Ih i rd Edi t ion

. . . the modern drilling tools

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TD BETTER DOWNHOLE OPERATIONS

P R E F A C E

This Servco Data Handbook was written to help the petroleumindustry to more efficiently use milling, hole opening and other down-hole tools. From its pages the engineer can quickly find useful datato plan remedial and completion work, and drilling personnel canfind practical data for use when there is downhole trouble. Actualjob details are included to show what can be done when the propertools are selected.

Servco is grateful to the many people in the petroleum industrywho have given valuable assistance in the preparation of this book.Particularly, we are indebted to the drilling foremen and pusherswho have contributed greatly by furnishing the practical informationwhich has been included.

This booklet is dedicated to everyone whose job is made easierthrough the use of new and better downhole tools and techniques.

Research and, Engineering Department

THE SERVCO COMPANY

TABTE ()F CONTEI{TSCASING CUTTINGCASING DATA-,,--,-

coNVERSTON FACTORS_._..._.. . . . . . . . ._CONVERSION TABLE, HARDNESS

.....64

29,47....__60

..-....__39

DEC]MAL EQUIVALENTSDRILL PIPE DAT4... . . . . . . . . . . . .DRILLING FLUID COMPARISONS....,."....-,.

Lbs. /cu . [ t . . . . . . . . - .Lbs . /sa ls . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H ARDFACINC I \ , IATERI ALS..HOLE OPENERS, EXPANDING

Advantages. . . . . . . . .Annular area removed---...

";;,1i...34

Typical jobs... . . . .HOLE OPENTNG... _.. . . . . . . . . . . ._..JOB FTNDER rNDEX.... . . . . . . . . . . . . ."JUNKMASTER" JUNK MILL.JUNK MILLINGK.MILLS.____,,,.,__.LINEAR SIZE VS. PUMP VOLUME OUTPUT TABLE....MILLING, DOWNHOLE GENERAL INFORMATION...........

Casin6 cutting characteristics-",,General operating recommendations-------,----,------,,---Normal mi l l ing ra tes . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MILLI\C, JU\K.. ..,Loose junk . . . . . . . . . .Operation, general information----------....-.-.....-

i i

.38

.33

2410.28

. . . . . " " . ._. .__69_.. . . . . ._, , .__. .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9......._.,_.____8_-. ._. . . . . . . . . . .9. . . . - . . I0, 15.........___..u, . , ,_, . . . . . ._ l l

Operation.Swage completions.-.--,--.-.Typ ica l jobs- . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . " , - . .

. "26 ,28

._-___-_-Jt

.__. . . . - .30

MILLING, SECTION (CASINC CUTTING).,,.Assembly of the tool..Disassembly of the too1. . . . . . . . . . .Maintenance

.20-21Cleaning up whipstocks.,.-.

Enlarging restrictions-....., . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Reaming ou t co l lapsed cas ing- . - .Reaming ou l gu ide shoes- - - - - - - - - . . . - - - . - - - . . . - - . . .

MILLS.

Pilot...-.

Taper,,.Section.Special. ,A

_... . . . . . . . . ._.. . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . .22

NON.MAGNETIC DRILL COLLAR, USE OF....,..-".....r OPENING HOLE........-.

. . . . . . , . . , . . . , . .80... . . . . . . .26,33

- PIPE CUTTING-P.CUTTER,... .- . . . . . . , , .Operation.,,,.--Specifications.

PRESSI. 'RE DROP, TABLE..

.__47

...76

PUMP VOLUME OUTPUT VS. LINER SIZE TABLE- 69

t t l

TABTE ()F CONTENTSREDRESST\C KrTS... . . ._.. . . . . . .ROCK BIT COMPARISON TABLE-...-,....,-..,ROTARY SHOES..__._.._.. . . . .___...

Operation

Redressing kits. - . , , . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ._- . -57SIDETRACKING 26 ,44

. - - J /

..68. . .DU

...52

Lay ing the p lug . . , . . . . . - - . . - . . .Selecting the whipstock....Setting the removable wh

SPECIAL MILLS.SPECIFICATION TABLES.. . . . .STABILIZERS...TABLES AND CHARTS.

Casing data.----.,.,......Conversion {actors-...

TAPER MILLING

..,_......-.--59

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._.____..64_81.62." .8.48-39

Dec imal equ iva len ts . . . . . . - . . .Dril l pipe data..-"......-....".-..,Downhole milling general operating recommendationsEccentricity diameters derivation-..".....,-Formation removed with hole opener-.------,--"---.-

CASING CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS.

Hardness convers ion . . - - - - . . - - - - . . . . . - . - - - - - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Non-magnet ie d r i l l co l la r . empi r i ca l da ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . .__-. . . . . . . . . -80

WASHING OVERWHIPSTOCKS-.....

i v

5('..44

JOB FINDERDownhole problems or situations are listed under general head'

ings, followed by the page number where information regarding themmay be found.

MltLlNG Page1. Section of casing .........--..-....---..-282. Cutting out ...................-"........3, 293. Liner --....-.............174. Drill pipe -.-.-.-..-.-.......-.--....10, l75. Wash pipe -.-........-.-......--..--..10, l76. Drill collars ....--.-...-.-..-...-....-.10, 177. Swaged casing -.-....-.-.....-......--..-..17B. Liner hanger -....---.-.-..-.....-......5, 17

DRIIIII{G PROBTEMS1. Junk in the hole ........-.....-.-..10, 152. Stuck drill pipe ........-....-..-........"..103. Stuck wash pipe ....,......-......,...-.-.104. Stuck packers ..-........-..-.........10, 155. Bit cones ........-...106. Stabilizing the string......"---..-5, 537. Keeping the bit

from wandering .-...............-.........538. Keyseating ...33, 539. Minimizing wear ..............-.-.,..-....53

COMP[ETION SITUATIONS1. Advantages of underreaming

for liner .......-.....-332. Swaged casing or liner ...............17

SIDETRACKING1. Removeable whipstock .....-.-26, 452. Setting a plug.....-....-.............26, 443. Use of non-magnetic

drill collars ........"....................-.....80

PRODUCTI0N PR0BLEMS Page1. Stuck tubing ........--.......-.-.".."10, 172. Collapsed casing --.-........-.-....10, 203. Stuck packers .....-....-............10, I54. Enlarging restrictions

in adapters -.....-...22

FORMATIOI{ CONDITIONSl. Enlarging hole .-....."......--..-.-.-....-.332. Amount of formation removed

with Servco Hole Opener,--...-....-39

NOI{.MAGNEfl C I}RILI COTTIRSl. Angle and direction

correction chart -.-...-.--.-.........---.-80

DRESS TOOTS WITH SERVCOLOY@1. Mi[ing tools-Servcoloy "S" -....562. Stabilizers. collars. reamers-

Servcoloy *W" ........----........-........56

UNDERREAMIlIGI. Before running casing .-..---..---.-.-332. For liners ............333. To eliminate keyseating -..-......-.33

D0tlNHotE MttUl{G

GENERAT INFORMATION

1. CUTTINGS - To obtain maximum mill perforrnance, most of thecuttings must be removed from the hole as they are milled. Toremove as many cuttings as practicable, the suggestions listedbelow should be followed:A. Use minimum mud viscosity of 60 cps to l ift the cuttings out

of the hole. A higher viscosity is sometimes needed, par-ticularly if the annular velocity is low.

B. Maintain the maximum circulation rate without damagingthe formation. A minimum annular velocity of 120'/min. isrecommended.

C. Inspect subs or other auxil iary tools to make sure they are{ull bore, Restrictions can cause fluid volume problems.When hydraulically-actuated tools are used this volume losscan be serious.

D. When annular velocity of the mud is too low for efficientcuttings removal run junk subs.

E. Use bailers or junk snatchers to remove cuttings that accu-mulate in the hole. This is particularly recommended if themill ing rate drops ofi and cuttings are not being removed.

F. Reverse the circulation periodically to remove cuttings fromthe hole if feasible.

G. When mill ing washpipe, l iner or casing, it may be necessary,particularly on long jobs when cuttings are not being prop-erly removed, to periodically clean out to the bottom insideo{ the fish with a junk mill.

H. During pilot mil l ing or section mill ing, the cuttings maysometimes look like fish scales. This type of cuttings is oftenencountered in mill ing H-40 pipe. The penetration rate cangenerally be improved by decreasing the weight and increas-ing the rotary table speed. The ideal cuttings are about ){t"r,

thick and up to 3// in length. Hair-like cuttings coupled witha low penetration rate usually mean that the weight shouldbe increased. In milling P-1I0 pipe, cuttings will be finerthan in other grades of pipe.

2. WEIGHTS AND SPEEDSBest milling results are usually obtained with rotary tablespeeds of over 100 r.p.m. Taper mills and wash shoes arethe general exception to this rule. They usually operate bestat table speeds of about 75 r.p.m. or less, depending ontorque encountered.The optimum speed and weight to run a pilot mill must bedetermined for each job. Also, conditions will change on thesame well, and difierent speeds and weights may be requiredat difierent times. Try between I00 and 150 r.p.m. and2,000 and 6,000 pounds.Often a pilot mill is used to mill a liner or casing that hasbeen gun perforated, damaged with a spear, or collapsed, Themill should be run at approximately 70 r.p.m. and weightsaround 2,000 pounds or less.Never start a mill on the fish. Engage the rotary clutch withthe mill approximately 1' above the fish. With a rotary speedof about 100 r.p.m. (less for a taper mill) lower onto the fishto be milled. Increase the speed and vary the weight to im-prove the penelration.In section milling, particularly where the pipe is apt to becorroded, mill with as light a weight as possible to get properpenetration. Otherwise, the casing may become split andconsiderable difficulty will be encountered in the operation.For best penetration rates, maintain a constant milling weight.Do not allow the tool to drill ofi. Do not feed weight byallowing the drum to turn in large increments. The drumshould constantly oocreep".

The wear pattern on the mill will tell a great deal about theperformance of the mill in the hole. If the blades have a

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

G.

DOWNHOTE MII.TING"hook" wear pattern, milling is progressing satisfactorily.If the blades are tapered it usually means excessive weightwas used, which flared the top of the fish,

3. cunrNc ouT wrrH A stcTtoN MtrrA. When using a section mill, it is important that the mill com-

pletely cuts through the casing so the blades may be firmlyseated on the casing. The unique K-Mill has a built-in "tattle

tale" that indicates positively when the cut-through has beenmade. With this unique tool, there is a definite drop in pumppressure (several hundred pounds) and a considerablespeed-up in the pump strokes when the cut-through is com'pleted. When using tools without this "tattle tale" feature,operators should prolong the cut-out operation to be sure acomplete cut-through is obtained. If the cut-through has notbeen properly made, the casing will be skinned as millingprogresses and a thin shell of casing will be left in the hole.

B. Difficulty in cutting out may arise from several causes:1. The most common cause is insufficient pressure at the

tool. About 300 psi at the mill orifce is the minimumnecessary to keep the blades open in order to part thecasing.

2. Excessive pump surge in the drill string, with subsequent'yo-yoing' of the pipe, may cause the bades of the millto try to part the casing over a considerable interval.

3. Lost circulation material, pieces of dri l l pipe rubbers, orother substances may block the orifice of the tool causingthe mill to function improperly, delaying cut out.

4. LOOSE JUNKA. Sometimes, in mill ing swaged casing with a pilot mil l, or in

mill ing casing with a section mill, a ring of steel at a joint,weld, or at a casing collar, wil l come free and begin to turnwith the mill. This causes the mill ing rate to drop off. Usually.

B.

c.

gentle spudding with the pilot or section mill will overcomethis condition, because the spudding action tends to breakup the ring and position it so the blades can begin cuttingon it.Rubber in the hole may cause trouble in milling. Sometimesthe operation can be improved by cutting down on the pumppressure or completely shutting ofi the pump for short inter-vals and spudding the mill frequently. In some cases, it isnecessary to pull the mill and go in with a bit and cleanout to the fish in order to remove the rubber.If a pilot mill milling wash pipe, casing or liner suddenlystops cutting and the "torque" is not appreciably increased,there is a good chance that the fish is turning. (Double checkto be certain the mill is not in a joint or collar. See Para'graph A under "Loose Junk".) The mill should be pulledand a run made with a spear,

JARRING AND SPUDDINGA. It is not advisable to run jars while milling. The weight can-

not be accurately controlled and spudding cannot be properlyaccomplished. Also, in some cases, the jars restrict the fluidflow so that cuttings are not properly remQved.

B. Never let a junk mill stay on a fish for too Iong a period oftime because a deep wear pattern will'develop on the faceof the mill. Pick up the mill from time to time and loweronto the fish while rotating. This forces a new wear patternto develop and evens the wear on the mill. Do not allow asliver of junk to get alongside a mill, particularly a junkmill, without {orcing or mashing it down by spudding themill. This condition is generally indicated by an increasein torque.

C. Sometimes loose junk can be milled best by spudding themill frequently to pound the junk into the bottom and holdit in place while being milled.

DotIilHoLE illltllt{G6. STABTUZTNG

Sufficient drill collars and stabilizers should be used to letthe mill run free and true. Normally, a stabilizer is run oneor two collars above the mill. A mill that is allowed to wobbledoes a poor job. Generally, the diameter of the stabilizershould not exceed the blade O.D. of the mill.

7. Mrtt slzEA. In using a pilot mill, the blade O.D. should be about 7/+"

larger than the tool joint or coupling of the fish to be milled.The pilot O.D. should be the same as the dri{t diameter ofthe fish to be milled.

B. In mill ing cast iron bridge plugs, the junk mill head shouldbe about /s" under the size o{ the bridge plug.

B. LINER HANGERS

Most l iner hangers mill easily. However, some old-style typeshave many slips and rotating parts. With these, considerablespudding of the mill is required to position the parts so theycan be milled.

9. MILLING RATES

Mill ing rates are determined by many factors: The typeand stability of the fish, the weight and speed at rvhich themill is run, the hardness of the cement behind the pipe. etc.I{ the pipe is "rotten" or corroded, the mill should be runat l ight weight and {airly high speed to prevent tearing,ripping or splitt ing of the pipe. For mill ing rates whichshould be expected {or various mill ing operations seepage 14.

10. EFFECT OF CEMENT

The amount and type of cement behind the pipe has a lotto do with the performance of the mill. Pipe that is rvell

l l .

cemented may be rnilled at high speeds and high weights.Uncemented pipe should be milled at moderate speeds andlight weights.

ROUGH PERTORMAI{CEA. If a mill, particularly a K'Mill or pilot mill, runs rough or

bounces, it may be because the pipe is not well cementedand is wobbling. Generally, this condition can be overcomeby reducing table speed.

B. Any mill works best if it runs smoothly. To stop bouncingor rough running, lower the table speed to about 50 r.p.m.and reduce weight to about 3,000 lbs. Run for an hour ortwo, gradually increasing weight. If mill runs smoothlyand penetration rate is good, continue at this speed. Ifpenetration rate is low, increase speed. I{ mill starts torun rough again, lower speed until mill runs smoothly andstay at that speed.

EFFEGI OF THE FtO-IEt FEIIUREA. The Flo-Tel, incorporated only on Servco tools, gives a

positive indication on the rig floor when the tool is open.B. The Flo-Tel signals that the tool is open by indicating a

change in pressure. While the tool is opening, flow is throughan annulus equivalent to a 3/a" orifice. When the tool iscompletely open, flow is through an annulus equivalent toa 8/utt orifi.ce. This results in a pressure drop of roughly200 lbs., accompanied by a corresponding increase in pumpstrokes per minute.

C. The Flo-Tel feature is designed so that approximately 1"of piston travel can occur without a change in flow rate.This feature is exceptionally advantageous where pumpsurge is present because the tool will not be continuallyopening and closing.

t2.

DotlltHorE MtLUltGD. If the drilling rig is equipped with a torque converter the

pressure will drop when the tool opens, but it will returnto the original level imediately. The pump strokes willincrease, however, and remain increased.

13. EFFECT OF MUDIn general, mud viscosity should be kept at 60 cps or more.A streaky mud condition adversely afiects milling results.A minimum annular velocity of 120 feetlmin. is recom-mended.

14. CENTRATIZERS AND SCRATCHERSCentralizers and scratchers behind casing sometimes causetrouble in milling. Less difficulty is generally encounteredif the casing is well cemented. Best results are obtained byusing a mill whose blades extend completely over thecentralizers and scratchers.

Cuttings from a Servcoloy-Dressed Mill

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JUNK MILLING

%ffi

Seruco lunk Mills are uniuersal milling tools used to

BitsBit conesPackersTestersReamersSl ipsBailers

Dri l l pipeDril l collarsJarsSubsHangersWash pipe

(short lengths)

mill:

Sett ing toolsWhipstocksCasing (col lapsed )Str ing shotsCementCalipersAll kinds of junk

r 0

JUNK MII.LING

The junk mill is the work horse o{ downhole mill ing operations.Only one type of mill is needed to mill almost everything that {allsinto or becomes stuck in the hole. Where dril l pipe is.cemented insideand out, a junk mill is the only tool that wil l do the work. However,where the I.D. of the dril l pipe or dri l l collars is open, a pilot mil lmay sometimes be used to better advantage, at least to begin with.Also wash pipe is generally milled better with a pilot mil l. Casingthat has been milled with a pilot mil l, section mill, or K-Mill, to apoint where it begins to rotate, is ofen pounded down and milledwith a junk mill on the end o{ a length of slightly bent dri l l pipe.Packers, testers and bridge plugs are milled in a few hours with ajunk mi l l .

OPERATION, GENERAL INTORMATION

TOOSE JUNI(l. 0pen Hole

A. Use a junk mill with a diameter about lB" ro 7/+" less thanthe hole diamerer.

B. When possible, use at least 10,000 lbs. of dri l l collars.C. Use a junk sub directly above the mill. However, the neck

of the junk sub must be str"ong enough to withstand spud-ding. Ordinarily, junk subs for 4s7^" O.D. and smaller dri l lcollars are not strong enough for this operation.

D. Spudding should be done as follows:Determine the zero or neutral point of weight. Mark the

kelly at the top of the kelly bushings. Pick up the kelly 4 to6 leet (shallow hole 6'; deep hole 4/). Drop the kelly(repeat drop) and catch (not slow down, but catch) withthe brake about 18 to 20 inches above the zero mark. (Forexample, pick up l0' and drop \t/r ' .1 This action causes thedril l string to stretch and spud the junk on bottom with atremendous force. However, since the string is caught bythe brake, the dril l pipe is not in compression at the moment

il

2.

of impact and, as a result, there is no harm done to thestring. The string should be spudded 3 or 4 times withone-quarter turn between drops.

lnside of CasingSame procedure as {or open hole, except:A. Run a stabil izer directly above the mill with the same

O.D. as the mill head. Wear pads having the same O.D.as mill O.D. are provided on junk mills so that therewill be no damage to the casing.

B. The spudding should be less severe.C. The O.D. of the mill head should be about the same as

the drift diameter oI the casing.

STATIONARY JUNKOpen HoleA. Use a junk mill with a diameter about 1/a" to Y+" less than

the hole diameter.B. Mill with 4000 lbs. to 10,000 lbs. of weight, depending upon

the strength of the fish being milled.C. Pick mill up lC), or 15' from time to time (a{ter each 3 to 5

feet of junk milled) and ream the hole down to the fish.D. After reaming the hole down, always set down on the fish

while turning and then bring the weight up to mill ing weightimmediately. Do not apply weight and then start rotating.

E. Never set on the fish with a light weight and spin. If youwish to stop for any reason, always pick up the mill. Spin-ning in one spot on the fish can cause the steel in the fishto work harden to such an extent that it will be difficult torestart milling.

Inside of GasingOperate the junk mill in the same manner as for open hole, except:A. Run a stabilizer directly above the mill with the same O.D.

as the mill head.

l .

t 2

B. The mil l head O.D. shouldof the casing.Wear pads on mil l shouldmil l head.

JUNK MITIING

be the same as the drift diameter

be same O.D. as the O.D. of theC.

OPERATION, SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Feel for the bottom. Spud the junk then mill with about5000 lbs. of weight at 80 to 100 r.p.m. with the pump thesame as for normal dri l l ing.When you believe that the junk may be turning, spud twoor three times.After about l' of progress, pick the mill up 15' or 20' off ofbottom and reduce or shut ofi the pump (depending on holeconditions) for about two minutes. This allows loose junk tofall back to bottom.Feel for the bottom again, spudding a couple of times, anddril l with 4000 lbs. to 12,000 lbs. of weight at 100-125 r.p.m.with normal pump pressure.From here on, it is a matter of "feel".

Items 3 and 4 above should be repeated every few feet.In hard formation, it may take 5' or 6' oI hole to mill upthe junk. In sof ter format ion, i t may take I0 'or 15 'of holeto mill up the fish. The junk wil l penetrate the softer forma-tion more than the harder formation and, consequently,more hole wil l be required to mill i t.In mill ing loose junk in open hole, reduce pump pressureto the very minimum.

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See "Typicd, Iobs", Page 14

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SPECIAL MILLS

"JUNKMASTER"-Demountable, Skirted Junk MillServco's "Junkmaster", a three-piece, de'

mountable skirted junk mill, is the ideal toolfor mill ing inside casing or mill itg up torn orplugged tubular junk. The skirt l ines up dis-torted or split pipe and slips over the fish toprotect the casitg during mill ing.

The three-piece design construction of the"Junkmaster'?

- driver sub, Servco ttEcono-

mill" and skirt - permits a worn mill to bereplaced without discarding the complete tool.The thrifty "Economill" can be replaced forabout 46% of the cost of a new one-pieceskirted junk mill.

Skirts on the "Junkmasters" are also avail'able . . . at 65% saving. A selection of threedesigns-tooth-type, perforated-type and fish-ing lip-typ permits the most efficient skirtto be used on the fish at all times.

Both mill and skirts are dressed with "Serv-

coloy", Servco's amazingly efficient tungstencarbide dressing material. (See Page 4.)

,ServcoJunkmaster

I. D. MAX.S K I R TS K I-t-

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24SERVCO FLUSH JOINT

ECONOMILL SERIES

ia

SPECTAL Mil.rs

JUNI( PITOT COMBINATIONSometimes used to concurrently mill pipe and small amounts oI

junk that have lodged in the l iner or casing. However, if the junk isof any consequence, it is better to first go in with a junk mill andmill up the junk and then mill the pipe with a separate pilot mill.JUNK MItt WITH A HIGH SIDE

Used to mill casing, liner, drill collars or cement when sidetrackingis desired and the direction that the hole takes is not important. Side-tracking of collapsed pipe can often be accomplished in a matter ofhours by using this type of junk mill.

WASHOUER SHOE - JUNK CATCHER COMBINATION

Often it is advantageous to wash over a fish-particularly certaintypes of packers-and catch the fish in the fingers placed in the wash.over shoe.

..JUNKMASTER" SPECIFICATIONS

BoreA

BoreB

TopConn.A.P.t.

Reg. Pin

Econo-mil l

Series

Econo-mil l

Conn.A.P.t.Reg.Pin

SKIRT DIMENSIONS

!.D.Max,

0.D.Min.

ServcoFlushloint

3/43/4

I r/4| 1/4 27 /827 /8 30003000 2 3/823 /8 4A 1 / ' 3 7 / 1 6s 3/4 44 r/23/43/4

1

I r/4t r/41 r/2

2 7 / 82 7/83 1/2

300030004000

2 3/8) a / 927 /8

4 3/4E , 1 / )

37/84 r/84 r/2

4 3/455 t/2

I

II r/4

I r/2I t/22 1 / 4

3 r/23 r/24 r/2

400040005000

2 7 / 827 /83 r/2

5 3/466 5/8

55 r/2

5 3/4b6 5/8

1r /422

2 r/42 r/42 r/4

4 r/24 r/241/2

or 6 5rz8

500050007000

J t / a3 r/24 1 / ?

7 5/88 5/8

5 3/46 1/27 3/8

77 5/885/8

z )

SIDETRACKINGSERUCO'S RECOMMENDED PRO-CEDURE FOR MII.TING A SECTION,OPENING THE HOLE, SIDE.TRACI(ING AND RE.BOTT()MINGAdvantages:r Utilizes existing surface Io-

cation and production {acili.ties.

o Saves drilling and casingcosts to kick-ofi point.

o Relocates bottom of hole toobtain new entry to reser-voir.

r Enlarges hole to allow max-imum size casing to be runto bottom without difficulty.

o Enlarges hole to allow ampleroom for improved cement-ing or for flo-pack gravelcompletions.

o Provides section which canbe used for future redrillsof same well.

2. Enlarge hole inmilled interualto remove mudring, insuringgood cementplug and goodwhipstock run.

26

1. Mill Section

SIDETRACKING

ii::ii::ii:]i:i]i::]ii: jii iii i:Hii:'i iii i:'iiiiii:iii: i:iiiiii::ii:ilii:liiiiliii:iilii:t:lii:lii:li.EM,.E[{.,T,.i.: : : : : : : . . : : I

ifil.......,..ll.tt-

3. Set and drillplug. Makewhipstock runand dril l newhole.

4. Enlarge new hole toinsure getting liner tobottom and to providegood cement annulusfor water shut off.

SECTION MILLING

The Seruco K-Mill is a new type casing mill that is replacing the sectionmill. The K-Mill cuts faster than the section mill and will mill morecasing with a single set of blades. It is simple in design and easy tooperate.

All late models of the K-Mill are equipped with Servco's patentedFlo-Tel control feature which gives a definite signal when the cut-through is made. Mill ing of the casing may be started as soon as thecut-through is clean. The Flo-Tel control also assures maximum pres-sure during the cut-through and maximum fluid flow during themill ing operation.

28

:SECTION MITTING

Because of its high mill ing rate, the K-Mill is being used incompletion work to mill sections of casing opposite producing zones.This use eliminates the need {or swages and thus eliminates theproblem of running testers through the small diameter sleeve.

The K-Mill is also widely used for cutting pipe, notch-jet work,and mill ing l iners. It is a very economical tool.

OPERATIONCutting Through the Casing1. After reaching depth at u'hich mill ing is to begin, rotate without

pump pressure at about 60 r.p.m.2. Turn pump on and build pressure to 1500-2000 psi. Note pressure

and pump speed. When the cut-through is accomplished, theFlo-Iel will cause a pressure drop of approximately 200-250 psi,and the pump speed wil l increase. The time required for cut-through wil l vary from I0 to 45 minutes.

3. After the cut-through is made, allow the tool to rotate for approx-imately l0 minutes to clean up the cut.

Mill ingWith rotary table speed of 100 to 125 r.p.h., gradually apply

weight of 4000-8000 pounds. Try to maintain an even weight whilemill ing, rather than allowing the weight to "dri l l ofi" before addingmore weight.

Close Tool to Come Out of HoleAfter casing has been milled, reduce weight on the tool to about

2000 pounds and turn ofi the pump. Allow two to five minutesrotation before pull ing up into casing.

CAUTION: Be sure {luid head in the dril l string is allowed toequalize with tool at the casing shoe before pull inginto casing; otherwise, the force of the fluid columnmay tend to expand tool during entry. Pull intocasing slowly. Tool wil l then be ready to pull outof the hole.

MAINTENANCE Servco K-Mill TENS'N

1. The tool should be thoroughly cleaned after completion of eachjob. Steam cleaning is the preferred method ; however, wherethese facilit ies are not available, cleaning solvents can be used.All packing should be inspected after cleaning and replaced i fany wear is visible. Attention should be given to the piston pack-i^g. I t is essential that this packing have the "V"-type l ipsfacing forward.

2. When tool is reassembled, all parts should be thoroughly lubri-cated. Ary l ight grease is adequate.

DISASSEMBTYl. New tools are completely

please be guided by the(u) Remove top sub.(b ) Remove Servco Flo-Tel tension screws.(c ) The Servco Flo-Tel unit may now be withdra.wn f rom the

body.(d ) Remove the arm stop-body stabilizers.(. ) Remove the cutter arm hinge pins.(f) Remove cutter arms. Do not remove cutter arm lugs.(g) Using wrenches furnished in tool kit, remove cam lock nut

and cam.(h) The piston and spring may now be withdrawn from body.( i ) Remove the piston head and withdraw the Flo-Tel orifice

from the piston.( j ) Remove and inspect anti-wash tube. Replace i f necessary.

assembled before shipping. After using,following:

30

SECTION MILLIilGPISTON HEAD

=f RETAINING SCREW

r ! / -P ISTON HEAD\ / FPISTON PACKING

r..fu .i #+*iii.iu.niirriii.irii

7-ARM STOP-80DY STABIL IZER

/ /-REr^tNtNGscRew

ASSEMBTYl . Sl ide anti-wash tube into place and replace the Flo-Tel ori f ice,

complete with packing, into the piston.2. Replace the piston packing and piston head. Make sure the

"V'o-type l ips of the piston packing face upwards..J. Place the spring over the piston tube and slide the assembly into

the body.4. l ls ing wrenches furnished in the tool ki t , make up the cam

firmly on the piston.5. Make up the cam lock nut f i rmly behind the cam. Impact sharply

with impact wrench or hammer blows to prevent backing off.6. Assemble Flo-Tel unit loosely.

( a ) Place spreader spring in eone cap.(b ) Place st inger in seat .( c ) Place bai l on cone cap.( d ) Al ign holes in seat and cone cap and start the threads of

the tension screws. Do not make up these screws t ightly atthis point as this wil l expand the bai l and the unit wi l l notenter the body.

( e ) Sl ide the Flo-Tel unit into the body unti l the bai l snaps intoits mating groove in the body.

(f ) Tighten tension screws f irmly. This expands the bai l intoits mating groove in the body and locks the unit into i tsproper place.

7. Insta l l new eut ter arms using the new hinge pins and hinge pinretaining screws provided.

B. Instal l arm stop-body stabi l izers.

3r

r(.lilru sPEctFtcAIt0l{s

Tool Serieslf umber

Gasing Size, ins.(All Wts.)Gollapsed

Gutter Dia.,tns.

ExpandedCutter Dia.,

ins.

36004Yz 33/a 5r/n

43/E 4 5Y2

4100 5 4% 6

4500\t/z 4% 63/t

6 43/n 6%

5500

6s/s Ss/a 83/ti

7 5% 85/,

7s/a 6Y2 9Yt

72408Ys 7Yz r0%

I 73/t llYB

82009Ya $r/q tzt4

103/t 9Ya l3Y4

10500ll3/t L0% LsYz

13% t2 lTYg

32

HOLE OPENING

Servco makes three type of expanding hole openers: A rock type,a rock drilling type, and a drag drilling type. A complete discussionof their individual merits and uses is given on the following pages.

33

ServcoRock-Type

Hole Opener

SERUCO ROCK TYPE HOIE OPENER

Used for enlarging drilled hole to:o Provide clearance for running casing.o Obtain adequate annular space for cementitg.o Enlarge zones for gravel pack completions.o Remove keyseats or enlarge ttheaving" areas.

ADUANTAGESo Opens hole up to three times faster than

conventional hole openerso Positive cutter arm opening by direct

pump pressureo Positive indication of cutter arm openingo Full-volume circulationo 3'x"::f"ii"o".:;J3il:l ':: TLT

combinationo Choice of cones for most efficient cuttingo Simple? rugged constructiono Trouble-free operation

OPERATI0N - Rock-Type rvith FloTel*' Gontrol Feature1. 0pening the Cutten (Gutting Out)

After reaching the depth at which thehole opening is desired, rotate without pumppressure at approximately 60 r.p.m. Turn pumpon and gradually build pressure to between 1500and 2000 psi. Note pressure and speed. Whenthe arms are fully opened the Flo-Tel will causea pressure drop of approximately 200 to 250 PSi,and pump speed will increase. For the arms tofully expand may take from f5 mintttes to onehour, depending upon the formation.

* Patented,3 4

1 . 1

r f t

I

HOLE OPENING

Opening the HoleThis operation is performed with a table speed of 60 to 80

r.p.m. and with weights from 3000 to 8000 pounds. In very softformations the table speed may be increased.

Check Cut Out (0n tools without Flo'Tel Feature)After two or three feet of hole have been opened, determine

that the cut-out has been made and the hole is not being"skinned", Leave pump pressure on and disengage rotary tableclutch. Raise tool slowly to the point of cut'out. The weight indi'cator should show the point of cut-out as the expanded cutters.encounter the shoulder at this point. Next, lower the tool slowlythrough the enlarged section. I f the cut-out has been complete,there should be no drag over that normally encountered in lower-ing the dri l l str ing. Should there be any reason to bel ieve thecutters were not completely open, raise tool slowly to approxi'mately 6" below the init ial cut-out point and repeat the cut-outprocedure.

4. General InstructionsA. Maintain constant dri l l ing weight. Allow drum to creep. Do

not drop off.B. Do not allow tool to penetrate at a rate greater than 100

revolutions per foot. Penetration rates greater than this mayresult in the hole not being opened to the desired drift gauge.

C. Do not spud the tool or put over 10,000 pounds of weighton it. Excessive weight does not increase penetration and mayresult in damage to the tool.

D. Do not run the first set of cutters over eight hours. Thelength of time that succeeding sets may be run will dependupon the condition of the first set of cutters. Cutters cangenerally be used longer in soft formation than hard {orma'tion. Abrasive formations reduce cutter life materially.

3.

3 5

MNINTENANCE SCrvCO ROCK

l. The tool should be thoroughly cleaned after completion of eachjob. Steam cleaning is the preferred method; however, wherethese facilit ies are not available, cleaning solvents can be used.All packing should be inspected after cleaning and replaced ifany wear is visible. Attention should be given to the piston pack-ing. It is essential that this packing have the "V"-type lipsfacing forward.

'2. When tool is reassembled, all parts should be thoroughly lubri-cated. Ary light grease is adequate.

DISASSEMBTYI. New tools are completely assembled before shipping. After using,

please be guided by the following:(a ) Remove top sub.(b ) Remove Servco Flo-Tel tension screws.(c) The Servco Flo-Tel unit may now be withdrawn from the

body.(d) Remove the arm stop-body stabilizers.(.) Remove the cutter arm hinge pins.(f) Remove cutter arms. Do not remove cutter arm lugs.(g ) Using wrenches furnished in tool kit, remove cam lock nut

and cam.(h ) The piston and spring may now be withdrawn from body.(i) Remove the piston head and withdraw the Flo-Tel orifice

from the piston.(j ) Remove and inspect anti-wash tube. Replace if necessary.

36

\ '

PACKING

ARM RETAINERSCREW

ARM RETAINER

A R M P I N

SPRING

ROCI( TYPE HOIE OPENER_SPECIFICATIONSThroughGasing,lnches

Hole 0penerBody Diameter,

InchesTop

Gonnections

Hole OpeningDimensions,

lnches

5 r/2 4 r/2 27,/8 API Reg. Pin 6 through 8I /2

7 5 3/4 3I,/2 API Reg. Pin 7 through 1l

8 5/8 7 r/4 4I,/2 APl. Reg. Pin I throughl3

e 5/8 8 r/4 4l,/2 API Reg. Pin 10 through 15

ro 3/4 e L/2 6 5/8 API Ree. Pin 11 through 18

13 3/8 11 6 5/8 API Res. Pin 16 through 2L

18 5/8 15 6 5/8 API Ree.P in L7 through 26

NQTE: 0n export orders, customer may order any open 0.D. desired (within abovelimits).

31

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o:z.

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qoo

'..!|\a!Fri

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H()LE OPENINGqoNCDF{o

tsrt

qho

q@o

r')odN

!qNltt

s{@N

s)d=

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FctNu?

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q(0

SERUCO MODEL "B''ROCK DRIIIING IYPE HOIE OPENER

Opens hole simultaneously with drillingin hard formation. Its simple, foolproof cut-ter arm construction and unique "Turba-

W'ash" feature make it the most efficient,trouble-free drilling-type hole opener everbuilt.

Only rock bit cones designed and builtby experienced rock bit manufacturers areused. Slots milled in the body below thecones direct return fluid onto the cone facesand into specially designed cone pockets'The Model 'oB's" spinning of the conescreates a turbulent washing action whichflushes cuttings {rom the cones and frombehind the cutter arms.

The design gives full fluid flow throughthe bit. None o{ the flow is bypassed; nohydraulic power is wasted.

Simple, direct cam action opens armsIn operation, simple, direct cam action

opens the arms. Proper pump pressure act'ing on a piston-cam arrangement {orces thecutter arms open, There are no complicatedlinkage or arm support brackets to fail.Positive stops assure true gauge diameter'

rServcoModel 'oB"

Rock DrillingTvpe

Jlole Opener

40

HOTE OPENING

Positive cutter arm closingWhen the pump is shut ofi spring pressure causes the arms to re-

tract within the body. Also, "picking up" provides a positive closingaction. No go-devils to drop; no danger of arms failing to close. W'henthe operator desires the arms to remain open when the pump is ofi, alock-open feature is provided.

Since becoming operational there has not been a single case wherethe arms of Model "B" have failed to open, or close. Its simple, beefed-up construction will take the roughest downhole use. The cone sectionis actually stronger than the drill collar connection.

MODEL "8" ROCK DRILLING TYPE HOIE OPENER--SPECIFICATI()NS

* 0ptional 6 5/8**Optional 7 5/8, 85/8

ToolDiameterGollapsed

Max.ExpandedDiameter

CONNECTION

Top Bottom

5 3/47 t/48 1/4s 1/2

l ll 52225

83/4l 113 r/215t72636

3l/2 API Res. Pin4l/2 API Reg. Pin41/2 API Reg. Pin':'6 5,/8 API Res. Pin6 5/8 API Reg. Pin6 5/8 API Reg. Pin**6 5/8 API Reg. Pini'{'6 5/8 API Reg. Plnr"'

3L/2 API Reg. Box4l/2 API Reg. Box4l/2 API Reg. Box6 5/8 API Reg. Box6 5/8 API Reg. Box6 5/8 API Reg. Box**6 5/8 API Reg. Box**6 5/8 API Reg. Box**

4 1

SERUCO DRAG DRIIIING-TYPE HOIE OPENERProtecteil by U.S. Patent No. 43,111; Canatlia.n'Patent Serial No. 821$94.

This tool was developed for use in softto medium {ormation to open drilled holeto a large diameter simultaneously with thedrilling operation. It has proved extremelysuccessful where "super fast" drilling op'erations are employed. For example, in theGulf Coast it is run with excellent resultsat tale speeds of 400 r.p.ffi., circulatingpressure of 3,500 p.s.i., and bit weightsup to 80,000 pounds.

Full fluid flow passes through the jetsof standard bits; none is by'passed. Holesize can be increased approximately one-fourth greater than the drilled hole. Serv'coloy dressing material extends blade lifefar beyond that possible with ordinarydressing material.

The tool can be run directly above thebit as shown at right or in the collar stringto provide a pendulum efiect for maintain-ing straight hole. It is desirable to run thetool about sixty feet up in the string if thehole has a tendency to deviate rapidly fromthe vertical.

rServcoDrag Drilling-Type

Hole Opener

42

HOTT OPENING

0pening and Glosing

Pump pressure actuates a sliding piston in the tool and as thepiston moves upward it {orces the blades out. Once the bladesmove out the close tolerance inside the tool and a spring loadedlocking device hold the tool in the open position. After the holeis drilled the tool can then be pulled back up the hole in theopen position to check for tight spots.

To close the tool, shut ofi the pump, break ofi the kelly fromthe string and drop a Go Devil, provided with a fishing neck, inthe drill pipe. This will go down the string and seat on top of thewash barrel o{ the piston and seal ofi the drilling fluid. Make upthe Kelly and start the pump. The pressure will build up immedi-ately. Normally I,000 to 1,500 p.s.i. is enough to close the tool.After the piston has been pumped down, the blades close and thetool may be pulled out of the hole.

DRAG DRII.IING TYPE HOIE OPENER - SPECIFICATIONS

DdlledHole Size

Hole 0penerBody 0.D.

Connections

Top Bottom

83/4"s7 /8"

12 1 /4"

7 r/2"8r./2"

10"

I l "12 r/4"15"

4 1/2" Reg. Box6 l/8" Reg. Box6 5,/8" Reg. Box

4l/2" Ree. Bax6 5/8' Reg. Box6 5/8' Reg. Box

0ther sizes available on request.

43

SIDETRACKINGSEIECTING IHE WHIP$OCK TYPE ANER SECTIOII HIS BEEI{ MIttED

Either a stub (permanent) whipstock or a removable whipstockmay be set after a section has been mil led to sidetrack the hole. Astub whipstock is lowered on dri l l pipe and set, or hung, by meansof sl ips in the stub of casing, below the place where the section wasmil led. A temporary whipstock is lowered on dri l l pipe and placedon top of a cement plug that has been previously set. There is noclear choice between these two t1-pes of whipstocks; however, thereare certain general condit ions which favor one type over the other.A stub whipstock is general ly better in a hole that has large cavit ies.or when the formation is very hard. A removable whipstock is pre-ferred where the {ormation is soft or medium-hard. In P-l l0 pipe,the sl ips of the stub-type whipstock do not "bite" into the pipe aswell as in softer casing; consequently, a removable whipstock is oftenpreferred here. The stub whipstock has some advantage in that thechoice of hookups avai lable is greater than with the removable whip-stock. Where r ig costs are very high and the wait ing t ime for thecement plug to set properly is several days, the stub whipstock ispreferred, provided other factors are equal. Where the removablewhipstock is used, the most important single factor in gett ing a goodrun is the condit ion of the eement plug.

TAYING THE PLUG IOR A REMOUABTE WHIPSTOCKPrior to setting the plug, an expanding hole opener should be

used to open the hole and remove the mud ring. If possible, the plugshould be set at a point in the hole where the gauge of the hole isuniform. At least 200' of plug should be set since it wil l be necessaryto dri l l from 30' to 75' oI the plug to locate a place suitable for side.tracking, as well as leaving the kelly in the correct position for settingthe deflecting tool. After the cement plug has set, the top of the plugmust be dressed ofi to some point where the correct length of kellyrises above the rotary table. S&en run in the hole, the whipstock

44

SIDEIRACIflIIG

must touch bottom with approximately 25' b 30' of kelly above thetable. The hole should be circulated clean after the plug has beendressed. In most cases, a satisfactory plug will be obtained on the firsttry. Less difficulty is generally encountered above 10,000, than below10,000'. Usually a plug for sidetracking should contain 2/e calciumchloride and 20/o sand mixed in with the cement, Sometimes a satis-factory plug cannot be otained because of:

1. Porous formation.2. Lost circulation.3. High temperatures prevent plug from setting.4. Caverns in the hole.5. Efiects of the type of mud used.

SEIIII{G I}lE REiloVlBtE WHIPSToCI(Once a satisfactory plug has been obtained and dressed to the

proper point - generally IO' b 12' into the opened interval - theremovable whipstock is lowered into the hole on drill pipe. Afterbeing properly placed and the face oriented in the desired direction,the pin is sheared and set by the weight of the string .After the pinis sheared, the pumps are started slowly. When returns are observed,rotation is begun at about l0 or 15 r.p.m. While rotating slowly, slackoff the drill pipe about 1,, increase the rotary speed to around 50r.p.m. and drill down the face of the whipstock. Slowly increase thepump pressure and use just enough weight so that the bit penetratesthe formation down the face of the whipstock. Where the formation isvery hard, a Servcolol@-dressed drag bit will generally go ofi the faceof the whipstock better than a rock bit. Continue the operation untilthe bit is about I' above the toe of the whipstock. At this point, in-crease the weight to about 5000 lbs. while mainaining the rotation at50 r.p,m. Continue this operation until the bit is approximately 3, be-

45

low the toe of the whipstock. At this point, increase the weight to about10,000 lbs. and continue drilling until 12' of hole has been madebelow the toe of the whipstock. It is very important to begin thisoperation with very light weight because the bit must drill ofi thewhipstock. It cannot be forced into the formation. The use of justsufficient weight to drill the formation will also reduce any tendencyfor the whipstock to move due to premature walking-ofi of the bitover the side of the concavity.

After the 12' of hole has been made, the string is pulled and thewhipstock removed. If, at any time while pulling the whipstock, weightis indicated, stop and rotate until the weight is clear. When the whip-stock has been removed, go back in the hole with a Monel pup jointand a pilot hole opener bit. The whipstock rat hole should then beopened to bottom. Re-ream the hole halfway to bottom, circulate thehole clean and take a single-shot picture. Remove the drill string withthe pilot bit and go in the hole with a new, full-gauge bit made up ona full-gauge spiral stabilizer to which a Monel pup joint is affixed.Do not use any drill collars. Make approximately 30' of hole andcheck the angle and direction with a single-shot. In drilling this hole,run at about 50 r.p.m. with a weight of about 15,000 lbs. As soon asit has been determined that the hole has been sidetracked, proceedwith normal drilling operations.

.to

PIPE CUTTING

ServcoModel "\/'Pipe Cutter

Unretouched photo o{ an actualjob shows the efficiency of the

new Servco P-Cutter.

The Servco Model "V" PipeCutter is used to cut mult iplestr ing of casing.

In operation, pump pressureexpands the arms of the P-cut-ter, causing their cutt ing edgesto engage the inner str ing ofcasing. When the cul throughis completed a signal indicatesan arm change is needed tomake the next cut.

The P-cu t te r i s equ ippedwith Servco's exclusive Flo-Tel@feature which gives the operatora positive indication when thecut through is made on eachstr ing. No guesswork, no delays,no coming out of the hole pre-maturely" and no "skinning" ofthe casing.

Because mul t ip le s l r ings arerarely hung concentrically,torque condit ions are usually-qevere. The P-cutter 's three-armdesign and rugged constructionminimize rough torque condi-tions and make for smootherrunning.

The Model "V" P-cutter isavai lable in two sizes: B1/+"hody O.D. with cutter arms thatr r p a r r d u p l o 3 6 " i n d i a m e l e r :and l l " body O.D. w i th cu t te rarms that expand up to 50'/ indiameter.

ECCENTRICITY DIAMETERS DERIUATION

Dlow= COUPL|UG DlA. OF A.

DrCo' = l.D. or caslNc B.

DSouP= CouPttrue DlA.oF B

D!D' . l .D. oF CASING C.

DFUP'= CoUPttf'te Dla. oF c

T-F\Ci" y' csc. c q

;7i\;

48

Decc. = ECCENTRIC DIA'

-P."*o -2 -

PIPE CUTTING

$- q,' ; Q,"- -!- (o*"_ of'")

-9{o-q," , Q,c- -L (olr-oii"")DBcoue.2 =

Q,=Qi*Q, " ; O" : *

( o l?o i :D ; :3D; " )

D n c c . = D c * 2 Q ,

l . D , L D . c o u p r o t r r . c o u D .Dr:cc. = Dn # D" -l-Dc - D-t -Dt

C DIAS (Ecc.) C DIAS (Ecc.)133/s 26133/a 2616 2016 2016 2016 2416 2416 2616 2620 2420 2420 2620 26

gs/a 133/s9% 133/a9% 169% 1695/a 16

t03/t t6t03/q 16103/t 16133/e Z013% 20133/a 2013% 24t33/e 24

20 27.88124 34.83920 27st624 34.87426 38.87420 26.79t24 33.74926 37.74926 34.91530 42.91536 54.91530 43.87336 55.873

30 49.87336 55.87326 32.29030 40.29036 52.29030 4t.24836 53.24830 4t.24836 53.24830 37.24836 49.24830 37.24836 49.248

49

WASHING OVER

Servco Rotary Shoes are uniuersal cutting 0r milling tools, used to wash overlThe rotary shoe is a rtni ' r 'ersal cutt ing or mil l ing tool. used to

wash over :Dril l pipr:Dril l collarsIleamersStabi l izersBits

Packer-*JarsBack-ofi toolsSubsKeyseat cutters

50

WASHING OUER

TYPE P

Dressed,Shoe

TYPE T

TYPESServco Rotary Shoes are generally made in two types: Type "T"

and type "P".

Type "T", with standard cutting teeth, is used to greatest ad-vaniage when the bulk o{ the work is removal of formation to freethe dril l string. It is most o{ten used to wash over stuck collars ordril l pipe, and tubing that has been sanded in place.

The Type "P" washover shoe is a rugged tool, developed andpatented by Servco {or the most diff icult and abusive jobs. The per-forated design allows the wall of the shoe to be fi l led with Servcoloy,resulting in a self-sharpening feature, not only on the O.D. and I.D.of the shoe, but across its entire {ace. This eliminates the commonproblem of wearing off the carbide bottom-dressing and exposinga ring of steel where carbides are most needed. The Servco Type "P"

rotary shoes are used for such demanding jobs as washing over andcutting off the legs of reamers, bits and stabil izers. In many cases,

Blank,Shoe

5 l

they are used to mill subs to a smaller diameter to aid fishing oper-ations. l,rsing this shoe, operators have milled "fishing necks" oncollars where annular clearance was insufficient to allow an overshotto be set. Sometimes, a Type 'oP" washover shoe is used on a stifi,well-stabil ized hookup to mill out a collapsed section of pipe. Oncethe collapsed portion is milled out, a sleeve is set and the wellcompleted.

SETECTING THE ROTARY SHOEIn specifying rotary shoe dimensions, wall thickness and con'

nections should be considered.

1. lYall ThicknessDue to the temperature required for proper application ofcutting materials, it is best to maintain 6 3/"" minimum wallthickness in the dressed or head area of the shoe. This insuresadequate strength to prevent tearing and ofiers enough wallthickness to hold sufficient carbides to accomplish washoverand mill ing operations.

To allow circulation and to reduce torque, adequate clear-ance is desirable on the I 'D. and O.D. of the shoe. It isrecommended that the cutting head of the shoe be dressedto at least 1rl16" less than wash pipe I.D. and at least116" larger than wash pipe O.D. This permits the use ofinner and outer gauge cutters on the head of the shoe whichwill trim the fish so it will pass into the wash pipe withoutinterference. The outer gauge cutters provide a circulationannulus for cuttings removal. Where conditions allow, theseclearances should be enlarged, provided the 3/a" minimumwall thickness of the shoe proper is maintained.

52

WASHING OVER

2. GonnectionsDue to various wash pipe thread dimensions, i t is necessaryto specify wash pipe diameter, weight of pipe and thread-typedesired.

When ordering Seruco rotary shoes, lurnish the following data:

f . O.D. of body of shoe2. I.D. of body shoe3. Length (if other than standard 18")4. Type of thread, weight, and O.D. of wash pipe5. O.D. dressed6. I.D. dressed7. Typ" of shoe: Type P

Type T-Standard

OPERATION

Rotary table speeds and weights used are generally governed bythe torque encountered. Best results are usually obtained with rotaryspeeds varying from 50 to I00 r.p.m. and weights ranging from2000 to 6000 pounds.

Excessive weight is not required to make Servco shoes cut. Suchweight will more often result in flaring or splitting a shoe, especiallywhere shoes with thin-wall hody stock are used.

Penetration rates using Servco shoes are often great enough topose the problem of proper cuttings removal. Pump speed and mudviscosity should be maintained to properly flush the annulus.

53

STRING STABILIZING

Servco manulactures three types of stabilizers:. Replaceable-W'ing, Model'oB"o Preformed Welded-Bladeo Sleeve Stabilizer

The replaceable-wing, Model o'B" Stabilizer and the Welded-BladeStabilizer are used to keep drill-collars away from the hole wall tohelp prevent collar sticking and, in directional drilling, to build orreduce angle. Damage to wall cake is reduced by placing a stabilizerat every drill collar stand. A single stabilizer placed directly abovethe bit will tend to increase the angle of a hole, whereas a singlestabilizer, located one drill collar stand above the bit, will tend todrop angle.

54

q3q+

)l l{lNtr JlnElLl{,llltr

Replaceable-wing Model "B" stabilizers-areused where frequent changes of hole dia-meter are anticipated or frequent stabilizerdiameter changes are necessary. The samebodies can be used and the gauge diametermade larger or smaller by changing thewings. This type is also preferred wherefield welding {acilities are not available.The replaceable wings may be dressed witheither the conventional hardfacing or withServcoloy "W'" for long wear life and usein those areas where abrasive formation isencountered.

Welded-blade stabilizen-used to great ad-vantage in wells where hole diameter is notchanged frequently. Since this is a ruggedone-piece tool, it can take rough, abrasivetreatment and give outstanding perform-ance. Servco manufactures the completestabilizer and also furnishes pre-gaugedspiral ribs whidh may be applied by fieldwelders to customer subs. W'hen old ribsare worn down, they are washed ofi thebody by torch and new ones welded on.These ribs are normally dressed with Serv'coloy 'oW" and are ground to insure de-sired gauge diameter. A simple weldingfixture and complete instructions can besupplied to assist the field welder to prop'erly install them. To order stabilizer ribs,specify the O.D. of the sub or drill collarto which the blades are to be welded, andspecify the finish gauge diameter desired.

Servco Model "8"Replaceable Ving

Stabilizer

Servco Welded BladeStabilizer

Sleeve-type stabilizers are runnear the bit/or in the stringto keep hole to gauge in hardformations. Reaming simultane-ously with the dril l ing opera:l ion, it eliminates extra trips tobring the hole back to gauge,saving rig time and bit costs.Sleeves are quickly changed bythe rig crew on the floor withonly a bit breaker. I7orn sleevescan be moved up the string asdesired. Extra sleeves can bekept on the rig floor to mini-mize down time. A thick dress-ing of Servcoloy 'oW" on thewear surface gives ribs longlife, and makes washing overeasy.

Servco Sleeve'TypeStabilizer

True 3600 wall contact-3 spiralwrap-around blades give completewall coverage, centralize the bit anddrill string. Use of the tool preventsbit from following formation dip ten-dency, aids in reducing hole wander-ing, dog legs, wall sticking, etc. Par-ticularly efficient in high angle holes.

l .

2.

HARDFACINGTNSTRUCTIONS F()R APPTYING SERVC()I.OY@,.S'' and 'W' IN THE FIELD

3.

The material to which Servcoloy is to be applied should bethoroughly cleaned, wire brushed or sanded, and slowly pre-heated to approximately 8000 F. Ceneral ly i t is a better practiceto heat the whole i tem rather than just the local section.Use an oxy-acetylene torch of a fair ly large size (a #6 t ip is acommon size) and bring the heat of the area to which Servcoloyis to be applied to a dul l cherry red. Cover the area to bedressed with adequate Sen,co f lux, then place a piece of Servcoloyin posit ion and apply a minimum amount of heat to the Servcoloyand the base steel to cause the matrix to become molten. Do notlet the cone of the f lame touch the carbides or matrix.Complete t inning is necessary to accomplish the best results.t ise a sufi icient amount o{ Servco f i l ler rod (overlay rod) toto insure adequate t inning of the Servcoloy part icles.The carbides should be moved or st irred with the Servcoloyfiller rod to make sure that they are pressed closely to the base

SERVCoL0Y SPECIHCAT|0NS

{

Product Sizes

Lbs. ofFi l ler

Rod Per100 lbs.ofServcoloy

Lbs. ofFlux Per100 Lbs.

ofServcoloy

Uses

Servocoly "S" r/8' & 3/16" 50 Washover shoes

Servocoly "S" t/4" & 5/16" 50 q Mil ls andwashover shoes

Servcoloy "W" L/8 & 3/16" 50 5 For redressing abradedarea

Servcoloy "W" L / + & 5/16" 50 Stabil izers, dri l l col larr ibs, bul l dozer blades.reamers, tool ioints

57

HARDFACINGmatrix and that they have been properly surrounded by thematrix. D0 NOT 0VERHEAT THE CARBIDES 0R MATRIX'

5. Llpon completion of the dressing, the tool should be wrappedin asbestos or placed in a l ime barrel for slow cooling,

6. Sizing by grinding can norry be performed without working ona heated piece of material. After the Servcoloy has been applied,do not reheat the dressed area by performing any welding near it.

SERUCOTOY "S" REDRESSING KITSFor redressing junk mills, pilot mills, rotary shoes, etc. in the

field. Kits contain ample amounts of Servcoloy "S", rod and fluxto redress the tools specified. The table below gives ordering informa'tion.

WASHOVER SHOESSize Washover Shoe

Kit Will Redress

I - 5" 0.D. Shoe

I - 6" 0.D. Shoe

I - 7" 0.D. Shoe

I -8" 0 .D. Shoe or2 - 5" 0.0. Shoes

r - 9" 0.D. Shoe

I - 10" 0.D. Shoe or2 - 6" 0.D. Shoes

I - l l " 0.D. Shoe or3 - 5" 0.0. Shoes

1-12" 0 .D. Shoe or2 - 7" 0.D. Shoes

Taper mil ls require samekit numbers as pi lot mil ls.

Krts will dress either toothtype or perforated type shoes.

l(itNo.

Size and Type Milll(it Will Redress

I - 6 " junk mi l l o r2 - 4 - l /2" lunk mil ls or1 - 5 " p i l o t m i l ll - 7 - 5 / 8 j u n k m i l l o r2 - 5 - 5/8 junk mil ls orI - 6" pi lot mil l1 - I - 5/8 junk mil l or2-6" junk mil ls orl - 7 - l / 2 " p i l o t m i l ll - 9 - 5 l 8 j u n k m i l l o r2 - 7 - 5 / 8 " j u n k m i l l s o rl - 8 - l / 2 " p i l o t m i l lI - 10 - 5/8" junk mil l or2 - 8 - 1 1 4 " j u n k m i l l s o r1- 10" p i lo t m i l l1 - 12 - l /4 " junk mi l l o r2 - 8 - 5 / 8 " j u n k m i l l s o r3-7 -5 /8" junk mi l l s o rl-12" pi lot mil l

SPECIFICATIONSAND

CONVERSION TABLES

59

CASING DATA

Nomina lWeish t l . D .

coupt lnq I 0r i f tL D .

Dr i l tl . D .

5.0005.0005.000

N o m i n a lW e i s h t l . D .

Coup l ing0 . D .0 . D

11.60 3.428 3.303 4.484

0 . D .

4.r /2" 9.50 4.090 3.96511.60 4.000 3.87513.50 3.920 3.795

4.3/4" 16.00 4.082 3.957 5.364

17.00 6.53820.00 6.45622.00 6.39823.00 6.36624.00 6.33626.00 6.27628.00 6.21429.00 6.18430.00 6.15432.00 6.09435.00 6.00438.00 5.92040.00 5.836

6.413 7 .6566.331 7 .6566.273 7.6566.241 7.6566.211 7.6566.151 7 .6566.089 7.6566.059 7.6566.029 7.6565.969 7.6565.879 7.6565.795 7.6565.711 7 .750

r 1 .5013.0015.0017.7018.0021.00

4.560 4.435 5.5634.494 4.369 5.5634.408 4.283 5.5634.300 4.175 5.5634.276 4.151 5.5634.154 4.029 5.563 7 . 5 / 8 "

5 - l/2" 13.00 5.044 4.91914.00 5.012 4.88715.00 4.974 4.8491s.50 4.950 4.82517.00 4.892 4.76720.00 4.778 4.65323.00 4.670 4.545

5 .3/4" 14.00 s.29017.00 5.19019.50 5.09022.50 4.990

7.125 7.000 8.5007.025 6.900 8.5006.969 6.844 8.5006.875 6.750 8.5006.765 6.640 8.5006.625 6.500 8.500

6.0506.0506.0506.0506.0506.0506.050

20.0024.0026.4029.7033.7039.00

5.165 6.4375.065 6.4374.965 6.4374.865 6.437

8 5/8" 24.00 8.09728.00 8.01732.00 7.92136.00 7.82538.00 7.77540.00 7.72543.00 7.65144.00 7.62549.00 7.51I

7.972 9.62s7.892 9.62s7.796 9.6257.700 9.6257.650 9 .6257.600 9.5257.526 9.6257.500 9 .6257.386 9.625

15.0016.0018.0020.0023.00

10.00010.00010.00010.00010.000

5.524 5.399 6.6255.500 5.375 6.6255.424 5.299 6.6255.352 5.227 6.6255.240 5 .115 6 .625

34.00 8.290 8.16538.00 8.196 8.07140.00 8.150 8.02545.00 8.032 7.90755.00 7 .812 7.687

6 - 5 / 8 " 7.3907.3907.3907.3907.3907.3907.3907.3907.390

17.00 6 .135 6 01020.00 6.049 5.92422.00 5.989 5.86424.00 5.921 5.79626.00 5.855 5.73026.80 5.837 5.71228.00 5.791 5.66629.00 5.761 5.63632.00 5.675 5.550

I - 5 / 8 " 2 9 . 3 0 9 0 6 332.30 9 .00136.00 8 .92140.00 8.83543.50 8 .75547.00 8.68153 50 8.535

8.9078.8458 7658.6798. s998.s258.3 79

10.62510.62 510.62510.62510.62510.62510.625

O U

Nomina l Dr i f t Coup l inqW e i s h t l . D . l . D . 0 . D .

33.00 9.384 9.?28 103.00 20.610 20.4221t4.00 20.510 20.322

N omina lWeish t l . D .

CASING DATACoupl ing

0 .0 .

22.50022.500

Driftt . 0 .

10"

10 .3/4" 32.75 10.19240.00 10.05440.50 10.0504s.00 9.96045.50 9.95048.00 9.90251.00 9.85054.00 9.78455.50 9.760

10.0369.8989.8949.8049.7949.7469.6949.6289.604

11.86611.75011.866

24V2" 100.50113.00

25.50025.500

1 1 .

1 1 .

23.750 23.56223.650 23.462

1 1 .86611.7501 1.866I 1 .750

tt.3/4" 38.00 11.150 10.994 12.75042.00 11.084 10.928 12.75047.00 11.000 10.844 12.75054.00 10.880 10.724 12.75060.00 10.772 10.616 12.750

t2" 40.00 11.384 11.228 13.116

40.00 12.438 12.282 14.11645.00 12.350 12.204 14.11650.00 t2.282 12.126 14.11654.00 12.220 12.064 14.116

t3 -3/8 48.00 12.71554.50 12.61561.00 12.51568.00 12.41572.00 12.34783.00 12.17585.00 12.159

12.55912.45912.35912.25912.19112.01912.003

14.37l 414 .314.375r4.314.37514.375

16" 55.00 15.375 15.187 1765.00 15.250 15.062 1775.00 15.125 14.937 1784.00 15.010 14.822 17

18.5 /8

20"

78.00 17.855 17.66787.50 17.755 17 .56796.50 17.655 17.46790.00 19.190 19.00294.00 19.124 18.936

19.6219.62519.62521.56321.000

6 l

DRILI. PIPE DATA

DRILL PIPE DATA - Internal Upset DRltt PIPE DATA - External Upset

2-3 /8 2 .3752.375

4.80 2.0006.65 1.815

P i p e 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 .S ize 0 .D. Weigh t P ipe Upset

P i p e l . D . 1 . 0 .S ize 0 .0 . Weigh t P ipe Upse l

s.0005.000

1.4371.125

2.375 6.65 1.815 2.656

2.875 10.40 2.151 3.2192 . 7 / 8 2.875 6.45 2.459

2.875 8.35 2.3232.875 10.40 2.151

1.8751.625l .187 3.500 13.303.500 15.50

2.764 3.8242.602 3.824

3 . r / 2 3.500 8.50 3.063 2.4373.500 11.20 2.900 2.1253.s00 13.30 2.764 1.8753.500 15.50 2.602 1.750

4.000 14.00 3.340 4.s004.000 15.70 3.240 4.500

4. t /2 4.500 16.60 3.8264.500 20.00 3.6404 4.000

4.00014.0015.70

3.340 2.3753.240 2.250

5-9/16 5.563 22.20 4.859s.563 25.2s 4.733

6.0636.0634 . r / 2 4.500 12.75 4.000 3.250

4.500 13.75 3.958 3.1564.500 16.60 3.826 2.8t24.s00 18.r0 3.754 2.6874.s00 20.00 3.640 2.812

5.000 19.50 4.276 3.781

5 - t/2 5.500 21.90 4.7785.500 24.70 4.670

5 - 9 / 1 6 19.00 4.975 4.12522.2A 4.859 3.8122s.25 4.733 3.500

6 - s / 8 6,065 5.1875.965 5.0005.761 4.625

7 .5/8 7.625 29.25 6.969 6.000

8.5/8 8.625 40.00 7.825 5.52s

6.625 25.20 5.965 7.t25

3.8123.500

5.5635.s635.563

6.625 22.206.625 25.206.625 31.90

62

TUBING DATA - Non Upset

TUBING DATA

TUBING DATA - External UpsetCouPl '

A . P . l . i n gS i z e 0 . 0 . W e i q h t l . D . 0 . D .

1.900 1.900 2.75 1.610 2.2001 -1l4 1.660 1.660 2.40 1.380 2.200

2-3/8 2.375 4.00 2.041 2.875 1.900 1.900 2.90 1.610 2.500

2.3/8 2.375 4.60 1.99s 2.875 2 .3/8 2.375 4.70 1.995 3.063

2-t /2 2-7/8 2.875 6.40 2.441 3.s002 . r/2 2 .7 /8 2.875 6.50 2.441 3.668

3- l/2 3.500 7.70 3.068 4.250 3.1/2 3.500 9.30 2.992 4.500

3- l/2 3.500 9.20 2.592 4.250 4 4.000 11.00 3.476 5.000

3- l/2 3.500 10.20 2.922 4.250 4 .t/2 4.500 12.75 3.958 5.563

4 4.000 9.50 3.548 4.750

4 .t/2 4.500 12.60 3.958 5.200

63

CONVERSION FACTORS

FOR LEI{GTHS, AREIS, WEIGHTS AND VOTUMEAcres mult ipl ied by:

43560-square feet4840-square yards4046.873-square meters0.00156-square miles0.00405-square ki lometers0.4047-hecta res5645.4-square varas (Texas)40.47-a res

Atmospheres (at mean sea level)mu l t ip l ied by :

14.70-pounds per square inch76-centimeters of mercury29.92-inches of mercury

Banels (U.S.) mult ipl ied by:9702-cubic inches5.6146-cubic feet0.15898-cubic meters34.9726-lmperial gal lons42-U.S. gal lons158.984-l i ters0.1588-metric tons (water 60" F.)

-tons of crude oi l (see crude oi lconversion factors table)

Centimeters, l inear mult ipl ied by:0.3937-inches0.0328-f eet0.01094-ya rds

Centimeters, cubic mult ipl ied by:0.0610-cubic inches0.0353-cubic feet0.0000013-cubic yards0.000001-cubic meters0.001-decimeters

Centimeters, square mult ipl ied by:0.1549-square inches0.000l-square meters100-square mil l imeters

64

Feet, l inear mult ipl ied by:12-inches0.3333-ya rds30.48-centimeters0.3048-meters0.0003-ki lometers0.3600-varas (Texas)

Feet, cubic mult ipl ied by:1728-cu bic inches0.03704-cubic yards28.317-l i te rsu.uzdJz-cuotc melers7.4805-U.S. gal lons6.288-lmperial gal lons0.17811-U.S. bar re ls

Feet, square mult ipl ied by:144-square inches0.1 l l l - square yards0.0929-square meters929.03-square centimeters

Gallon, U.S. mult ipl ied by:128-ou nces4-quarts8-pints0 .8327- lmper ia l ga l lons0.0238-U.S. barrels23l-cubic inches0.1337-cubic feet3785.332-mil l i l i ters3.78553-l i ters3785.43-cubic centi meters0.003785-cubic meters

Gallons, lmperial mult ipl ied by277.42-cubic inches0.16054-cubic feet4.54596-l i ters0.0045461-cubic meters1 .2010-U.S. ga l lons0.028594-U.S. barrels

CONVERSION FACTORS

Inches, l inear mult ipl ied by: Liters mult ipl ied by:0.0833-feet 33.8147-f luid ounces0.02777-yards 1.0567-quarts0.0254-meters 0.2642-U.S. gal lons2.54-centimeters 0.2200-lmperial gal lons25.4-mil l imeters 0.00629-U.S. barrels (oi l)

2.202-pounds (water 60' F.)Inches, cubic murtipried by: 3lo333l-i[lJ',,]!in"

0.000578-cubic feet 1000.03-cubic centimeters0.000021-cubic yards 0.0013-cubic yards16.3871-cubic centimeters 0.001-cubic meters0.016387-cubic deci meters0.0163865-cubic l i ters0.0000163-cubic meters Mercury, ( inches) mult ipl ied by:0.0036-lmperial gal lons 0.3342-atmospheres (mean sea level)0.00433-U.S. gal lons 0.4912-pounds per square inch0.5541-ounces 345.3-ki lograms per square inch0.0173-ouarts

Meters, l ineal mult ipl ied by:lnches, square mult ipl ied by: 39.3701_incnes

0.0069-square feet 3.28084-feet0.00078-square yards 1.09361-yards6.4516-square centimeters 0.0006-miles0.0006-square meters l0O-centimeters

0.01-ki lometers1000-m i l l imete rs

Kilograms mult ipl ied by:2.20462-pounds.0011023_short tons Meters, cubic mult ipl ied by:

61,023.38-cubic inches35.31445-cubic feet

Kilograms-per-square-centimeters 1.307g6-cubic yardsmult ipl ied by: 1,000,000-cubi i centimeters

14.233-pounds per square inch 199 9Z-l 'Jq"264.17-U.S. gal lons

Kirometers murtipried by: 3lr13l-l;t'Ui5lJ'?lil3280.83-feet1093.6-ya rds0.6214_mite Meters, square multiplied by:l0OG-meters 1550-square inchesl0,O00-centimeters 10.764-square feet

l.1959-square yardsl(itometers, square muttiptied by: 31033?=::,{,e.rcentimeters

247.1-acres 0.0002471-acres0.3861-souare miles l-centare

65

CONVERSION FACTORS

Miles mult ipl ied by:5280-feet1760-ya rds1609.3472-meters1.6093-ki lometers1900.8-varas (Texas)0.8684-nautical miles

Miles, square mult ipl ied by:3,097,600-square yards2,589,998-square meters258.9998-hecta res2.5900-square ki lometers640-acres

Mil l imeters mult ipl ied by:0.03937-inches0.001-meters

0unces,(f luid) mult ipl ied by:0.0078-gal lons1.8047-cubic inches0.0295-l i ters29.5729-mil l i l i ters28.35-gramsl6-pou nds

Pounds mult ipl ied by:16-ou nces0.0005-short tons0.4536-ki lograms

Pounds-per-square-inch mult ipl ied by:0.06804-atmosp heres703.066-ki lograms per square meter2.036-inches of mercury

Tons,( long) mult ipl ied by:2240-pou n ds1.0i605-metric tons1.120-short tons1016-ki lograrns

AA

Tons, (metric) mult ipl ied by:0.9842-long tons2204.6223-pounds1.1023-short tons1000-ki logranis6.297-U.S. barrels (water 60' F.)

Tons,(short) mult ipl ied by:2000-pou n ds0.8929-long tons0.9072-metric tons907.2-ki lograms

Varas mult ipl ied by:2.7408-feel (in Mexico)2.7425-Ieet ( in Chile, Peru, Spain)2.8408-ieet ( in Argentina3.6083-feet ( in Portugal)2.77S-teeI ( in Texas)0.838-meters ( in Mexico)0.8359-meters ( in Chile, Peru, Spain)0.866-meters ( in Argentina)0.8467-meters ( in Texas)1.l-meters ( in Portugal)

Varas,(square) mult ipl ied by:0.0001774-acres

Yards,( l inear) mult ipl ied by:36-inches3-feet0.9144-meters91.4402-centimeters0.1200-varas

Yards,(cubic) mult ipl ied by:46.656-cubic inches27-cu bic feet764,559.4-cu bic centimeters764.6-l i ters0.76445-cubic meters

Yards,(square) mult ipl ied by:1296-square inches9-square feet8361.307-square centimeters0.836l-square meters

HARDNESS CONUERSION TABTE(Approximate Values)

ROCKWELL BRINELLN0.

loJ

? E E

235

"8"ROCKWELL BRINELL

N0.

682653627

578

429

uc

293285277

262

248

302928

2524

745

7t2

601

66of,

64626059

24110099

zzY989796

207201r97192187l 6 J

179174170167

2232t72t2

959493929 190Rq

888786

19l816l 5t413

534514495477

461444

415

401388375363JCL

341331

58

5554

50494746454342403938? 7

J b

3433

525 l

o /

321

32

ct=

u r

=r

r=

N C '

3 r t

5 F

N

u

-

u

N\ c= i

(Y)F-

=

9 " r= =

= s

o

=

N

=

=U

N(J

= = =

=

o

=

N-

=

=U

z,

=

ao

=

= =

NU)U

N

=

a =

F

U'

=

NaU

N

a A

E . '> t r

.ql c)6 3

=J

ROCI( BIT C()MPARISONS

o c ?a*a

N(t)q

o c :

u, anU U

F

oo

F

S c' \ C )E E

o

=

I1.,-l-

= l

o l1.,l*I

4

'traIo

aa

Eoc

c,

CJ

6o

a03

a!o

(9

68

69

PUMP VOTUME OUTPUT US. HilER SIZELiner size varies depending upon the pump size, strokes-per-

minute and required circulation rate in g.p.m. The following tablesgive the circulation rates possible when various sizes of duplexpumps and liners are used, based on the pumps slow-speed efl iciencyoI 95/o (under 40 strokes per minute) and 90/o efficiency above40 strokes per minute. The circulation rate {or triplex pumps wil lbe It/z t imes that of duplex pumps. When steam pumps are used,the stroke length must be measured, because often it is not as longas the nominal stroke leneth.

or

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