PROCEEDINGS H'SPIE—The International Society for Opt ical Engineering

X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Optics

Richard B. Hoover Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr. Chairsi'Editors

9-11 July 1995 San Diego, California

Sponsored and Published by SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering

P Volume 2515

SPIE (The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers) is a nonprofit society dedicated to the advancement of optical and optoelectronic applied science and technology.

Contents

ix Conference Committee xi Introduction

SESSION 1 ZONE PLATES, LOBSTER EYE, A N D HARD X-RAY OPTICS

2 Comparative study of hard x-ray ( > 10 keV) focusing techniques for space astronomy (Invited Paper) [251 5-01] F. Frontera, Univ. di Ferrara and TESRE/CNR (Italy); G. Pareschi, Univ. di Ferrara (Italy)

14 X-ray focusing using lobster-eye optics: a comparison of theory with experiment [2515-03] A. G. Peele, K. A. Nugent, Univ. of Melbourne (Australia); A. V. Rode, Australian National Univ., K. Gabel, M. C. Richardson, CREOL/Univ. of Central Florida; R. R. Strack, W. P. Siegmund, Schott Fiber Optics, Inc.

22 Grätings and zone piates based on sliced multilayer structures (Invited Paper) [2515-04] A. V. Vinogradov, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (Russia)

37 Preadjustment of small elliptical bender mirrors for an x-ray beamline [2515-68] S. C. Irick, Lawrence Berkeley Lab.

SESSION 2 HIGH-THROUGHPUT GRAZING INCIDENCE X-RAY OPTICS

44 Status of the qualification model of the x-ray optics for the JET-X telescope aboard the Spectrum X-Gamma satellite (Invited Paper) [2515-08] O. Citterio, P. Conconi , M. Ghigo, F. Mazzoleni , E. Poretti, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera-Milano (Italy); G. Cont i , G. Cusumano, B. Sacco, CNR (Italy); H. Brauninger, W. Burkert, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (FRG)

55 Perspectives of ion beam polishing of mandrels for x-ray replication optics [251 5-09] M. Ghigo, O. Citterio, P. Conconi , R. Loi, F. Mazzoleni, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera-Milano (Italy)

64 Conical thin foil x-ray mirror fabrication via surface replication [251 5-11] Y. Soong, L. Jalota, P. J. Seriemitsos, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr.

70 X-ray characterization of an XMM mandrel at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility [2515-12] P. Gondoin , European Space Agency/ESTEC (Netherlands); A. K. Freund, S. Gougeon, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France); D. de Chambure, K. van Katwijk, European Space Agency/ESTEC (Netherlands); D. R. Labergerie, U. Lienert, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France); N. Schulz, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (FRG)

SESSION 3 KUMAKHOV/POLYCAPILLARY X-RAY OPTICS

86 Status of x-ray capillary optics (Invited Paper) [2515-13] M. A. Kumakhov, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

SPIE Vol. 2515 Uli

103 Expenmental investigation of Kumakhov lenses [2515-14] V. A. Arkadiev, Institut für Gerätebau (FRG) and I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (Russia); A. A. Bzhaumikhov, Institut für Gerätebau (FRG) and Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia); H.-E. Gorny, Institut für Gerätebau (FRG); N. S. Ibraimov, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

114 Computer Simulation of quasiparallel x-ray beams transforming into convergent ones by means of Kumakhov semilens [2515-15] D. I. Gruev, V. A. Arkadiev, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

124 X-ray channeling in capillary Systems [2515-16] S. B. Dabagov, M. A. Kumakhov, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

SESSION 4 CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTILAYER X-RAY OPTICS

136 Normal incidence optics for solar coronal imaging (Invited Paper) [251 5-18] E. Spiller, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Ctr. and Technical Univ. of Denmark; J. S. Wi lczynski , IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Ctr. and Wi lc Instruments; L. Golub, G. U. Nystrom, Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. for Astrophysics; E. M. Gul l ikson, Lawrence Berkeley Lab.; C. Tarrio, National Institute of Standards and Technology

146 Hard x-ray Wolter-I telescope using broadband multilayer coatings on replica Substrates: Problems and Solutions [2515-19] K. D. Joensen, P. Gorenstein, Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. for Astrophysics; O. Citterio, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera-Milano (Italy); P. H0gh0j , I. Anderson, O. Schaerpf, Institut Laue-Langevin (France)

162 Structural analysis of multilayered x-ray mirrors by x-ray diffraction [251 5-20] D.-E. Kim, D.-H. Cha, Pohang Univ. of Science and Technology (Korea)

1 70 Optical behavior values of Substrates, Single films, and two-film combinations in the x-ray region [2515-21] M. M. Wi lson, M. Zukic, J. H. Park, D. G. Torr, Univ. of Alabama in Huntsvi l ie; J. Pedulla, National Institute of Standards and Technology

182 Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array VI I I : the second flight [2515-23] A. B. C. Walker, Jr., M. J. Al len, C. E. DeForest, C. C. Kankelborg, D. S. Martfnez-Galarce, J. E. Plummer, Stanford Univ.; R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; T. W. Barbee, Jr., Lawrence Livermore National Lab.; D. B. Gore, Univ. of Alabama/Birmingham

194 Multilayer x-ray mirrors for the objective crystal spectrometer on the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma satellite [2515-24] E. Louis, FOM—Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen (Netherlands); E. Spiller, Technical Univ . of Denmark; S. Abdal i , F. E. Christensen, Danish Space Research Institute (Denmark); H.-J. Voorma, N. B. Koster, FOM—Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen (Netherlands); P. K. Frederiksen, Danish Space Research Institute (Denmark); C. Tarrio, National Institute of Standards and Technology; E. M. Gul l ikson, Lawrence Berkeley Lab.; F. Bijkerk, FOM—Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen (Netherlands)

204 Multilayer x-ray optics with enhanced thermal and radiation stability [2515-26] A. I. Fedorenko, V. V. Kondratenko, E. A. Bugaev, Yu. P. Pershin, A. G. Ponomarenko, O. V. Poltseva, I. A. Kopylets, S. A. Yul in, E. N. Zubarev, Kharkov State Polytechnic Univ. (Ukraine)

SESSION 5 X-RAY SPECTROMETERS AND INSTRUMENTS

216 Next generation x-ray all-sky monitor (Invited Paper) [2515-27] W. C. Priedhorsky, Los Alamos National Lab. and Univ. of Melbourne (Australia); A. C. Peele, K. A. Nugent, Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)

220 Imaging photon counting System for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) [2515-28] M. K. Carter, B. J. Kent, P. D. Read, Rutherford Appleton Lab. (UK); B. R. Aschenbach, H. Brauninger, Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (FRC)

231 Transmission grating filtering and polarization characteristics in EUV [2515-29] M. A. Gruntman, Univ. of Southern California

240 Cornparison of rigorous methods for x-ray and XUV grating diffraction analysis [251 5-30] L. I. Goray, Integrate, Inc. (Russia); B. C. Chernov, State Univ. of Telecommunications (Russia)

246 Scattering effects in x-ray imaging Systems (Invited Paper) [251 5-32] J. E. Harvey, CREOL/Univ. of Central Florida

273 Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array IX: quantitative measurements of the solar Corona [2515-33] C. E. DeForest, A. B. C. Walker, Jr., M. J. A l len, Stanford Univ.; R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; T. W . Barbee, Jr., Lawrence Livermore National Lab.

280 Concept for an orbiting wide-field x-ray imaging spectrometer (WFXIS) [2515-34] M. P. Ulmer, Northwestern Univ.

295 Bragg reflection from a three-dimensional iogarithmic spiral [2515-66] A. M. Panin, Brigham Young Univ.

301 Strategy for the patroi of the solar soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet flux [251 5-35] S. V. Avakyan, A. I. Yefremov, S.l. Vavi lov State Optical Institute (Russia)

SESSION 6 THE AXAF OBSERVATORY

312 Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF): an overview (Invited Paper) [2515-36] M. C. Weisskopf, S. L. O 'De l l , R. F. Elsner, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; L. P. Van Speybroeck, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

330 Alignment test System for AXAF-I's high-resolution mirror assembly [2515-48] M. Waldman, Eastman Kodak Co.

340 AXAF-I alignment test System autocollimating flat error correction [2515-37] T. S. Lewis, Eastman Kodak Co.

352 Centroid detector assembly for the AXAF-I alignment test System [2515-44] P. E. Glenn, Bauer Associates, Inc.

361 Fabrication and predicted Performance of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility mirror ensemble (Invited Paper) [2515-40] P. B. Reid, Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc.

SPIE Vol. 25 7 5 / v

375 Effects of temporal dimensional instability on the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF-I) high-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA) [2515-41] L. M. Cohen, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

391 AXAF VETA-I mirror x-ray test results cross-check with the HDOS metrology data [2515-42] P. Zhao, L. P. Van Speybroeck, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

410 Numerical Simulation of electron-impact x-ray sources [2515-43] M. E. Sulkanen, J. J. Kolodziejczak, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; G. Chartas, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

SESSION 7 CALIBRATION AND TEST OF X-RAY OPTICS

418 Penning source for calibration of x-ray and EUV optics and spectrometers at wavelengths as Short as 50 Ä (Invited Paper) [2515-45] E. M. Kellogg, B. J. Wargelin, T. J. Norton, R. Eng, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; J. J. Kolodziejczak, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.

420 X-ray source System at the Marshall Space Flight Center X-ray calibration facility [2515-46] J. J. Kolodziejczak, R. A. Austin, USRA and NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; R. F. Eisner, M. K. Joy, M. E. Sulkanen, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; E. M. Kellogg, B. J. Wargelin, Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. for Astrophysics

436 Calibration of multilayer mirrors for the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array II [2515-47] C. C. Kankelborg, J. E. Plummer, D. S. Martfnez-Galarce, R. H. O'Neal, C. E. DeForest, A. B. C. Walker, Jr., Stanford Univ.; T. W. Barbee, Jr., J. W. Weed, Lawrence Livermore National Lab.; R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; F. R. Powell, Luxel Corp.

445 X-ray optics at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Invited Paper) [2515-49] A. K. Freund, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France)

458 X-ray study of a SODART flight telescope using the expanded beam x-ray optics beamline at the Daresbury Synchrotron [2515-50] F. E. Christensen, A. Hornstrup, P. K. Frederiksen, S. Abdali, P. Grundsae, J. Polny, N. J. Westergaard, H. U. Nargaard-Nielsen, H. W. Schnopper, Danish Space Research Institute (Denmark); C. Hall, R. Lewis, Daresbury Lab.

468 Measurements and caiculations of flat and spherically bent mica crystals' reflectivity and using them for different applications in the spectral ränge 1-19 Ä [2515-51] T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov, VNIIFTRI (Russia); E. Foerster, J. Wolf, O. Wehrhan, J. Heinisch, G. Hoelzer, M. Vollbrecht, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena (FRG); S. A. Pikuz, V. M. Romanova, T. A. Shelkovenko, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (Russia)

487 Hard and soft x-ray study of the correlation between Substrate quality and multilayer Performance for Co/C coating produced by electron beam evaporation using ion polishing [2515-62] S. Abdali, F. E. Christensen, Danish Space Research Institute (Denmark); E. Spiller, Technical Univ. of Denmark; E. Louis, H.-J. Voorma, FOM—Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen (Netherlands)

SESSION 8 POSTER SESSION

494 Multiiayer structures for high-performance hard x-ray optics [2515-52] E. M. Witteies, R. D. Nelson, H. Dasarathy, Wor ld-wide Innovative Technology Corp.; B. D. Ramsey, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; J. J. Kolodziejczak, USRA and NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.

506 Passage of Synchrotron radiation through capillary macrosystems [2515-54] S. B. Dabagov, M. A. Kumakhov, S. V. Nikit ina, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia); V. A. Murashova, D. A. Fedin, R. V. Fedorchuk, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (Russia)

514 X-ray focusing by polycapillary arrays [2515-55] V. A. Arkadiev, Institut für Gerätebau (FRG) and I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (Russia); A. A. Bzhaumikhov, Institut für Gerätebau (FRG) and Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

526 Focusing of quasiparallel beams by means of Kumakhov lenses [2515-56] S. V. Niki t ina, A. S. Scherbakov, Institute for Roentgen Optical Systems (Russia)

532 Optical focusing and alignment of the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array II payload [2515-58] D. B. Gore, Univ. of Alabama/Birmingham; J. B. Hadaway, Univ. of Alabama in Huntsvi l le; R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; A. B. C. Walker, Jr., C. C. Kankelborg, Stanford Univ.

544 Concept for an all-sky low-energy gamma-ray observatory (ALLEGRO) [2515-63] M. P. Ulmer, W. R. Purcell, S. M. Matz, Northwestern Univ.; J. P. Finley, Purdue Univ. ; J. M. Cordes, Cornell Univ.; R. B. Wi lson, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.

558 Extreme ultravioiet optical properties of ion-beam-deposited boron carbide thin films [251 5-64] G. M. Blumenstock, R. A. M. Keski-Kuha, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr.; M. L. Ginter, Univ. of Maryland/College Park

565 Design and Performance of thin foil XUV filters for the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array II [2515-65] J. E. Plummer, C. E. DeForest, D. S. Martinez-Galarce, C. C. Kankelborg, D. B. Gore, R. H. O'Neal , A. B. C. Walker, Jr., Stanford Univ.; F. R. Powell , Luxel Corp.; R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; T. W. Barbee, Jr., J. W. Weed, Lawrence Livermore National Lab.

576 Fabrication of multiiayer optics by sputtering: application to EUV optics with greater than 30% normal reflectance [2515-67] P. N. Peters, R. B. Hoover, NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; R. N. Watts, C. Tarrio, National Institute of Standards and Technology; A. B. C. Walker, Jr., Stanford Univ.

582 Schwarzschild microscope at the wavelength of 18 nm using a laser-produced plasma source [2515-61] Z. Wang, J. Cao, B. Chen, Y. Ma, J. Zhang, X. Chen, Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (China)

591 Author Index

SPIE Vol. 2515 /vi