Athens, 15th December 2015

RESULTS FROM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM AT 5 SOUTHERN EUROPEAN CITIES

Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC

Athens, 15th December 2015

B2. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

1047 PM10 samples 1116 PM2.5 samples

PORTO

BARCELONA ATHENS

MILAN

FLORENCE

PORTO

BARCELONA ATHENS

MILAN

FLORENCE

PORTO

BARCELONA ATHENS

MILAN

FLORENCE

ATHENS

UB

UB

UB

SUBTR

TR

Athens, 15th December 2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR

µg/

m3

PM10 DLV (2008/50/EC)

DAILY (P90.4)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR

µg

/m3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR

µg/

m3

ALV (2008/50/EC)

ATV (2008/50/EC)

WHO GUIDE

WHO GUIDE

ANNUAL

ANNUAL

µg/

m3

µg/

m3

µg/

m3

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

BCN-UB BCN-TR POR-TR FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TR

µg/

m3

PM2.5/PM10

B2. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

PM2.5

PM10

Athens, 15th December 2015

Example PM10

B2. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

Athens, 15th December 2015

34%

31%

20%

11%

4%

22%

16%

46%

11%

5%

61%20%

14%

4%

1%

31%

37%

23%

7%

2%

45%

37%

6%

10%

2%BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB

Primary: 35%Secondary: 65%

Primary: 19%Secondary: 81%

Primary: 32%Secondary: 68%

Primary: 18%Secondary: 82%

POR-TR ATH-TR

Primary: 62%Secondary: 38%

Primary: 34%Secondary: 66%

Secondary organics

Secondary inorganicsPrimary OM + EC

Primary: Mineral dust

Primary: Sea salt

PM2.5

37%

29%

27%

4%

3%

Primary: 30%Secondary: 70%

Primary: 35%Secondary: 65%

Primary: 32%Secondary: 68%

Primary: 18%Secondary: 82%

B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

Athens, 15th December 2015

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF

ng/

m3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF

ng/

m3

Levoglucosan

K

PM2.5

PM2.5

B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

Athens, 15th December 2015

PM10 (annual mean)

1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 23-38% 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3

- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 14%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11% (ATH-TR 20%) 2. Regional OC and/or SO4

2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%) 3. Local dust : 9-19% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7-11%), negligible in BCN 5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3

- 6-12% (2% POR) 7. Shipping 4-5% in coastal sites 8. African dust ATH-SUB 14%, 1-5% 9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8% 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-27%

PM2.5 (annual mean)

1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 22-39% 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3

- are the main causes: 11-34% 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2%) 2. Regional OC and/or SO4

2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%) 3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (11-19%) , negligible in BCN 5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3

- 3-8% (POR 1%) 7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites 8. African dust: ATH 2-6%, <1% 9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%, 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%

28-42% (ATH-SUB 9%) 31-40% (ATH 11-19%) 1-9% BCN-MLN-ATH 11-24%, 2-6% POR 22%, 1-2%, ATH-TR <1% POR, FI <2%, MLN (26-33%), ATH-TR 16% BCN 18%, <1-3% BCN, FI, ATH & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR ) 3-10% in coastal sites ATH-SUB 45%, ATH-TR 4%, 1% <1%-2% POR 15, 3-9%

PM2.5 (days of PM10 exceedance)

24-45% (ATH-SUB 9%) 30-34% (ATH 11-14%) 18-29% BCN-ATH 11-30%, 2-6% POR & ATH-SUB 13-27%, 1-4% POR,FI (25-30%),ATH-TR11%, <1 BCN,ATH-SUB BCN 17%, <1-3% BCN, FI 7-9%, 1-2% POR,ATH-SUB, 22% ATH-TR 3-5% in coastal sites 1%, ATH-SUB 25-52%, ATH-TR 5% ATH-SUB 7%, 1-3% 11-33%

PM10 (days of exceedance)

Athens, 15th December 2015

Athens Sources PM10 Traffic Station

summer winter

Average % Average Summer %

Average Winter %

Exhaust 3.18 9.8 1.24 4.4 4.57 12.8

Non Exhaust 6.40 19.7 3.56 12.6 8.43 23.7 Secondary Nitrates & Org. 3.97 12.2 0.85 3.0 6.21 17.5 Secondary Sulphates & Org. 6.38 19.7 8.85 31.4 4.63 13.0

Heavy Oil 1.84 5.6 1.91 6.8 1.78 5.0

Mineral Dust 4.43 13.6 7.16 25.4 2.48 7.0

Sea Salt 2.48 7.6 0.62 2.2 3.80 10.7

Biomass 3.80 11.7 4.03 14.3 3.65 10.3

32.49 100.00 28.21 100.00 35.54 100.00

Athens, 15th December 2015

Average % Average Summer %

Average Winter %

Exhaust 3.4 17.0 1.7 9.2 4.8 22.3

Non Exhaust 1.3 6.6 1.1 5.9 1.5 7.1

Nitrates + Organics 1.9 9.3 0.3 1.8 3.1 14.3

Sulfates 7.0 34.5 9.1 49.6 5.3 24.4

Heavy Oil 1.3 6.4 1.3 6.9 1.3 6.1

Soil 1.0 4.8 1.3 6.9 0.7 3.4

Sea Salt 0.4 2.0 0.2 1.0 0.6 2.6

Biomass 3.9 19.3 3.4 18.7 4.3 19.8

18.4 100.0 21.6 100.0

Athens Sources PM2.5 Traffic Station

Athens, 15th December 2015

Athens Sources Traffic Station 2013-2014

Athens, 15th December 2015

Athens Sources PM10 Traffic Station

Exhaust; 1,24; 5%

Non Exhaust;

3,56; 13%

Secondary Nitrates & Org.; 0,85;

3%

Secondary Sulphates

& Org.; 8,85; 31% Heavy Oil;

1,91; 7%

Mineral Dust; 7,16;

25%

Sea Salt; 0,62; 2%

Biomass; 4,03; 14%

ATH-TR PM10 Summer

Exhaust; 4,57; 13%

Non Exhaust;

8,43; 24%

Secondary Nitrates & Org.; 6,21;

17%

Secondary Sulphates

& Org.; 4,63; 13%

Heavy Oil; 1,78; 5%

Mineral Dust; 2,48;

7%

Sea Salt; 3,80; 11%

Biomass; 3,65; 10%

ATH-TR PM10 Winter

Athens, 15th December 2015

Athens Sources PM2.5 Traffic Station

Exhaust; 1,7; 9% Non

Exhaust; 1,1; 6%

Secondary Nitrates &

Org.; 0,3; 2%

Secondary Sulphates &

Org.; 9,1; 49%

Heavy Oil; 1,3; 7%

Mineral Dust; 1,3;

7%

Sea Salt; 0,2; 1%

Biomass burning; 3,4;

19%

ATH-TR PM2.5 SUMMER

Exhaust; 4,8; 22%

Non Exhaust; 1,5; 7%

Secondary Nitrates & Org.; 3,1;

14%

Secondary Sulphates &

Org.; 5,3; 24%

Heavy Oil; 1,3; 6%

Mineral Dust; 0,7;

4%

Sea Salt; 0,6; 3%

Biomass burning; 4,3; 20%

ATH-TR PM2.5 WINTER

Athens, 15th December 2015

Thank you very much for your attention!!!

http://airuse.eu xavier.querol@idaea.csic.es

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIFE+ AIRUSE

Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany, ARPA Toscana

Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & DeveloP. Comm. (CCDR-N) Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change

Spain M. Brritte Larka, A. Orio, M. Pallares, I. Hernández, A. Cristobal, E. Aulí

Portugal C. Figueiredo (CCDR-N); J. Monjardino (CENSE, Universidade Nova de Lisboa) Italy F. Forni (Regione Toscana),

Greece M. Lazaridis y Athina Progiou (Proyecto ACEPT AIR)