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general psychology
Firouz meroei milan
Conditioning and Learning
Classical Conditioning
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Learning: Some Key Terms
• Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience– Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,
injury, or maturation– Reinforcement: Any event that increases the probability
that a response will recur• Response: Any identifiable behavior– Internal: Faster heartbeat– Observable: Eating, scratching
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Major Types of Learning
• Classical Conditioning: Event-Event learning– Pavlov and his dogs; Watson and Little Albert
• Operant Conditioning: Behavior-Consequence learning– Thorndike; Skinner
• Observational Learning: watch and imitate– Bandura and BoBo doll experiment
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Classical Conditioning and Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist who initially was studying digestion• Used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with
meat powder• Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning• Reflex: Automatic, nonlearned innate response e.g., an
eyeblink
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Figure 6.2
FIGURE 6.2 An apparatus for Pavlovian conditioning. A tube carries saliva from the dog’s mouth to a lever that activates a recording device (far left). During conditioning, various stimuli can be paired with a dish of food placed in front of the dog. The device pictured here is more elaborate than the one Pavlov used in his early experiments.
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Classical Conditioning Terminology
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) • An event that consistently and automatically elicits an
unconditioned response Unconditioned Response (UR)• An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically
elicits Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Initially a neutral stimulus. After repeated pairings with the
unconditioned stimulus, the CS elicits the same response as the US.
Conditioned Response (CR)• The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the
training.
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Figure 6.3
FIGURE 6.3 The classical conditioning procedure.
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Principles of Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition: Training period when a response is reinforced (the CS is followed closely by the US)
• Expectancy: Expectation about how events are interconnected
• Extinction: Weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
• Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a learned response following apparent extinction
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Figure 6.4
FIGURE 6.4 Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned response.
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific situation or object (e.g., arachnophobia; fear of spiders; see the movie!)
• Conditioned Emotional Response: Learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
• Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
