 Studies on the use of total mixed rations in growing crossbred heifers - P.C. Saxena, ManojSingh, S.S. Chauhan and Ashok Kumar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinaryand Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263145

U.S. Nagar (Uttaranchal)

An experiment was conducted on growing crossbred heifers with the main objective todevelop Total Mixed Rations using locally available feed stuffs. Eighteen, growing crossbredheifers ranging between 100 to 202 Kg of body weight were selected from the herd maintained atthe university farm. Theses were divided into three groups of six each on the basis of the bodyweight. One animal from each of these three groups was randomly allotted to one of the threetreatments. Three types of experimental Total Mixed Rations (TMR’s) were prepared in whichroughage and concentrate ratios were maintained as 60:40. The green roughage was sorghumand the dry was taken as wheat bhusa. These TMR’s fed to the animals ad libitum. The heiferswere weighted at fortnightly intervals during the trial period of three months. In terms of drymatter intake, TMR # I had highest (P<0.05) value of intake (6.26 Kg/day) followed by TMR # II(4.92 Kg/day) and TMR # III (4.68 Kg/day). When these values were converted into intake interms of Kg/100Kg body weight, the figures were 3.72, 2.62 and 2.58 Kg/100 Kg body weight. Thebody weight gains at the end of the experiment i.e. after three months were noted as highest in T

I

having 47.25 Kg and lowest in TIII

40.08Kg. TII had medium gain and the value was 43.33. T

I had

highest per day body gain (P<0.05) and the value was noted as 525.95 followed by TII (482.32) and

TIII

(445.37) g/day. In the end, the feed conversion ratio (F.C.R.) was also calculated and thevalues in three treatments were noted as 11.92, 10.22 and 10.51 in T

I, T

II and T

III,respectively.

259 Effect of feeding sugarcane bagasse based complete ratIons on performance of crossbred(Hf x Deoni) calves - V.H. Kalbande, S.M. Wankhede and S.S. Jirobe, Department of AnimalNutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani-431 401 (Maharashtra)

The present investigation was planned to study the performance of native crossbred(Hf x Deoni) calves maintained under four different feeding regimens using homogenously mixeduntreated and urea-treated sugarcane by-product with various crop residues and balancedconcentrate mixture in the ratio of 60:40. Sugarcane by-products viz. sugarcane bagasse,


sugarcane tops (dried), Sugarcane trash and various crop residues viz. straw of jowar, bajra,wheat, maize were treated with 4 per cent urea solution at 30 per cent moisture level after chaffinginto smaller pieces and were ensiled for 30 days under polythene cover. Crude Protein contentwas substantially increased with reduction of NDF and ADF content without change in otherproximate components. One balanced concentrate mixture using locally available raw feedingredients was manufactured. Twenty-four cross-bred (Hf x Deoni) calves of 14.95±0.14 monthsage and of body weight 97.83±1.25 kg were selected and randomly distributed into four groups ofsix each with1:1 male to female ratio. The calves in control group were fed untreated roughages adlibitum with a measured quantity of balanced concentrate mixture separately. The calves inexperimental group T

1 T

2 and T

3 were offered complete rations CR

1 CR

2 and CR

3 ad libitum

respectively. The voluntary feed intake in calves recorded as daily dry matter intake (g), per kgmetabolic (W0.75) body weight was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T

1 T

2 and T

3 values being 4.69,

3.90, 131.39: 4.94, 3.83, 130.07: 5.17, 4.18 and 139.53 respectively. The corresponding values incontrol group were 3.86, 3.19 and 105.92 respectively. The calves in T

1 T

2 and T

3 fed complete

ration CR1, CR

2 and CR

3 respectively recorded higher (P<0.01) total gain (kg) and average daily

gain (g), the values being 29.00, 322: 29.41, 334 and 27.33, 303 respectively, while correspondingvalues for calves in control group were 22.75 and 252. Feed efficiency however, in rations, CR

1,

CR2 and CR

3 remained similar to control ration. The cost of ration per kg gain in body weight for

calves fed experimental, rations CR3 was substantially higher (Rs. 64) as compared to those fed

experimental rations CR1 (Rs. 58), CR

2 (Rs. 59) and control ration (Rs. 60). The per cent

digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, ADF and NDF were higher (P<0.01) in experimental rationCR

1, CR

2 and CR

3 as compared to control ration (C). The nutritive value of control ration and

experimental ration CR1, CR

2 and CR

3 as DCP and TDN were similar. Daily Intake of DM, DCP and

TDN (g) by crossbred calves in control group (C) was significantly lower (P<0.01) as compared to

those in experimental group T1 T

2 and T

3.

260 Effect of feeding urea treated sugarcane by-products based complete rations on performance ofcrossbred (Hf x Deoni) calves (on-farm studies) - V.H. Kalbande, S.M.Wankhede, and

M.R. Kendrekar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, MAFSU,

Parbhani-431 401 (Maharashtra)

On-farm experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding urea treatedsugarcane by-products based complete rations on performance of crosbred (Hf x Deoni) Calves.The experimental groups T

1 T

2 and T

3 were fed ad-libitum experimental rations CR

1, CR

2 and CR

3

respectively, containing urea treated roughages mixed with balanced concentrate mixture andthoroughly blended with sugarcane molasses were compared with control diet (discussed asearlier; see these proceedings) The voluntary feed intake by calves in 150 days duration as totaldry matter intake (kg), daily dry matter intake (kg) in experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 fed

complete rations CR1,CR

2 and CR

3 respectively were significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to

those in control. However, DMI kg per 100 kg body weight and DMI g per kg metabolic body


weight (W0.75 kg) in experimental groups remained similar in control group but recordedsignificantly higher (P<0.01) total gain (kg) and average daily gain (g), the values being 49.50,274.66; 49.83, 276.66 and 41.50, 230.16 respectively, against control group of 27.00 and 148.50.Feed efficiency (kg DM per kg gain in body weight) was also higher (P<0.01) as compared tocontrol. The cost (Rs.) of ration (urea treated roughage + concentrate) per kg gain in body weightfor calves fed experimental rations was lower (P<0.01) compared to control ration. The over allresults of the on-farm feeding trial revealed that urea treatment of sugarcane by-products andother crop residues substantially increased the crude protein (N x 6.25) content. The results ofon-farm study also indicated that the use of urea treated poor quality roughages are beneficialwhen fed in the form of complete ration as compared to conventional/traditional system of

feeding to the calves.

261 Feeding pattern of livestock in Kanpur Dehat District of Uttar Pradesh - Himanshu Pandey,R.S. Jaiswal, Ripusudan Kumar, Namrata Saxena and Anand Singh, Department of LivestockProduction and Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal)

A study was conducted in 140 farmers of 5 tehsils of the Kanpur Dehat district of theUttar Pradesh. Feeding pattern of milch animals, observed that average quantity of fodder fed tothe pregnant cows by marginal, small and medium farmers was 20.4, 22.8 and 26.4 kg butcorresponding figures for buffaloes were 21.4, 23.8 and 28.3 kg. The quantities of concentrategiven to the pregnant cows was 1.07, 1.19 and 1.43 kg, and in the case of pregnant buffaloes thequantities were 1.25, 1.31 and 1.49 kg, respectively in the case of each categories of the farmers.The quantities of given to the milking cows of fodder and concentrate were 24.2, 25.4 and 29.1 kgand 1.66, 1.82 and 1.98 kg but in the case of buffaloes the quantities of fodder and concentratewere 25.1, 27.2 and 29.1 and 1.69, 1.86 and 2.01 kg, respectively by the marginal, small and mediumfarmers. The fodder and concentrate quantities given to the dry cows and buffaloes were 10.7,12.6,12.8 and 12.2, 13.2, 13.7 and concentrate 0.11, 0.13 and 0.15 kg, respectively. The type of feedand fodder fed to the animals by different household categories during different season arebargad, gular, mango babool, jamun and neem tree leaves and wheat straw, berseem, chari, lucern,maize straw, doob, jawar straw fodder and grasses. The feeding practices is too much similarbetween each categories of the farmers but production scinario of each categories of the farmerswere too much different.

262 Effect of rearing systems and feeding levels on physiological status of crossbred calves -M..S. Yadav, R.S. Yadav and H.K. Gulati, Deptt. of Livestock Production and Management, CCS

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana)

An experiment was conducted on sixteen crossbred calves between 8-12 months of age.

These calves were divided into four homogeneous groups as per their body weight and age.These four groups were randomly allotted to different rearing system viz., T1 individual feeding


with as per NRC requirements. T2 individual rearing with 120% of NRC. T3 group 100% NRCfeeding level and T4 group rearing with 120% NRC feeding levels. The rectal temperature andrespiration rate was not significantly influenced by the treatments but the respiration rate in theevening was significantly (p<0.05) higher in calves fed 120 per NRC standards (T2 & T4) than themorning respiration rate. There was no significant difference in haemoglobin and total plasmaprotein level of crossbred calves due to rearing systems and feeding levels. However, glucoselevel was significantly higher (62.25 and 62.02 mg/100 ml) in calves fed as per 120 percent NRCirrespective of rearing systems. The interaction between rearing systems and level of feeding for

these parameters was non-significant.

263 Effect of rearing systems and feeding levels on the performance of crossbred calves - R.S.Yadav,M.S.Yadav and Naresh Kumar, Deptt. of Livestock Production and Management, CCS Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana)

An experiment was conducted on sixteen crossbred calves between 8-12 months of age.These calves were divided into four homogeneous groups as per their body weight and age.These four groups were randomly allotted to different rearing system viz., T1 individual feedingwith 100% NRC feeding level, T2 individual rearing with 120% NRC feeding level, T3 grouprearing with 100% NRC feeding level and T4 group rearing with 120% NRC feeding levels. The drymatter intake was significantly (p<0.01) higher in calves fed 120% NRC recommendations;However, rearing system had no significant effect on dry matter intake. The feed conversionefficiency was not significantly influenced by the rearing systems and level of feeding by thecalves. The individual reared calves gained significantly (P<0.05) more daily body weight ascompared to group reared calves. No significant effect was observed in daily increase in bodymeasurements due to rearing system and level of feeding. The interaction between rearingsystems and level of feeding was non-significant for nutrients intake, nutrients intake per kgbody weight gain, body weight gain & body measurements. Irrespective of groups total cost ofraising a calf was less in calves maintained as per NRC feeding standards. Cost per kg gain body

weight was less (Rs. 21.27) for individually reared calves as compared to group reared calves.

264 Effect of plane of nutrition in pregnant crossbred cattle - Sajjan Sihag, K.R. Yadav andB.L. Pander, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Twelve crossbred cattle of first calving in last quarter of pregnancy were dividedrandomly into three groups (T

1, T

2 and T

3) of four animals each group. The concentrate mixture

consisting of mustard cake, barley, wheat bran, wheat, mineral mixture and common salt wasprepared having 20% crude protein and 75% TDN. The animals of first group (T

1) were offered

concentrate mixture and green fodder (8.75% CP) to fulfill the requirement as per NRC standards.The animals of group II (T

2) and III (T

3) were fed 10 and 20 percent of higher crude protein by

increasing the amount of concentrate mixture, respectively. Wheat straw was fed ad-libtum to all


animals. The total dry matter consumption per day and per 100kg body weight of pregnant cattle

did not differ significantly due to plane of nutrition. However, the dry matter intake from wheatstraw was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control as compared to T

2 and T

3, which did not differ

among themselves. The CP percent of the diet were 11.11, 11.98 and 12.89, while corresponding

figures for DCP were 7.17, 8.25 and 9.11 percent in treatments T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The

values of TDN intake were 5.28, 5.33 and 5.45 kg per day in treatments T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively.

The TDN intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 as compared to T

1 but was at par with T

2

The values of crude protein digestibility were 64.71, 68.99 and 70.71 percent in groups T1, T

2 and

T3, respectively, indicating that CP digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T

2 and T

3 as

compared to T1. Same trend was observed in digestibility figures of EE and NFE, however

differences in digestibility of DM, OM, CF, NDF and hemicellulose were non significant. Thebody weight changes from last quarter of pregnancy up to calving were 50.75, 56.25 and 55.75 kg,

and the average birth weights of the calves were 28.25, 29.75 and 29.50 kg, in T1, T

2 and T

3,

respectively. The body weight changes of cattle and birth weights of calves were significantly(P<0.05) higher by feeding 10 and 20% more protein than required as per NRC standards, but the

differences between T2 and T

3 were nonsignificant. It may be inferred that feeding 10% higher

protein than the NRC requirement to pregnant cattle is advantageous in terms of digestibility,body weight changes of cattle and birth weight of calves.

265 In-vitro evaluation of total mixed rations for growing animals - K.R. Yadav, and Sajjan Sihag,

Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004

(Haryana)

The study was conducted to formulate the economical complete ration, based on locally available

feed ingredients for growing animals. A survey was carried out in the region and samples of feedsand fodders were collected which were fed by the farmers to their animals. The farmers were

feeding cotton seed, cottonseed cake, mustard cake, wheat, barley and wheat bran as

concentrate mixture and wheat straw and green oats as roughage. Different concentratecombinations were prepared with these feed ingredients having 18% CP and 74% TDN. Eighteen

complete rations were formulated in the ratios of 50:50 and 60:40 roughage to concentrates of nine

each using oats fodder and wheat straw as roughage. On an average the crude protein values ofsuch rations were 14.43 and 13.77% in the ratios of 50:50 and 60:40 roughage to concentrates,

respectively. The CF value of the total mixed ration having ratio of 60:40 (22.17%) was high as

compared to 50:50 (18.76%) ratio of roughage to concentrate. It was observed that in-sacco drymatter and protein disappearance and in-vitro dry matter digestibility were higher in 50:50 ratio of

roughage to concentrate as compared to 40:60 ratio, however the differences were non

significant. When the different concentrate mixture combinations of 18%CP used in formulationof these rations were assessed on the basis of in-sacco dry matter disappearance, protein


disappearance and in-vitro dry matter digestibility of total mixed ration it was found that

combination of cotton seed (5), mustard cake (32.70), broken wheat (10), bajra (9.30), wheat bran(40), mineral mixture (2) and common salt (1 part) or cotton seed cake (12), mustard cake (25.63),

wheat (9.36), bajra (10), wheat bran (40), mineral mixture (2) and salt (1) were better than other

combinations in formulation of complete ration for growing animals in the ratio of 50:50 or 60:40 ofroughage to concentrates. On the basis of in-vitro results it may be inferred that total mixed ration

in the ratio of 60:40 of roughage to concentrate having green oats as part of roughage and

concentrate mixture consisting of CSC, mustard cake, wheat, bajra and wheat bran was superior

and economical.

266 Effect of supplementary feeding on production performance of ewes grazing on communityrangeland during late gestation and early lactation, O. H. Chaturvedi, R. Bhatta, D.L. Verma

and J.S. Mann, Animal Nutrition Division, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute,

Avikanugar-304 501(Rajasthan)

A demonstration trial was carried out on farmers sheep flock maintained on natural

rangeland at Meno Ki Dhani village of district Tonk. Rajasthan. about 10 km from the Central

Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, located in hot semi-arid region. During latesummer to monsoon season. Malpura and Kheri ewes (28), 2-3 years old. in their late gestation

and weighing 36.03±1.27 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7 each (GI, G2,G3 and G4).

Ewes in all the groups were grazed on natural rangeland from 06.00 to 11.00 h and 16.00 to 19.00 hfollowed by night shelter in side open improvised animal shed. GI ewes were maintained on sole

grazing while ewes in G2, G3 and G4, in addition to grazing received concentrate mixture (DCP 13

and TDN 68 %) at the rate of 1% of their body weight during late gestation. early lactation andentire last quarter of pregnancy to early part of lactation, respectively. The vegetation cover of

community rangeland consisted mainly grasses. shrubs and fodder trees. The herbage yield of

rangeland was 16.34-q DM/ha which contained mainly Cynodon dactylon (Dhob). Zizyphus

nummularia (Pala) and dead litter. The grasses, shrubs. tree leaves and Musk Melon crop

residues dominated in the pasture grazed by the ewes. The birth weights of lambs in T2 (3.93), T3

(3.45) and T4 (3.74) were higher than in T1 (3.02). Similarly. the body weights of lambs in T2, T3and T4 at the age of 15. 30. 45 and 60 days were also higher than in T1. The average daily gain (g)

of lambs up to two months of age was higher in T2 (168.3) followed by T4 (143.7). T3 (106.3) and

T1 (98.0). The milk yield of the lactating ewe increased up to 150-250 g per day due to concentratesupplementation. The heart girth and paunch girth of the ewes in all the treatments decreased at

lambing as compared to at advance pregnancy. The height and length of ewes in all the

treatments at advance pregnancy and at lambing remained almost similar. Thus, thesupplementary feeding of ewes during critical stages of production enhances the general

condition of ewes and birth weight as well as growth rate of lambs.


267 Growth performance and survivability of Bharat Merino lambs fed commercially availablepelleted cattle feed - A.S. Rajendiran, K. Narayanan, A.S.M. Raja, S. Rajapandi and S. Parthasarathy,Southern Regional Research Centre of Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute,Mannavanur,

Kodaikanal- 624 103 (Tamilnadu)

Effect of feeding commercially available cattle feed containing 1% urea to Bharat Merinolambs maintained at Kodai hills was studied, as there is no sheep feed availablecommercially in the market. A total of 42 spring-born Bharat Merino suckling lambs with a meanage of 52 days (range 28-67) were divided into two groups with equal representation of sex, bodyweight and age. Group-I received pelleted sheep feed containing no urea fed routinely in the farm,while group-II was fed with pelleted cattle feed purchased from open market. The percent proxi-mate composition of both the feeds did not vary significantly (CP 11.4 Vs 10.3; NDF 52.1 Vs 54.3).Community feeding was practiced every day morning for 3 months excluding an adaptationperiod of 10 days. Except for the concentrate ration, other managemental practices includinggrazing were uniform for both the groups. All the lambs were grazed 8 hours a day on improvedpasture containing Kikiyu grass. Daily pellet feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded.Initial body weight was 12.59±0.56 in group-1 and 12.61±0.60 in group-II and the final bodyweight was 19.41±0.90 (21) and 19.92±0.87 (21), respectively Cumulative mean daily pellet intake(g/head/day) was 147 and 153.3 and DMI (g/Kg.0.75) was 20.23 and 17.42, in group I & II,respectively. The pellet intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group-II. Cumulative gain (Kg)was 6.82±0.47 in lambs fed sheep feed and 7.31±0.45 in lambs fed with cattle feed. Thecorresponding Average Daily Gain (g) was 74.93±5.21 and 80.38±4.93, which varied non-significantly. FCR (Pellet intake/Weight gain) was 1.96 and 1.91, respectively in group-I & II. Thecost of pellet feed/Kg live weight gain was significantly higher in group-I (Rs.14.41) as comparedto Rs.12.03 in group-II. Survivability was 100% in both the groups. Though lambs in group-IIconsumed significantly more feed (P<0.01), the improvement in daily body weight gain and FCRwas non-significant. However, there was a significant (P<0.01) reduction in cost of pellet feeding/kg live weight gain in lambs fed with cattle feed. Thus, it is concluded that commercially availablecattle feed containing 1% urea may safely and economically be fed to growing Bharat Merino

lambs.

268 Effects of three different growth rates on plasma metabolites in dairy heifers - Himadri Patir,

Sujata Pandita and Madhu Mohini, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research

Institute Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

Effect of three rates of gain on plasma metabolites were evaluated in 15 KF dairy heifersallotted to three different groups on the basis of age and body weights. The initial bodyweightwas similar in these groups. Feeding was so done that group-I heifers gained @ 547±64 g/day;group-II heifers gained @ 630±43 g/day where as in group-III the growth rate was augmented to679±49 g/day by monensin supplementation @ 200 mg/day/head. Blood samples from these were


collected at weekly interval for a period of 10 weeks. Plasma was aliquoted and analyzed formetabolites via glucose, NEFA and urea nitrogen (PUN), which were estimated by standardbiochemical procedures. Glucose was found to be similar for group-I and II (P>0.05) whereas itwas significantly high for group-III (P<0.001). Mean levels were 66.15±1.43, 67.01±1.71and73.59±1.68 mg/dl in group I, II and III respectively. NEFA was found to be lowest in group-III(P<0.001) while it was identical for group-I and II. The mean levels were 123.95±3.71, 124.40±4.01and 108.84±2.63µ mol/L in three groups respectively. PUN levels in group-I (25.86±0.85 mg/dl)and group-II (25.78±0.96 mg/dl) were similar, whereas the levels were significantly different ingroup-III (32.25±1.41 mg/dl, P<0.001). Thus, when the growth rates were altered by normalfeeding, plasma metabolite levels did not exhibit change but when the growth was altered by

ionophore feeding, there was a significant change in metabolite profile.

269 Comparison of effect of feeding low and high lignified cellulosic feeds treated with urea ongrowth in crossbred calves - J.P. Puri and B.N.Gupta, Department of Veterinary Physiology,

C.C.S. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana)

Studies were conducted to compare the effect of feeding urea treated low lignified (ricestraw) and high lignified (rice husk) lignified cellulosic feeds on dry matter intake and growth incross-bred calves. For this purpose two growth studies were conducted separately, taking 18animals in each study. Rice straw was treated with two levels of urea and moisture (4% urea, 40%moisture and 5% urea, 50% moisture and ensiled for one month in cemented silos. Animals weredivided into 3 groups of 6 each and fed wheat straw, group A; urea treated wheat straw (4% urea,40% moisture), group -; urea treated wheat straw (5% urea, 30% moisture), group C; for a periodof 120 days. Concentrate mixture was fed to all the animals according to their requirements. Theaverage body weight gain (g/day) was 416 .67±14.75, 562.50±26.42 and 541.67±20.53 in groups A,B and C respectively. Rice husk was treated with 6% urea, 60% moisture and ensiled in cementedsilos for two months. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 6 each and were fed wheat straw,group A; 50% wheat straw replaced with urea treated rice husk, group B; 100% wheat strawreplaced with urea treated rice husk, group C; for a period of 135 days. Concentrate mixture wasfed to all the animals according to their requirements. The average body weight gain (g/day) was492.60±18.39, 428.40±14.75 and 346.91±18.39 in groups A, B and C respectively. Now if thefeeding is compared in the two studies, rice husk was treated with high levels of urea as well asmoisture and the period of ensilement was also double than rice straw, further the feeding wasalso done by replacing wheat straw @ 50% and 100% in rice husk study, where as rice straw wasfed @ 100%. The body weight gain and dry matter intake in rice straw study was significantlyhigher, whereas in the case of husk study; the gain in body weight was comparable in group B,but decreased significantly in group C, and the dry matter intake was not affected. On the basisof above results, it could be concluded that: (i) The urea treatment improved the nutritive value oflow lignified cellulosic feed (rice straw) more efficiently than high lignified cellulosic feed and (ii)High lignified urea treated cellulosic feed (rice husk) can be fed by mixing with wheat straw at 50

% level.


270 Effect of protein and energy levels in complete pelleted feeds on growth and carcasscharacteristics in goats - P. Baswa Reddy, T.J. Reddy, K.Sivaiah, Y.R. Reddy, B. Ekambaram andM.Uma, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad

Four complete pelleted rations CR1, CR

2, CR

3 and CR

4 were formulated with CP and TDN

contents of 12 and 55, 12 and 60, 14 and 55 and 14 and 60 percent respectively. All the rations

contained roughage at 60% level. Red gram (Cajanus cajan) straw and dried subabul leavesformed the roughage component. A growth study was conducted with local Mahaboobngari

goats for a period of 150 days. Animals which were aged 4-5 months were divided into four

groups with eight animals in each group and were fed with respective complete feed pellets.Three representative animals from each group were slaughtered at the end of the growth trial to

study the carcass evaluation. Mean initial body weights of animals in CR1,CR

2,CR

3 and CR

4 were

11.04, 11.04, 11.05 and 11.03 kg and the mean final body weights at the end of the growth studywere 21.45, 22.01, 21.58, and 23.06 kg with an ADG of 69.42, 73.12, 70.17 and 80.25 g/day

respectively. The average daily DM intake was 616.60, 618.87, 616.86 and 627.50 g and the average

DMI/Kg BW0.75 was 82.22, 81.51, 82.10, and 81.95 gm in CR1, CR

2, CR

3 and CR

4 respectively. The

mean dressing percentages on live weight basis were 49.90, 50.81, 50.70 and 51.57 in CR1, CR

2,

CR3 and CR

4 respectively where as the respective dressing percentages on empty body weight

basis were 56.97, 58.42, 59.44 and 60.42. The proportion of lean in carcass was higher in CR2 and

the proportion of bone was higher in CR1 where as fat content was highest (p<0.01) in CR

4. It is

concluded that better growth was observed in CR4 where as carcass quality was better in CR

2.

271 Meat quality and carcass characteristics of Rams fed raw, processed and supplemented cotton(Gossypium) seed meal incorporated diets - A. Kannan, V.R.B. Sastry, D.K. Agrawal, V. Anjaneyalu,

A. Mendiratta, A.K. Panda, and Avneesh Kumar, Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal

Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Division, IVRI, Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.)

To study the effect of gossypol on meat quality and carcass characteristics, twenty four

rams of 5-8 months of age and of uniform body weight were divided into four groups of sixanimals each in a completely randomized design. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate

mixtures were formulated, containing 20% soybean meal (Diet I) or 40% raw (Diet II), 40% raw

supplemented with 500 IU of vitamin E per head per day (Diet III) and 40%, 1.5% Ca (OH)2 treated

cotton seed meal (Diet IV). The rams were fed with respective concentrate mixtures as per

fortnightly body weights to meet 80% CP requirements of NRC (1985) along with ad libitum

wheat straw and clean drinking water through out 510 days of experimental feeding. Daily drymatter intake and fortnightly body weight changes were recorded. After 510 days of experimental

feeding, animals were sacrificed to study carcass characteristics and meat quality of rams due to


feeding of raw, Vitamin E supplemented and Ca (OH)2 treated CSM incorporated diets. Carcass

characteristics such as dressing percentage, yield of whole sale cuts, loin eye area and percent ofedible and inedible offal, as well as meat and bone ratio of legs were comparable betweentreatments. No significant difference could be noticed with respect to protein, fat and moisturecontent of L. dorsi muscle due to dietary variations. However, the percent of total ash wassignificantly (P<0.05) higher in the fresh meat of 1.5% Ca (OH)

2 treated group as compared to that

of other dietary groups. Feeding of raw CSM containing diet that was supplemented with vitaminE and 1.5 percent Ca(OH)

2 treated CSM incorporated diet significantly (P<0.05) improved both

the texture/ tenderness and juiciness of the meat cooked without salt and only the texture/tenderness in meat cooked with salt as compared to the feeding of other diets. Rest of theattributes such as odour, flavour and overall acceptability were found to be comparable acrossthe diets. From this study it can be concluded that feeding of CSM in the diet of rams did not have

any adverse effect either on meat quality or carcass characteristics.

272 Growth performance of weaned kids fed pelleted diets of different protein and energy levels -R.N. Dhore and S.D. Jagdale, Department of Animal Nutrition Post Graduate Institute of

Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Akola (M.S.) 444 104 (Maharashtra)

Eighteen local kids of 16.53±0.61 kg weight and 152.55±1.44 days of age were randomly

divided into 3 groups comprising of 4 males and 2 females in each groups and allotted to 3 dietarytreatments as, T1 range feeding, T2 complete pelleted diet of 7% DCP and 60% TDN and T3complete pelleted diet of 9% DCP and 55% TDN in the ratio of 60:40 roughage to concentrate. Thegrowth trial of 150 days including metabolic trial of 21 days was conducted. The DMI/100 kgbody weight was 3.34±0.06 in T2 and 3.74±0.11 kg in T3. The average daily gain was 34.69 in T1,54.16 in T2 and 59.82 g/day in T3. The feed conversion efficiency kg/kg live body weight gain was10.78±0.24 in T2 and 9.97±0.22 in group T3. The DMD was 63.65±0.57 in T2 and 64.66±0.97percent in T3. The nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance were positive in T2 and T3 groups.Rumen liquor and blood biochemical profile revealed non significant difference between T2 andT3 group, however significantly varied from T1. The cost per kg live body weight gain wasRs.28.82 in T1, 65.81 in T2 and Rs.63.72 in T3. It was concluded that local goats need concentrates

supplementation to achieve optimum growth.

273 Effect of moong phulsi (Vigna radiata Linn.) on nutrient utilization and growth performance inkids - B.S.Tewatia and S.S. Khirwar, Department of Animal Nutrition CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)

Twenty male Beetal kids of about six months of age and weighing on an average 16 kgwere divided into four groups of five animals in each group and stall fed individually. The kidswere offered moong crop straw and one of the concentrate mixtures to meet their nutrientsrequirements. Control group (T

1) concentrate mixture contained groundnut cake 10, mustard cake

20 , de-oiled rice polish 50 and maize grain 20 parts. Moong phulsi, a moong crop residuecontaining 17.20 % CP, 12.74% CF and 53.10% CF was incorporated @ of 30, 60 and 90 parts in the


concentrate mixture of animals in T2, T

3 and T

4, respectively by replacing mustard cake and DORP.

Mineral mixture and common salt were added @ 2% and 1% of concentrate mixture in all thegroups. Experimental feeding continued for a period of 120 days followed by a metabolism trial of5 days duration. Body weight changes were recorded at fortnightly intervals. Dry matter intakevaried between 3.69 and 4.05 per cent of body weight and this variation amongst differenttreatment groups was not statistically significant. Crude protein digestibility was higher (P<0.05)in T

1 group (62.2%) but did not vary among T

2 (60.4), T

3 (59.0) and T

4 (59.0). Digestibility

coefficients of other nutrients did not vary among treatment groups. Nitrogen balance was lowerin T

4 as compared to other groups. Nitrogen balance as % of total-N intake and % of N- absorbed

decreased with higher levels of phulsi in concentrate mixture. Nutritive value in terms of DCP andTDN was 6.47 and 59.57 in T

1, while the corresponding values in T

2, T

3 and T

4 were 6.31, 59.70;

6.00, 58.05 and 6.04, 57.44. Average body weight gain (g/day) was 87.7, 90.5, 82.3 and 73.9 in T1, T

2,

T3 and T

4 groups, respectively and the body weight gain was lower (P<0.05) in T

3 and T

4 groups.

Results of the present experiment suggest that moong phulsi can be successfully incorporatedup to 60% of concentrate mixture in the ration of growing kids without adversely affecting their

growth and nutrient utilization.

274 Feeding systems and productive performance of Jamunapari and Barbari goat in ravines andwasteland area of U.P. - H.G. Prakash1 and D.P. Singh, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and

Technology, Kanpur-2 (U.P.)

An investigation on productive performance of Jamunapari and Barbari goat underdifferent management systems was conducted in 10 villages affected by ravines and wasteland inencatchment area of river Yamuna by using PRA Tools and Techniques. Three systems of goatfeeding viz. extensive, semi-extensive and intensive were identified. Results reflect thatsignificantly (P<0.01) higher number of goat growers feeding their goat in semi-extensive systemas compared to extensive and intensive systems. Age at first puberty (433. 0±18.9 days) andconception (517.8±16.7 days) of Jamunapari breed was significantly (P<0.01) lower insemi-extensive system whereas these traits of Barbari goat (194.0±3.48 and 313.7±8.31 days) weresignificantly (P<0. 01) lower in intensive system. Feeding practices has significantly (P<0.01)affected the kidding interval of both the breeds. Lower kidding interval was observed insemi-extensive system and intensive system in Jamunapari (314.2±8.7 days) and Barbari (192.8±4.29days) goat, respectively. Lactation length (190.0±35.4) and lactation yield (1060.0±73.3g/d) ofJamunapari were significantly (P<0.01) higher in semi- extensive system whereas these charactesof Barbari breed (150.2±3.83 days and 703±8.6 g/d) were significantly (P<0.01) more in intensivesystem. Feeding system did not effect the birth weight of kids in both the breeds. Studyconcludes commercial production of Jamunapari may be beneficial under semi-extensive systemwhereas Barbari goat under intensive system.1 Corresponding Address: Officer Incharge, NARP, CS Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Campus,

Hazaratpur, Post-Ushaini, District - Firozabad - 283 103


275 Studies on growth and nutrient digestibility in goats fed different levels of protein and energy -

P. Janaiah, K. Sivaiah, T.J. Reddy, B.Ekambaram and M. Uma, Department of Animal Nutrition

College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad-500 030

Fifty Mahaboobnagari goat kids were distributed randomly into five groups of ten

animals each (five Males and five females) and fed with Milk and Milk replacer for 42 and 90 days,

respectively and allowed to kid rations containing 18% CP and 65% TDN (T1), 18% CP, 70% TDN

(T2), 20% CP, 65% TDN (T

3), 20% CP 70% TDN (T

4) and control group containing 16% CP and

75% TDN (T5) for 120 days. The average daily gain (g/d) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in kids

fed T3 and T

4 rations (80.31 and 84.08) as compared to those fed with T

1, T

2, and T

5 (63.33, 67,35,

66.90) even though DMI (Kg/100 kg body weight, per kg metabolic body weight) among the

groups did not differ. Significantly higher (P<0.05) dry matter digestibility was observed in T5,

followed by T2 and T

4. Digestibilities of OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE did not (P>0.05) show any

significant difference among various treatment groups. The Feed efficiency was highest in T4

group (2.17kg) and lowest in T1 group (2.86 kg).

276 Performance of kids on milk replacer of different protein levels - Deshmukh G.B. and V.A.Itawale

Department of Animal Nutrition Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

Akola (M.S.) 444 104 (Maharashtra)

Twenty four new born local kids were randomly allotted to four equal groups fed as T1

(control) on mother milk, T2 (20% CP), T3 (24% CP) and T4 (28% CP) containing milk replacer

along with kid starter and anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.) tree leaves for 90 days. The mean

weekly body weight gain was 0.80±0.05 in T1, T2 0.76±0.05, T3 0.65±0.04 and 0.55±0.04 kg in T4.

The significantly higher weight gain was observed in control (T1), and lowest in T4 (28% CP).

The DMI in kids were T1 199.94±14.27, T2 208.80±12.73, T3 205.97±14.44, and 189.14±15.03 g in

T4. The CP intake was 38.53±2.36 in T1, T2 39.61±1.93, T3 14.19±2.39 and 37.50±2.66 g in T4. The

feed conversion efficiency was 2.04±0.19, 2.44±0.28, 2.60±0.29 and 3.39±0.54 in T1, T2, T3 and T4

respectively. The optimum feed conversion efficiency was observed in T1 (mother milk) group

and significantly lower in T4 (28% CP) group. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain was

Rs.30.50 in T1, T2 31.29, and T3 39.02 and 42.25 in T4. Mother milk feeding was cheaper than milk

replacer, however 20% CP level was comparable to mother milk fed group. It was concluded that

in the event of multiple kidding where mother milk is insufficient to sustain kids, milk replacer of

20% CP could be the successful alternative in kid rearing.


277 Response of feeding grass hay (Cenchrus Cillaris) on voluntary feed intake and nutrientutilization pattern in barbari goats - P.K. Sahoo, and T.K. Dutta, Nutrition, Feed Resources and

Products Technology Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom,

Farah-281 122 (U.P.)

Anjana grass (Cenchrus Ciliaris) was dried by natural drying method. It was estimated

that the OM, CP, CF, NFE, EE and total ash contents of Anjana grass hay were 90.47, 9.18, 40.22,

39.13, 1.94 and 9.53 respectively. The CP is observed to be higher than the CP of the leguminous

straws such as gram straw and arhar (Cajanus Cajan) straw. A metabolism trial was conductedwith collection period of 6 days after 24 days preliminary feeding. The intake performance of DM,

TDN and DCP were computed. The DMI, CPI and TDN intake per 100kg body weight were

estimated as 3.05±0.33 kg, 430.89±44.82 g and 1.46±0.17 kg respectively. The CP intake per kgmetabolic body weight (W 0.75) was found to be 8.68±0.70g. The digestibility coefficients of DM,

OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE were estimated as 59.44±1.75, 61.82±1.70, 58.46±2.24, 31.54±1.72, 78.29±2.15

and 54.79±2.43 respectively. The N-balance, N-retained as percentage of N-absorbed andN-retained as percentage of N-intake were calculated as 1.76±0.61g, 26.11% and 15.26%

respectively. From the digestibility trial it can be concluded that the Cenchrus hay can be used for

maintenance ration of adult goats.

278 Nutrients availability from mulberry leaves based ration of goats under Intensive systemof feeding - Nawab Singh, V.B. Chaudhary and P.K. Sahoo, Nutrition Feed Resources

and Products Technology Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom

Farah 281 122 (U.P.)

Seven adult male Barbari goats were offered green leaves of Mulberry and Gram strawad-lib along with 250g concentrate mixture per animal per day. The concentrate mixture consistedof Maize (25%) Barley (20%), Ground nut cake (25%), Wheat bran (17%), Sesame cake (10%),Mineral mixture and salt 1.5% each. Preliminary feeding was done for 21 days followed by adigestion trial of 5 days collection period. The proximate composition on DM basis of feedsoffered was 21.17, 18.44 and 7.06 per cent crude protein; 4.59, 5.88 and 1.90 percent ether extract;10.14, 21.49 and 38.71 percent crude fibre; 55.88, 37.76 and 42.53 percent nitrogen free extract; 8.22,16.43 and 9.79 percent total ash respectively in concentrate mixture Mulberry leaves and Gramstraw. Total dry matter intake per 100 kg live weight was 3.45±0.13 kg during the period of trial andthe proportion of dry matter intake through concentrate, Mulberry leaves and Gram straw was14.09, 68.15 and 17.16 percent respectively. The digestibility coefficients for DM, CP, EE, CF andNFE were 64.43±0.85, 66.74±1.05, 71.11±1.16, 65.02±2.23 and 65.59±1.65 respectively. The totalintake of DM, CP and TDN was 1445.37, 244.09 and 884.31g for average body weight of 42.11 kg.The above type of ration can be recommended for goats under intensive system of feeding forproduction purposes.


279 Effect of feeding urea treated roughage based complete rations on performance of Osmanabadikids - V.H. Kalbande, S.M. Wankhede, and M.J. Aware, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani-431 401 (Maharashtra)

An experiment was carried out to assess, effect of feeding urea treated roughage basedcomplete rations on performance of Osmanabadi kids for a period of 180 days. Twenty four nativeOsmanabadi kids of 10 months 23 days±0.39 age and 11.93.kg±0.28 body weight were randomlydistributed into four equal groups, control group, and experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 with 1:1

male to female ratio and 6 kids in each group. The kids in control group were fed ad-libitumcontrol ration C containing untreated roughages mixed with balanced concentrate mixture andthoroughly blended with sugarcane molasses and those in experimental groups T1, T2 and. T3were fed ad-libitum experimental ratios CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3 respe tively, containing urea treatedroughages mixed with balanced concentrate mixture and thoroughly blended with sugarcanemolasses. Voluntary feed Intake by kids for a period of 180 days expressed as DMI (kg), DMI (kg),DMI kg/100 kg body weight and DMI g/kg metabolic body weight (W0.75Kg) in experimentalgroups T

1, T

2 and T

3 fed complete rations CR-1, CR-2, and CR-3 respectively were significantly

(P<0.01) higher as compared to those in control group. The kids in experimental groups T1 T

2 and

T3 fed complete rations CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3 respectively gained higher (P<0.01) total body

weight (kg) and average daily gain (g), the values, being 11.32, 11.75 and 11.10; 62.91, 65.27 and61.70 respectively, the corresponding values for control group were 8.36 and 46.20. However, feedefficiency and cost of ration did not differ significantly among the groups. A conventional diges-tion trial of 7 days duration was conducted at the end of feeding experiment. The per centdigestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, ADF and NDF were significantly (P<0.01) higher forkids in experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 as compared to control group.The nutritive value of

experimental complete rations CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3 expressed asDCP and TDN were higher

(P<0.01) as compared to control ration.

280 Effect of feeding urea treated sugarcane by-products and other crop residues based completeration on performance of Osmanabadi kids - V.H. Kalbande, S.M. Wankhede and V.K. Mundhe,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani-431 401(Maharashtra)

Three iso - nitrogenous complete rations CR-l, CR-2 and CR-3 were formulated usingurea treated sugarcane bagasse and straws of wheat and maize, prepared by homogenouslymixing 60 parts with 40 parts balanced concentrate mixture. Twenty four native Osmanabadi kidsof 5.70±0.13 months of age 10.97±0.24 kg body weight were selected and randomly distributedinto 4 groups (control group and experimental groups T

1, T

2 and T

3) 6 kids in each group with a

male to female ratio of 1:1. The kids in experimental groups T1, T

2 and T

3 were fed complete ration

CR-I, CR-2 and CR-3 ad libitum respectively and those in control group were offered a measuredquantity of concentrate mixture twice in a day at fixed time intervals with ad libitum urea treatedsugarcane bagasse and straws of wheat and maize. Voluntary feed intake expressed in terms of


daily DM intake (g), DM intake kg./100 kg body weight and DM intake g/kg metabolic body

weight (W0.075kg) for kids in T2 and T

3 fed complete ration CR-2 andCR-3 respectively were

significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to those in experimental group T1 and control group C,

fed complete ration CR-I and control ration respectively. The kids experimental groups T1, T

2 and

T3 maintained under feeding method of complete rations (P<0.01) higher average total gain in

body weight (kg) and daily gain in body weight (g) as compared to those in control group C fed

control ration. Feed efficiency kg DM/kg gain in body weight and cost of ration per kg gain in

body weight (Rs.) for all the experimental kids in T1, T

2 and T

3 and those in control group did not

differ significantly. A conventional digestion trial of 7 days duration was conducted at the end of

feeding experiment. The per cent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, ADF and NDF were

significantly (P<0.01) higher for kids in experimental groups. The nutritive value of experimentalcomplete rations CR-1,CR-2 and CR-3 as TDN was significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to

that of control ration the values being 56.39, 59.77 and 56.89 per cent respectively, against control

ration of 49.77 per cent. This respective DCP values were 7.66, 8.13, 9.44 per cent in CR-1 to CR-

3 as against control of 7.89 per cent.

281 Effect of feeding black gram straw based complete diets on the haemato-biochemical parameters of local bidri goats - Vinayakumar Sangrole and B. Ramachandra, Department of Animal

Nutrition, Veterinary College, Nandinagar Bidar-585 401 (Karnatka)

Twenty-five local Bidri goats were selected and randomly distributed into five groups

according to body weights .The experiment was carried out from 8th day to 100th days of lactation

period. They were fed with black gram straw based complete diets viz., M1 (CP-12.58, TDN-46.70),

M2 (CP-11.24, TDN-55.69), M3 (CP15.78, TDN-64.74), M4 (CP-14.90, TDN-57.38) & M5 (CP-10.76,

TDN-41.05). The haematobiochemical values were analyzed on 0, 30, 60 & 90th days of feeding

trial. The parameters studied were hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, packed cell volume, total

serum protein,serum albumin, serum globulin, serum calcium & serum phosphorous. All

haematobiochemical values were within the normal physiological range. Value of hemoglobin

was significantly (P<0.01) higher in M3 group. Significantly (P<0.01) higher blood urea nitrogen

was recorded M4 group. Packed cell volume content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in M2 &

M3 groups. Total serum protein content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group M2 Value of

serum albumin was significantly (P<0.01) higher in M3 group. Group M2 registered significantly

(P<0.01) higher serum globulin values. Serum calcium and phosphorus values were significantly

(P<0.01) higher in M1 group. From above experimental trial we can conclude that feeding of black

gram straw based complete diets has no adverse effect on haematobiochemical values of local

Bidri goats.


282 Nutrient digestibility of different energy diets in male kids - J.S. Sonwane, P.L. Karanjkar and

L.N. Karanjkar, Dept. of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science,Marathwada Agricultural

University, Parbhani 431 401 ( M.S.)

Eighteen weaned Osmanabadi kids were randomly divided into three groups. Eachgroup was fed ad lib. green dashrath and homemade isoproteinous concentrate mixtureproviding either 90 (T1), 100 (T2) or 110 (T3) % of recommended energy. The experiment wasconducted for 56 days including a 7 days digestion trial. The observations recorded on growthrate, nutrient intake and their digestibility were subjected to RBD. The mean intakes of DM, DCPand TDN ranged from 0.289 to 0.291 kg, 140 to 149 and 0.538 to 0.609 g, respectively. Nosignificant differences were observed for these values recorded under T1, T2 and T3. Thedigestibility co-efficlent of DM, CP, CF, EE and NEF were 80.07, 62.36, 50.59, 70.21 and 80.17% inT1 diet; 79.69, 63.14, 49.86, 70.14 and 81.20% in T2 and 78.30, 62.82, 50.52, 69.97 and 80.08% in T3.No significant differences (P<0.05) were recorded among the values under three treatment diets.It was concluded that increasing TDN level by 10% did not significantly reflect nutrientsdigestibility and satisfactory growth of Osmanobadi weaned kids could be obtained on the ration

providing 70% and 16% TDN and DCP respectively.

283 Selection of good complete diets by in vitro digestibility technique - Vinayakumar Sangroleand B. Ramachandra, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary college, NandinagarBidar-585 401(Karnatka)

Concentrates were prepared with (I) CP-18, TDN-65 (ii) CP-18, TDN-70 (iii) CP-20,TDN-65 (iv) CP-20, TDN-70 and (v) CP- 14, TDN -59. The complete diets were prepared by mixingabove concentrates and black gram straw with different ratios viz. 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60and 30:70. The complete diet samples were subjected for in vitro digestion by incubating sampleswith goat ruminal liquor for 48 hours in quadruplets. After incubation ruminal liquor was analyzedfor in vitro dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen,trichloroaceticacid precipitable nitrogen and soluble nitrogen. The selection of complete dietbased on cost of diet, high in vitro dry matter digestibility, low ammonia nitrogen and high totalvolatile fatty acids production. From this study the diets selected for in vivo feeding trial were (i)60:40 (from CP-18, TDN-65) (ii) 60:40 (from CP-18, TDN-70) (iii) 50:50 (from CP-20, TDN-65) (iv)50:50 (from CP-20, TDN- 70) and (v) 60:40 (from CP14, TDN -59).

284 Effect of different plant extracts on rumen fermentation in vitro -G. Alexander, B. Singh,

A. Sahoo and T.K. Bhat, Indian Veterinaty Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur- 176 061 (H.P.)

Plant secondary metabolites have been reported to exert positive effect on rumenfermentation by increasing microbial protein synthesis at the expense of gas production anddecreasing protein degradation. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the effect ofaqueous, aqueous methanol and aqueous acetone extracts of two medicinal plants, Moringa


oleifera seed and Picrorhiza kurroa root on rumen fermentation by Menke’s In Vitro GasTechnique. The plant extracts were incorporated at 0,5, and 25 mg in 40 ml incubation medium with500 mg substrate containing wheat straw: Grewia optiva leaves (500 mg) in the ratio of 4: 1. Thetotal gas production (m1/24h) and true DM degradability significantly decreased (p<0.01) in the

presence of all the extracts at 25 mg level except the aqueous extract of M. oleifera. The true DM

degradability was less affected by P. kurroa aqueous and Moleifera aqueous methanol extractthan other extracts. M. oleifera aqueous methanol extract showed substantial increase in

partition factor (4.14 Vs 3.46) without exceeding the theoretical level. The ammonia nitrogen (mg/

40ml incubation medium) concentration was significantly lower (p<0.001) with Moleifera

aqueous methanol and aqueous acetone extracts and higher with P.kurroa aqueous methanol

and aqueous acetone extracts. The present study shows that M.oleifera aqueous methanol and

P.kurroa aqueous extracts could be selected for further investigation to assess their efficacy onreducing gaseous emissions and increasing microbial protein synthesis in ruminants.

285 Influence of various essential oils on in vitro rumen fermentation pattern - G. Alexander,

B. Singh, A. Sahoo, and T.K. Bhat, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,Regional Station,

Palampur- 176 061 (HP)

Essential oils are volatile plant secondary metabolites consisting mostly of terpenes and

oxygenated derivatives with wide range of anti-microbial activity including on selective rumen

microbes. The present study was carried out to assess the influence of various essential oils on

modulation of rumen fermentation. Six essential oils, traditionally known for their anti-flatulence

activity, such as Acorns calamus,Cymbopogon sp., Foeniculum vulgare, Murraya koenigii,

Trachyspermum ammi and Zingiber officinale were evaluated by Menke’s In Vitro Gas

Technique. The essential oils were added at 0, 5, and 25 µl in 40 ml incubation medium with 500 mg

substrate containing wheat straw: Grewia optiva leaves (500 mg) in the ratio of 4: 1. All the

essential oils at 25 µl level significantly (p<0.001) decreased total gas production (ml/24h) and

true DM degradability and increased ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (mg/40ml incubation medium)

concentration. The decrease in gas production was highest for Trachyspermum ammi (97.75%)

and lowest for Zingiber officinale (36.75%). The NH3-N concentration significantly (p<0.001)

reduced without influencing total gas or true DM degradability by the addition of Cymbopogon

sp. essential oil at 5 µ leve1. The partition factor increased as the level of essential oils increased,

but at 25 µl level, the values were above theoretical value of 4.41 except for Morraya koenigii and

Zingiber officinale. The results suggest that essential oils, especially of Trachyspermum ammi

may be used to treat ruminal disorders like bloat, but further study is needed to explore the

possible use of essential oils as rumen manipulating agents to improve nutrient utilization and

reduce gaseous emissions in ruminants.


286 Prediction of dry matter intake in Barbari bucks from NDF concentration in forages -R.S. Upadhyaya1, P.A.R Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute,

Jhansi-284 003 (U.P.)

An attempt has been made to study the usefulness of NDF (Neutral detergent fiber)concentration in different forages for prediction of dry matter intake in Barbari bucks. The data

were compiled from digestibility trials conducted for nutritional evaluation of different forages

namely Bazra (Pennisetum typhoides) straw, Oat (Avena sativa) hay, Leucern (Medicago sativa)

hay, Clitoria ternatea hay, Velvet bean (Stizolobium deerangianum) hay, Siratro (Macroptelium

atropurpureum) hay, Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) hay. The

respective values of NDF concentration in these forages were 77, 74.98, 46.97, 56.02, 57.75, 74.74,68.15 and 65.28 while the dry matter intake values ranged from 28.24 to 79.84 g/kgw0.75 in Barbari

bucks fed on these forages. The mathematical relationship of DM intake by Barbari bucks and

NDF concentration in forage crops was computed by (a) Linear regression and (b) Polynomialregression, which have been described as follows : a) Y= - 0.9618X+ 121.96 (R2= 0.4083); b) Y= -

0.1254X2+ 15.014X -372.04(R2=0.8009) Where Y= DM intake (g/kgw0.75) and X=NDF% in forages

on DM basis It appears that both linear and polynomial regression can be used with varyingprecision to predict the DM intake of forages from their NDF concentration. It is evident from the

graphical analysis of data that NDF concentration becomes a constraint for DM intake when it is

higher than 55%. These findings can be used for ration formulation for goats maintained on

forage based diets.

287 Effect of feeding different starter rations on voluntary nutrient intake and rumen fermentationpattern in Barbari kids - T.K. Dutta, P.K. Sahoo, Nawab Singh and Dhiraj Singh, Nutrition and

Feed Resource and Products Technology Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats,

Makhdoom, Farah-281 122 (U.P.)

Thirty two pre-weaning kids were divided equally into four groups having similar male

female ratio. Kids were fed with respective starter rations plus Cajanus straw and availablecultivated green fodder ad lib. Four starter rations contained TDN 65% and CP 18%, TDN 70%

and CP 18%, TDN 65% and CP 20%. TDN 70% and CP 20% in ration I, ration II, ration III and ration

IV respectively. The ingredients composition in four starter rations were sorghum 6, linseed cake16, til cake 15, Arhar chuni 25, gram chuni 25, wheat bran 10, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1

percent in ration I; maize 12, pearl millet 10, linseed cake 11, til cake 23, Arhar chuni 26, gram chuni

5, wheat bran 10, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 percent in ration II; sorghum 5, mustard cake10, linseed cake 10, til cake 20, arhar chuni 30, gram chuni 12, wheat bran 10, mineral mixture 2 and

common salt 1 percent in ration III and maize 10, sorghum 5, linseed cake 20, til cake 22, arhar1 Present Address: NFR & PT Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura


chuni 32, wheat bran 8, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 percent in ration IV respectively.

Fortnightly nutrient intake was recorded throughout the experiment. Rumen fermentation patternwas studied during the last phase of the trial with six animals from each group. Average DM

intake/100 kg body weight of all 6 fortnight was recorded as 4.20, 4.54, 4.36 and 4.56 kg being

significantly (P<0.01) highest in group IV and lowest in group I. Average CP intake/100 kg bodyweight of all fortnight was estimated to be 632.19, 671.20, 665.84 and 648.96 g. The difference

among treatments was found significant (P<0.01). Fortnight and interaction effects of these two

parameters (DMI and CPI per 100 kg b. wt.) were also found significant (P<0.01). pH of the rumenliquor was recorded similar among four treatments. Whereas, total VFA (mmol/100 ml SRL) was

estimated higher (P<0.05) in group I (12.19) followed by group III (11.34), group II (10.69) and

group IV (9.65). Total nitrogen, TCA precipitable-N, NPN and ammonia-N concentrations werefound similar among four treatment groups. Total-N (mg/100 ml SRL) ranged from 98.00 in group

IV to 110.83 in group I. TCA precipitable-N (mg/100 ml SRL) varied from 50.67 (group IV) to 60.90

(group I). Ammonia-N was 20.24, 22.52, 22.75 and 21.76 mg per 100 ml SRL in respective fourgroups. Based on these study it may be inferred that these four rations, based on by products of

pulses, were equally good to maintain DM and CP intake for proper growth of these kids. Level of

such rumen metabolites at 5 months of age was sufficient to maintain rumen ecosystem and

growth of kids.

288 Response of by-products based kid starter rations on body measurements, growth andeconomics of feeding in early growing Barbari kids - T.K. Dutta, S.B.N Rao, Nawab Singh andO.R Pachauri, Nutrition and Feed Resource and Products Technology Division, Central lnstitute

for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah-281 122 (U.P.)

Thirty two pre-weaning kids were divided equally into four groups having similar malefemale ratio. Kids were fed with respective starter rations plus Cajanus straw and available

cultivated green fodder ad lib. Four starter rations contained TDN 65% and CP 18%, TDN 70%

and CP 18%, TDN 65% and CP 20%, TDN 70% and CP 20% in ration I, ration II, ration III and rationIV respectively. The ingredients composition in four starter rations were sorghum 6, linseed cake

16, til cake 15, Arhar (Cajnus) chuni 25, gram chuni 25, wheat bran 10, mineral mixture 2 and

common salt 1 percent in ration I; maize 12, pearl millet 10, linseed cake 11, til cake 23, Arhar chuni26, gram chuni 5, wheat bran 10, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 percent in ration II; sorghum

5, mustard cake 10, linseed cake 10, til cake 20, Arhar chuni 30, gram chuni 12, wheat bran 10,

mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 percent in ration III and maize 10, sorghum 5, linseed cake 20,til cake 22, Arhar chuni 32, wheat bran 8, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 percent in ration IV

respectively. Therefore, the content of by-products of pulses and oilseeds in the four rations

were 81, 65, 82 and 74 percent, thus tried to use maximum by-products in these rations. Initialbody weight of kids was 4.64, 4.59, 4.64 and 4.69 kg in respective four groups. The growth


experiment was run from 50 to 175 days of age of kids. Fortnight intake of DM/kgW0.75 was

significant (P<0.01) among treatment groups. The average values of all fortnights were 72.34,76.32, 75.52 and 75.68 g in groups I, group II, group III and group IV respectively, being lowest

in group I and highest in group II. Final body weight was recorded as 11.80, 10.98, 11.66 and 10.23

kg from group I to group IV respectively. The respective ADG and FCE values were 59.19, 52.79,58.06 and 45.76 g; and 15.81, 14.12, 15.56, 13.14 percent of total DM intake in the four groups

respectively. Initial and final body weight, ADG and FCE were found non significant among

treatment groups. Although increasing tendency of ADG and FCE were recorded in group I andgroup III. Body measurements in respect of height, length, heart girth, punch girth and thigh at

initial and at 90 days of age were found non significant, although there was increasing tendency

of these parameters in group I and III. The cost of feed/kid/day was recorded minimum in groupII, whereas, cost of feed/kg growth was found minimum in group III Cost of feed/kg growth was

rupees 34.19, 30.46, 29.76 and 32.91 in respective four treatment groups. Thus, it was concluded

that kid starter ration III having TDN 65% and CP 20% was found best in terms of cost of feed perkg gain and this ration had maximum by-products of pulses and oilseeds.

289 Feasibility of rearing patanwadi ewes on salicornia fodder (Salicornia brachiata) based totalmixed rations - Chirag R. Bhatt, S. Parnerkar, A.B. Fulsoundar1, P.U. Gujbhiye2 and M.C. Desai3

Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat

Agricultural University Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506

Salicornia is a leafless halophyte (salt tolerant plant), which grows under wide range ofsalinity from 0.5 to 4.5 per cent salt content. There is paucity of information regarding itsnutritional value and the desired level of feeding. A feeding trial of 93 days including 33 dayspreliminary feeding was conducted under feedlot system on fifteen Patanwadi ewes. The animalswere assigned to three dietary treatments (T

1-T

3) on bodyweight basis and were respectively fed

ad. libitum three total mixed rations (TMR-I to TMR-III) comprising of 0, 20 and 40 salicorniafodder; 40, 35 and 30 compound cattle concentrate and 60, 45 and 30 per cent chaffed wheat straw,respectively. The average dry matter intake of T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups during entire experimental

period was 93.18±2.54, 84.91±1.88 and 83.01±2.20 g/kg W0.75, respectively. The digestibility coef-ficient in treatment groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 for dry matter were 58.55±2.64, 51.55±1.90 and 52.24±2.11;

organic matter, 70.71±1.78, 64.58±1.52 and 63.86±1.27; crude protein, 68.95±1.69, 67.25±1.91 and68.37±2.12; crude fibre, 63.01±4.98, 57.57±1.50 and 55.42±2.14; nitrogen free extract, 74.79±3.16,66.60±2.41 and 65.58±2.38 and ether extract, 70.51±3.47, 79.09±1.02 and 79.94±1.44. The treatmentgroup T

1 showed statistically higher (P<0.05) digestibilitycoefficient for organic matter than

either T2 or T

3 groups. With respect to ether extract digestibility the treatment groups T

2 and T

3

did not differ from each other but showed statistically higher (P<0.05) values than group T1. The

1 Associate Director of Extension, GAU, Navsari; 2 Research Scientist, LRS, GAU, S. K. Nagar; 3 Principal,

Veterinary College, GAU, Anand.


TMR-I, II and III provided 8.38±0.23, 7.82±0.22 and 7.65±0.19 DCP content, respectively, which

was statistically similar. However, TDN content of TMR-I (64.66±1.67) was statistically higher(P<0.05) than either TMR-II (56.52±1.30) or TMR-III (53.92±0.90). The average intakes (g/head/

day) in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups during the entire experimental period worked out as 93.35±2.04,

81.16±2.11 and 74.57±1.72, respectively for DCP and 788.92±16.25, 646.54±1±6.26 and 578.98±9.78for TDN. When the intake of DCP was expressed as the percent of requirement suggested by

ICAR (1985), it was 279.44±17.59, 230.78±11.54 and 231.42±10.10 for treatment groups T1, T

2 and

T3, respectively and the same for TDN worked out as 214.92±13.63, 167.79±8.91 and 164.22±8.21

per cent, respectively.

290 Effect of soaking of Mustard seed cake on nitrogen and mineral balances in sheep - Sangita,

Vishnu Sharma, Sanjita Sharma and G.R. Purohit, Deptt. of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

An experiment was planned and conducted to study the effect of soaking of Mustard

seed cake on mineral balance of sheep. Three isonitrogenous rations viz T1, T

2 & T

3 were

prepared in which T1 served as control group whereas in T

2 and T

3 groundnut cake of control

group was replaced by unsoaked and soaked Mustard seed cake. A metabolic trial in randomized

block design was conducted on 12 male Marwari sheep to assess balances of nitrogen andminerals viz. calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc. All the animals of three treatment groups

were found to have positive nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus copper and zinc balance. The

statistical analysis of data did not reveal any significant effect of treatment on nitrogen, calcium,phosphorus and zinc balance, except copper balance showing significantly lower retention in T

2

as compared to control and T3 group. This phenomenon could be attributed to the possibility of

complex fonnation of glucosinolates and copper ion. The copper retention values in T1, T

2 and T

3

were found to be 7.49±0.28, 6.12±0.10 and 7.20±0.47 mg/d respectively.

291 Effect of different levels of moong phulsi on nutrient utilization and growth performance of

lambs - V.S. Panwar, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)

Twenty finisher lambs were divided into four groups of five animals in each group and

stall fed individually for a period of 120 days followed by a metabolism trial of 5 days duration.

The animals were offered moong crop straw and one of the isonitrogenous concentrate mixturesto meet their nutrient requirements. Control group (T

1) concentrate mixture contained GNC 10

parts, mustard cake 20 parts, DORP 50 and maize grain 20 parts. Phulsi, a green gram crop residue

was incorporated @ of 30, 60 and 90 parts in the concentrate mixture of animals in T2, T

3 and T

4,

respectively. Mineral mixture and common salt were also added @ 2% and 1% of concentrate

mixture in all the groups. Dry matter intake was 1175.6, 1259.1, 1186.6 and 1133.1g/d in T1, T

2, T

3


and T4, respectively and did not vary significantly among different treatment groups.

Digestibility coefficients of proximate nutrients also did not vary among treatment groups.Nitrogen balance was 7.70, 7.79, 6.40 and 5.54g/d in T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4, respectively. Nitrogen

balance was lower (P<0.05) in T3 and T

4 as compared to T

1 and T

2 groups. Nutrients intake in

terms of DCP and TDN was 73.1, 685.3; 80.8, 745.7; 69.7, 670.7 and 65.3, 636.1 in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4,

respectively. TDN intake did vary but DCP did not vary among different treatment groups.

Average daily body weight gain was 126.20, 129.00, 125.00, 107.00 gm in T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 groups,

respectively and the body weight gain was lower (P<0.05) in T4 group. Results of the present

study clearly suggest that moong phulsi can be successfully incorporated up to 60% of

concentrate mixtures of finisher lambs.

292 Biomass yield and botanical composition of Common grazing land and diet of sheep maintainedon semi arid region of Rajasthan - N. P. Singh, S. K. Sankhyan, A.K. Shinde, R. Bhatta and D.L.

Verma, Division of Animal Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute,

Avikanagar - 304 501 (Rajasthan)

A sheep flock maintained on degraded range land located in the semi arid region of Rajasthan was

monitored in a year long study. The Biomass yield and botanical composition of the grazing land

and the animals' diet was recorded. The biomass, yield of common grazing land was 4.92±0.569 q

DM/ha during monsoon and 1.36±0.238 q DM/ha during winter season. The forage yield of the

stubbles after harvesting of kharif crops was 20.39 q DM/ha. The dominant vegetations were

Tribulus terrestiris, Indigofera cardifolia, Crotolaria burhia, Commenlina bengalensis, Zizyphus

nummularia, Dactyloetenium aegypticum, Eriochloa polystachya, Aristida adscensionis and

Cynodan daetylon and their distribution in the grazing land was 3.57, 12.65, 11.99, 4.60, 2.69,

16.79, 17.71, 14.00 and 16.00% during monsoon. In winter, most of these species withered off as

per thier natural life cycles and turned in to dead litter, which constituted 20.71% of the total

biomass yield. The plant species found in winter season were Zizyphus nummularia (34.91%)

and Tephrosia hemintonia (44.37%). Most of the native grass species sprouted immediately after

first rain and constituted major portion of the diet of grazing sheep. Sheep diet was constituted of

Tribulus terrestiris (8.90%), Indigofera eardifolia (16.24%), Crotolaria burhia (12.64%), Satha

(16.91%), Zizyphus nummularia (11.40%), Dactyloctenium aegyticum (21.18%), Melilotus in-

dica (9.31%) and other native grasses during monsoon. During winter season, Crotolaria

burhia, Zizyphus nummularia, dead litter and Azardirachta indica leaves constituted 9.75, 40.34,

24.61 and 23.94% of the diet. The present study suggested that biomass yield of the grazing lands

was quite low and the native leguminous plant species constituted major portion of the sheep

diet during monsoon and dead litter during winter season.


293 Nutrient intake and its utilization in sheep maintained under free range system in semi aridregion of Rajasthan - S. K. Sankhyan, A.K. Shinde, N.P. Singh, R. Bhatta and D.L. Verma, Division

of Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501 (Rajasthan)

A flock of 60 sheep maintained on degraded range land was monitored in a year longstudy. The biomass yield of range land in the monsoon and winter season was 4.92±0.569 and

1.36±0.238 DM q/ha. The forage yield of stubbles after harvesting of kharif crop was 20.39 DM q/

ha. DM, CP, NDF, ADF, Cellulose and Lignin contents of range grasses were 55.01, 10.80, 63.35,58.05, 16.85 and 10.60 % during monsoon and 85.45, 10.02, 59.48, 48.50, 31.96 and 11.39 % during

winter season respectively. Sheep diet contained DM 56.18, CP 11.28, NDF 56.06, ADF 63.50,

Cellulose 18.20 and Lignin 7.38% during monsoon and 80.12, 9.33, 55.04, 39.73, 26.97 and 10.73 %during winter season. Dry matter intake of dry, pregnant and lactating sheep was 1195, 1569, and

1081g/day during monsoon and 456, 651 and 505 g/day during winter season. Average digestible

crude protein (DCP) intake of sheep in dry, pregnancy and lactation stages was 45.34, 56.92 and52.33g/day during monsoon, and 24.02, 39.19 and 27.29g/day during winter. It was concluded

from the study that sheep grazing in semi arid range land during different physiological stages

viz., dry, pregnancy and lactation meet their DM and DCP requirements only during monsoon

season.

294 Production performance of sheep under free range system in semi arid region of Rajasthan -

A.K. Shinde, S.K. Sankhyan, N.P.Singh, R. Bhatta and D.L. Verma, Division of Animal Nutrition,

Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar - 304 501 (Rajasthan)

The production and reproduction traits of a flock of 60 adult ewes managed under

tree-range system in semi arid region were monitored in a year long study. The average birthweights in male and female lambs were 3.47 and 3.26 kg and subsequent weights at 3 month of age

were 14.11 and 13.47 kg respectively. The average daily gain of male and female lambs was 118 and

113g during 0-3 months of age. Lambs born during autumn and spring seasons attained weaningweights of 15.80 and 11.70 kg respectively. Initial body weight of adult sheep was 31.9kg in the

month of September. It gradually increased to 32.5 kg in November and then subsequently

declined to 24.4 kg in March. Male and female were kept together in the flock throughout the yearand free mating system was followed. The average lambing percentage on the basis of year round

mating was 83.8. Sheep were shorn three times in a year and the average wool yield per sheep was

407, 295 and 450g in June, September and March clips respectively. The annual wool yield was1151g providing receipt of Rs. 54.60/sheep. It was concluded from the study that adult sheep

exhibit seasonal changes in their body weight in commensuration with biomass availability thus

requiring supplementation during lean period. Autumn born lambs were heavier than spring born

suggesting that breeding in sheep should be simulated with vegetation availability from grazing land.


295 Effect of detoxified neem seed cake on growth and nutrient utilization in nellore lambs - G.V.N.Reddy, P. Dipti Wilhelmina and M.S. Reddy, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of

Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030

Five complete diets were formulated with 1. no neem seed cake (NSC, control), 2. rawNSC, 3. water washed NSC, 4. urea treated NSC and 5 water washed + urea treated NSC andprocessed into mash and fed to 30 Nellore ram lambs (4-5 months, 6 in each group) for 6 months.The average daily gain was significantly (P<0.05) less on diets containing raw NSC and ureatreated NSC. DMI was not significantly different among all the diets. However, DMI was less onNSC based diets. Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients except EE were significantly (P<0.05)higher on diet 5 containing water washed + urea treated NSC compared to other NSC based diets.Positive N, Ca and P balances were recorded on all the diets. DCP value was significantly (P<0.05)higher on diet 5 containing water washed + urea treated NSC. TDN value was significantly(P<0.05) lower on diet 2 containing raw NSC, DM, DCP and TDN intakes were less thanrecommended level on diet 2 containing raw NSC and diet 4 containing urea treated NSC.

296 Effect of detoxified rapeseed meal on growth and nutrient utilisation in sheep - G.V.N. Reddy,G. Alexander and M.S. Reddy, Dept of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science,

Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -30

Five complete diets were formulated using 1. groundnut cake (control) 2. raw rape seed meal(RSM) 3. CuSO

4 (0.5%) treated RSM 4. Pressure cooked (30m in, 15psi, 12I°C) RSM and 5. CuSO

4

(0.5%) + Pressure cooked (15min, 15psi, 121°C) RSM and fed to 30 Deccani ram lambs (4-5months), 6 in each group in a growth cum metabolic experiment. The DMI per 100 kg B.wt wassignificantly (P<0.05) different among diets. The DCP and TDN contents were significantly (P<0.05)higher on diet containing pressure-cooked RSM compared to others. The ADG was significantly(P<0.05) higher on diet 1 (control) and 4 (containing pressure-cooked RSM) compared to otherdiets, which were at par. The feed/kg gain and cost of feed/kg gain were significantly (P<0.05)lower on diet containing pressure-cooked rapeseed meal. These results indicated that pressure-cooking of RSM was ideal method for detoxifying RSM. The animals fed on diet containingpressure-cooked RSM recorded nutrient utilization and growth comparable to that of control diet.

297 Effect of sunflower heads based complete diets on milk and meat production - G.V.N. Reddy andB. Bhima, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya

N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500 030 (Andhra Pradesh)

Two Complete diets containing sunflower (Helianthus annuus) heads at 28.5 and 40%level were formulated and processed into pellets using expander-extruder. The diet containing28.5% sunflower heads was fed for 6 months to graded Murrah buffaloes in comparison with aconventional diet (6 in each group) to study the effect of complete diet on milk production. Thediet containing 40% sunflower heads was compared with a conventional diet by feeding to 12


Nellore ram lambs and 12 local male kids (3-4 months, 6 in each group) to study the effect of thisdiet on meat production. At the end of the experiment, representative animals from each groupwere slaughtered to study the effect of complete diet on carcass characteristics. During theexperiment milk yield decreased by 19.2% on conventional diet but increased by 14.3% oncomplete diet. The average milk yield was 23.5% higher on complete diet compared toconventional diet. The DMI/kg milk yield was 37.2% less and the cost of feed/kg milk yield was25.2% less on complete diet. The ADG was significantly (P<0.05) higher on complete diet com-pared to conventional diet in both species. Lambs recorded higher (P<0.05) ADG compared tokids. The cost of feed/kg gain was decreased by 32% in lambs and 21.9 in kids fed on completediet compared to conventional diet. The dressing percentage on empty body weight was 3.3percent units higher in lambs compared to kids. The proportions of wholesale cuts andproportions of meat and bone were within the normal range in all the groups. These resultsindicate that sunflower heads can be used as sole roughage source in complete diets for milchbuffaloes and growing rams and kids without any deleterious effect. Further, lambs and kids canbe recorded intensively on complete diet at times of draught and natural calamities without anyeffect on meat production.

298 Effect of legume tree leaves supplementation on nutritional status and growth performances ofgoats fed dry mixed grass - U.P. Singh, S.K. Mahanta1, G.N. Lodhi and V.C. Pachauri1, Department

of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Brahmanand Post Graduate College, Rath-210 431 (U.P.)

An experimental feeding of 125 days was done on 12 growing local (non descript) femalegoats (11.0±1.2 kg) fed dry mixed grass, to compare the effects of legume tree leaves andconcentrate supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth and blood constituents. Goats weredivided into 3 treatment groups (T1 to T3) of 4 each. Animals of T1 group were fed a concentratemixture (barley: groundnut cake: wheat bran: mineral mixture: common salt, 35: 35: 27: 2: 1) to meetthe protein requirement. While others were fed sesbania (Sesbania sesban; T2) and subabul(Leucaena leucocephala; T3) leaves replacing concentrate mixture on isonitrogenous basis.Average daily DMI was 416, 445 and 400 g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively and thedifferences were nonsignificant. Digestibility (%) of DM and OM was higher (P<0.01) in T1 (61.1& 63.8) than both T2 (52.1 & 54.4) and T3 (50.6 & 51.8). CP digestibility was lower (P<0.01) in T3(42.4%) than T2 (54.7 %) and T3 (57.5%). But digestibility of EE, NDF, ADF and cellulose remainedunaffected by dietary treatments. All the goats were on similar plane of nutrition consuming (g/kg W0.75) comparable (P>0.05) amount of CP (8.97-9.65) and TDN (27.9-33.6). The average dailygain (ADG) was 35.2, 39.0 and 31.6 g in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively and the variation amongthe groups was nonsignificant. Average concentration of haemoglobin, glucose, plasma proteinand urea nitrogen was compareable among the groups ranging from 10.9 to 11.4g, 58.7 to 62.4 mg,7.7 to 8.2g and 16.2 to 19.4 mg/dl, respectively. Hence, to improve the feeding value of dry mixedgrass, legume tree leaves like sesbania and leucaena can exploited as economical supplements inlocal goats.1 Plant Animal Relationship Division, IGFRI, Jhansi- 284 003 (U.P.)


299 Influence of different levels of concentrate supplementation on performance of sheep and goatsmaintained under rotational system of grazing management - G.H. Pailan, S.K. Mahanta, N.C.

Verma and S.S. Kundu, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi- 284 003 (U.P.)

Seventy two female crossbred sheep and Barbari goats were randomly divided into

three equal groups consisting of 12 sheep and 12 goats in each group. All animals were allowed

to graze 7 hours daily from 9.00 am to 4.00 pm following rotational system of grazing

management under 9 plots of 1 ha each. Along with grazing the animals were supplemented with

concentrate mixture (CP 21 %, TDN 72%), @ 0% (G1), 0.5% (G2) and 1.0 % (G3) of body weight.

The pasture selected by goats contained higher CP (10.22%) and lower NDF (53.25%) than

pasture selected by sheep (CP 8.45%, NDF 61.85%) indicating that goats select superior quality

of pasture than sheep while grazing. However, the lignin content of goat’s diet was higher than

sheep diet (9.33 vs. 6.18 %). In sheep DMI (kg/100 kg body weight) was 2.19, 2.66 and 2.78 in G1,

G2 and G3, respectively. The corresponding value for goats was 2.98, 3.11 and 3.52. DM

digestibility varied from 41.78 - 55.49 % in sheep and 47.45 - 56.15 % in goats. The range of CP and

NDF digestibility was 38.01 - 60.28 % and 38.84 - 46.91 % in sheep and 46.96 - 58.81% and 43.11

- 47.37 % in goats, respectively. The data indicated that DM intake both in sheep and goats was

increased with the supplementation of level of concentrate mixture along with grazing and the

values were signitlcantly (P<0.05) different in sheep. Both in sheep and in goats digestibility of

DM, CP and NDF was higher (P<0.01) in G3 than in G1 and G2 however, variation between G1 and

G2 was non-significant. Sheep maintained their adult weight in G3, however, lost their weight by

10.94 % in G1 and 6.45 % in G3 during the total 120 days of experimental period. In goats an

increased weight gain by 3.34 % in G3, maintenance of live weight in G2 and loss of weight by 1.48

% in G1 was observed during the whole experimental period. The results suggested that

supplementation of concentrate @ 1.00% of body weight increases nutrient intake and digestibil-

ity over zero and 0.5% levels of concentrate supplementation and maintained live weight of adult

grazing sheep and goats.

300 Blood Biochemical constituents of female yaks at different physiological status reared undersemi range system - R.Pourouchottamane, A. Chatterjee, Deepak Gogoi and M.Sarkar, National

Research Centre on Yak (ICAR) Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh

The present study was conducted on total number of forty female yaks maintained at

institute farm at nyukmadung (2750 meters above mean sea level). The objective of the study was

to find out the normal values of some important enzymes and other biochemical parameters ofyaks at different physiological status i.e., lactating, nonlactating adult and young females (below


3 years). The animals were maintained under semi range system and fed with locally available

pasture grasses and tree leaves supplemented with concentrate mixture. Blood samples were

collected at fortnightly interval for three times and serum was separated by centrifugation at 2500

rpm. The serum samples were analyzed for different parameters like glucose, protein, alkaline

phosphates, SGOT, SGPT and acid phosphates as per standard procedure. The values of glucose

and protein were 61.52±9.23 and 6.968± 0.218 g/dl; 58.97±3.086 and 7.412±0.321 gl/dl & 55.186±3.038

and 8.089±0.185 gl/dl respectively for young, lactating and non-lactating female yaks. The values

(IU/L) for alkaline phosphates, SGOT, SGPT and acid phosphates were 163.06±26.67, 44.98±7.852,

24.68±2.27 and 2.01±0.28 for lactating female yaks while the values for non-lactating

female yaks were 160.11±21.91, 25.26±4.19, 12.22±0.921 and 3.175±0.928 respectively. The values

(IU/L) for above parameters in young female yaks were found to be 186.28± 17.46, 31.65±2.88,

17.0±2.29 and 2.387±0.124 respectively. The blood parameters are the indicator of general health

status of animals and hence an attempt has been made to find the normal values of these param-

eters in female of different physiological status.

301 Some serum biochemical parameters in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.) - A.Chatterjee,

R. Pourouchottamane, D.N. Das, and M. Sarkar, National Research Center on Yak (ICAR) Dirang,

Arunachal Pradesh- 790 101, India

In the present experiment the normal values for serum protein and some important

enzymes in male and female yaks have been studied. The study was conducted on a total number

of 42 adult and apparently healthy yaks (18 male and 24 female) raised in the institute’s farm at

Nyukmadong (3000 m above mean sea level) . The animals were maintained on locally available

pasture grasses supplemented with concentrate mixture. Blood samples were collected from the

jugular vein for each animal four times at 15 days interval. Serum was separated by centrifugation

at 2500 rpm. The serum samples were analyzed for different biochemical parameters such as Total

serum protein, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate

Transaminase (SGPT), AlkalinePhosphates and Acid Phosphates as per standard procedure. The

overall mean values for different parameters were 7.641±0.14 g/dl, 33.41±2.4 IU/L, 19.44±2.29 IU/

L, 127.73±6.76 IU/L and 2.798±0.158 IU/L respectively, for Total serum protein, SGOT, SGPT,

Alkaline Phosphates and Acid Phosphates. However, no significant difference was found

between male and female yaks for the above-mentioned parameters. The serum biochemical

profile of an animal depend on several factors such as age, species, sex, altitude, climate,

production status, level of exercise. The results obtained in this study indicate the normal health

status of the animals and can be considered as a preliminary baseline reference for these serum

biochemical parameters in Yaks.


302 Comparative study of dung management system in Kushinagar (U.P.) and Karnal (Haryana) -

K.K. Singhal, Parasu Ram Singh and Madhu Mohini, National Dairy Research Institute,


A survey was conducted in Kushinagar (D1) district of U.P. and Karnal (D2) district of Haryana

during Sept-Oct 2003 about the prevalent animal waste management system. Twenty five

respondents were selected randomly and classified according to their land holding. Average landholding in Kushinagar and Karnal district was 1.54 and 2.83 acre. Livestock consisted 24.44 %

cattle, 71.11 % buffalo and 4.44% goat (D1) and 22.94% cattle and 77.06 % buffalo (D2); and dry

matter intake was 9.11 and 9.46 kg/d/adult buffalo unit, in D1 and D2, respectively. In D1 area46.30% of dung was used for dung cake and 53.70% for manure but in D2 area 38.38 % of dung

was used for dung cake, 55.45% for manure and 6.16% for bio-gas purpose. Storage of dung for

manure purpose was different in both the districts. Majority of farmers (94.41 %) in D1 storeddung in pits where as in D2 area, dung storage in pits as well as on heap was practiced by similar

proportion of the respondents. Shape and size of the dung cakes also varied between the

districts. In D1 area farmers make about half meter long rod shaped dung structure weighing 2.36kg on dry basis but in D2 area circular shaped dung cakes were being made each weighing about

0.75 kg on dry basis. Dung cakes utilization as a source of fuel was depending upon the land

holding/economic status of respondents. About 100 % framers in D1 and 96% in D2 areas makedung cake but in D2 area 60% farmers, mainly small, medium and large utilize LPG contrary to

0.04% in D1 and these were mainly utilizing other sources like kerosene oil, wood and crop

residues for fuel purpose. In D2 area the number of animals increased with land holding. 52%fanners in D1 area and 98% farmers in D2 area stored the dung cakes out side their home in

specially designed structures. Dung manure was utilized in the month of November in D1 area

and October, May and June in D2 area. Trading of dung cake was not recorded in D1 area,

however, its price varied in the range of Rs. 0.50 to 0.75/piece in D2 area.

303 Green house gases concentration in the air as influenced by the animal waste managementpractices - K.K. Singhal, Parasu Ram Singh, and Madhu Mohini, National Dairy Research


Air samples from agricultural farm, cattle yard and from a place where dung is beingdisposed off were taken for estimation of concentration of methane and nitrous oxide.

Methane concentration in respective air samples was 0.006, 0.078 and 0.073%,

respectively. The corresponding value for nitrous oxide gas was 0.027, 0.055 and 0.012% duringthe month of Aug. Sept. 2003. Mixed dung from cows and buffaloes was mixed with water in the

ratio of 100:00 (T1), 80:20 (T2), 60:40 (T3), 40:60 (T4) and 20:80 (T5) and kept in conical flasks fitted

with cork in duplicate at ambient temperature for 57 days. Flask T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was


containing 16.11, 12.96, 9.92, 6.48 and 3.24 g organic matter, respectively. Each flask was closed for

24 hr to simulate the an aerobic conditions and after collecting the gas produced, kept open fornext 24 hr to maintain the oxygen supply. Average methane concentration in the sample of

respective flask was 11.42±2.21, 8.92±1.49, 3.7±0.33, 9.97±1.34 and 7.86±1.20%. The corresponding

value for nitrous oxide gas in collected air samples was 0.16±0.09, 0.24±0.15, 0.67±0.61, 1.14±0.42and 0.24±0.08%. The data indicated that methane concentration was depending upon the quan-

tity of organic matter rather than the moisture, however, nitrous oxide gas concentration was

highest in treatment T4 indicating that under the aerobic condition increase in moisture increasedthe nitrous oxide concentration and it was highest when the dung and water ratio was 40:60 at

ambient temperature. Role of methanogenic bacteria, present in the soil, in green house gases

emission from animal dung under farm conditions was also investigated. A known quantity ofmaterial (4kg) I.E. dung (T-1), a mixture of dung and soil in 1:2 ratio (T-2) and soil only (T-3) were

kept under the air sealed inverted funnel (9 inch diameter) and a tube was attached to the end of

funnel stem to collect the gas emitted as a result of fermentation of material during 52 days.Methane and nitrous gas were emitted up to 10 and 5 days, respectively and thereafter their

concentration did not change. Average methane concentration in the collected gas sample from

treatment T-1, T-2 and T-3 was 0.11, 0.09 and 0.04% and the nitrous oxide concentration was 0.14,0.11 and 0.00%, respectively. These results indicted that methanogenic bacteria present in soil

did not influence the emission of methane from dung, however, bacteria present in the soil mixed

with dung are responsible for nitrous oxide emission.

304 Effect of various levels of cotton seed feeding on the growth performance of surti buffalo heifers - J.L. Chaudhary, Hem Raj Jat and C.M. Yadav, Department of Animal production, Rajasthan

College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313 001 (Rajasthan)

A study on 18 growing surti buffalo heifers was conducted for 120 days from February

to June to assess the effect of three levels of (T1 zero percent, T

2 30 percent and T

3 60

percent) cotton seed feeding on nutrient intake, digestibility of nutrients and growthperformance in surti buffalo heifers. Average dry matter intake and daily body weight gain in

groups T1, T

2 and T

3 were 5.77±0.69, 5.95±0.85 and 6.08±1.02 kg/day; 0.533±19.03, 0.583±21.36 and

654±77.20 kg/day, respectively and variation among groups were non-significant in DMI/day.But daily body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T

3 than T

2 and T

1, heifers.

Digestibility coefficient of DM and OM were higher (P<0.05) in T3 group as compared to T

1 group.

There was no difference in digestibility coefficient of these nutrients among T3 and T

2 groups.

Similarly, digestibilty coefficient of CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 than T

2 and T

1. The

digestibility of CF, EE and NFE was not affected by different levels of cotton seed feeding. It may

be inferred from this study cotton seed may be fed 60 percent or 30 percent in concentrate mixture

for optimum growth rate and nutrient utilization in growing buffalo heifers.


305 A Demonstration trial of balanced total mixed ration (TMR) vs conventional feeding in lactatingbuffaloes on a peri-urban dairy farm - J.P. Sehgal, S.K. Sirohi, Shashi Kant, T.K. Walli and R.C.Chopra, Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

The balanced total mixed ration feeding technology enables formulating of rations

specific to the nutritional needs of specific category of dairy animals. Thus, a demonstration trialof balanced total mixed ration formulated on the basis of kearl (1982) requirements for milch

buffaloes, as per their body weight and milk production, was conducted on a private dairy farm in

a peri - urban area. 10 lactating buffaloes in their 3rd to 4th lactation and yielding on an average 7.0kg milk having 6.96% fat per day were divided in to two groups of 5 each and were fed in group (I)

a total mixed ration containing 4 kg concentrate mixture, 0.8 kg cottonseed cake; 4.25 kg wheat

straw and 20 kg green maize/jowar fodder (containing 20-25% DM) per buffalo/day. The rationprovided 11.9 kg DM/d/buffalo after thorough mixing, and was offered once in a day only. The

ingredient composition of concentrate mixture was maize 33; GN Cake (expeller) 21; mustard cake

(exp) 12; wheat bran 20; rice polish (de oiled) 11; mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part. Noseparate ration was given at the time of milking. The group II lactating buffalos were fed with 45

kg green jowar/maize, 1 kg wheat straw 2.8 kg wheat bran and rice bran mixture and 0.25 kg

cottonseed cake/day/animal separately. In group II, the feed was offered two times in a day. Theexperimental period was 60 days. The cost of feeding of the total mixed ration in group I came to

Rs. 50/- per day/lactating buffalo, whereas in conventional ration, it came to Rs. 40/- per day/

buffalo. Daily milk yield of each buffalo was recorded and weekly milk samples were analyzed forquality parameters. A digestibility trial of 5 days duration was also conducted on all the animals.

The buffaloes in total mixed ration fed group (G-I) gave 2369 kg milk and on conventional separate

feeding 1774 milk; in 60 days. Thus, the buffaloes on an average gave 7.90 kg having 6.99% fat perday/animal in group I and 5.91 kg having 7.37% fat in group II. Also on the 60th day of feeding

TMR, the buffaloes on an average gave 8.44 kg milk having 7.13 % fat in comparison to 5.52 kg

milk having 7.56% fat in the separate feeding group even though the dry matter digestibility was56.16 in group I compared to 65.15 in group II which could be due to feeding of higher quantity of

wheat straw in the TMR group. However, this group of animals showed a high plateu of lactation

curve and higher production than conventional separate feeding on a peri - urban dairy.

306 Cooling by mister system : Effects on feed intake, milk production and composition in crossbredcows during hot-humid season - Anjuli Aggarwal and Mahendra Singh, Dairy Cattle Physiology

Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana)

To investigate the effect of cooling by mister system, twelve crossbred Karan Fries

cows were selected during early lactation of 50-70 days were divided into two groups of six each.

Cows of Group I were kept without mister cooling (control), while cows of group II were under


mister cooling system (experimental) from 11.00 A.M. to 4.00 P.M. during the experiment of 30

days. The experiment was conducted during hot humid season when the average maximumtemperature was 33.65oC (30.0-39.0oC) and relative humidity was 81.1% (71-92%). All the cows

were kept under loose housing system and were provided ad lib green fodder -maize and water to

drink. The concentrate mixture having 72% TDN, 20% CP was offered based on milk production(@ 1.0 kg/2.5 kg milk yield) at the time of machine milking during morning (6 A.M.), noon (12.00

AM.) and evening (7 P.M.). Rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were recorded in

the morning (8.00 A.M.) before providing mister cooling and in the afternoon at 4.00 P.M. after thecooling. The average feed intake increased (P<0.01) by 8.40% in group II cows as compared to

group I. Milk yield varied (P<0.01) in cows of both groups and was increased (P<0.05) by 0.85 kg/

d in animals of group II. Milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids and plasma glucose levels increased(P<0.01) and milk NEFA and urea levels decreased (P<0.01) in experimental cows. The values of

protein, lactose, urea, total solids and plasma glucose varied (P<0.01) between the group during

experimental period. The values of physiological responses for rectal temperature, respirationrate and pulse rate in morning was similar in both the groups of cows but varied (P<0.01) in the

evening. Further, rectal in both the groups varied during different periods of the study (P<0.01).

The values of physiological responses for rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate ofboth the groups were similar during morning but varied (P<0.01) in the afternoon. A increase in

respiration rate by 8.16/min. in group I and a decrease by 2.39/min. in group II (P<0.01) was

observed. Average pulse rate in group I cows increased from 54.53/min in the morning to 63.86/min in afternoon but in group II it decreased from 52.00/min to 48.55/min. It was concluded that

cooling by mister system significantly influence the physiological responses leading to increase

in feed intake and milk yield of cows during hot humid season.

307 Feed intake and milk production performance of buffaloes under two sets of managementduring winter - Anjuli Aggarwal and Mahendra Singh, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division,


To study the effect of micro climatic modification during extreme winter 12 Murrah

buffaloes (II or III parity) were selected at 50-70 days of lactation from the Institute’s herd and

experiment was conducted when the average maximum and minimum temperature was 20.27oCand 4.72oC and the relative humidity was 87.70%. The animals were divided into two groups of six

each. Group I buffaloes (control group) were kept under open loose housing system while group

II buffaloes (experimental group) were kept in houses with paddy straw bedding. All thebuffaloes were provided ad lib green berseem fodder and water was available all the time. The

concentrate mixture (TDN- 72%, CP- 21%) was offered based on milk production @ 1.0 kg/2.5 kg

milk yield at the time of milking during morning (6 A.M.) and evening milking (7 P.M.). The feedintake of buffaloes kept in houses increased (P<0.05) by 15.8% as compared to control group.


Milk yield varied (P<0.01) between the buffaloes and between two groups during the experiment

(P<0.01). During the experiment milk yield declined from 9.51 to 8.88 kg in group I buffaloes,however, in group II buffaloes milk yield increased (P<0.01). Milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids

and blood glucose levels were higher (P<0.01) and milk NEFA and urea levels were lower (P<0.01)

in group II buffaloes. Rectal temperature of buffaloes of both the groups was similar in themorning but varied (P<0.01) in the afternoon. Further, rectal temperature varied (P<0.01) between

buffaloes, between the two groups and on different days of the study. The average respiration

rate was similar during morning (12.20 vs.11.46/min.) and increased (P<0.01) in the afternoon(14.83 vs. 16.45/min.) Respiration rate varied between animals however, during different days of

the study, variation was not significant. Skin temperature and pulse rate of both groups was high

(P<0.01) in the afternoon but the increase was more in buffaloes of group II. Further, the changesin skin temperatures were significant (P<0.01) during different days of experiment. The study

indicated that availability of proper in house shelter helps in sustainement of physiological

responses to normal values and thereby increased feed intake leading to more milk production.

308 Predicting animal performance (Voluntary feed intake) by in vitro gas productionmeasurement in fecal inoculum - C. Senthamil Pandian, T.J.Reddy, K.Sivaiah and M. Blummel1,Dept. of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, ANGRAU, Hyderabad-30

In experiment I, fresh fecal inoculum (FI) was used to describe the rate and extent of invitro gas production of eight pearl millet and two sorghum stover in nitrogen supplemented (N+)and un-supplemented (N-) incubation medium and to predict stover organic matter digestibility(OMD) and nitrogen balance when offered alone and restricted to growing sheep. In multipleregressions, when using kinetic parameter of gas production alone, the extent and rate of gasproduction accounted for 88.8 and 87.2% of the variation in OMD in N+ and N- incubations,respectively. Rates of gas production accounted for 71.5 (N+) and 66% (N-) of the variation innitrogen balances, respectively. In experiment II, 4 pearl millet stover were fed to sheep alone andad libitum and also fed supplemented with cowpea hay to provide 8% of crude protein in the diet.When using kinetic parameter of gas production alone, the rates of gas production accounted for73.9 (N+) and 74.8% (N-) of the variation in OMD. Halftime of extent of gas production accountedfor 76.5 (N+ ) and 71.1 % (N-) of the variation in nitrogen balances, respectively. Organic matterintake (OMI) was less predicted and only 50% of its variation was accounted for by halftime ofgas production in both incubation media. However, combination of in vitro true degradabilities,gas volume measured at half time of gas, partitioning factor and N content of stover and cowpeahay accounted for approximately 82.00% variation in OMI. OMD and nitrogen balances can beadequately predicted by kinetic of in vitro gas measurements alone in fecal inoculum. It is alsoconcluded that the combination of gas volume measurement with concomitant residuedetermination of amount of substrate degraded along with nitrogen content of the feed wasfound to be a valuable method in predicting voluntary feed intake.1 ILRI, India, Pantancheru-502 324


8. Nutritional Strategies for Non-Ruminant Production Systems

309 Biochemical and haematological variation in broilers on the diet supplemented with naturalherbs - Kumui Nring, V.K. Vidyarthi and V.B. Sharma, SASRD , Nagaland University,

Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland

210 day old Hubbard Paterson strain of broilers, divided randomly into 6 groups of 35

birds each on the basis of live weight (mean, 48.58 g) were subjected into six different treatmentaldiets, i.e. a standard diet-starter mash from zero to 20 days of age and pellet diet from 21 day

onwards upto 42 days (group 1, control); standard diet plus superliv @ of 0.1 ml/bird/day (group

2) ; standard diet plus zeetress @ of 0.05 g/bird/day (group 3) ; standard diet plus superliv (@ of0.1 ml) plus zeetress (@ of 0.05 g)/bird/day (group 4) ; standard diet plus superliv @ of 0.2 ml/bird/

day (groups) and standard diet plus zeetress @ of 0.1 g/bird/day (group 6). All the birds were

reared under battery brooder upto 20 days and thereafter shifted to cages as per treatment. Bloodsamples were collected on 21 days (before shifting to cages) and on 42 days of age from the wing

vein on the inner side of the elbow joints of the birds and were processed for estimation of

various parameters. Serum glucose level at 21 days of was 167.03, 147.83, 147.23, 149.73, 147.40and 147.38 mg/dl in the groups 1 to 6, respectively and control group exhibited significantly

(P<0.05 ) higher level of glucose. The corresponding values were 168.90,149.73,149.13,151.60,

149.28 and 149.30 mg/dl at 42 days of age and followed the similar trend. The mean serumcholesterol was 182.30, 174.88, 167.00, 169.03, 173.00 and 166.88 mg/dl at 21 days and 183.10,

175.63, 167.80,/169.83, 173.30 and 167.68 mg/dl at 42 days of age, respectively. Serum cholesterol

was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in group 6 compared to others. Serum calcium was significantly(P<0.05) highest (10.38) in group 2 and the least (7.38) in group 1 and other values were in between

these values at 21 days of age; however serum calcium level did not differ at 42 days of age. Serum

phosphorus level (ranging from 8.03 to 9.10 mg/dl) were also nonsignificantly different at 21 or 42days of age. Serum alkaline phosphatase enzyme was ranging from 483.25 to 499.93 IU/L at the

both periods of experiment and the values in group 6 exhibited significantly (P<0.05) the highest

followed by groups 5, 4, 2, 3 and the least in group 1. Mean serum total protein ranged from 3.0 to3.6 g/dl in all the six groups with non-significant variation in both periods of experiment. Serum

glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) level ranged from 166.73 to 172.03 IU/L at both

period of experiment in all the six groups and the values were not different significantly. Serumglutamate pyruvate transminase level ranged from 9.93 to 11.33 IU/L at both period of experiment

in all the six groups and values did not vary significantly.


310 Effect or phytase enzyme supplementation on utilization of rice polish in broiler chicken ration -J.J. Gupta, S. Doley and B.P.S. Yadav, Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR Research Complex forNEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya - 793 103 (India)

Rice polish and rice bran are important by products in rice mills in the northeasternregion being the major cereal crop. However, it is included not more than 10-15 percent in the dietof poultry due to the presence of anti-nutritional factor phytin. Therefore, an attempt was made toutilize maximum level of rice polish with phytase enzyme to economize broiler chicken production.An experiment of 28 days duration was conducted on 21 days old vencob strain broiler chicks.Total 162 birds were distributed into 27 groups with 6 birds each under deep litter system. Theexperiment was laid out in factorial CRD with 3 level of rice polish (15, 30 and 45Kg/100Kg of feed)and 3 level of phytase enzyme supplementation (0, 10 and 20 g/100Kg of feed). All the diets weremade isonitrogenous (21% Protein) with the help of GNC, Soya meal and fish mea1. The feed andwater were provided to birds in ad-libitum. The growth rate and feed consumption were recordedand feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per Kg body weight gain was calculated. Theresults revealed that as the level of rice polish increased the growth rate reduced. However, therewas no any significant difference in the performance of chicken fed rice polish at 15 or 30% leve1.The supplementation of phytase enzyme had no affect on the improvement of feeding value ofrice polish in broiler chicken. Thus, it is concluded that rice polish can be fed to a maximum level

of 30% to broiler chicken without phytase enzyme supplementation.

311 Effect of particle size on the performance of broiler chicken - K.K.Yadav, Z.S. Sihag and

R.S. Berwal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Three hundred day old broiler chickens were divided into five groups, each having threereplications and each replication was having twenty birds. These five groups of birds wereoffered isoproteinous and isocaloric rations (ICAR, 1985) of similar ingredient composition. Theonly difference among the different treatments was of feed particle size. These feed particle sizeswere achieved using different hammer mill screen sizes i.e. T1 (2mm); T2 (3mm); T3 (4mm); T4(5mm); T5 (6mm). From this experiment it was found that weight gain by the birds wassignificantly higher in treatment, T2 and T5 as compared to the other treatments. The feedconversion ratio (FCR) was found to be 2.60, 2.41, 2.32, 2.14 and 2.31 for Treatment T1, T2, T3, T4and T5, respectively which clearly indicated that with increase in particle size upto 5mm screensize, the FCR was improved. The FCR was again increased when 6mm screen size feed particleswere offered. Hence it could be concluded from this experiment that the feed particle size resultedby using 5mm opening screen size in hammer mill was most efficiently utilized by the birds as itresulted in lowest FCR. The difference in the weight of gizzard, heart, intestine and dressing (aspercent of body weight) was non significant. However, the weight of liver as per cent of total liveweight was significantly higher in case of T1 and T5 as compared to other treatments. By using5 mm screen size for grinding cakes and grains like maize for mixing in broilers feed we can saveelectricity and get better performance of birds.


312 Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat - maizebased diet - Sandeep Gupta and Nand Kishore, Department of Animal Feed Technology,CCS


An experiment for 42 days was conducted on day old 80 commercial chicks using 2x4x10factorial design (2 treatments, 4 replications and 10 birds in each replications). The wheat-maize

based diets contained 25% wheat and 29% maize in starter ration and 40% wheat and 26% maize

in finisher ration. One of the two diets was supplemented with multi-enzyme mixture at a level of0.075% of the diet. Each gram of multi enzyme mixture contained amylase 1900000 untis, cellulose

100000 units, xylanase 375000 units, pectinase 12500 units and phytase 200000 FYT units. Both

the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and contained sufficient nutrients in starter as wellas finisher rations to meet the requirement of the birds as per BIS (1992). The feed intake was

statistically similar in both the treatments. The body weight and FCR were significantly (P<0.05)

better in enzyme supplemented diet (B.Wt.; 933 Vs 1031 gm and FCR; 2.50 Vs 2.29). The grossenergy metabolizability, dry matter metabolizability and nitrogen retention did not differ

significantly between the groups, however, the values of metabolizable energy was higher, in

enzyme supplemented group (2868 Vs 2934 Kcal/kg). Carcass yield, carcass composition, lengthand weight of gut were not affected by enzyme supplementation. However, weight of gizzard was

higher in enzyme supplemented group. The values being 2.08 and 2.32% in the two groups,

respectively.

313 Effect of feed particle sizes on car cass yield, its composition, gut length and gut weight in brolerchickens - Sandeep Gupta and Nand Kishore, Department of Animal Feed Technology, CCS


An experiment of 6 weeks duration was conducted on 160- days old commercial broiler

chicks. The chicks were randomly divided in to four treatments. Each treatment had four

replications with 10 birds in each replication. Experimental diet was ground using hammer mill to

pass through 2, 3 (used in continue), 4 and 6 mm screen and designated as treatments T1, T

2, T

3

and T4, respectively. All the diets, so formed were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and met out the

nutrient requirements of starter and broiler chicks as specified by BIS, 1992. Five birds were

selected from each treatment for determining carcass yield and its composition. There was no

significant (P<0.05) effect of feed particle sizes on the dressed weight, eviscerated weight, drawn

weight and giblet weight of the birds weight, of gizzard was significantly higher in treatment T4.

Composition of carcass of breast and leg region did not differ significantly among different

treatment groups. Gut length was higher in T4 (174.4 cm) and lower in T

1 (159.8 cm). Gut weight was

statistically similar among all the treatments.


314 Effect of feed particle sizes on metabolizability of broiler chickens - Sandeep Gupta and

Nand Kishore, Department of Animal Feed Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,


In an experiment of six weeks 160 days-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly

divided into four equal groups with four replications, each replication consisted of 10 chicks.

Experimental diets for starter and finisher birds consisted of maize, wheat, wheat bran, ground nutcake, fish meal and feed additives and all the ingredients were ground to pass through 3 (used in

routine), 2, 4 and 6 mm screen and designated as C, T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. All the diets were

isocaloric and isonitrogenous and sufficient in nutrients to meet out the requirement of starterand finisher birds as per BIS (1992). A five days metabolic trial was conducted (including three

days collection period) to estimate metabolizable energy and nitrogen metabolizability during

sixth week of experiment. Gross energy metabolizability and dry matter metabolizability werehighest (P<0.05) in group C, 73.61% and 71.82%, respectively and lowest in group T

1; 67.13% and

64.63%, respectively. Nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) was also highest (P<0.05) in

group C (2867.89 Kcal/kg) and lowest in Group T1 (2627.19 Kcal/kg). Nitrogen metabolizability

value of 48.37% was lowest in group T1. It was concluded that metabolizability was lower with

smaller particle size (2 mm) in comparison to larger particle sizes (3, 4 and 6 mm).

315 Effect of feed particle sizes on the growth performance of broiler chickens - Sandeep Gupta and

Nand Kishore, Department of Animal Feed Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,


An experiment on day-old 160 broiler chicks was conducts using 4x4x10 factorial design

(4 treatments, 4 replication and 10 birds in each replication) to evaluate the effect of feed particle

sizes on their growth performance for 42 days. Starter and finisher experimental diets consisted of

maize, wheat, wheat bran, groundnut cake, fish meal, common salt, mineral mixture and feed

additives so as to meet the requirements as per BIS (1992). The ingredients were ground to pass

through 2 mm, 3 mm (used in routine), 4 mm and 6 mm screen using a hammer mill and designated

as treatments T1, T

2, T

3 and T

4, respectively. All the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous.

Feed intake in the broiler chicks was 1771.7, 2121.0, 2245.2 and 2156 gm in treatments T1, T

2, T

3, T

4,

respectively. The intake in T1 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than T

2, T

3 and T

4. The body weight

attained in treatment T4 (1055 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T

1, (725 g), T

2 (903 g) and

T3 (932 g). Feed conversion was also significantly (P<0.05) better in T

4 comparison to the T

1, T

2,

T3 treatments, values being 2.13, 2.57, 2.44 and 2.50, respectively. From the above study it was

concluded that the birds performed better on a diet with larger particle size (6 mm) in comparison

to smaller particle sizes (2, 3 and 4 mm).


316 Effects of chromium supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on nutrientutilization in broiler chicken - J. L Amatya, S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh, Department of Animal

Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

Day old Vencoob chicks (100) were randomly distributed into four dietary groups viz., C

(control), T1, T

2 and T

3 consisting of 5 replicates of 5 birds each. The diet in group C was

completely devoid of any supplemental source of Cr while those in groups T1, T

2 and T

3 were

supplemented with 0.2 mg Cr/Kg diet in the form of K-chromate, Cr-chloride and Cr-yeast complex

respectively. A metabolic trial was conducted in the last week of the experiment to assess theeffects of supplemental Cr on the utilization pattern of different organic nutrients. Dry matter

(DM) intake in different experimental groups varied (P>0.05) from 118.89±2.27 in T1 to 119.89±0.57

in T3. Intake of organic matter (OM), on the other hand, ranged from 110.15±1.01 in T

1 to 110.40±0.56

in T3 and that of crude protein (CP) in different groups ranged trom 23.54±0.23 in T

1 to 23.80±0.08

in T3. Hardly any difference could be detected in the level of fat intake in the experimental birds of

different groups. Cr supplementation enhanced nutrient utilization with a varying extent. DMmetabolizability (g/g intake), which was 0.672±0.003 in C group increased significantly (P<0.01) in

T1 (0.726±0.005), T

2 (0.739±0.002) and T

3 (0.747±0.001) and the performance of T

3 group of birds

were better (P<0.001) than that of T1and T

3 groups of birds. Metabolizability of OM also followed

a trend similar to DM metabolizability (0.839±0.002, 0.855±0.003, 0.874±0.001 and 0.882±0.001) in

C, T1, T

2 and T

3 respectively. CP metabolizability increased significantly (P<0.01) from 0.772±0.008

in group C to 0.789±0.002, 0.791±0.002 and 0.826±0.001 in T1, T

2 and T

3 respectively. Fat metabo-

lizability was found to be 0.912±0.002 in C group, which increased significantly (P<0.001) due to

Cr supplementation in T1 (0.937±0.002), T2 (0.932±0.002) and T

3 (0.934±0.003) groups of birds.

However the difference between T1, T

2 and T

3 in this regards was nonsignificant. The study has

revealed Cr supplementation at the present dose level can enhance utilization of organic nutri-

ents in broiler chicken.

317 Status of chromium and some other trace elements in commonly used poultry feed ingredients-

J.L Amatya, S. Haldar and T.K.Ghosh, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of

Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

In order to assess the chromium content of various feed ingredients commonly used in

preparation of concentrate feed for broiler birds a survey work was conduced during whichapproximately 100 g of different feed ingredients were collected from various sources and

analyzed for their Cr and other trace element (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) status. Cr concentrations in

maize, soybean, rice bran, mustard cake, deoiled rice bran, til cake, meat meal, fishmeal and broilerfeed were 4.88±1.06, 3.80±0.54, 1.16±0.15, 14.76±1.22, 77.00±0.71, 5.23±1.51 and 5.52±0.10 mg

Kg-1 DM respectively. Cu concentration was estimated to be 3.10±0.10, 22.40±0.75, 12.97±0.06,


14.72±0.59, 26.44±0.13, 1.60±0.06, 16.72±2.32, 15.20±1.56 in the corresponding feed ingredients.

Zn was estimated to be 18.24±0.35, 40.60±0.60, 30.80±0.38, 40.80±0.06, 32.88±4.24, 90.93±0.04,44.20±3.22, 43.88±10.50 and 22.28±0.10 mg/Kg DM in maize, soybean, rice bran, mustard cake,

DORB, til cake, meat meal, fishmeal and broiler feed respectively. Considering the minimum critical

level of Zn as 40 mg Kg -1 DM, moderate to marginal Zn deficiency was observed in maize, ricebran and deoiled rice bran. Fe was estimated to be 67.84±0.75, 122.12±0.79, 6.20±0.54, 47.04±5.27,

8.45±0.07, 93.12±1.04, 257.48±33.50, 346.34±45.70 and 85.88±0.69 mg /Kg DM in maize, soybean,

rice bran, mustard cake, DORB, til cake, meat meal, fishmeal and broiler feed respectively. Itbecomes evident from the present survey that almost all the feed ingredients except rice bran and

deoiled rice bran contained fairly high concentration of Fe. Concentration of Mn was estimated to

be 15.40±0.32, 29.00±0.14, 255.88±2.54, 66.00±5.29, 284.40±1.72, 35.60±0.51, 61.30±5.44, 70.20±6.33and 33.52±0.61 mg per Kg dry matter in maize, soybean, rice bran, mustard cake, DORB, til cake,

meat meal, fishmeal and broiler feed respectively. The bran was found to be the richest source

compared to other ingredients, where as lower concentration of Mn was detected in cereal grains.The study reveals that animal protein supplements like meat meal and fishmeal were rich in Cr

while rice bran was found to be the poorest source. Til cake and mustard cake, on the other hand,

were found to contain a substantial quantity of Cr.

318 Effects of chromium supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on feed utilizationefficiency in broiler chicken - J.L. Amatya, S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh, Department of Animal

Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037

(West Bengal)


(control), T1, T

2 and T



2 and T

3 were

supplemented with 0.2 mg Cr/Kg diet in the form of K-chromate, Cr-chloride and Cr-yeast

complex respectively. The body weight of the birds in different experimental groups increased

(P<0.001) almost linearly in every week and the final body weight after 35 days feeding trial was

1244.00±16.00, 1323.33±23.33, 1350.00±26.82 and 1293.33±7.99 g in C, T1, T

2 and T

3 groups

respectively. Live weight gain also increased up to the 3rd week in all the experimental groups and

a depression in live weight gain occurred during the 4th week. This depression might be caused

by some thermal stress exerted on the birds during this period of time due to sudden rise in

ambient temperature by about 4° C. Live weight gain in the final week of the trial was 276.00±11.76

g in group C and that in T1, T

2 and T

3 was 416.67±23.33, 423.33±9.1 1 and 410.00±8.16 g

respectively. The performance of the birds in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gain: feed

intake ratio also showed declining trend during the 4th week in all the experimental groups


including C group which improved again in the 5th week in groups T1, T

2 and T

3 but not in C group.

Overall FCR was 1.74±0.13, 1.62±0.02, 1.66±0.12 and 1.63±0.12 in C, T1, T

2, and T

3 groups

respectively. It appears that FCR was particularly better in T1and T

3 groups supplemented with K-

chromate and Cr yeast complex. Gain feed intake ratio was also significantly better (P<0.01) in T1

group (0.74±0.04) compared to groups C (0.65±0.04), T2 (0.65±0.05) and T

3 (0.67±0.05). It becomes

evident from the present study that K-chromate enhanced the efficiency of feed utilization in

terms of FCR and per unit body weight gain in the broiler chicken compared to Cr-chloride and

Cr- yeast complex.

319 Effect of chromium supplementation on carcass quality of broiler chicken - J. L. Amatya,

S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal

and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)


(control), T1, T

2 and T



2 and T

3 were


respectively. The birds were slaughtered at the end of 35 days of feeding to study the different

carcass quality parameters. Meat protein (g/100 g) in the carcass was 20.09±0.12, 20.85±0.54,

23.12±0.90 and 22.36±1.24 in C, T1, T

2 and T

3 respectively. Fat (g/100 g) in the carcass of the

corresponding groups was 15.43±1.62, 10.63±1.94, 12.05±0.78 and 10.07±0.57 respectively. The

data indicates that protein content in the carcass increase (P>0.05) in T2 and T

3 while fat content

reduced (P>0.05) in the same groups. Muscle pH varied (P>0.05) between 6.10±0.10 in C to

6.40±0.10 in T1 group of birds. Water holding capacity improved significantly (P<0.001) in T

3

(63.30±0.30) compared to that in C (54.10±0.10), T1 (57.5±0.40) and T

2 (52.80±0.30). Fiber diameter

and sarcomere length were higher (P<0.001) in T3 (61.70±0.30 µm and 4.30±0.01 µm respectively).

Fiber diameter in C, T1 and T

2 groups was 38.30±0.20, 38.00±1.40 and 42.00±0.30 respectively.

Sarcomere length in the corresponding groups was 2.40±0.10, 2.60±0.10 and 3.70±0.70

respectively. Though the dressing percentage in the C group (65.87±0.016) was lower marginally

(P>0.05) than that in T1 and T

3, in T

2 the dressing percentage was found to be the lowest (62.90±0.012)

(P<0.001). Breast weight in T2 group of bird was also comparatively lower (p>0.05) than that in T

1

and T3 groups. Drumstick and breast generally add most of the bulk to the carcass weight and

dressing percentage and lower dressed weight of these parameters in T2 might be responsible for

the lower dressing percentage in this group. The sensory evaluation scores in C, T1, T

2 and T

3

groups were 3.10±0.10, 3.70±0.40, 4.30±0.10 and 4.40±0.10 respectively which indicates that Cr

supplementation improved (P<0.05) the quality of broiler meat.


320 Intake and retention of chromium and other trace elements in broiler birds supplemented with

inorganic and organic chromium sources - J.L. Amatya, S. Haldar and T.K. Ghosh, Department

of Animal Nutrition,West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037

(West Bengal)


(control), T1, T

2 and T



2 and T

3 were


respectively. A metabolic trial was conducted during day 30-35 of the study to ascertain the effect

of supplemental Cr on the intake and retention of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. Negative retention of Cr

(mg/mg intake) was observed in the birds of C group (-0.06±0.019). In T1 and T

2 excretion of Cr

was reduced (P<0.001) and the retention figures were increased towards the positive side to

0.036±0.018 and 0.033±0.009 respectively. Cr-yeast supplementation has been found to reduce

(P<0.00) Cr excretion further in T3 and the retention was also higher in this group (0.048±0.009).

Intake of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn showed little variation (P>0.05) amongst different groups. Cu intake

(mg/day/bird) was 1.94±0.014, 1.93±0.014, 1.94±0.049 and 1.94±0.008 respectively in C, T1, T

2 and

T3 groups. Intake of Zn in the corresponding groups was 11.61±0.073, 11.60±0.089, 11.63±0.070

and 11.63±0.049 respectively. Intake of Fe ranged between 19.69±0.151, in T1 to 19.73±0.119 in T

2.

Mn intake was found to be almost constatnt in all the groups (16.14±0.10, 14.14±0.13, 16.16±0.09

and 16.16±0.07 in T1, T

2 and T

3 respectively). Intake of all these trace elements fulfilled the

minimum critical level suggested by the NRC (1994). Retention of all these trace elements was

significantly influenced by Cr supplementation. Retention of Cu (mg/mg intake) was 0.168±0.006

in C group, which increased to 0.337±0.005 in T1, 0.334±0.004 in T

2 and 0.358±0.003 in T

3. The

highest Zn retention was observed in T3 (0.385±0.003). Zn retention in T

1 (0.365±0.005) and T

2

(0.371±0.004) was lower (P<0.001) than that in T3. Zn retention in the C group was the lowest

(P<0.001) in all the experimental groups. Fe retention increased (P<0.001) in the Cr supplemented

groups. The lowest value being observed in the C group (0.135±0.005) and the highest in T3

(0.333±0.003). Fe retention in T1 (0.311±0.005) and T

2 (0.318±0.004) were also higher (P<0.01) than

the control group but lower (P<0.05) than the level observed in T3. Birds in the C group had been

found to be suffering from negative Mn balance (-0.147±0.007). Cr supplementation improved Mn

retention in all the supplemented groups. As was observed with other trace elements, the highest

(P<0.01) retention of Mn was found in T3 group (0.114±0.004). In T

1 and T

2 Mn retention was

0.086+0.007 and 0.094±0.004 respectively. It becomes evident from the present observation that

Cr supplementation significantly improved retention of trace elements.


321 Distribution of Cr and some other trace elements in vital tissues of broiler chicken - J. L.

Amatya. S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of

Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West Bengal)

Cr concentration was assessed in thigh and breast muscles as well as liver of broilerchicken through a survey work conduced at different abattoirs in Kolkata and Nadia district of

West Bengal. Cr and other trace elements viz., Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn contents were estimated form

these samples on fresh basis. Concentration of Cr was estimated to be 0.037±0.004, 0.039±0.004and 0.085±0.001 mg/Kg fresh weight (FW) in liver, breast and thigh muscles respectively. It was

higher (P<0.05) in the thigh muscle vis-a-vis that in the breast muscle and liver. Copper

concentration was observed to be 10.83±0.08, 0.226±0.03 and 12.70±0.18 mg/kg FW in liver, breastand thigh muscle respectively. Zn, on the other hand, was 100.59±0.15,1.54±0.11 and 12.70±0.18

mg/kg FW in the respective organs. Like Cr, the concentration of Zn was also higher in the thigh

muscle compared to that in the breast muscle (P<0.01). Fe and Mn concentrations in the liver ofthe broiler birds were 120.05±0.16 and 4.30±0.006 respectively. The present investigation

therefore indicates that there was deficiency in these trace elements prevailing in the broiler

chicken. It was observed from the present investigation that Cr had a tendency to be deposited

in the heavy muscles of breast and leg compared to that in the liver.

322 Performance of broilers fed limewater treated, polyethylene glycol or tannase enzyme

supplemented mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernel based diets - P.Vasantha Kumar, R. Ravi,B.Mohan and M.R. Purushothaman, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College andResearch Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal

A broiler trial was conducted by assigning the chicks (243 numbers) randomly to 9

dietary treatment groups and fed control (T1), lime water treated Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) at 10

(T2) and 15% (T

3) levels in broiler starter and 15 (T

4) and 20 % (T

5) levels in broiler finisher rations

replacing maize. The birds under treatment groups T6 and T

7 were fed diets containing raw MSK

at 10 and 15% levels during starter phase (0-3 weeks) and 15 and 20 % levels during finisher phase

(4-6 weeks) supplemented with polyethylene glycol-PEG (0.50%). Similar1y, the birds undertreatment groups T

8 and T

9 were fed rations containing same level of raw MSK supplemented

with the enzyme tannase (0.30%). All the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The mean

body weight gain (g) was 593.08, 547.04, 498.08, 578.15, 559.21, 586.80, 558.46, 565.00 and 519.19 inT

1, T

2, T

3, T

4, T

5, T

6, T

7, T

8 and T

9 groups, respectively during 0-3 weeks of age. Significantly

(P<0.01) lower weight gain was observed in T2, T

3 and T

9 groups as compared to control (T

1)

group. Better feed efficiency (P<0.01) was observed in T4, T

5, T

6 and T

8 groups as compared to T

2

and T3 groups. The mean gain in weight was 1016.93, 984.80, 948.00, 1012.22, 1001.60, 1017.08,

999.21, 995.00 and 949.94 g in T1, T

2, T

3, T

4, T

5, T

6, T

7, T

8 and T

9 groups, respectively. Significantly


(P<0.01) depressed weight gain and poor feed efficiency were recorded in T3 and T

9 groups as

compared to T1 group. The feed consumption was not affected significantly both during starter

and finisher phases. Blood parameters and organoleptic evaluation of meat did not showsignificant variation among various treatment groups. From this study, it can be inferred that limewater treated and PEG supplemented (0.5% of the ration) MSK could be included up to a level of15% in the broiler rations replacing maize. The adverse effects of raw MSK on weight gain andfeed efficiency were reduced by feeding broilers with processed (lime water treated) or PEG

supplemented MSK.

323 Influence of dietary supplementation of Esterified-glucomannan on broiler chicken exposed toaflatoxicosis - M.V.L.N. Raju, S.V. Rama Rao, K. Radhika and G. Shyamsunder, Project Directorate

on Poultry (ICAR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030

Esterified-glucomannan (EGM), an extract from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisae,

was tested for its ability in countering the adverse effects of aflatoxin in commercial broilers. Fourexperimental diets were prepared by adding EGM (0 or 0.1%) or aflatoxin (0 or 400 ppb) to thebasal diet in a 2x2 factorial manner and were fed to 120 broiler chicks from 0 to 42 days of age.Body weight (1008g) and feed intake (1873g) of birds were significantly depressed by aflatoxinthan in comparison to control (1670 and 3150g, resp.). Supplementation of EGM significantlyincreased the body weight (1115g) and feed intake (2046g), which were intermediate to those ofcontrol and the aflatoxin groups. The activity of gamma glutamyl transferase in serum was thehighest in the toxin fed group and was intermediate in the group fed EGM-supplemented aflatoxinfeed. EGM showed no effect on serum protein concentration while cholesterol level wasimproved moderately (58 vs. 34 mg% in control). The size of liver, gizzard, giblets and kidneysincreased while weight of thymus and ready to cook yields decreased with aflatoxin. No effect ofaflatoxin was seen on abdominal fat content and weights of bursa, spleen and adrenals.Esterified-glucomannan increased the thymus weight in aflatoxin group, which was intermediateto those of aflatoxin and control groups and showed no influence on any other slaughterparameter. EGM showed no effects on liver and muscle fat content, ash content and strength oftibia bone. It is concluded that the supplementation of EGM may be helpful in partially alleviatingthe toxic effects of aflatoxin in commercial broilers.

324 Replacement of maize with pearl millet on weight nutrient basis in broiler chicken diet -S.V. Rama Rao, M.V.L.N. Raju,M.S.B. Sailaja and R.P.Sharma,Project Directorate on Poultry,

Hyderabad 500 030; ([email protected])

An experiment was conducted to study performance, carcass traits, serum lipid profile

and immunecompetence in broilers (2 to 35d of age) fed diets containing graded levels (25, 50, 75

and 100%) of pearl millet (PM) (Pennisetum typhoides) replacing yellow maize (YM) on weight(PMWB) and iso-nutrient (PMNB) basis. Each diet was fed to 10 groups of chicks (5 broilers/


group) housed in battery brooders. PM contained more protein (10.30 vs 7.33%) and less ME

(3439 vs 3494 kal/kg) fibre (2.46 vs 2.57%), fat (4.31 vs 4.48%), and soluble carbohydrates (1.63 vs3.39%) compared to YM. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected by replacing YM

with PMWB. On iso-nutrient replacement of YM with PM, growth and feed efficiency were

increased with increased dietary levels of PM compared to those fed the YM reference diet(YMRD) at 21 d of age. At d 35, growth was significantly higher in broilers fed (1621g) 100% PM

compared to other treatments (1503-1561g), but feed efficiency was not affected due to

treatments employed. The relative weight of gizzard, length of intestine, serum LDL and totalcholesterol contents decreased, while deposition of abdominal fat and serum triglycerides

increased in broilers fed PMNB diets compared to those fed the YMRD). Fat deposition in thigh

muscle decreased when fed PMWB diet but increased when incorporated on nutrient basis. Fatdeposition in liver increased significantly in broilers fed 75 and 100% (14.19 and 17.50 g/kg,

respectively) PMWB compared to those fed the YMRD (8.70g/kg). Protein content in liver

increased significantly at all levels of PM incorporation on nutrient basis. Based on the results, itmay be concluded that on can be replaced in toto with PM on weight basis with out affecting

growth, feed efficiency, carcass traits and immunity. Incorporation of PM on nutrient basis

increased growth and feed efficiency especially at higher levels of incorporation. Theconcentrations of LDL and total cholesterol in serum decreased, while abdominal fat and serum

triglycerides increased with incorporation of PM in broiler diet.

325 Studies on the effect of biocholine supplementation in commercial broilers - B. Muthukumarasamy,

B.K.Sahu and R.K. Swain, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003

Three hundred day-old straight-run Cobb broiler chicks with body weights rangingfrom 40.5 to 42.2 g were randomly distributed in to six groups of fifty each. The dietary treatments

were : Control ration prepared as per IS 1347/92 specifications (C; T1), C+60% Choline chloride @

1kg/ton of ration (T2), C+Biocholine @ 0.5 kg/ton of ration (T

3), C+25 g of Palm oil/kg of ration (T

4)

, C+ 25g of Palm oil/kg of ration + 60% Choline chloride @ 1.5 kg/ton of ration (T5) and C+ 25g of

Palm oil/kg ration + Biocholine @ 750g/ton of ration (T6). Starter ration was fed ad libitum up to

4th week and finisher ration during 5th and 6th week of age. The body weights of broilers after sixthweek of age were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T

6 compare to all other groups supplemented

with or without fat or choline chloride. Better feed conversion efficiency was noticed in T6

compare to other treatments. The cost of production per kilogram live weight was lowest in T6

(Rs.30.86) and highest in the T1 (Rs. 36.82). The serum concentration of SGOT (units/ml), SGPT

(units/ml), ALP (KA units), cholesterol (mg%) and HDL cholesterol (mg%) and liver lipid (mg/g

liver on DM basis) content were significantly lower (P<0.05) in T6 compared to T

4 supplemented

with oil and similar to other treatments. Where as the serum triglycerides were not significant


among the treatments. Carcass characteristics study revealed that abdominal fat yield (%) andliver weight (g/g of b.wt.) significantly (P<0.05) higher in T

4 compare to other treatments. The

other carcass characteristics viz., dressing, eviscerated, giblet, neck, wings, breast, back, thighsand drumsticks yield were not affected by dietary treatments. In the histo-pathological study oflivers revealed acute cell swelling, focal infiltration of inflammatory cells and disorganisation ofhepatic cords in T

4, where as, no change was observed in other treatments. It was concluded that

supplementation of Biocholine to commercial broiler diet with high fat increased the performance

of commercial broiler birds.

326 Effect of processing of feeds by pelleting, extrusion cooking and expander extrusion on theperformance of layers - A.R. Nageswara, V. Ramasubba Reddy and A.S. Keshav Reddy, Dept. ofVeterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30

The effect of processing of feed by pelleting, extrusion cooking and expander extrusionon the performance of layers was studied in three experiments under cage management.Maize-SBM diet (Expt. 1) and Maize-SBM-PKM diet (Expt. 2) were fed to 10 groups of 4 layers (21-36 wks age) each and maize-SFM diet (Expt. 3) was fed to 4 groups of 11 layers (24-40 wks of age)each for each of 4 treatments, viz. reference (unprocessed), pelleting, extrusion cooking andexpander extrusion. Feed and water were offered ad lib. Feeding processed maize-SBM andmaize-SBM-PKM diets did not influence the performance of layers evaluated in terms of eggproduction, feed intake, feed/12 eggs: egg weight, shell thickness and internal egg quality. Butbody weights were significantly (P<0.05) lower on pellet maize-SBM based diet. Processed maize-SFM diet significantly (P<0.05) influenced the performance. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05)lower on extruded diet than reference diet. Pellet diet significantly (P<0.05) improved egg weightthan reference diet. Feed/12 eggs was significantly (P<0.05) lower on extruded diet than referencediet, while it was significantly (P<0.05) higher on pellet and expander extrusion diets thanreference diet. It is concluded that processing of maize-SBM and maize-SBM-PKM diets were notbeneficial in improving the performance of layers. Extrusion processing of maize SFM dietimproved feed efficiency of layers.

327 Effect of processing of feeds by pelleting, extrusion cooking and expander extrusion on theperformance of broilers - A.R. Nageswara, V. Ramasubba Reddy and A.S. Keshav Reddy,Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga

Agricultural University,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad -30

The effect of feed processing by pelleting, extrusion cooking and expander extrusion incomparison to reference (unprocessed mash) feed on the performance of broilers (1-42 d age) wasstudied in 3 experiments. In experiment 1, the experimental diets were based on maize-soy and 10replicates of 7 chicks for each treatment were maintained. In experiment 2, the experimental dietswere based on maize-SFM and 8 replicates of 7 chicks for each treatment were maintained. In


experiment 3, the experimental diets were based on maize- soy - PKM and 8 replicates of 7 chicks

for each treatment were maintained. Pelleting of diets did not improve the performance of broilers.Extrusion cooking or expander extrusion of maize-soy or maize - soy - PKM based diets

significantly (p<0.05) decreased weight gain. However, with maize - SFM diet, growth on

processed feeds was comparable to that on reference. Pellet diet did not influence feed intake. Butit was significantly (p<0.05) lower on expander extrusion and extrusion cooked maize-soy and

maize- soy - PKM based diets compared to that on reference. Feed intake on maize - SFM based

processed diets was comparable to that on reference. Feed/gain on any processed diet in allexperiments was comparable to that on reference. Livability and dressing percentage were

comparable among the treatments in all experiments. It is concluded that processing of diets by

pelleting, extrusion cooking and expander extrusion could not improve the performance of

broilers.

328 Effect of dietary supplementation of commercial enzymes on performance of broilers - A.R.Nageswara, V. Ramasubba Reddy, A.R. Reddy and A.S. Keshav Reddy, Department of

Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -30

The influence of dietary supplementation of enzymes on performance of commercial

broilers (1-42 d age) was studied in two experiments. On each treatment, 4 replicates of 8 broilers

(Vencob male) in experiment 1 and 8 replicates of 6 broilers (Hubbard male) in experiment 2 weremaintained in battery brooders under standard management. The efficacy of 8 commercial

enzymes in experiment 1, and two commercial enzymes and two formulated enzyme preparations

in experiment 2 were evaluated in broilers fed with dietary supplemented enzymes to corn-soydiet. The performance of broilers were evaluated in terms of body weight gain, feed intake, feed/

gain, livability and dressing yield. None of the enzyme preparations tested could improve the

performance of broilers.

329 Effect of inclusion of dried tomato(Lycopersicon Esculentum) Pomace with or without enzymesupplementation on broiler performance - P. Kavitha, J.V. Ramana, J. Rama Prasad, P.S. Reddy

and P.V.V.S. Reddy, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, ANGRAU

Tirupati - 517502 (Andhra Pradesh)

The dried tomato pomace (DTP) is a by-product obtained during processing oftomatoes, contained 22 percent of CP, 12 percent of EE and 2193 kcal/kg of true metabolizable

energy (TME). Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) broiler

diets were formulated by incorporating DTP at 0, 5, 10 and 15 % without (T1, T

3, T

5 and T

7) and

with (T2, T

4, T

6 and T

8) enzyme supplementation and were offered to 240 male broiler chicks


distributed to 8 treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). The body weight gains did

not differ significantly when diets containing DTP with or without enzyme supplementation werefed. The feed intake differed significantly (P<0.05) in broilers fed diets containing DTP at different

levels, where as the feed efficiency decreased (from 2.04 to 2.14) significantly (P<0.01). The feed

cost per kg gain decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increase in DTP level. The nitrogenutilization decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increase in the level of DTP from 5 to 15 percent

and significantly (P<0.01) increased with enzyme supplementation in both the phases of growth.

The DTP inclusion in broiler diets did not show any significant difference on calcium andphosphorus utilization in both the phases of growth. The carcass characteristics revealed that

there was no significant effect of DTP inclusion on ready-to-cook yield (%) and percent giblet

weight. Present experiment indicated that DTP could be included up to 15 percent in broiler diets

without affecting their growth performance.

330 Effect of homoeopathic preparations on performance of commercial broilers in hot humidseason of Gujarat - M.R. Vahora, S.S. Jagtap, H.B. Desai1, Kuldeep Khanna, Poultry Complex,

Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand-388 001

An experiment was conducted to know the effect of homoeopathic preparations(Immune promoter-Growth promoter) on the performance of commercial broilers. Homoeopathic

drugs act on vital force probably through hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis thereby regulating

hunger, thirst, thermoregulation and metabolism. For this purpose, day old 300 commercial broilerchicks were randomly distributed equally in two groups T1 and T2 with ten replications each.

Group T1 was maintained as control and group T2 was treated with heat regulating homoeopathic

preparations @1gm/lit. in drinking water for first two weeks and then @2gm/lit. throughout theexperiment. Feed given to both the groups was same. Live body weights, feed consumption, feed

conversion efficiency and mortality were recorded. At six weeks of age six birds from each group

were sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Live body weights at forty-two days were 1.569±0.023 kgin T1 and 1.607±0.019 in T2; feed consumptions were 3.082±0.049 and 3.117±0.049 kg while feed

conversion efficiencies were 1.97±0.012 and 1.94±0.016 in T1 and T2 respectively. Mortality in

both the groups were same (three). In carcass traits, for T1 and T2 dressing percentage were76.78±0.71 and 77.20±0.38 %; while eviscerated body weights were 59.84±0.64 and 62.42±0.39%

respectively. Weight of the vital organs in percentage to live body weights were 0.20±0.025 and

0.13±0.004 % for spleen; 0.44±0.019 and 0.41±0.018 % for heart; 2.11±0.13 and 1.86±0.07 % for liverin T1 and T2 respectively. Length of intestine and caeca were 180.27±3.50 and 18.17±0.91 cm in T1

while in T2 they were 188.01±5.0 and 20.33±0.62 cm respectively. Overall results indicated that

homoeopathic preparations help in increasing body weight and improving feed conversion

efficiency.1 Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, GAU,Sardarkrushinagar-385 506


331 Effect of heat regulating homoeopathic preparations on performance of commercial broilers inhot humid season of Gujarat - S.S. Jagtap, M.R.Vahora, Kuldeep Khannaand H.B. Desai1, Poultry

Complex, Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand-388 001

In addition to the usual nutrients certain growth promoting substances are often addedto broiler ration. In this regard an experiment was conducted to know the effect of homoeopathic

preparations (Heat regulating) in alleviation of heat stress in commercial broilers. Homoeopathic

drugs act on vital force probably through hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis thereby regulatinghunger, thirst, thermoregulation and metabolism. For this purpose, day old 300 commercial broiler

chicks were randomly distributed in each. Group T1 (control) and T2 (treated with heat regulating

homoeopathic preparation @2gm/lit. of drinking water) with ten replications. Feed (mash form)given to both the groups was same. Live body weights, feed consumption, feed conversion

efficiency and mortality were recorded. At six weeks of age six birds from each group were

sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Live body weights at forty-two days were 1.569±0.023 Kg in T1and 1.615±0.010 Kg in T2, feed consumption were 3.082±0.049 and 3.102±0.019 Kg; while feed

conversion efficiencies were 1.970±0.012 and 1.921±0.009 in T1 and T2 respectively. Mortality in

T1 was 3 while in T2 it was only 1. In carcass traits, dressing percentage were 76.8±0.71 and77.6±0.74 % respectively; while eviscerated body weight percentage were 59.84±0.64 and 63.4±0.28

% in T1 and T2 respectively. Weight of the vital organs in percentage to live body weights were

0.20±0.025 and 0.14±0.013 for spleen; 0.43±0.019 and 0.40±0.008 for heart; 2.11±0.13 and 1.82±0.069% for liver in T1 and T2 respectively. Length of intestine and caeca were 180.27±3.50 and 18.17±0.91

cm in T1 while in T2 they were 188.06±4.18 and 20.33±0.76 cm, respectively. Overall results

indicated that homoeopathic preparations help in increasing body weights, improving feed

conversion efficiency and reducing mortality thus alleviating the effects of heat stress.

332 Effect of using coarse cereals instead of maize on egg quality traits of WLH birds - S.K. Singh,R.P.S. Baghel, R.S. Gupta, and R.K.Tiwari, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary

Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.)

In an experiment on layers of 40 weeks age raised on mash containing coarse cereals

instead of maize allotted to 7 dietary treatments each with 3 replicates, eggs were collected for egg

quality traits. Control diet (T1) was composed of maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean extraction,

fishmeal, minerals and vitamin supplements. Other diets were formulated using sorghum at 50%,

75% and 100% (T2, T

3 and T

4) and Kodo (Paspalum scorbiculatum) at 25%, 50% and 75% (T

5, T

6

and T7) instead of corn. All the birds were raised replicate wise separately in deep litter system

with a common system of feeding and management. Eight eggs from each replicates were1Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, GAU, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506


collected for study of egg quality traits (Weight, shape index, albumin index, yolk index, shell

thickness, and haugh unit). Egg weight of birds reduced significantly (P<0.05) due to use ofsorghum or kodo partially or completely instead of maize in layer mash. Average egg weight was

maximum (52.6g) in birds allotted T1, diet. While, it was minimum in those assigned T

4 diet. Shape

index of eggs was significantly higher in birds offered T7 diet. While, it was significantly lower in

those allotted T6 diet. Other dietary treatments had no significant influence on it. The albumin

index, which was maximum in birds allotted T3 diet, was statistically similar to birds allotted T

1 or

T2 and T

4 diet. Conversely, the eggs produced from birds fed kodo diets (T

5, T

6, T

7) were

significantly lower than those fed T1 or T

3 diet. Lowest albumin index was noted in eggs of birds

allotted T7 diet, The yolk index was maximum in birds allotted T

1 diet. Birds assigned T

3, T

4 and T

5

diets produced eggs having lower yolk index. Significantly, lower yolk index was observed inbirds fed either T

6 or T

7 diet. Shell thickness of eggs did not differ significantly due to dietary

treatments. However, it was maximum in eggs produced by birds offered T2 diet. The Haugh unit

was significantly higher in eggs laid by birds offered T3 diet. It was higher in birds fed sorghum

or maize diets.

333 Effect of feed restriction on the production performance of WLH birds - R.P.S. Baghel,and R.K. Tiwari, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Vety. Sci. and A.H., JNKVV,

Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Present experiment was undertaken to study the effects of feed restriction on eggproduction performance of White leghorn birds. In this study, control or restricted feeding was

adopted. In case of control (T1) ad lib feeding was practiced. While, in case of restricted groups

(T2 and T3), restricted feeding was made for 6 and 12 hours. Total 600 birds of 35 weeks age weredistributed to 15 replicates and five of the replicates were allotted to one dietary regime. The 6

hours dietary restriction was made from 11.0 a.m. to 5.0 p.m. while 12 hours restriction was made

from 7.0 a.m. to 7.0 p.m. The experiment was undertaken for 15 weeks. During this period feedconsumption, egg production, egg mass and cost of feed required for egg production was

calculated. The pooled data revealed that the egg production in T3 was significantly higher

(73.1%) as compared to T1 (68.8%) and T2 (65.5%). While, the egg mass did not differsignificantly among the birds of different groups. Feed consumed/dozen egg was 1.623, 1.627 and

1.478 kg and per kg egg mass were 2.701, 2.693 and 2.389 kg, respectively in T1, T2 and T3 groups.

Thus, feed consumed per unit of egg production was significantly low in birds of T3 groups. Thecost of feed/dozen egg was Rs. 10.79, 10.81 and 9.93 while per kg egg mass was Rs. 17.96, 17.90

and 15.89, in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that feed restriction in

birds during summer season was beneficial and economical only when it was done for longer

period (12 hrs.). Conversely, it was uneconomical when practiced for lesser duration (6 hrs.)


334 Performance of broilers offered diets with and without cobalt, iron and copper - G.G. Barley,M.M. Mathur and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science

and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Ninety day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 dietary treatments (T1 to T5)having 3 replicates of 6 chicks each and reared up to 42 days. In T1 and T2 commercial mineralmixture (Supplemin) and L.R. grade mineral mixture were used @ 2.5% in the ration. In T3, T4 andT5 L.R. grade mineral supplements were used from which cobalt (T3); iron (T4) and copper (T5)were excluded. The starter diets contained 22% CP and 2800 kcal ME while finisher dietscontained 20% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg. Perusal of the data indicated that during 0-4 weeks feedintake, gain in body weight and feed efficiency ratio in birds allotted T3, T4 and T5 diet was notsignificantly, different from those allotted T2 diet. While, the performance index was significantlylower in groups allotted T4 diet than those assigned T2 and T5 diet. No significant adverse effecton feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and performance index was observed in

birds during 4-6 and 0-6 days.

335 Performance of broilers offered diets without and with Ionophore - G.G. Barley, M.M. Mathur,and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and AnimalHusbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Seventy two day old broiler chicks were assigned to four dietary treatments (T1 to T4)having 3 replicates of 6 chicks each and reared up to 42 d. The experimental diets contained22%CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg for starter and 20%CP and 2800kcal ME/kg for finisher. In T1 and T2commercial mineral mixture (Supplemin) and laboratory reagent grade mineral mixture were used@ 2.5% in the ration. In T3 and T4, an ionophere maduramycin was supplemented @ 20g per2.5kg of mineral mixture. During 0-4 weeks, the gain of body weigh in T2 (799.28±9.33) wassignificantly more (P<0.05) than T1 (726.17±21.89) significantly, the performance index wassignificantly more in T2 than T1 (436.59±9.87 vs. 373.15±11.25). The feed intake and feedefficiency ratio was not affected between 0-4, weeks of age. Further, the supplementation of

maduramycin in T3 and T4 did not improve the performance of chicks during 4-6 or 0-6 weeks of age.

336 Effects of using different combinations of coarse cereals instead of maize in chick ration -R.K. Tiwari, S.K. Singh, and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College ofVeterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

An experiment consisting of 150, day old WLH chicks of identical weights was

conducted to see the effect of coarse cereals instead of maize in chick ration. These chicks were

randomly allotted to five dietary treatments. Control diet-I (T1) was formulated using maize,deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, fishmeal, minerals and vitamin supplements. While, controldiet-II (T2) was devoid of fishmeal. In T1 and T2, soybean meal was used exclusively as vegetableprotein supplement. Diets 3, 4 and 5 were formulated replacing maize of T2 at 70% (T3), 85% (T4)and 100% (T5) level using sorghum and ragi in equal proportions. All these diets were


iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric containing a minimum level of lysine as per BIS (1992). During the8 weeks study, weekly record of body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and performanceindex was observed. Studies indicated that dietary treatments had no significant effect on thebody weight gain of birds. However, their feed intake was significantly influenced. It wassignificantly higher in birds allotted T1 and T2 diet while significantly lower feed consumptionwas noted in those assigned T3, T4 and T5 diets. The feed conversion ratio was maximum andsignificantly higher in birds assigned T1 diet. It was significantly lower in groups allotted T3, T4and T5 diet. While performance index (PI) was minimum and significantly lower in birds assignedT1 diet. Maximum PI noted in birds allotted T3 diet was statistically similar to the PI of birdsallotted diets other than T1. Thus, it was concluded that maize could be completely replaced byusing a combination of sorghum and ragi in equal proportion in starting chicks of egg laying

strain.

337 Studies on utilization of coarse cereals along with oil seed meals with or without fish meal -R.K. Tiwari, S.K. Singh, and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

An experiment was conducted using 150, day old WLH chicks of identical body weightsto see the effect of coarse cereals along with oil seed meals with or without fishmeal. These chickswere allotted randomly to five dietary treatments. Control diet-I (T1) was formulated using maize,deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, fishmeal, minerals and vitamin supplements. While, controldiet-II (T2) was formulated without fishmeal. In T1 and T2, soybean meal was used exclusively asvegetable protein supplement. Diet 3 was formulated to contain approximately an equalproportion of maize, sorghum and ragi & soybean meal. Niger cake and sesame cake (T3). Diet 4was formulated to contain equal proportion of maize and ragi & Niger cake and sesame cake (T4).While, Diet 5 was formulated to contain approximately an equal proportion of sorghum and ragi& Niger cake and sesame cake (T5). All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric containinga minimum level of lysine as per BIS (1992). During 8 weeks study, weekly body weight, feedintake, feed conversion rate and performance index was recorded. Study revealed that bodyweight gain of chicks allotted T1, T2 and T3 diet was statistical similar and higher to those allottedT4 and T5 diet. While, feed intake was significantly higher in chicks allotted T1 and T2 diet. It wassignificantly lower in groups allotted T4 and T5 diets. However, FCR was maximum andsignificantly higher in chicks allotted T1 diet. In other groups it was statistical similar butsignificantly lower to T1. The performance index of birds assigned T1, T2 and T3 diet wasstatistical similar and higher to those allotted T4 and T5 diets. Thus, study clearly revealed thatwith maize soybean meal diet, addition of fishmeal was not essential. However, without soybeanmeal use of coarse cereals along with Niger and sesame cake in equal proportions wereresponsible for poor performance in birds even though the level of lysine was maintained as perBIS (1992). Thus, with maize, sorghum or/and Ragi use of Niger and Sesame meals withoutfishmeal did not produce better performance hence its addition was found essential with thesetypes of diets.


338 Use of different combinations of oil seed meals on egg quality traits of WLH birds - R.P.S.Baghel, S.K. Singh, R.S.Gupta, and R.K. Tiwari, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

In an experiment on layers of 40 weeks age allotted 9 dietary treatments each with threereplicates having a minimum of 14 birds in each eggs were egg quality traits. Control diet (T

1) was

formulated using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean extraction (SE), fishmeal, minerals andvitamin supplements. While, diets 2 and 3 (T

2 and T

3) were formulated using GNC and RTC and

diets 4 and 5 (T4 and T

5) were prepared using 50% and 25% GNC instead of SE. Similarly, diets 6

and 7 (T6 and T

7) were prepared using RTC at 50% and 25% level instead of SE and diets 8 and 9

(T8 and T

9) were formulated using GNC at 50% and 25% level instead of SE. All the birds were

raised in deep litter system of housing with a common system of feeding and management. Eighteggs from different replicates were collected for study of egg quality traits (Egg weight, shapeindex, albumin index, yolk index, shell thickness, and Haugh unit). The egg weights weremaximum in birds assigned SE (T

1). Use of GNC alone (T

2) or with RTC in equal ratio (T

8) or use of

SE and RTC in 75:25 ratio (T7) caused significant reduction in egg weight as compared to T

1. Egg

weight of birds assigned diets containing GNC and RTC alone or in different combinations oreven combinations with SE (T

2 to T

9), did not differ significantly (p<0.05). Minimum egg weight

was noticed in birds allotted T7 diet. The shape index of eggs, which was maximum in birds,

offered T2 diet was statistically similar to those assigned T

4, T

5, T

6, and T

9 diets. Among three oil

seed meals used in layer mash, GNC was responsible for significantly higher shape index. Thealbumin index was maximum in eggs produced by birds allotted T

1 diet. However, statistically it

was similar to those allotted RTC alone in the diet (T3). Use of SE in combination with GNC (T

4 and

T5) or RTC (T

6 and T

7) was responsible for significant reduction in albumin index. Use of GNC with

RTC in 50:50 ratio (T8) although did not influence the albumin index but when the ratio of GNC was

increased to 75:25 (T9), there was improvement in it. As compared to SE and RTC diet (T

1 and T

3),

use of SE and GNC in 50:50 (T4) and SE-RTC in 75:25 ratio (T

7) was responsible for significant

lower albumin index. The yolk index was maximum in birds fed T1 diet. Eggs laid by the birds

offered T2 or T

3 diet although had lower yolk index but differences were not significant. Use of SE

in combination with GNC (T4, T

5) improved the yolk index. Further, uses of SE and RTC (T

6 and T

7)

and GNC and RTC (T8 and T

9) in either 50:50 or 75:25 ratios were responsible for reduction in the

yolk index. The shell thickness of eggs was significantly higher in birds offered diet containingSE and RTC in 50:50 ratio (T

6). However, it was higher only in comparison to eggs produced by

birds assigned diet containing SE or GNC along with RTC in 75:25 ration (T7, T

9). Among most of

the groups, shell thickness did not differ significantly. The Haugh unit of eggs was maximum inbirds assigned M-SE diet (T

1). However, it was statistically similar to those assigned T

2, T

3, T

8 and

T9 diets. Minimum Haugh unit was recorded in birds fed SE-GNC in 50:50 ratio (T

4). Thus, use of

oil seed meals alone was responsible for superior Haugh unit. However, when soybean meal wasused in combination with either GNC or RTC in 50:50 (T

4 & T

6) or 75:25 (T

5 & T

7) ratio it reduced

the Haugh unit of eggs significantly. Use, of GNC and RTC in combination also reduced it

however, differences were not significant.


339 Production performance of layers fed various combinations of oil seed meals - R.P.S. Baghel,

S.K. Singh and R.K. Tiwari, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and


Three hundred ninety layers of 30 weeks age already maintained on mash containingdifferent combinations of oil seed meals were used in the study. These were, allotted to 27replicates of 9 treatments having a minimum of 14 birds in each replicate, Control diet (T1) wasformulated using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean extraction (SE), fishmeal, minerals and vita-min supplements. While, diets 2 and 3 (T2 and T3) were formulated using GNC and RTC asvegetable protein supplement, respectively and diets 4 and 5 (T4 and T5) were prepared using50% and 25% GNC instead of SE. Similarly, diets 6 and 7 (T6 andT7) were prepared using RTC at50% and 25% level instead of SE and diets 8 and 9 (T8 and T9) were formulated using GNC at 50%and 25% level instead of SE. All the birds were raised in deep litter system of housing separatelywith a common system of management. The average body weights of birds at 32nd week weresignificantly influenced due to dietary treatments. Significantly, higher weight was recorded inbirds allotted T7 diet. While, it was lower in birds assigned T3 diet. At 36th weeks, significantlyhigher weight was noticed in broilers offered control diet. It was significantly lower in groups fedT9 diet. At 44th weeks, significantly higher weight was recorded in birds assigned T5 diet and wassignificantly lower in those allotted T8 diet containing GNC-RTC in 50:50 ratio. Feed intake wassignificantly influenced due to diets. It was maximum and significantly higher in birds assignedSoybean meal diet (T1). While, significantly lower intake was registered in birds allotted T4 diet.Use of SE and GNC in equal ratio was responsible for significant reduction in it. However, whenproportion of GNC was reduced to 25%, feed intake improved significantly. Using a combinationof SE and RTC or GNC and RTC in 50:50 (T6, T8) or 75:25 (T7, T9) ratio did not influence the feedintake of birds significantly among each other. However, these were significantly lower than SEdiet (T1). The percent hen day egg production was maximum and significantly higher in birdsallotted T1 diet. Use of GNC or RTC either alone or in different combinations in between or withsoybean, meal reduced the egg production significantly. Use of RTC alone was responsible forsignificantly lower egg production. While, use of GNC alone produced significantly higher eggproduction in comparison to RTC. Use of SE in combination with GNC reduced the egg produc-tion significantly. Drastic reduction was noted in birds offered SE with GNC in equal ratio. Use ofRTC in combination with GNC reduced egg production in comparison to use of GNC alone. FCR/dozen eggs was maximum in birds allotted diet-containing RTC alone. While, it was minimum ingroups allotted GNC alone as protein supplement. Birds fed SE diet (T1) have FCR significantlylower than those fed RTC alone but higher than those fed GNC diet. Cost of feed per dozen eggswas maximum in birds allotted GNC (T2). While, it was maximum in birds assigned RTC (T3). Useof RTC in combination with SE (T6 and T7) was responsible for significant lower feed cost thanthose fed RTC alone as protein supplement. Further, use of RTC with SE in 25:75 ratio (T7) was

most economical among RTC combinations.


340 Production performance of layers fed coarse cereals instead of maize - S.K. Singh, R.P.S.

Baghel and R.K. Tiwari,Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

Three hundred seven, layers of 30 weeks age already maintained on mash containing

coarse cereals instead of maize were continued in the experiment. These were allotted to 7 dietary

treatments each with 3 replicates having an average of 14 birds in each. Control diet (T1) was

formulated using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean extraction, fishmeal, minerals and vitamin

supplements. The diets 2, 3 and 4 were formulated using sorghum in place of corn at 50%, 75%

and 100% (T2, T3 and T4). While, diets 5, 6 and 7 were formulated using Kodo (Paspalum

scorbiculatum) instead of corn at 25%, 50% and 75% (T5, T6 and T7). All the birds were

maintained replicate wise in deep litter system of housing with a common system of management.

The experimental data in terms of body weight gain, feed intake, egg production, egg conversion

ratio and cost of feed for egg production for 31-46 weeks has been pooled and presented. The

average body weight of birds at 32nd weeks of age was influenced significantly due to dietary

treatments maximum weight was registered in broilers allotted 25% kodo instead of maize. While

it was minimum in groups assigned 75% sorghum instead of maize. Similarly, during 36 weeks,

also these birds had significantly lower body weights but maximum weight was attained by the

birds allotted control diet. At 44th week, body weight of birds did not differ significantly.

Incorporation of Sorghum or Kodo reduced the feed intake significantly. Maximum and

significantly higher intake was recorded in birds fed maize based diet. While, it was significantly

lower in groups allotted 75% Sorghum or Kodo instead of maize in their diet. The percent hen day

egg production was maximum and significantly higher in birds allotted maize based diet (T1).

Inclusion of higher level of sorghum had erratic trend on egg production while Kodo had

reducing effect. Significantly, lower egg production was recorded in birds allotted 75% sorghum

or kodo instead of maize in their diets. Feed conversion ratio in terms of either kg feed/dozen egg

or/kg egg mass had similar effect due to incorporation of coarse cereals. FCR/dozen egg was

significantly higher in birds fed control diet. However, statistically it was similar to groups

assigned 75% or 100%. sorghum instead of maize. While, FCR/kg egg mass was maximum in birds

allotted complete sorghum diet. However, statistically it was similar to groups assigned maize

based diet or 75% sorghum and 25% maize diet. The cost of feed for egg production (per dozen or

per kg egg mass) was significantly lower in birds assigned 50% sorghum instead of maize while

significantly higher cost was noted in groups fed 75% kodo diet. The cost of feed per kg egg mass

was also minimum in birds fed diet containing 50% sorghum instead of maize. However, it was true

only in comparison to those allotted 50% or 75% Kodo instead of maize in their diet. Thus, it was

concluded that use of 50% sorghum instead of maize was most beneficial. However, as compared

to maize, use of 75% sorghum or 25% Kodo was also economical.


341 Effects of using enzyme on the performance of chicks -R.K. Tiwari, S.K. Singh and R.P.S. Baghel,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V.,Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

An experiment including 180, day old WLH chicks of identical body weights wasconducted to study the effect of using enzymes in chick rations containing various combinationsof coarse cereals and oil seed meals. These chicks were randomly allotted to six dietarytreatments. Control diet-I (T1) was prepared using maize, deoiled rice polish, soybean meal,fishmeal, minerals and vitamin supplements. While, control diet-II (T2) was same as T1 except itwas devoid of fishmeal. Further, in diets T1 and T2 maize was exclusively used as cereal andsoybean meal as vegetable protein supplement. While in diet T3, 85% of maize and 70% of SMwas replaced by using equal proportions of sorghum and ragi and Niger and sesame cakes,respectively. In diet T4, 56.4% of maize was replaced by using sorghum and ragi in approximately1:3 ratio and SM was completely replaced by incorporating Niger and sesame cake in equalproportion. While, in diet T5, maize as well as SM was completely replaced by using sorghum andragi & Niger cake and sesame in equal ratio. In diet T6, 85% of maize and 70% of SM was replacedby using an equal combination of sorghum and ragi & Niger and sesame cake, respectively. DietT3 and T6 were same except in T6 lysine was not supplemented. In diets T4, T5 and T6 enzymeBeetazymes (B-D glycosidase, Celluloses, Proteases, Amylases, Phytases) was added @ 50g/Q.All these diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric (BIS, 1992). During the 8 weeks study, weeklyrecord of body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and performance index was observed.The treatment means clearly revealed that body weight gain of chicks allotted T1, T2 and T3 dietswas significantly higher as compared to other groups in which similar weight gain was registeredin between them. While, feed intake was maximum in birds allotted T1 and T2 diet and wassignificantly lower in groups assigned T4, T5 and T6 diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) wasmaximum in birds assigned T1 and T5 diet. While, it was significantly low in birds assigned T3diet. The performance index was significantly higher in birds assigned T3 diet however,statistically it was similar to those allotted T1 and T2 diet. Significantly lower PI was noted inbirds allotted T6 diet followed by those assigned T4 and T5 diets. Thus, studies indicated that80% of maize and 70% of SM could be replaced by using sorghum and ragi & Niger and sesamecakes, respectively in equal proportions. Supplementation of lysine was desired to maintain itsoptimum level in the diets devoid of fish meal having a combination of SM, Niger and Sesamecake in 30: 35: 35 ratio. Further, use of Beetazymes did not produce any beneficial effect on the

performance of birds.

342 Effects of using combinations of oil seed meals instead of soybean meal in chick ration - R.K.Tiwari, S.K. Singh, and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of VeterinaryScience and Animal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

An experiment including 150, day old WLH chicks of identical body weights wasundertaken to study the effect of coarse cereals instead of maize in chick ration. These chickswere randomly allotted to five dietary treatments. Control diet-I (T1) was prepared using maize,


deoiled rice polish, soybean meal, fishmeal, minerals and vitamin supplements. While, controldiet-II (T2) was same as T1 except it was devoid of fishmeal. In T1 and T2, soybean meal was usedexclusively as vegetable protein supplement. Diets 3, 4 and 5 were formulated replacing soybeanmeal of T2 at 50% (T3), 60% (T4) and 70% (T5) level using Niger cake and sesame cake in equalproportions. All these diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric containing a minimum level oflysine as per BIS (1992). During the 8 weeks study, weekly record of body weight, feed intake,feed conversion ratio and performance index was observed. Perusal of the data recorded in thestudy revealed that body weight gain of the chicks did not differ significantly due to dietarytreatments. Feed intake was statistically similar in birds assigned T1 and T2 diet. However, it wassignificantly lower in birds assigned T3, T4 and T5 diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) wasmaximum and significantly higher in birds assigned T1 diet. It was significantly lower in birdsassigned T3, T4 and T5 diets. The performance index (PI) was significantly lower in birdsassigned T1 diet as compared to other groups. Hence, it was concluded that soybean meal instarting mash could be replaced by using an equal combination of Niger and sesame cake up to theextent of 70%.

343 Effects of Ionophore on utilization of single super phosphate in broilers - R.K. Mishra andR.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and AnimalHusbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

In a study conducted on ninety-six broiler chicks of similar body weights, six dietarytreatments were tested each on two replicates of eight chicks to study the effect of Maduramycineas Ionophore on utilization of single super phosphate (SSP) instead of dica1cium phosphate(DCP) on the performance of broilers. These were offered starter diet containing 22% CP and 2800Kcal ME/kg and finisher diet containing 20% CP along with 2900 Kcal ME/kg for 0-4 and 4-6weeks. In these diets 2% mineral mixture (MM) was used. In experimental diets, DCP of MM wasreplaced by DAP at 0%(T1), 20% (T2), 40% (T3), 60% (T4), 80% (T5), and 100% (T6) level. In allthese diets Maduramycine (Maducox) was added @ 20g/Q diet. All the chicks were raised inbattery brooders replicate wise with a common system of feeding and management. Theperformance of broilers during 0-4 weeks indicated that broilers allotted T1 diet gained maximumand significantly higher weight. Use of SSP along with Maduramycine reduced the weight gain ofbroilers significantly Feed intake was also significantly higher in T1 groups of broilers. However,FER that was maximum in groups allotted T1 diet was statistically similar to those allotted T2 andT3 diets. The PI was maximum and significantly higher in broilers assigned T1 diet. During 4-6weeks maximum weight gain attained by the broilers allotted T2 diet was statistically similar tothose allotted T3 and T5 diets. Feed intake was also significantly higher in broilers allotted T2diet. While, FER was maximum and significantly higher in broilers assigned T4 diet. The PI wasalso highest in groups assigned T4 diet however it was similar to those allotted T5 diet. Overallperformance for 0-6 weeks clearly indicated that broilers assigned T1 diet gained maximum weight.While maximum feed intake was noted in broilers assigned T2 diet. The FER was maximum andsignificantly higher in T4 groups. While, the PI was maximum and significantly higher in broilersassigned T1 diet. Broilers assigned T2, T3 and T4 diet had statistically similar PI among eachother. It was significantly lower in groups assigned T5 and T6 diets. Thus, along withmaduramycine SSP did not produce beneficial effect over DAP.


344 Effects of Ionophore on utilization of diammonium phosphate in broilers - K.V. Sharma andR.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and AnimalHusbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

In an experiment on ninety-six broiler chicks of identical body weight, six dietary

treatments were tested each on two replicates of eight chicks to study the effect of using

Maduramycine as Ionophore on the utilization of diamonium phosphate (DAP) instead of dicalciumphosphate (DCP) on the performance of broilers. These chicks were offered starter diet contain-

ing 22% CP and 2800 Kcal ME/kg and finisher diet containing 20% CP along with 2900 Kcal ME/

kg for 0-4 and 4-6 weeks. In these diets 3% mineral mixture (MM) was used. In experimental diets,DCP of MM was replaced by DAP at 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 40% (T3), 60% (T4), 80% (T5), and 100%

(T6) level. In all these diets Maduramycine (Maducox) was added @ 20g/Q diet. All the chicks

were raised in battery brooders replicate wise with a common system of feeding and management.The performance of broilers during 0-4 weeks revealed that broilers assigned T4 diet gained

maximum weight, however statistically it was similar to those allotted T2, T5 and T6 diets. Feed

intake of broilers allotted T4 diet was also maximum Best FER was noted in broilers assigned T5diet however; it was statistically similar to broilers allotted T3 diet. While, the performance Index

(PI) of broilers allotted T4 diet was highest but statistically similar to groups assigned T4 and T6

diet. During 4-6 weeks maximum weight gain was attained by the broilers offered T1 diet whilefeed intake was highest in broilers receiving T5 diet. Maximum FER noted in broilers assigned T1

diet was statistically similar to those assigned T3 diet. Similarly, PI was significantly higher in

broilers allotted T1 and T3 diet as compared to other groups. Overall performance of broilers for0-6 weeks clearly indicated that broilers allotted T4 diet attained maximum weight. However FER

was maximum in broilers assigned T3 diet. While, PI of broilers assigned T4 and T5 diet was

maximum but statistically it was similar to groups allotted T2, T3 and T6 groups. Thus, along withionophore utilization of phosphorus from DAP was better and the performance of broilers was

significantly higher than those receiving DAP as a source of supplemental phosphorus.

345 Studies on utilization of single super phosphate as a source of phosphorus in broilers - R.K.

Mishra and R.P.S. Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and


The experiment containing ninety-six broiler chicks of similar body weights were

assigned to six dietary treatments each with two replicates of eight chicks each. These chicks

were assigned starter and finisher diets for a period of 0-4 and 4-6 weeks. Diets were formulatedusing maize, rice polish, soybean meal, fish meal, minerals and vitamin supplements to supply

22% CP and 2800 Kcal ME/kg in starter and 20% CP along with 2900 Kcal ME/kg in finishing

broilers. In these diets 2%, mineral mixture was used. In the experimental diets, dicalcium


phosphate (DCP) of mineral mixture was replaced by single super phosphate (SSP) at 0 (T1), 20(T2), 40 (T3), 60 (T4), 80 (T5), and 100% (T6) level. All the chicks were raised in identical

conditions in battery brooders separately replicate wise with a common system of feeding and

management. The performance of broilers during 0-4 weeks indicated that broilers allotted T3 dietgained maximum and significantly higher weight. Use of 20% SSP instead of DCP did not

influence the weight gain significantly but when its level was increased to 40% increased the

weight gain significantly. Further increase in level of SSP to 60% reduced the weight gain but itdid nod differ significantly with those assigned with groups assigned T3 diet. However, further

increase in the level of SSP reduced the weight gain of broilers significantly. Similarly trends were

noted with feed intake, FER as well as PI of broilers. The PI was maximum and significantly higherin broilers assigned T3 diet. During 4-6 weeks although maximum body weight gain was recorded

in broilers allotted T3 diet but it was statistically similar with those allotted T1 and T2 diet. Use of

SSP above 40% reduced the weight gains of broilers significantly. Feed intake was significantlyhigher in broilers allotted T2 and T3 diets. While the FER and PI was best in broilers assigned T1

diet. Overall, performance of broilers for 0-6 weeks clearly indicated that broilers allotted T3 diet

attained maximum weight but consumed comparatively higher quantity of feed in comparison tocontrol. FER of broilers assigned T3 diet was also significantly lower than those allotted T1 diet.

However, the PI of broilers assigned T1 and T3 diets was statistically similar but superior to other

group of broilers. Surprisingly a 20% SSP diet produced weight gain similar to control but wasresponsible for significantly poor FER and PI. While, use of 40% SSP instead of DCP produced

significantly higher weight gain even than the control and was responsible for performance index

similar to control group. Use of SSP over 40% of DCP was responsible for significantly poorperformance in broilers. Hence, it was concluded that 40% DCP can be replaced by SSP in the

mineral mixture of broilers.

346 Studies on utilization of diammonium phosphate as source of phosphorus in broilers - K.V.

Sharma and R.P.S.Baghel, Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 001 (M.P.)

An experiment containing ninety-six broiler chicks of identical body weights weredistributed to six treatments each with two replicates of eight chicks. These chicks were offered

starter and finisher diets for a period of 0-4 and 4-6 weeks. Diets were formulated using maize,

soybean extraction, fish meal, minerals and vitamin supplements to supply 22% CP and 2800 KcalME/kg in starter and 20% CP along with 2900 Kcal ME/kg in finishing broilers. In these diets 3%

mineral mixture (MM) was used. In the experimental diets, dicalcium phosphate (DCP) of mineral

mixture was replaced by diammonium phosphate (DAP) at 0%(T1), 20% (T2), 40% (T3), 60% (T4),80% (T5), and 100% (T6) level. All the chicks were raised in battery brooders separately replicate

wise with a common system of feeding and management. The performance of broilers during


0-4 weeks revealed that broilers assigned T4 diet gained maximum weight, which was however

statistically similar to those assigned T3 diets. Other groups of broilers attained statisticallysimilar weights among each other lower than those assigned T4 diet. The, feed intake of broilers

allotted T4 diet was also maximum and statistically similar to those allotted T3, T5 and T6 diet.

Minimum feed intake was registered in T2 groups of broilers. Best FER was noted in broilersassigned T4 diet however; it was comparable with broilers allotted T2 and T3 diet. While, the

performance Index (PI) was highest in groups allotted T4 diet but was statistically similar with

those assigned T3 diet. During 4-6 weeks maximum body weight gain and feed intake wasobserved in broilers T3 diet although FER of these broilers was poor. While, PI was highest in

broilers allotted T4 diet and it was comparable to those assigned T3 diet. Overall performance of

broilers for 0-6 weeks clearly revealed that broilers allotted T4 diet attained maximum weight andhad best FER and PI. Thus, increase in the level of DAP from 0 to 60% in the MM of broilers

increased the performance of broilers being excellent in groups assigned 60% DAP instead of

DCP. Use of higher level of DAP reduced the performance of broilers still it was significantlybetter than those receiving control diet containing 100% DCP. Hence, it was concluded that DCP

can be completely replaced by DAP in the mineral mixture of broilers.

347 Effect of feeding different phosphorus levels and depletion biochemical of finishing broilers -

Chandra Deo, H.P. Shrivastava, N.B. Singh and T.S. Johri, Central Avian Research Institute,

Izatnagar -243 122

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different phosphorus (P)

levels and depletion on growth performance of finishing (22-46 d) broilers. Initially, three test

diets were prepared from the basal diet containing practical feedstuffs supplemented withvariable dicalcium phosphate to achieve 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% available phosphorus (AP) and were

tested during starting phase (0-21 d) period by introducing each diet in twelve groups having 9

chicks per group. Additionally, seven more test diets were also prepared by depleting 0, 25, 50 and75% of P levels of each diet that had been tested during starting phase. During finishing phase

(22-42 d) a total 10 test diets were introduced in such a way that it made twelve treatments (T1-

T12) by depleting P at four levels in each diet tested during starting period. At the termination offeeding trial, 72 birds (6 per treatment) were randomly sacrificed to collect the serum samples for

estimation. Results indicated that serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum calcium did not

vary due to different levels of P and interaction between P levels and depletion. Whereas, serumalkaline phosphatase activity, serum calcium and serum phosphorus differed significantly (P<0.05)

due to different levels of P depletion. Serum phosphorus concentration increased (P<0.01) as the

level of P was increased in the diet. Similarly, serum phosphorus level was significantly decreasedin the depleted P levels (25 to 75%) group fed diet from the undepleted P level diet. However, the

serum phosphorus concentration remained uninfluenced due to interaction


between P levels and depletion in the diet. From the results it is therefore, concluded that thephosphorus level in broiler finisher diet can be kept upto 50% depletion irrespective of 0.3, 0.4and 0.5% available phosphorus levels. Further, the broiler need 0.15-0.25% available phosphorus

during finishing phase (22-42 d) for optimum blood biochemical parameters.

348 Interaction of amino acids and energy on growth performance, development of digestive organsand meat yield of multicoloured broilers during 21 to 42 days of age - S.K. Bhanja and A.B.

Mandal, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India

An experiment was conducted in winter months with 21day-old multicoloured broilers(n=342) involving three levels of AA (115, 100 and 85% AA of NRC, 1994) and three levels ofenergy (2800, 3000, 3200) each either as total or digestible in a 2x3x3 factorial design to assess theoptimum energy to AA ratio during finishing period (21-42 d). The 42nd d body weight (1143 g,P<0.023), 21-42 d body weight gain (831 g, P<0.041) and feed consumption (2033g) were higher inthe birds fed diets formulated on total AA, numerically better FCR, CP and ME efficiency wereobserved in groups fed diets based on digestible AA. The live weight did not differ between highand medium level of AA. The FCR was better at medium (2.39) as well as high level of AA (2.33) incompassion to low (2.58) AA level. There was also better CP & ME efficiency in high AA diets.Body weight was higher (P<0.001) in high energy diet. Though the feed intake was not affectedby dietary energy levels, the FCR and efficiency of CP utilization improved linearly with increasein dietary energy level. BW differences of 55 g (in AA groups) and 64 g (in ME groups) duringfinishing stage indicate that ME levels are more critical than AA during this period. There was nodifference in liver and pancreas weight in different dietary treatments, but the gizzard weight washigher low energy (P<0.022) diets and proventriculus weight was higher (P<0.011) in low AA diet.Length and weight of small intestine and caeca were numerically higher in low AA and low energydiets. The dressing yield was higher (P<0.006) in both high and low AA diets, however theenergy levels did not affect the dressing yields. The abdominal fat deposition and breast yieldwas numerically higher in low AA diets, whereas significantly higher fat deposition (P<0.006) wasrecorded in high energy diet. It may be concluded from the above study that 100% AA of NRC,1994 and 3000 kcal ME/ kg diet may be optimum for growth and meat yield of multicoloured

broilers during 21-42 d period.

349 Serum biochemical and enzyme profile of broiler chicken fed processed Karanj cake as partialprotein supplement - A. K. Panda, V. R. B. Sastry, A.B. Mandal, S.K. Saha and A. Kumar, Division

of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122 (U.P.)

Serum biochemical and enzyme profile in broiler chickens was evaluated on

isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing soybean meal (reference diet) and diet containingNaOH (1.5%, w/w) treated solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) at 6.43, 12.86 and 25.72 % (test

diets) replacing soybean meal protein of reference diet at 12.5, 25 and 50%, respectively. Chicks


were maintained under uniform managemental conditions throughout the experimental period

from 0 to 56 days of age. At the end of experimental feeding, about 5ml of blood was collected from

6 representative birds of each dietary groups (two from each replicate of 8 birds) and serum was

separated for analyzing biochemical constituents like protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid and

cholesterol and activities of enzymes such as AST, ALT, LDH and ALP. Similarly blood smears

from the same birds were taken on the same day and stained with Giemsa to count the heterophils

and lymphocytes to a fixed number in order to obtain their ratio (H : L). Serum protein concentra-

tion was found to be similar across the chicks fed reference and 6.43 % processed SKC (12.5%

replacement) containing diets. Further replacement at either 25 or 50% N of soybean meal led to

a significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum protein content. Similar trend was noticed for globulin.

However, no difference could be noticed in the concentration of albumin or uric acid. The compa-

rable serum cholesterol concentration among the chicks fed diets containing 12.86 or 25.72%

processed SKC was observed to be significantly lower (P<0.05) than in those fed soybean meal

and 6.43% processed SKC containing diets. The activity of enzymes such as AST, ALT, LDH and

ALP were similar among all the groups. Replacement of soybean meal protein by processed SKC

at either 25 or 50% resulted in a significant (P>0.05) increase in proportion of heterophils per unit

lymphocytes. Though dietary variations did not influence enzyme profile, the concentration of

serum protein and globulin were depressed and H : L ratio was narrowed, indicating a dietary

stress in broiler chickens when soybean meal protein was replaced by karanj cake beyond 12.5 %

level even after processing.

350 Physico-chemical carcass characteristics and sensory attributes of meat of broiler chickensfed diets in corporated with processed Karanj cake - A. K. Panda, V.R.B. Sastry, A.B. Mandal,

S.K. Saha and A. Kumar, Division of Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122 (U.P.)

Studies were conducted to find out the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal

protein with processed solvent extracted karanj cake (1.5% NaOH, w/w) on physicochemical

carcass characteristics and sensory attributes of meat of broiler chicken by feeding (isonitrogenous

and isocaloric) diet containing soybean meal (reference diet) and diet containing NaOH treated

solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) at 6.43, 12.86 and 25.72% (test diets) replacing soybean meal

protein of reference diet at 12.5, 25 and 50%, respectively from 0 to 56 days of age. Chicks were

kept under uniform management conditions throughout the experimental period. At the end of

experimental feedings, four birds of each dietary group were sacrificed through cervical

dislocation in order to record carcass characteristics such as dressing weight and weight of liver,

heart, gizzard, abdominal fat and primal cuts such as breast, thigh, drumstick, back, wing and


neck. Meat samples from thigh region were collected for estimating the chemical composition

such as moisture, protein, ether extract and ash. Another 200 g of meat was collected from thigh

and breast regions for organoleptic evaluation. The dressing percentage and percent yield of

liver, heart, gizzard, giblet, abdominal fat and primal cuts on live weight were tended to be similar

among the birds fed reference and test diets containing 6.43 and 12.86 % processed SKC. On the

other hand, replacement of soybean meal protein with processed SKC at 50% level reduced

dressing percentage and percent yield of breast, thigh and drumsticks. No difference could,

however, be observed in the chemical composition of meat, except in the intramuscular fat which

was more in birds fed 25.72 % processed karanj cake in the diet. No untoward taste or abnormal

qualities with regard to appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability were

revealed in pressure cooked meat (1.5% salt, w/w) of birds fed different diets, when subjected to

organoleptic evaluation by semi trained taste panel using 7 point hedonic scale. Most of the

carcass characteristics were, therefore, adversely affected on replacing soybean meal protein at

50% level by processed karanj cake.

351 Utilization of pearl millet along with rapeseed meal and sunflower seed meal in the diets of

broiler chickens - Praveen K. Tyagi, A. B. Mandal, A.V. Elangovan, Pramod K. Tyagi, S. Kaur and

A. Johri, Central Avian Research Institute, lzatnagar 243 122

Day old broiler chicks (n=168) were divided into 28 groups of 6 chicks each. Seven

dietary treatments were formulated viz. D1 (maize + soybean meal-SBM based control diet), D

2

(maize + SBM + RSM 10% + SSM 10%), D3 (50% maize +50% pearl millet + SSM), D

4 (50% maize

+ 50% pearl millet + SBM + RSM 5% + SSM 5%), D5 (50% maize +50% pearl millet+ SBM + RSM

5% + SSM 10%), D6 (50% maize + 50% pearl milet + SBM + RSM 10% + SSM 5%) and D

7 (50%

maize +50% pearl millet + SBM + RSM 10% + SSM 10%), replacing maize and SBM of control diet

partially for 0-4 wk starting and 4-7 wk finishing phases separately. A balance trial was conducted

at 6 weeks of age to study utilization of nitrogen and energy. Body weight gain did not differ due

to dietary treatment both at 0-4, 4-7 or 0-7 weeks of growth phases. Numerically greater gain at 7

wk of age at low cost was observed in dietary treatment containing maize + pearl millet (50:50)

along with RSM (5%) and SSM (5% or 10%) or RSM 10% and SSM 10% replacing SBM partly.

Feed efficiency did not differ due to dietary treatments. Meat yield did not differ significantly. It

was concluded that inclusion of 30% pearl millet, 5% rapeseed meal and 5% sunflower seed meal

or 30% pearl millet, rapeseed meal 5% and 10% sunflower seed meal or 30% pearl millet, 10%

rapeseed meal and 10% sunflower seed meal replacing maize and soybean meal partly rendered

economic broiler production without affecting feed utilization and growth rate.


352 Utilization of sorghum along with rapeseed meal and sunflower seed meal in the maize-soybased diets of broiler chickens - Pramod K. Tyagi, A.B. Mandal, A.V. Elangovan, Praveen

K. Tyagi, A. Johri and S. Kaur, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122

Day old broiler chicks (n=144) were divided into 24 groups of 6 chicks each. Six dietarytreatments were formulated viz. D

1 (maize + soybean meal-SBM based control diet), D

2 (25% maize

+ 75% sorghum+ SBM), D3 (25% maize + 75% sorghum + SBM + RSM 5% + SSM 5%), D

4 (25%

maize + 75% sorghum+ SBM + RSM 5% + SSM 10%), D5 (25% maize + 75% sorghum + SBM +

RSM 10% + SSM 5%) and D6 (25% maize + 75% sorghum + SBM + RSM 10% + SSM 10%) for

0-4 wk growing phase and 4-7 wk finishing phases. Body weight gain, feed conversion andcarcass traits at 7 weeks of age did not differ due to dietary treatments. Energy and proteinutilization efficiency also did not differ due to dietary treatments. The cost of feed for one kg gainin live weight was lower in D

4, D

5 and D

6 when compared to maize based control. The results

indicated that use of sorghum replacing 75% of dietary maize and RSM (5% or 10% w/w) and SSM(5% or 10% w/w) replacing soybean meal partly supported optimum gain and feed efficiency tothat of maize-soy based control. Inclusion of sorghum (replacing 75% maize) along with 10%rapeseed meal and 5% sunflower seed meal or 10% rapeseed meal and 10% sunflower seed meal

(w/w) resulted in economic broiler production.

353 Effect of dietary supplementation zinc bacitracin, ascorbic acid and sodium bicabonate on theperformance of cari sonali hens during hot weather - A.V. Elangovan, A.B. Mandal, Praveen K.

Tyagi, Pramod K. Tyagi and Saroj Toppo, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122

An experiment was conducted involving CARl Sonali layers (n=105) of 55-62 weeks ofage (50 days egg collection period) to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation ofadditives (zinc bacitracin, ascorbic acid and sodium bi-carbonate) on egg production under heatstress. Six dietary treatments consisted of one control diet (D

1), two levels of zinc bacitracin (D

2,

100mg/kg and D3, 200mg/kg), ascorbic acid, 300mg/kg (D

4) and sodium bi carbonate, 0.5% in diet

(D5) were formulated following completely randomized design. Each dietary treatment was

assigned to 21 hens caged individually. The temperature in house during the experimental periodrecorded a minimum of 25 to 34°C (mean 31.8±0.34°C) and maximum of 31 to 38°C (mean 35.8±0.35°C).No significant difference in hen-day egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and bodyweight change was observed between dietary treatments. Net FCR (including the gain in bodyweight and egg mass) also showed similar trend to that of FCR. The egg quality parameters viz.shape index shell weight, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index and ICU also remained similarin all the dietary treatments. The study indicated that a diet supplemented with zinc bacitracin andascorbic acid would not be much beneficial for laying hens with a in house temperature below38°c. However, an apparent improvement observed in shell thickness and egg production could

be exploited in commercial feeding as the input cost is meager.


354 Egg production performance of assel layers as influenced by varying levels of dietary energy, protein and critical amino acid levels - C. Deo, A.V. Elangovan, A.B. Mandal, D.P. Singh and H.P.Shrivastava, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122

An experiment was conducted involving laying Aseel hens (n = 108) during 29-40 weeksof age (84 days feeding trial) to evaluate of effect of dietary energy and protein levels for eggproduction performance. Six dietary treatments with two levels of energy (2600 kcal and 2400 kcalME/kg) and three levels of protein (16.0, 14.0 and 12.0%) at each energy level following factorialCRD were tested. Feed intake, hen-day production, egg-weight, feed conversion efficiency andegg quality parameters did not differ statistically due to either dietary energy or protein levels.However, hen-day egg production and feed conversion ratio differed (P<0.01) due to theirinteraction. Higher (P<0.01) hen -day egg production and feed conversion ratio were recordedfrom 2600 kcal ME/kg with 14% protein. Therefore, a dietary level of 2600 kcal ME/kg, 14.0% CP,0.70% lysine, 0.30% methionine and 0.54% threonine was optimum for egg production

performance of Aseel layers during 29 to 40weeks of age.

355 Optimizing energy, protein and amino acid needs in diet of Kadaknath (26-40 weeks of age)hens - A.B. Mandal, C. Deo, A.V. Elangovan, D.P. Singh, and H.P. Shrivastava, Central AvianResearch Institute, Izatnagar 243 122

An experiment was conducted involving 108 laying kadaknath hens during 26-40 (100days) weeks of age to evaluate of effect of dietary energy and protein levels for egg productionperformance. Six dietary treatments with two levels of energy (2600 kcal and 2400 kcal ME/kg) andthree levels of protein (16.0, 14.0 and 12.0%) at each energy level following factorial design weretested. Feed intake, hen-day production, egg-weight and feed conversion efficiency did notdiffer statistically due to either dietary protein levels or protein and energy interaction. However,significantly higher (P<0.05) egg production was recorded at 2600 kcal ME/kg diet. Higher bodyweight gain resulted in both higher dietary energy and protein levels. A non-significant decreasein egg production with decreased level of protein was observed. Moreover, though eggproduction did not differ due to interaction of energy and protein but higher (66.06%) eggproduction was recorded with better FCR (3.82). Therefore, a dietary level of 2600 kcal ME/kg and16.0% CP, 0.86% lysine, 0.31% methionine and 0.63% threonine was recommended for optimumegg production performance of Kadaknath layers.

356 Optimization of energy and protein requirements laying hens (Cari-Sonali) during first phase(20-36 weeks) of egg production - S. Toppo, A.B. Mandal and A.V. Elangovan, Central Avian

Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122

CARl Sonali strain, crosses of WLW male and RIR females, basically developed for eggpurpose. The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate energy & protein requirements of

CARl Sonali laying hens during early winter months. Six experimental diets with two energy levels


(2400 and 2600 kcal ME/kg) and three protein levels (14, 16 and 18% CP) were fed to 140 birds from

18 weeks of age. Feed offered and egg production was recorded daily. Weight of eggs was

recorded regularly. Body weight changes were recorded at 4 weeks interval. Results of 20-36

weeks egg production phase indicated that the hen-day egg production, FCR & Net FCR were

better (P<0.05) on diets with 2600 kcal ME/kg. But body weight changes and egg weight were not

affected due to levels of energy. Hen-day egg production did not differ due to dietary protein

levels. However, protein levels showed significant effect on egg weight being statistically higher

(P<0.05) at 16% CP level. The birds grew 308 to 336 g during this phase in different protein

regimen. The birds receiving 16% CP diet consumed more feed (P<0.01) than in 18 or 14% CP

levels. FCR (feed/egg mass) was also significantly higher at 16% CP diet. Net FCR improved

significantly at 14% CP diet. The results indicated that CARI Sonali laying hens require a diet with

14% protein and a minimum level of 2600 kcal ME/kg for optimum production performance during

first phase (20-36 weeks).

357 Effect of inclusion of dried tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) pomace with or without enzyme supplementation on broiler performance - P. Kavitha, J.V. Ramana, J. Rama Prasad, P.S. Reddy

and P.V.V.S. Reddy, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, ANGRAU

Tirupati - 517 502 (Andhra Pradesh)

The dried tomato pomace (DTP) is a by-product obtained during processing of

tomatoes, contained 22 percent of CP, 12 percent of EE and 2193 kcal/kg of true metabolizable

energy (TME). Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) broiler

diets were formulated by incorporating DTP at 0, 5, 10 and 15% without (T1, T

3, T

5 and T

7) and

with (T2, T

4, T

6 and T

8) enzyme supplementation and were offered to 240 male broiler chicks

distributed to 8 treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). The body weight gains did

not differ significantly when diets containing DTP with or without enzyme supplementation were

fed. The feed intake differed significantly (P<0.05) in broilers fed diets

containing DTP at different levels, where as the feed efficiency decreased (from 2.04 to 2.14)

significantly (P<0.01). The feed cost per kg gain decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increase in

DTP level. The nitrogen utilization decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increase in the level of

DTP from 5 to 15 percent and significantly (P<0.01) increased with enzyme supplementation in

both the phases of growth. The DTP inclusion in broiler diets did not show any significant

difference on calcium and phosphorus utilization in both the phases of growth. The carcass

characteristics revealed that there was no significant effect of DTP inclusion on ready-to-cook

yield (%) and percent giblet weight. Present experiment indicated that DTP could be included up

to 15 percent in broiler diets without affecting their growth performance.


358 Effect of high fibre diet incorporated with enzymes on the performance of broiler chicks -

B.L.Saraswat, Sujeet Singh and S.P. Srivastava, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying,

Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi-221 002 (U.P.)

For the maximum utilization of nutrients particularly crude fibre in the diet of broilers

with the help of exogenous enzyme mixture (Amylase 7500 units, Cellulase 450 units, Lipase 450

units and protease 250 units), an experiment was conducted with three replications. 250 one dayold chicks were divided into 5 groups of 50 each and allowed to feed broiler ration containing 6%

CF (G1), broiler ration containing 8% CF (G

2), broiler ration containing 8% CF + enzyme mixture@

1.5g/Kg feed (G3), broiler ration containing 10% CF + enzyme mixture@ 2.5g/Kg feed (G

4) and

broiler ration containing 12% CF + enzyme mixture@ 4g/Kg feed (G5) upto the age of 6 weeks. The

observations recorded during the study reveals that chicks of G4 group consumed lowest amount

of feed and DM but gained highest body weight which reflects better utilization of feed nutrients.Lowest FCR observed in G

4 group further justifies a fact that chicks of this group consumed

lowest amount of feed to gain per unit body weight. The quality and quantity of carcass of the

chick of G3 and G

4 groups showed better response over the other groups under study. Similarly,

margin of profit was also maximum (Rs. 27.70%) in G4 group as compared to the other groups. The

findings, in general, indicate that incorporation of enzyme mixture reduced feed intake, increased

body weight and improved feed efficiency. It may be concluded that incorporation of enzymemixture @ 2.5g/Kg feed to broiler ration containing 10% CF may be treated as most suitable feed

combination so far as overall performance of broiler chicks is concerned.

359 Synergistic effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on growth performance in broiler chicken -

T.Hariharan, P.Gangadevi, T.V. Viswanathan and K.M. Syam Mohan, Department of Animal

Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Trichur, Kerala- 680 651

An investigation spread over a period of eight weeks was carried out to study the effect

of citric acid and microbial phytase (Natuphos®-5000G) on growth performance in broiler chicken.One hundred and ninety two day-old broiler chicks (Vencob) were divided into four identical

groups having four replicates in each group with 12 birds in each replicate and allotted randomly

into four dietary treatments viz., T1, T2, T3 and T4. The treatments consisted of a standard broilerration (SBR) with 0.5 per cent available P (T1), low available P broiler ration having 0.3 per cent

available P (LAPBR) and 3.0 per cent citric acid (T2), LAPBR supplemented with 700 U of phytase/

kg feed (T3) and LAPBR with 1.5 per cent citric acid and 350 U of phytase/kg feed (T4). All therations were formulated as per BIS specifications except in the level of available P. The highest

body weight and weight gain was recorded in T4. The mean body weight of birds were 1867.29,

1974.55, 1938.44 and 2071.56 g at sixth week (P<0.01) and 2545.12, 2797.99, 2662.73 and 2806.59 gat eighth week (P<0.05), respectively. The cumulative body weight gain recorded 5.89, 3.83 and


11.19 per cent higher (P<0.01) at sixth week and to 10.10, 4.60 and 10.45 per cent higher (P<0.05) ateighth week for T2, T3 and T4, respectively than control group (T1). The cumulative feed intakeshowed 2.34, 2.74 and 6.77 per cent higher (P<0.01) at sixth week and 7.39, 2.22 and 7.33 per centhigher (P<0.01) at eight week of age for T2, T3 and T4, respectively than control group (T1). Thecumulative feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between treatments.The values were 2.09, 2.02, 2.07 and 2.01 at sixth week and 2.36, 2.30, 2.30 and 2.29 at eighth weekfor the treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The per cent livability was not influenced bythe different dietary treatments, even though the birds maintained on low P diet in T2, T3 and T4.Overall evaluation of the results of the present study revealed that combination citric acid andmicrobial phytase in low available P diet (0.3 per cent) could synergistically improve growth

performance in broiler chicken.

360 Replacement of maize with wheat or bajra for meat production in quails - Sanjeev Kumar andS.C. Gupta, Livestock Production & Management CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar -125 004 (Haryana)

The main objective of this study was to find out the effect of replacing maize with wheator bajra as an alternative source of energy on the cost of meat production in Japanese quails(Coturnix coturnix japonica). For this purpose, 480 day old chicks were procured anddistributed randomly into five treatment groups i.e. control (T

1), replacing maize with 50 per cent

bajra (T2) and 75 per cent bajra (T

3) replacing maize with 50 per cent (T

4) wheat and 75 percent

wheat (T5) There were three replications. Standard managemental practices were followed to raise

the birds in the battery upto six weeks of age. The carcass yield (eviscerated percentage andgiblet weights) was not affected by replacement of maize by bajra or wheat upto the level of 75percent in the diet. Feeding cost of producing 100g live weight at 6 weeks in T

1, T

2, T

3, T

4 and T

5

groups was Rs. 3.29, 3.00, 2.86, 3.31 and 3.38 respectively. These corresponding values forproducing 100g eviscerated weight was Rs. 4.78, 4.37, 4.26, 4.94 and 5.15. Since the 75 percentreplacement of maize with bajra in the diet had reduced the feeding cost of 100g live weight by 13per cent. So it may be recommended that 75 percent maize may be replaced by bajra for economic

quail meat production.

361 Effect of feeding different calcium sources on the performanced of Japanese quail - V. Lalzarzova,D. Rajendran, T.K. Ghosal and G. Samanta, Department of Animal Nutrition, W. Bengal

University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037

A study was carried out to assess the bio-availability of calcium from different calciumsources on Japanese Quail. Day -old 182 nos Japanese Quail chicks were randomly distributed inseven groups with a replicate and supplemented with different calcium sources viz; T1 (bonemeal ), T2 (oyster shell ), T3 ( dicalcimn phosphate) , T4 ( lime stone ), T5 ( calcium carbonate), T6(tricalcium phosphate) and T7 (calcium hydrogen phosphate) respectively. The total body weight


gain for six weeks experimental period showed that highest gain (224.2±0.97g) in T7 followed by222.06±0.30, 215.55±0.95, 214.87±0.99, 214.48±0.35, 213.66 ±1.09 and 212.42±1.39g in T3, T2, T5,T4, T1 and T6 groups respectively. Superior feed efficiency ratio was observed in di calciumphosphate group (3.62±0.05) followed by T4, T5, T2, T1, T7 and T6 groups. Different calciumsupplementation did not significantly affect the carcass characteristics and the plasma calciumand phosphorus concentration, through the highest bone ash and bone calcium percentage wasfound in calcium hydrogen phosphate supplemented group followed by dicalcium phosphate,oyster shell, CaCo

3 lime stone, bone meal and tri-calcilum phosphate treated groups. Lime. stone,

CaCO3 and calcium hydrogen phosphate treated groups showed significantly higher (p<0.05)

shell weight percent than other groups. From the above study it may be inferred that bioavailabilityof calcium for bone formulation was highest from calcium hydrogen phosphate followed by di-calcium phosphate, oyster shell, CaCO

3, limestone, bone meal and tricalcium phosphate groups

whereas bio-availability of calcium for egg shell formation was observed highest fromcalcium hydrogen phosphate followed by di-calcium phosphate, CaCO

3,bone meal, lime stone,

tri-calcium phosphate and oyster shell respectively.

362 Effect of dietary manganese on egg production performance of Japanese quails - Chandra Deo,H.P. Shrivastava, Praveen K. Tyagi, R.K. Roy, R. Narayan and T.S. Johri, Central Avian Research

Institute, Izatnagar -243 122

An experiment was conducted involving CARI Uttam (Pure line) meat type line ofJapanese quail layer breeder (56-161 d) to evaluate optimum dietary manganese (Mn) levels foregg production performance and egg quality traits. Five dietary Mn levels (27, 40, 60, 80 and 100mg/kg diet) were formulated. Each dietary treatment was offered ad libitum to 20 quail layersreared individually. Egg production was recorded daily, feed intake was recorded weekly andbody weight changes were recorded on every 35 days interval of the experiment i.e. on 91, 126 and161 d of age. Eggs were weighed during 33-35 d interval of each period i.e. on 89-91, 124-126 and159-161 d of age. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in terms of feed intake/egg mass and net FCR (Feedintake/egg mass-loss in body weight) were calculated. Overall cumulative feed intake, hen dayegg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and net FCR weresignificantly different due to variable dietary Mn levels. Significantly higher egg production wasobserved in diet fed 27 mg Mn/kg than 100 mg Mn/kg but the group fed 40 to 80 mg Mn/kg did notdiffer significantly from each other. Similarly, the diets receiving 27, 40 and 80 mg Mn/kg also didnot differ significantly from each other. Egg weight did not differ significantly amongst groupsfed 40-100 mg Mn/kg, but significantly higher egg weight was observed in diet receiving 27 mgMn/kg. Feed intake was significantly higher in diet fed 27 and 100 mg Mn/kg than other dietarygroups. Feed conversion ratio and Net FCR were significantly poor in diet fed 100 mg Mn/kg thanother dietary groups. Changes in body weight did not differ significantly due to different dietaryMn levels. Overviewing several traits of the present experiment suggests that the level of 27 mgMn/kg diet made available through practical feed ingredients such as maize, soybean and fishmeal without additional manganese supplementation found adequate for optimum egg

production in CARI Uttam line of Japanese quails.


363 Effect of cold process pellet feed on feed intake and digestibility of Angora rabbit - Debasis De,

Asit Das and Ramesh Chandra, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong,

Gangtok 737 102

Thirty weaner (60 d) angora rabbits were randomly divided in to three groups of ten

each. Animals of groups I, II and III were fed concentrate mixture, hot process pellet feed and coldprocess pellet (CPP) feed ad lib., respectively, along with ad lib. mixed jungle grass. Animal were

housed individually in mesh wire cages with facilities for feeding watering and excreta collection

in a well ventilated house. After six months of feeding a metabolism trial was conducted to studythe feed intake and digestibility. It was found that dry matter (DM), digestible dry matter (DDM),

digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude protein (DCP) intake did not differ

significantly among the groups. DMI (% bw) and DMI(g/kg W0.75) were significantly (p<0.01)higher in rabbit fed cold process pellet feed as compared to those of rabbit fed conc. mix./hot

process pellet. But DM, OM, CP, NDF and EE digestibility did not differ significantly between the

groups. So, it can be concluded that cold process pellet feed can replace concentrate mixture/hotprocess pellet feed without affecting feed intake and digestibility in angora rabbit.

364 Effect of cold process pellet feed on dry matter intake, body weight gain and wool production inAngora rabbit - Debasis De, Asit Das and Ramesh Chandra, ICAR Research Complex for NEH

Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Gangtok 737 102

Thirty weaner (60 d) angora rabbits were randomly divided in to three groups of teneach. Animals of groups I, II and III were fed concentrate mixture, hot process pellet feed and coldprocess pellet (CPP) feed ad lib., respectively, along with ad lib. mixed jungle grass. Animal werehoused individually in mesh wire cages with facilities for feeding watering and excreta collectionin a well ventilated house. Shearing was done three months interval. After compilation of data offour shearing it has been found that average dry matter (DM) intake (g/d) and total DM intake(kg) from weaning to fourth shearing were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group III (161.35, 55.83)as compared to those of group I (143.15, 49.53) and II (131.40, 45.47). Total live weight gain (g) andaverage daily gain (g/d) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group II ( 1948.00, 5.63) as comparedto those of group I (1824.00, 5.27) and group III (1682.00, 4.86). DM intake (kg) per kg weight gainwas significantly (p<0.01) lower in group II (23.60) as compared to that of group I (27.23) whichwas again significantly (p<0.01) lower than that of group III (33.27). However, no significantdifference was observed in wool production and DM intake per kg of wool production among thegroups. From this study it is clear that ad libitum cold process pellet feed along with mixed junglegrass can produce wool yield at par with that of rabbit fed ad libitum concentrate mixture/hotprocess pellet feed along with mixed jungle grass. So, it can be concluded that cold process pelletfeed can completely replace concentrate mixture/hot process pellet feed without affecting wool

production in angora rabbit.


365 Growth performance of crossbred chinchilla rabbits with agro waste incorporated feed -

R.N.S. Sundaram, E.B. Chakurkar and B.K Swain, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa,

Goa - 403 402

Feeding is the major expenditure for maintenance of rabbits under cage rearing. With aview to identify economic feeding practices experimental rabbit feed was formulated

incorporating locally available agro wastes. About 8000 mt of dried cashew apple waste(CAW)

and 1200 mt of Brewery grain waste (BDG) are available locally per annum. Twoexperimental rabbit diets were formulated incorporating these agro wastes viz., cashew apple

waste (CAW) or Brewery grain waste (BDG) at 25% level as replacement of wheat bran. CP

content of control (T1),CAW(T2) and BDG(T3) incorporated feed was 16.4%, 16.52% and 17.9%respectively. Feeding trial was conducted on 18 young chinchilla crossbred rabbits(3 x 6) for a

period of 3 months. Average daily weight gain for control (T1), CAW (T2) and BDG (T3) feed was

17.87g, 15.06g and 15.84g respectively. Percent DM digestibility was 66.78, 66.09 and 73.05 for T1,T2 and T3 respectively. Feed intake/kg body weight was 5.05%, 5.25% and 5.17% for T1, T2 and

T3 indicating that there is no adverse effect on digestibility when CAW/BDG was incorporated at 25%

level in the concentrate feed.

366 Utilization of Kachnar (Bauhimia variegata) and willow (Salix Latifolia) leaves in Angorarabbit feeding - R.S. Bhatt, Davendra Kumar, R.B. Sharma and K.S. Risam, North Temperate

Regional Station (Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute) Garsa, Via Bhuntar,

Kullu-175 141(H.P.)

An experiment was conducted on 48 adult German Angora rabbits from July to September. Therabbits were divided into three groups having 16 animals of almost equal sex ratio in each group.

The rabbits in T1 group were offered the conventional grasses available during season whereas

those in T2 and T

3 were given Kachnar (Bauhimia variegate) and Willow (Salix latifolia) leaves,

respectively, as roughage. Concentrate in all the groups was offered @ 150 g/d with the

standardized scoop and water ad lib. Initial body weight in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups were 2.97±0.05,

3.12±0.06 and 3.15±0.05 Kg, respectively, whereas the final weights in these respective groupsremained as 3.23±0.03, 3.23±0.06 and 3.24±0.04 Kg. Wool yield was 123.3±5.2, 116.1±8.8 and

146.8±5.1 Kg in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively, which when expressed per,Kg W 0.75

metabolic body weight came out as 51.2, 48.2 and 60.8 g in the respective groups. Wool analysisdata revealed 5.54±0.13, 5.28±0.12 and 5.1±0.18 cm as staple length in T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups

whereas the respective value for fiber diameters were 14.30±0.27, 14.51±0.34 and 14.74±0.36

microns. The medullation estimates were 88.55±1.23, 87.7±1.8 and 84.9±1.41 per cent in T1, T

2 and

T3 groups, respectively. Plane of nutrition revealed 80.7±11.8, 87.8±4.5 and 76.2±10.1 g

concentrate intake/day whereas the roughage intake was 69.5±5.9, 59.7±9.6 and 82.5±4.7 g /day in


T1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively. The total dry matter intake/day was highest in T

3 (158.7±5.9 g)

group followed by T1 (150.2±17.6 g) and T

2 (147.5±12.5 g). Proportion of roughage in dry matter

intake was highest with willow leaves (52.0%) followed by conventional grass (46.3 %) andKachnar leaves (40.5%). Dry matter consumed for producing 100 g wool was lowest in T

3 (8.1 Kg),

which increased to 9.47 Kg in T2 and was highest in T

1 (9.72 Kg) group. Digestibility of dry matter

was highest (68.96±2.53 %) in T3 group and lowest in (62.32±0.94 %) in T

2 group. The digestibility

of crude protein remained higher in control group and decreased in test groups. The digestibilityof crude fibre and ether extract was lower in kachnar fed group. There was not much difference inthe digestibility of NFF, ADF and cellulose in different groups. From this experiment, it isconcluded that kachnar and willow leaves may form a good roughage sources for rabbits,however, willow is better roughage as compare to kachnar leaves.

367 Roughage as maintenance feed of adult rabbits - J.J. Gupta and B.P.S. Yadav, Animal Nutrition

Division, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya - 793 103

Rabbits by nature are herbivorous animal and they normally fed on plant materials. Butin recent past, rabbits are introduced as a new farm animal under intensive rearing onconcentrate feeding. Therefore, it is needed to assess different locally available roughages asmaintenance feed to adjust the quantity of concentrate feeding for different purposes of rabbitrearing. The experiment on 24 adult male New Zealand White rabbits (l969±119 g) was conductedfor the period of 30 days. Four green roughages viz. rice bean, sweet potato tuber with vines,broom leaves and ficus leaves were fed twice (morning and evening) in ad libitum through cutand carry methods. The rabbits fed on rice bean fodder and sweet potato sustained their healthand achieved a growth rate of 9.58±1.58 and 5.00±1.18 g/d respectively with an average DMintake of 130±10.00 and 84±5.72 g/d. However, the rabbits fed on broom and ficus leaves lost theirweight and showed negative growth rate of 18.75±1.25 and 14.58±1.25 g/d, respectively with DMintake of 105±0.25 and 59±6.56 g/d due to poor palatability. Thus, it is concluded that rice bean

and sweet potato tuber with vines are good maintenance feed of adult rabbits.

368 Evaluation of roughage based ration in rabbit production - J.J. Gupta, B.P.S. Yadav and A. Das1,

Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam. Meghalaya - 793 103

Roughages are of immense use and economical in rabbit feeding. Rabbit can transformroughages efficiently into high quality nutritious meat. An attempt was made on roughage basedfeeding system for rabbit production. Twenty (24) numbers of 50±5 days old New Zealand white(NZW) rabbits in equal sex ratio with average body weight 970±53.36 g were randomly dividedinto 4 groups and allotted 4 treatments for 50 days. A concentrate mash of 19% crude protein was wet in water in ratio of 1: 1 (w/v) and offered to rabbits in ball form only once in morning hours inad-libitum. In the evening hours four green forages viz. congosignal, rice bean, soybean and1 Principal Scientist, Animal Production Division


job’s tear were offered in ad-libitum. The performance parameters and nutrient utilization wererecorded during the feeding experiments.The results revealed that rabbits achieved significantly(P<0.01) higher growth rate of 15.38±0.73 and 17.70±2.16 g/d on rice bean and soybean fodderrespectively than congosignal (7.92±0.81) and job’s tears (8.63±0.96) fodder and it saved 51 and60 per cents concentrate feed. Most of the nutrients showed better digestibility coefficients onrice bean and soybean fodder feeding. It can be concluded that almost 50% concentrate feed canbe saved in rabbit ration by feeding of rice bean or soybean green fodder.

369 Chemical evaluation of certain unconventional feed stuffs for incorporation in the diets ofbroiler rabbits - A.S. Rajendiran1, B.S. Venkatarami Reddy2 and R.G. Glori Doss3, Department ofAnimal Nutrition, Veterinary College, UAS, Hebbal Bangalore - 560 024

Soyabean hulls being the byproduct of processed Soyabeans for oil or meal, contained(%DM) TA-6.03, CF-39.79, CP-11.02, EE-2.95, NFE 40.21, cell contents 34.05, NDF-65.95, ADF-44.82, HC-21.13, C-44.24, ADL-0.49, ADA-0.10 and Gross Energy 4193 Kcal/Kg DM. Thecorresponding values for Sunflower extractions were 5.82, 26.80, 31.47, 1.30, 34.61, 58.79, 41.21,35.55, 5.66, 24.90, 10.45, 0.20 and 5217 Kcal/Kg DM in that order, while the third unconventionalfeedstuff Tapioca meal contained 2.39, 0.83, 1.49, 0.93, 94.36, 55.23, 44.77, 2.92, 41.85, 2.63, 0.19,0.10 and 4647 Kcal/Kg DM, respectively. The SBH, SFE and TPM having been chemicallyevaluated do appear to be potential unconventional feedstuffs for compounding the all purposepelleted rabbit diets and great scope exists for their effective utilization.

370 Performance of broiler rabits fed on low cost balanced complete-diets containing certainunconventional feed stuffs with or without feed enzymes supplementation -A.S. Rajendiran1, B.S.Venkatarami Reddy and R.G. Glori Doss, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College,

UAS, Hebbal Bangalore - 560 024

Four isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets comprising T1 (control) T

2 (20% SBH), T

3

(25% SFE) and T4 (25% TPM) along with their corresponding enzyme supplemented diets (T

5 to

T8) were formulated and fed to WG and SC broiler rabbits of both sexes. During the 49-day

experimental period, the cumulative daily feed intake (g/head) was 120.2, 97.0, 102.5, 136.7, 125.4,98.4, 104.4 and 135.8 for T

1 through T

8 groups. The cumulative daily weight gain (g/head) were

20.3, 17.4, 17.4, 24.7, 23.5, 18.6, 17.7 and 25.1 from T1 through T

8 while the cumulative FCR ranged

from 5.3 (T6) to 5.9 (T

1). The cost (Rs./Kg) of diets were 8.06, 7.25, 6.82, 7.98, 8.28, 7.47, 7.04 and

8.20 respectively from T1 to T

8. The net profits (Rs./rabbit) were 12.1, 16.6, 16.9, and 19.2 for T

1 to

T4, respectively. The corresponding values under enzyme fortified groups were 18.1, 18.6, 15.8,

19.2 in that order. Enzyme addition had non-significantly improved the feed intake, weight gain,FCR and net profit. The WG rabbits had better feed intake, weight gain and net profit. Femalerabbits had higher weight gain, FCR and net profit. It is concluded that the SBH, SFE and TPM arepotential feedstuffs for rabbits and that there is great scope for their effective utilization withenzyme addition in rabbit diets.Present Address: 1. Scientist, SRRC (CSWRI), Kodaikanal- 624 103, Tamil Nadu.


371 Nutrition and feeding of rabbits for commercial meat production - N.P. Singh and R. Prasad,

Division of Animal Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar

Jaipur-304 501

Rabbits were found in India as wild animals and hunted for their meat. They are nowbeing reared as farm animals for production of wool, meat and fur. Meat rabbits (broilers) are

adapted right from a kitchen to a large commercial enterprise. Their meat is pearly white, low in fat

and cholesterol and is eaten all over in all the seasons with no religious taboos. The nutritionalrequirements of broiler rabbits during different physiological stages (growth, gestation and

lactation) have been worked out and reported in the paper. Supplementary and complete feed

formulations both in mesh and pellet form and feeding schedules for different categories havealso been developed and included in the paper. Green fodders (Lucerne, Berseem, Cowpea and

Grasses), tree leaves (Mulberry and Ardu) and vegetables (Cabbage, Spinach, Radish and

Carrot) have been successfully used as roughage sources for broiler rabbits. Finishing liveweights of 2.0 kg with 30% feed conversion efficiency at 12 weeks of age has been achieved on

complete feed pellet ration containing 18% crude protein and 2500 kcal of digestible energy per kg

of feed. Economic analysis of broiler rabbit production revealed a net profit of Rs. 32 on aninvestment of Rs.100. A package of practices on feeding management for commercial production

of meat rabbits has been developed and recommended for adoption by the progressive farmers

and entrepreneurs.

372 Utilization of Kachnar (Bauhimia variegata) and willow (Salix latifolia) leaves in Angorarabbit feeding - R.S. Bhatt, Davendra Kumar, R.B. Sharma and K.S. Risam, North Temperate

Regional Station (Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute) Garsa, Via Bhuntar, Kullu

(H.P.) -175 141

An experiment was conducted on 48 adult German Angora rabbits from July to

September. The rabbits were divided into three groups having 16 animals of almost equal sex ratio

in each group. The rabbits in T1 group were offered the conventional grasses available during

season whereas those in T2 and T

3 were given Kachnar (Bauhimia variegate) and Willow (Salix

latifolia) leaves, respectively, as roughage. Concentrate in all the groups was offered @ 150 g/d

with the standardized scoop and water ad lib. Initial body weight in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups were

2.97±0.05, 3.12±0.06 and 3.15±0.05 Kg, respectively, whereas the final weights in these respective

groups remained as 3.23±0.03, 3.23±0.06 and 3.24±0.04 Kg. Wool yield was 123.3±5.2, 116.1±8.8

and 146.8±5.1 Kg in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively, which when expressed per Kg W 0.75

metabolic body weight came out as 51.2, 48.2 and 60.8 g in therespective groups. Wool analysis

data revealed 5.54±0.13, 5.28±0.12 and 5.1±0.18 cm as staple length in T1, T

2 and T

3 groups

whereas the respective value for fiber diameters were 14.30±0.27, 14.51±0.34 and 14.74±0.36


microns. The medullation estimates were 88.55±1.23, 87.7±1.8 and 84.9±1.41 per cent in T1, T

2 and

T3 groups, respectively. Plane of nutrition revealed 80.7±11.8, 87.8±4.5 and 76.2±10.1 g

concentrate intake/day whereas the roughage intake was 69.5±5.9, 59.7±9.6 and 82.5±4.7 g/day in

T1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively. The total dry matter intake/day was highest in T

3 (158.7±5.9 g)

group followed by T1 (150.2±17.6 g) and T

2 (147.5±12.5 g). Proportion of roughage in dry matter

intake was highest with willow leaves (52.0 %) followed by conventional grass (46.3 %) and

Kachnar leaves (40.5%). Dry matter consumed for producing 100 g wool was lowest in T3 (8.1 Kg),

which increased to 9.47 Kg in T2 and was highest in T

1 (9.72 Kg) group.Digestibility of dry matter

was highest (68.96±2.53 %) in T3 group and lowest in (62.32±0.94 %) m T

2 group. The digestibility

of crude protein remained higher in control group and decreased in test groups. The digestibility

of crude fibre and ether extract was lower in kachnar fed group. There was not much difference inthe digestibility of NFF, ADF and cellulose in different groups. From this experiment, it is

concluded that kachnar and willow leaves may form a good roughage sources for rabbits,

however, willow is better roughage as compare to kachnar leaves.

373 Production performance of angora rabbits fed on white clover and rye grass as roughage sources -

R.S. Bhatt, Davendra Kumar, R.B. Sharma and K.S.Risam, North Temperate Regional Station

(Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute) Garsa, Via Bhuntar, Kullu (H.P.)-175 141

An experiment was conducted on 48 adult German Angora rabbits from March to May toassess the effect of selected fodder on production performance as compared to conventional

grasses. Sixteen rabbits with equal sex ratio were kept in each group. The rabbits in T1 group were

offered the conventional grasses available during season whereas those in T2 were offered white

clover (Trifolium repens) and T3 were given rye grass (Lolium perenae) as a roughage source.

The concentrate was offered @ 150 g/d with the standardized scoop. The experiment was

conducted for 75 days (one shearing) with a digestibility trial for 4 days at the end. The averageinitial body weights of rabbit were 2.82±0.08, 3.15±0.07 and 3.03±0.05 Kg in T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups,

respectively. Final body weights in these groups were 2.88±0.08, 3.07±0.08 and 3.04±0.06 Kg,

respectively. Wool yield/shearing in T1, T

2 and T

3 were 101.2±5.47, 108.1±5.11 and 112.8±4.05 g

that came out to 44.7, 46.6 and 49.0 g when expressed on per Kg metabolic body weight (W0.75

Kg). Wool analysis data revealed 5.27±0.1, 5.12±0.09 and 5.26±0.28 cm as staple length in T1, T

2

and T3 groups whereas the respective value for fiber diameters were 13.78±0.22, 14.84±0.21 and

14.16±0.24 microns. The medullation estimates were 89.38±0.72, 88.8±1.4 and 88.0±1.4 per cent in

T1, T

2 and T

3 groups, respectively. Plane of nutrition indicated highest concentrate intake (90.0±4.2

g) in T3 group followed by T

1 (86.5±7.6 g) and T

2 (61.3±10.4 g) groups whereas roughage intake

was highest (77.9±4.8 g) in Tl followed by T

3 (70.1±3.2 g) and T

2 (67.9±2.4 g) groups. As a result

total dry matter intake/day was lowest in T2 (129.2±9.4 g) group that increased to 160.1±4.2 g in T

3

and 164.4±5.6 g in T1 Highest replacement of concentrate in dry matter intake was made by white


clover (52.55%) followed by conventional (47.39%) and rye grass (43.78%) indicating better

palatability and nutritive value of white clover as compare to rye grass. Dry matter used/100 gwool produced was lowest in white clover fed group (8.96 Kg), which increased to 10.64 Kg in rye

grass group and was highest in conventional grass fed (12.18 Kg) indicating T2 group as most

economical. Digestibility of nutrients indicated highest digestibility of DM, CP, NFE and Aciddetergent fibre (65.98±2.31, 78.91±1.30, 72.20±1.85 and 45.29±4.77 %, respectively) in white clover

fed group whereas the digestibility of crude fibre and cellulose remained higher (45.56±3.05 and

55.64±0.78 %) in rye grass fed group. From this experiment, it is concluded that white clover is abetter roughage source for angora rabbit as compare to rye grass and conventional local grass as

far as wool production and utilization of nutrients is concerned.

374 Effect of dietary potassium diformate on growth performance in pigs - M. Suresh, andT.V. Viswanathan, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala-680 651

A study was carried out to assess the influence of potassium diformate on growthperformance. digestibility of nutrients and carcass quality in Large White Yorkshire pigs. Thirtyweaned male piglings with an average live weight of 13.0 kg were divided into three equal groupsas uniform as possible with regard to age and body weight. Pigs weremaintained on three experimental diets viz.. T

1 - control standard grower (18 per cent crude protein

and 3150 kcal/kg ME) and finisher ration (15.5 per cent crude protein and 3100 kca1/kg ME). T2 -

control diet supplemented with 0.75 per cent potassium diformate and T3 - control diet

supplemented with 1.5 per cent potassium diformate. The average daily gain of 465, 494 and 519g were recorded for the groups T

1, T

2 and T

3. respectively. There was no significant difference

(P>0.05) between the supplemented group and the group fed control diet. However, there was atrend for a higher growth rate of 6.2.per cent and 11.7 per cent, reported for T

2 and T

3 over those

fed control diet. The average cumulative feed conversion efficiency were 3.97, 3.74 and 3.55 forthe groups T

1, T

2 and T

3 respectively.Addition of potassium diformate at 0.75 and 1.5 per cent

level in the diet of growing-finishing pigs had a higher (p<0.01) feed conversion efficiency overthose fed control diet. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the supplementedgroups. However, there was a trend for a higher feed efficiency for those fed 1.5 per centpotassium diformate supplemented diet. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter, ether extract,crude protein and nitrogen free extract were significantly higher (P<0.01) for pigs fed with dietsupplemented with potassium diformate at both the levels (0.75 and 1.5 per cent). There was nosignificant difference between the supplemented groups. Dressing percentage, carcass length,back fat thickness. loin eye area and others were not significantly influenced (P>0.05). by theinclusion of potassium diformate at different levels. The costs of feed per kg live weight gain ofpigs were Rs. 32.82. 32.05 and 31.50, respectively for T

1, T

2 and T

3. The above results indicate that

potassium diformate can be economically incorporated at 1.5 per cent level in the diet of Large

White Yorkshire pigs.


375 Effect of Baker’s yeast on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred pigs - M. Sekar and

T.V. Viswanathan,Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala-680 651

A study was carried out to assess the influence of baker’s yeast culture on growth

performance, digestibility of nutrients and carcass characteristics in Large White Yorkshire x Desi

(75:25) crossbred pigs. Thirty weaned piglets (15 barrows and 15 gilts) with an average body

weight of 13.5 kg were divided into three homogeneous groups with regard to age, sex and body

weight. Ten piglets in each group were randomly distributed into five replicates of two piglets

each. The three groups were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments viz.. T1-control

(standard ration), T2-control diet supplemented with 0.25 per cent baker’s yeast culture and T

3-

control diet supplemented with 0.5 per cent baker’s yeast culture. The piglets were fed on their

respective grower rations which contained 18 per cent crude protein and 3200 kcal digestible

energy per kg until they attained an average body weight of 50 kg and thereafter changed to

finisher rations which contained 14 per cent crude protein and 3100 kcal digestible energy per kg

until the pigs were slaughtered. Average daily gain of 352, 383 and 405 g were recorded for the

groups T1, T

2 and T

3, respectively. The pigs fed with diet containing 0.5 per cent baker’s yeast (T

3)

had higher (P<0.05) average daily gain than those fed with unsupplemented diet (T1). But, there

was no significant difference between T1 and T

2 as well as T

2 and T

3. However, there was a trend

for a higher average daily gain for those fed 0.25 per cent yeast culture (T2) over those fed control

diet (T1). Feed conversion efficiency was 4.36. 4.05 and 3.83 for the groups T

1, T

2 and T

3

respectively. The pigs fed with diets containing 0.25 (T2) and 0.5 per cent baker’s yeast (T

3) had

higher (P<0.01) feed conversion efficiency than those fed with unsupplemented diet (T1). The

digestibility coefficient for dry matter and ether extract were significantly higher (p<0.05)

for pigs fed 0.5 per cent yeast culture than those fed with unsupplemented diet and there was no

significant difference between T1 and T

2 or T

2 and T

3. Pigs fed diets containing 0.5 per cent

baker’s yeast had higher (P<0.05) crude fibre digestibility than those fed with the diets containing

0 and 0.25 per cent yeast culture. Crude protein and nitrogen free extract digestibilities were not

differ significantly among the treatments. Study of the carcass characteristics revealed that the

dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness and loin eye area were not significantly

influenced by the inclusion of yeast culture at different levels. The cost of feed per kg live weight

gain was Rs. 36.63, 35.52 and 34.99, respectively for the treatments T1, T

2, and T

3. Feed cost per kg

live weight gain was lower in T3 compared to other treatments. It is concluded that baker’s yeast

can be economically included at 0.5 per cent level in the diet for better growth and feed

conversion efficiency in crossbred pigs.


376 Effect of different levels of tapioca (Manihot esculenta) meal in complete feed on theperformance of crossbred (Hampshire x Indigenous) pigs - R. Bhuyan, D. Medhi and K.K.Baruah, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, KhanaparaGuwahati- 781 022

Twenty four crossbred (Hampshire X Indigenous) growing pigs of average bodyweight15.55 Kg were randomly divided into four groups i.e group I to IV and were offered acomplete feed containing 0, 10, 20 and 30 per cent Tapioca (Manihot esculenta) meal. Thefeeding trial was conducted for a period of 84 days. A digestibility trial was conducted at the lastweek of the experiment. The growth rate was found to be 391.01, 380.95, 350.21 and 301.67 g perday in group I to IV, respectively. No significant difference was observed in body weight gain,feed conversion and digestibility of nutrients due to inclusion of Tapioca meal up to 20 per centlevel. The cost per Kg weight gain was also found to be lower in groups fed complete feedcontaining Tapioca meal. The results thus indicated that Tapioca meal could be included up to 20

per cent level in the complete feed of growing pigs with distinct economic advantage.

377 Performance of growing pigs on kashu (Colocasia esculenta) based ration - D. Medhi,R. Bhuyan, B.N. Saikia, J.K. Saikia, and K.K. Baruah, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of

Veterinary Science, AAU, Guwahati- 781 022

An experiment was conducted to study the performance of growing cross bred(Hampshire X Assam local) pigs of Assam on Kashu based ration. Twenty four growing crossbred (Hampshire x Assam local) pigs of average body weight 12.5 Kg were divided in to fourgroups of six animals each. Four ration were prepared with conventional feed ingredients whereKashu tubers was incorporated at 10, 20 and 30 per cent level on DM basis in treatment T

1, T

2 and

T3 respectively. T

0 was considered as control group where no Kashu tuber was incorporated. The

feeding trial was conducted for 84 days. A digestibility trial was conducted at the end of thefeeding trial. Average daily gain was 342.26, 318.10, 313.69 and 302.38g and the efficiency of feedutilization was 4.01, 4.47, 4.72 and 5.09 Kg feed per Kg gain in body weight in treatments T

0, T

1, T

2

and T3, respectively. The cost per Kg gain was lower in T

3 followed by T

2, T

1 and T

0, respectively.

It was concluded that Kashu tuber could be incorporated at the level of 30 per cent in the ration

of growing pig without any adverse affect.

378 Performance of growing pigs on tapioca Manihot esculenta) based ration - R. Bhuyan,D. Medhi, B.N. Saikia, J.K. Saikia, AK. Gohain and K.K. Baruah, Department of Animal Nutrition,

College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Guwahati-781 022 (Assam)

An experiment was conducted to study the performance of growing local pigs of Assamon Tapioca based ration. Twenty four local growing pigs of Assam of Average body weight 12.5Kg were divided in to four groups of six animals each. Four ration were prepared with


conventional feed ingredients where Maize was replaced by tapioca tubers at 10, 20 and 30 percent level on DM basis in treatment T

2, T

3 and T

4 respectively. T

1 was considered as control

group without Tapioca. The feeding trial was conducted for 90 days. A digestibility trial wasconducted at the end of the experiment. Average daily gain (ADG) was 336.31, 326.19, 316.67 and304.76g and efficiency of feed utilization was 3.82, 4.02, 4.25 and 4.71 Kg feed per Kg gain in bodyweight in treatments T

1, T

2, T

3 and T

4 respectively. The cost per Kg gain was lower in T

4 followed

by T3, T

2 and T

1 respectively. It was concluded that Tapioca tuber could replace 30% maize in the

ration of growing pig with distinct economic advantage.

379 Caecal fermentation and carcass characteristics of pigs on replacement of maize with deoiledrice polish with or without enzyme supplementation - S.K. Samoo1, B.K. Konwar2, B.P.S. Yadav

and K.K. Baruah2, Division of AnImal Nutrition ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region,

Umroi Road, Umiam - 793103, Meghalaya

Thirty crossbred (Hampshire x Local) weaned piglets with male and female ratio of 1:2were randomly divided into five groups. They fed on experimental rations by replacing maize ofcontrol (T

1) ration at 50% (T

2 & T

3) and 100% (T

4 & T

5) level with deoiled rice polish. However, the

rations of T3& T

5 were supplemented with a multienzyme preparation called Anizyme @ 65g/

100kg of feed. After 154 days of experimental feeding one pig from each group was sacrificed tostudy the composition of caecal content and its fermentation pattern and also the carcasscharacteristics in different groups. The DM content of caecal contents were ranged from 16.18 to21.48%, with lower values for the groups having higher levels of deoiled rice polish with slightlyhigher values for the groups having Anizyme than the corresponding group. The CP contentvaries between 11.02 to 13.37% with higher values for the enzyme supplemented groups. The CF,EE and Mineral matter were increased with increased level of deoiled rice polish. The values forpH and TVFA were ranged from 5.5 to 6.7 and 12.00 to 19.00 m eq./100g caecal contents,respectively. The pH values were decreased and the TVFA values were increased levels ofreplacement and enzyme supplementation. The ammonia nitrogen and urea nitrogen values wereranged from 7.00 to 10.50 and 50.56 to 66.59 mg/100g caecal contents. The higher microbial proteincontent and enzymatic activity of Cellulase, Amylase and Protease were observed in groupscontaining higher levels of deoiled rice polish and also with enzyme supplementation. The lengthof small and large intestines were increased with increased levels of supplementation. Similartrend was also observed in case of stomach. The dressing percentages of carcass were rangedfrom 68.62 to 71.76%. It was observed that the dressing percentages were decreased linearly withincreased level of replacement with little improvement on Anizyme supplementation. It wasconcluded that replacement of maize with deoiled rice polish at 50 & 100% level, increased themicrobial activity of caecal contents and decreased dressing percentages with little beneficialeffects on multienzyme supplementation.Address for Correspondence: 1 Regional Center, CARl A-6/HIG, Baramunda H.B. Colony Bhubaneswar-751003 Orissa; 2 Animal Nutrition Department, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Khanapara,Guwahati, Assam;


380 Effect of feeding various probiotics on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of exotic piglets - J. Bera, T.K. Ghoshal and G. Samanta, Department of Animal Nutrition, W.B. University

of Animaland Fishery Sciences, Kolkata - 700 037

A feeding trial was carried out with different probiotics on Large White Yorkshirepiglets for 90 days. Forty piglets (one month old) were randomly divided into four groups of 10each viz. control group (T

0) without probiotics, treatment group (T

1) with pure yeast culture @

100 g/100 kg feed, Lactobacillus + yeast culture @ 15g/100 kg feed (T2) and pure yeast culture @

50g/100 kg feed + mannan oligo-saccharides (MOS) @ 50g/100 kg feed (T3) respectively. The

average body weight gain (kg) in pre-weaning period (0-30 days) were 4.505, 3.496, 6.785 and8.222 for T

0, T

1, T

2 and T3 groups and the feed efficiency ratio were 2.285, 2.174, 1.520 and 1.678

for the respective groups. The performance index were 1.972, 1.608, 4.464 and 4.899 in T0, T

1, T

2

and T3 groups respectively. In the post-weaning period (0-60 days), the average body weight

gain (kg) were 16.86±0.08, 22.51±0.03, 26.28±0.15 and 29.74±0.19 and the feed efficiency ratio were3.40±0.00, 2.93±0.00, 2.69±0.01 and 2.50±0.00 in T

0, T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups respectively. The

performance index were 4.96±0.02, 7.08±0.01, 9.76±0.07 and 11.90±0.09 in T0, T

1, T

2 and T

3 groups

respectively. The digestibility of different nutrients in different treatment groups indicated thatthe DM, CP and CF digestibility were highest in T

3 and were 80.64±0.03, 78.89±0.09 and 47.16±0.39

respectively followed by T2, T

1 and T

0 with the exception of higher digestibility of EE in T

2 (63.

93±0.66). From the above study, it may be inferred that supplementation of different probioticshad definite advantage with the exotic piglets on body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio andnutrient digestibility. The superior performance was observed with probiotics combination ofyeast along with mannan oligo-saccharide (T

3) followed by lactobacillus with yeast culture (T

2)

and pure yeast culture alone (T1).

381 Effect of floor space on the performance of crossbred grower pigs - R.Yedukondalu, D. SrinivasaRao and A. Ravi, All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary

Science, A.N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati - 517 502 (A.P.)

A total of 72 crossbred (L WY X Indigenous) growing pigs with a mean weight of 22.75kg were used in a randomized block design incorporating three treatments with three replicatesThe pens used were with a covered floor space of 8.96 m2 (3.2m X 2.8m) and the pigs were housedin 10, 8 and 6 nos per pen getting a floor space of 0.9m2 (T-l), 1.125m2 (T-2) and 1.5m2 (T-3) per pig.The feeding and water space was similar for all the treatments.The experimental period was 42days and pigs were weighed individually at weekly intervals. All the pigs were fed with the samegrower ration providing 160 g C.P and 3000 kcal DE per kg. The ADG (g/d) and Feed/kg gain (kg)were calculated for the experimental period and data was analyzed statistically. The feed offeredwas similar for all the treatments. The ADG (g) and feed/kg gain (kg) over 42 d experimental period

were 252, 5.93; 269, 5.60 and 264, 5.70 g respectively for T-1 to T-3 and the differences among the

treatments were non significant. Based on the results it can be concluded that a covered floor


space of 0.9 m2 per pig is optimum during grower period under Indian conditions for economic pig

production.

382 Effect of soaking or cooking Tamarind Seed Kernel on growth, nutrient utilization and carcasscharacteristics of pigs - A. Ravi, D. Srinivasa Rao, and R.Yedukondalu, All India Coordinated

Research Project On Pigs, College of Veterinary Science, A.N.G. Ranga Agricultural

University, Tirupati- 517 502

The effect of replacing maize (R1) with unprocessed (R

2), soaked (R

3) or cooked (R

4)

tamarind seed kernel was studied in a completely randomized design using 24 finishing (35 to 60kg live weight) pigs. The ADG (g) and feed 1 kg gain (kg) were 320, 5.95 (R

1); 293, 7.09(R

2); 313,

6.30 (R3) and 294, 6.76 (R

4) respectively. The differences in ADG were non significant while the

feed/kg gain was lower (P<0.01) in R1 or R

3 fed pigs than in pigs fed R

2 or R

4. The total tannin

content was reduced from 2.57% in the unprocessed tamarind seed kernel to 0.89% by soaking itovernight in water or by cooking. The digestibility of DM, CP and EE were higher (P<0.01) in pigsfed on R

1 or R

3 than in pigs fed on R

2 or R

4. The N retention (g/d) was 20.0, 18.7, 20.2 and 18.5 in

pigs fed on rations R1 to R

4, respectively and was not significantly different among the

treatments. No significant differences were observed among the treatments in the carcass charac-teristics studied. It is concluded that soaking of tamarind seed kernel in water overnight isbeneficial compared to unprocessed or cooked tamarind seed kernel and tamarind seed kernel can

be used as a economic source of energy in diets of pigs.

383 Effect of green gram (Vigna radiata) chuni inclusion in finisher rations of cross bred pigs ontheir performance and carcass characterstics - D. Srinivasa Rao, A. Ravi, and R.Yedukondalu,

All India Coordinated Research Project On Pigs, College of Veterinary Science, A.N.G. Ranga

Agricultural University, Tirupati- 517 502

Twenty-four crossbred (LWY X Indigenous) entire male pigs were randomly dividedinto three groups and allotted to one of the finisher rations containing 0 (R-1), 15 (R-2) and 30%

(R-3) green gram (Vigna radiata) chuni during 35-70 kg body weight. All the pigs were housed

individually, fed ad libitum, weighed at weekly intervals and slaughtered after attaining 70 kgbody weight. The daily feed intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) and average daily gain was

significantly lower (P<0.05) in pigs fed R-3 than those fed R-1 and R-2. Also, Significantly higher

feed/kg gain (P<0.01) and cost of feed/kg gain (P<0.05) were observed with pigs fed R-3 thanthose fed R-1 and R-2. There were no significant differences in the carcass characteristics among

the pigs fed the experimental rations. It is concluded that green gram (Vigna radiata) chuni can

be included at 15% level in the rations of crossbred finishing pigs for effective utilization of

locally available feed resources.


384 Replacement of concentrates by pea (Pisum sativum) haulm in the diet of pigs - Asit Das,

Debasis De, Saroj Toppo and N. Haque, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Sikkim

Centre, Tadong- 737 102, Gangtok

A digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate replacement value of pea (Pisum

sativum).Ten Hampshire pigs were distributed into 2 groups of 5 each in a completely randomized

design. Animals in group I received concentrate to meet their nutrient requirements. However,

20% of the concentrate was replaced with pea haulm in group II. Results showed that Total DMintake and digestibility were non-significant between the two groups. From the results, it was

concluded that pea haulm can be incorporated up to 20% in the grower ration of pig.

385 Replacement of concentrates by squash leaves in the diet of growing pigs - Asit Das, Debasis De,Saroj Toppo and N. Haque, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre,

Tadong-737 102, Gangtok

Twelve Hampshire piglets of 13 to 19 kg body weight were randomly distributed into 3

groups of 4 each in an experiment based on RBD. Piglets in group I received concentrate to meet

their nutrient requirements. Ten percent of concentrate was replaced with incorporation of either500 (II) or 1000g (III) of fresh squash leaves. The dry matter intake was 742.6±42.2, 724.0±21.80

and 797.8±1.73 in groups I, II and III respectively. However, there was no significant difference

among different groups. The dry matter digestibility was 85.1±1.79, 77.8±2.51 and 86.5±0.81percent in respective groups without any significant difference. The average daily gain (ADG)

was 266.5±9.54, 205.0±l6.95 and 241.7±25.46 g per day in groups I, II, and III, respectively. From

the results it was concluded that about 10% of the concentrates can be replaced with inclusion ofabout 1 kg of fresh squash leaf meal (i.e. to replace 1 part of concentrate DM two parts of squash

leaf meal DM will be required) without any adverse effect on growth performance.

386 Various forms of trace minerals on the performance of exotic pigs - A. Mishra, S. Bhattacharyaand G. Samanta, Department of Animal Nutrition, W. Bengal University of Animal and Fishery

Sciences

A growth study was carried out with twenty seven pre-weaning (30 days old) large

White Yolkshire piglets for 90 days. The piglets with mother were kept in three different groupsand the starter ration was supplemented with trace minerals like copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and

manganese (Mn) in three different forms viz; conventional (T1) inorganic chelaled trace mineral

(T2) and organic che1ated trace mineral (T3) respectively. A pre-weaning 30 days experimentalperiod showed that body weight was highest in inorganic chelated group (T2) followed by

organic chelated group (T3) and conventional mineral (T1) but the differences was not

statistically significant (p>0.05), The highest feed consumption was observed in T3 followed by


T1 and T2. However, superior feed efficiency was observed in T2 followed by T3 and T1. Theperformance index (PI) in the pre weaning period was highest in Y2 followed by T3 and T1 groups.In the post weaning stage, 60 days experimental period showed that the piglets maintainedsuperior trend of growth with chelated minerals than conventional but the differences werestatistically non-significant (P>0.05), The inorganic chelated mineral supplemented group (T2)although consumed more amount of feed but it was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The feedefficiency ratio in post-weaning period was found to be best in the organic chelated group (T3)followed by T2 and T1 groups. The performance index in the post weaning period was higher inorganic chelated group (T3) followed by T2 and T1 groups. The overall performance of piglets forpre and postweaning period (0-90 days) showed that both inorganic and organic chelated traceminerals (T2 and T3 groups) have superior body weight gain, better feed efficiency ratio, higherperformance index and digestibility of nutrients than conventional trace minerals (T1).Economics of feeding showed the highest profit was obtained with inorganic chelated group(T2) followed by organic chelate (T3) and conventional trace mineral (T1) on the performance ofpiglets.

387 Economics of rearing broilers on orange pomace based diets supplemented with enzymes - M.R.Jawale, A.A. Zanzad, R.J. Kukde, B.N. Ramteke and G.B. Deshmukh, Department of AnimalNutrition, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University,

Nagpur - 440 006

Orange pomace, a unconventional agro industrial byproducts contained 8.22 percentcrude protein, 4.97 percent ether extract, 13.45 percent crude fiber, 64.20 percent Nitrogen FreeExtract, 9.31 percent total ash. Inclusion of orange pomace in broiler diets replacing maize at 15percent levels proved economical. To have maximum utilization of nutrient from the availablefeedstuffs enzyme was supplemented. At 15 percent replacement with enzyme supplementationthe average feed consumption was higher in enzyme treated groups than control group. Thehigher body weights were achieved in enzyme treated groups. Feed cost (Rs/kg) and Feed cost/kg bird (Rs.) was reduced in treated groups. It could be concluded that the costly ingredient ofpoultry diet i. e. maize can be successfully partially replaced with orange pomace and also lowcost feed can be formulated by this method. Also rearing broilers on diets with 15 per centreplaced maize by orange pomace proved economical and can be used in broiler ration.

388 Effect of multienzymes with probiotics on production efficiency of broilers - R.S. Kamble, R.J.Kukde, A.A. Zanzad, B.N. Ramteke and A.D. Deshmukh, Department of Animal Nutrition NagpurVeterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur - 440 006

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Multienzymes with Probioticssupplementation on production efficiency of broilers on low energy diets. Ninety-six day-oldchicks were randomly distributed equally to six dietary treatments. Three different diets wereprepared in such a way that metabolizable energy of these diets were 3000, 2850 and 2700 kcal


ME/kg diet in T0, T

1 and T

2 groups respectively. Similarly, three more diets (T

3-T

5) were prepared

having 3000, 2850 and 2700 kcal ME/kg, but supplemented with Multienzymes and Probioticsmixture @ 75 g/100 kg diet. The study was conducted for six weeks in same managementalconditions. Weekly live body weight and feed consumption were recorded. Multienzymes withProbiotics supplemented resulted in higher growth rate and showed higher weight gain thanunsupplemented group, though the results were non-significant. The average feed consumptionand feed efficiency were higher in groups supplemented with multienzymes and probiotics. Thusmultienzymes with probiotics supplementation resulted in better perfonnance and profit per kgbird ranged between 0.01 to 0.36. However, there was marginal loss in low energy and high fibergroups, which were not supplemented with multienzymes and probiotics.

389 Dietary Vitamin E requirement of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fry - B.N. Paul,S. Sarkar, A.K. Sahu and S.N. Mohanty, Fish and Shellfish Nutrition Division, Central Institute

of Freshwater Aquaculture,Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002 (Orissa)

A 90 days feeding experiment was conducted using flow-through system to determinethe dietary vitamin E requirement of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala fry. Five semi-purified diets supple-

mented with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg vitamin E/kg dry diet were fed to mrigal fry (av. wt.±S.E=

0.68±0.01g) in triplicate groups. The average net weight gains were 6.17±0.08, 6.42±0.04, 7.22±0.12,6.98±0.1 0 and 6.68±0.04 (g/90 d) respectively for diets 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg vitamin E/kg. The net

weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish given 100 mg vitamin E/kg diet. The other

nutritional indices like FCR, SGR and PER also followed the similar pattern in the above dietgroup.

Documents

XI Animal Nutrition Conference, India, 2004