X. Operation and MaintenanceX. Operation and Maintenance

A. Record-keeping for drinking A. Record-keeping for drinking water supply monitoringwater supply monitoring

Objectives - students should:Objectives - students should:

Justify the necessity for record-Justify the necessity for record-keeping of keeping of microbiologicalmicrobiological, , chemicalchemical, , andand physical physical parameters of water in parameters of water in treatment and distribution systems.treatment and distribution systems.

Record-keepingRecord-keeping

Conscientious record- Conscientious record- keeping is keeping is very importantvery important to keep track of short- or to keep track of short- or long-term changes in water quality.long-term changes in water quality.

It may not be evident It may not be evident at the timeat the time that that a problem is occurring. Records can a problem is occurring. Records can identify problems identify problems after the factafter the fact..

Examples of types of records:Examples of types of records:

MicrobiologicalMicrobiological analyses: changes analyses: changes may cause illness in consumers.may cause illness in consumers.

ChemicalChemical analyses:changes analyses:changes may cause taste, odor or may cause taste, odor or health problems.health problems.

PhysicalPhysical analyses: changes may analyses: changes may lead to decreased palatability.lead to decreased palatability.

Why keep microbiological Why keep microbiological analysis records? analysis records?

Microbial changes can occur due to:Microbial changes can occur due to:– Surface Surface runoffrunoff into water sources (e.g., into water sources (e.g.,

animal or human wastes).animal or human wastes).– Improper Improper disinfectiondisinfection..– Cross-contaminationCross-contamination of distribution system of distribution system– Problems with Problems with physicalphysical treatment process. treatment process.

Why keep chemical analysis Why keep chemical analysis records?records?

Chemical changes can occur due to:Chemical changes can occur due to:– Malfunctions or mistakes Malfunctions or mistakes of metering of metering

pumps or personnel (Cl, Fl, etc.)pumps or personnel (Cl, Fl, etc.)– NaturalNatural levels in different water levels in different water

sources (Fl, Ca, Mg, etc.)sources (Fl, Ca, Mg, etc.)– RunoffRunoff (surface) or groundwater (surface) or groundwater

contamination (pesticides, VOC’s, etc).contamination (pesticides, VOC’s, etc).

Why keep physical analysis Why keep physical analysis records? records?

Physical analyses can be used to Physical analyses can be used to monitor the palatability of water:monitor the palatability of water:– TurbidityTurbidity - particulate contamination. - particulate contamination.– ColorColor - clarity and some contaminants. - clarity and some contaminants.– pHpH - may contribute to taste. - may contribute to taste.– Floating debrisFloating debris indicates general indicates general

surface water quality.surface water quality.

Summary:Summary: It is essential to keep records of It is essential to keep records of

physical, chemical, and biological physical, chemical, and biological water quality for both internal and water quality for both internal and external monitoring of water quality.external monitoring of water quality.

Proper monitoring and record-Proper monitoring and record-keeping can identify problems after-keeping can identify problems after-the-fact and help to prevent future the-fact and help to prevent future problems.problems.

X. Operation and MaintenanceX. Operation and Maintenance

B. Emergency water treatment B. Emergency water treatment alternatives and sources of alternatives and sources of

potable water.potable water.

Objectives:Objectives:

List, describe and give examples List, describe and give examples of alternative water treatment of alternative water treatment techniques for emergencies.techniques for emergencies.

Distinguish among alternative Distinguish among alternative sources of drinking water during sources of drinking water during emergency situations.emergency situations.

Emergency water treatment Emergency water treatment and supplies and supplies

Health departments should be notified Health departments should be notified when a water emergency occurs. when a water emergency occurs.

Health departments may need to Health departments may need to notify residents of alternative water notify residents of alternative water sources.sources.

There are several alternative available There are several alternative available treatments to provide drinking water.treatments to provide drinking water.

Alternative water treatmentsAlternative water treatments

BoilingBoiling for 1-2 minutes will for 1-2 minutes will disinfect water (inactivate disinfect water (inactivate bacteria, viruses, etc.)bacteria, viruses, etc.)– SterilizationSterilization requires heating to 250 requires heating to 25000

F. F.

(121(12100 C) for 15 minutes. C) for 15 minutes.

Aeration and/or adding a pinch of salt Aeration and/or adding a pinch of salt will improve water taste after heating.will improve water taste after heating.

Alternative water treatments Alternative water treatments (continued) (continued)

ChlorinationChlorination will disinfect water that will disinfect water that is not grossly polluted with organic is not grossly polluted with organic matter.matter.– Various forms of chlorine may be added Various forms of chlorine may be added

to batches of water, or flowing water.to batches of water, or flowing water. IIodineodine can also be used to disinfect can also be used to disinfect

water (8 drops/quart for 30 minutes).water (8 drops/quart for 30 minutes).

Alternative water treatments Alternative water treatments (continued) (continued)

Emergency Emergency filtrationfiltration of water can be of water can be used to improve water quality.used to improve water quality.– Filter pumps can produce small Filter pumps can produce small

quantities of potable water.quantities of potable water.– Slow sand filters can be improvised Slow sand filters can be improvised

quickly, but must be monitored closely.quickly, but must be monitored closely.

Alternative sources of Alternative sources of potable water potable water

Bottled water can be Bottled water can be purchased at supermarkets.purchased at supermarkets.

Bulk water may be supplied by Bulk water may be supplied by municipalities from safe sources.municipalities from safe sources.

Milk processing plants or beverage-Milk processing plants or beverage-bottling plants can produce water.bottling plants can produce water.

Even swimming pools can be an Even swimming pools can be an emergency source of drinking wateremergency source of drinking water

Summary:Summary:

Alternative emergency water Alternative emergency water treatments include boiling, filtering, treatments include boiling, filtering, and chemical disinfection.and chemical disinfection.

Alternative emergency water sources Alternative emergency water sources include bottled water, other drink include bottled water, other drink production facilities, and even production facilities, and even swimming pools.swimming pools.