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www.niccomp.com | www.LowESR.com | www.SMTmagnetics.com | www.RFPassives.com
NIC Global: The Americas | Europe | Asia
Passive Component Market – Technology Update www.niccomp.com/rohs
NIC Components Corp.
WEEE – RoHS Impact on Passive Components
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WEEE - Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentRoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
Environmental legislation impacting the electronics industry
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WEEE - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
The WEEE Directive is primarily tasked with reducing the amount of electrical and electronic equipment (often expressed as EEE) from entering landfill at the end of its useful life by encouraging reuse, recycling and separate collection. It is apparent from this statement that the WEEE directive will not eradicate all EEE from landfill. The role of RoHS is to reduce harmful substances [materials] at source, ensuring that these hazardous substances are not leached into the environment by equipment which inevitably fails to be recycled. The WEEE Directive is a separate piece of environmental legislation, though it is directly linked to RoHS.
RoHS & WEEE directives were instituted by the European Union in 1992 The EU consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. The directive extends to the European Economic Area (EEA) which also includes Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
Similar Legislation:◊ Japan - Consumer Appliance Law ◊ China's Regulation for Pollution Control of Electronics Products (RPCEP)◊ USA – State of California
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Awareness of WEEE – RoHS legislation, and requirements, has increased over past six months at companies of all sizes.
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
Who is impacted? Ultimately, anyone who builds, markets or imports electrical or electronic equipment (or components) into the European Union must ensure that the product complies with the RoHS directive, regardless of where it was originally produced.
Who is exempt from RoHS? Military, Aerospace and network infrastructure equipment for switching, signaling, transmission as well as network management for telecommunication; Pb (lead) used in Servers, Storage and Storage array systems [exemption granted until 2010]. ... It should be recognized that existing exemptions may be short lived, and should not be relied upon as part of your overall conversion strategy
Influencers to reconsider taking exemption:◊ Reduction in available markets◊ Competitive position◊ Legacy (Sn-Pb) component availability & potential unit price premium
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
When does WEEE and RoHS take effect? WEEE = August 13, 2005RoHS = 1 July 2006
What is it’s impact on companies designing and building electronic PCB assemblies? ...
◊ [Materials]
− Assurance of RoHS compliance
− Material identification and control
− Supplier confirmation of RoHS compliance
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Confidence in meeting RoHS compliance by the July 1, 2006 deadline has slipped, ...with 55% ~ 73% of companies expecting to be fully compliant by July 1, 2006
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RoHS challenge at many companies is
engineering resources
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
RoHS: EU Member States shall ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market meets the maximum concentration values on the below six materials:
1. Lead (Pb)2. Mercury (Hg)3. Cadmium (Cd)4. Hexavalent Chromium (CrVl) 5. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) [Flame retardant used in plastics]
6. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) [Flame retardant used in plastics]
Will Additional Substances be added to RoHS?
… when additional scientific evidence is presented, the ‘banned’ substances may increase to encompass other hazardous materials…
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What is the difference between lead-free and RoHS compliant?
While lead (Pb) is the most widely used RoHS specific hazardous substance in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), the term "lead-free" is often wrongly adopted to refer to all of the substances specified in the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive. However, RoHS restricts a total of six substances - lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB and PBDE. To be truly “RoHS compliant” with the WEEE – RoHS legislation, the presence of each of these substances must be reduced below their proposed maximum concentration values (MCV)..
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
RoHS: EU Member States shall ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market meets the below MCVs of the six restricted substances listed below:
Maximum concentration values (MCV) define the maximum amount of an individual restricted substance (per the EU RoHS directive) within each homogeneous material* that compose the component.
RoHS RESTRICTED SUBSTANCES
Substance RoHS LIMIT: MCV - Maximum concentration values
1. Lead (Pb) < 0.10% = < 1000 PPMException: Allowable Lead (Pb) within glass of electronic components (i.e. glass coat or frit)
2. Mercury (Hg) < 0.10% = < 1,000 PPM
3. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) < 0.10% = < 1,000 PPM
4. Cadmium (Cd) < 0.01% = < 100 PPM
5. & 6. (PBB and PBDE)Poly-brominated flame retardants
< 0.10% = < 1,000 PPM
* - Homogeneous materials are defined as materials that cannot be mechanically disjointed into different materials and are “of uniform composition throughout”. Types include: plastics, ceramics, glass, metals, alloys, paper, resins, and coatings.
HOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL SUBSTANCE NAME CHEMICAL SYMBOL
Substrate Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Termination - Conductor Silver Ag
Nickel Plating Nickel Ni
Tin Plating Tin Sn
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What Methods Are Commonly Utilized To Assuring Supplier Compliance?
Surveys - Questionnaires
Supplier Documentation
RoHS Compliance Statements Material Declaration Statements (MDS) Green Statements
“ICP” Inductively Coupled Plasma Testing [typically performed by third party test lab, to demonstrate specific component family meets RoHS material limits]
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
RoHS is very explicit about which substances should be restricted and the precise levels that may be tolerated.
Some exceptions are allowed…Appendix Exception #5. Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components and fluorescent tubes.
For clarity, this exemption applies to lead in the glass parts of cathode ray tubes, lead in the glass parts of electronic components and lead in the glass parts of fluorescent tubes. Electronic components in the context of this exemption could also include glass parts when they are part of an electronic component or electrical and electronic equipment.
Example: Trace levels of Pb found in Glass Overcoats, Glass Frit, Inks, etc.
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
How are RoHS compliant electronic components ordered? - is there a standard code used to differentiate them from traditional lead (Pb) containing devices?
Unfortunately, there is NO component identification standard. Some manufacturers have generated new ordering codes to designate RoHS compliant product, others employ temporary designators to be utilized during FAB transition, while several IC manufacturers have openly stated there will be no planned component ordering modifications.
National Electronic Distributors Association (NEDA) and National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative’s (NEMI) recommend new part numbers be implemented for RoHS compliant components, to enable control throughout the supply chain and provide clear identification of RoHS compliant material.
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
Part Number Change to allow easy identification of RoHS compliant versions is the widely preferred designation
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
SUBJECT: Component Part Number ChangeNIC PRODUCT SERIES: All NIC Product Series Notice of standard - default part number change from Legacy (non-RoHS) to RoHS compliant part number. PART NUMBERS EFFECTED: All NIC products REASON FOR CHANGE: To provide clear - easy to follow - system for identification of RoHS (Pb-Free) compliant versions of NIC products. Also to comply with industry recommendations for new unique part numbers for RoHS (Pb-Free)
compliant products [Ref: NEDA & JEDEC guidelines]
Examples:
Legacy Part Number RoHS Compliant Part Number
NACxxxxxxxxxxTR NACxxxxxxxxxxTRF
NMCxxxxxxxxxxxxTRP NMCxxxxxxxxxxxxTRPF
NMC0603NPO101J25TRP NMC0603NPO101J25TRPF
NRSA101M16V6.3X11 NRSA101M16V6.3X11F
NRC06F1001TR NRC06F1001TRF
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
Reel – Carton – Bag Packaging Identification
In addition to unique RoHS part numbers, all RoHS compliant material will have a packaging identification of RoHS compliance or Pb-Free.
Possible Packaging Identification Symbols:
JEDEC
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
RoHS compliance impacts all components suppliers that provide Tin-Lead (Sn-Pb) finish components. Most component suppliers will need to transition away from Tin-Lead (Sn-Pb) finish components to Lead–Free (Pb-free) alternate.
Component Terminal Transition 95% Tin (Sn) / 5% Lead (Pb)
• 100% Tin (Sn) - or –• Tin (Sn) / Bismuth (Bi) - or –• 96% Sn / 3% Ag / 1% Cu – or –• 99% Sn / 1% Cu – or -• 100% Gold (Au)
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RoHS - Restriction on Hazardous Substances
What is it’s impact on companies designing and building electronic PCB assemblies? ...
◊ [Materials]
− Assurance of RoHS compliance
− Material identification and control
− Supplier confirmation of RoHS compliance
◊ [Process]
− Development of Pb-Free solder processes
− Reflow soldering process
− Flow-wave soldering process
− Rework
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Historically Tin-Lead (Sn-Pb) soldering has been the most widely used soldering process globally. Reflow and Wave-Flow soldering processes using Sn-Pb soldering material are very mature, well understood and virtually trouble-free. Legacy passive components have properties (materials and thermal characteristics) compatible with Sn-Pb soldering.
PCB
WAVE
Reflow Flow - Wave
Component Terminals: • 100% Tin (Sn) -or –• 95% Tin (Sn) / 5% Lead (Pb)
Solder: • 63% Tin (Sn) / 37% Lead (Pb) [“Sn63”]
Soldering heat
Soldering heat
PCB
Component Terminals: • 95% Tin / 5% Lead (Pb)
Bottom Bottom
Top Top
Legacy Sn-PbSoldering Process
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Legacy Tin-Lead (Sn-Pb) soldering:
Widely based upon “Sn63” solder alloy
Liquidus temperature of +183°C
Reflow soldering with component exposure peaks from +210°C ~ +230°C
Pb – Free Soldering:
Many Pb-Free solder alloys are available [LINK]
“SAC” (Sn-Ag-Cu) Tin –Silver - Copper Solder Alloy
Liquidus temperature of +217°C … 30°C higher than Sn63
Reflow soldering with component exposure peaks at +240°C ~ +260°C
Higher SMT Component Soldering Temperatures
◊ Effects on SMT Components
◊ Soldering Heat Resistance Test Data
◊ Multiple Reflow Exposures
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Pb – Free Soldering:
SAC
Sn63
Using “SAC” will result in 30°C higher reflow solder temperature
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Pb – Free Soldering:
Are NIC passive components compatible with “SAC” soldering process?
Most of the RoHS versions of NIC SMT passive components are compatible with the higher reflow – flow – rework soldering temperatures of “SAC” Pb-Free soldering
No known issues:SMT Ceramic Chip Capacitors and arraysSMT Tantalum Electrolytic CapacitorsSMT Power InductorsSMT Chip Inductors and Ferrite chip beadsSMT Chip Resistors (Thick Film and Thin Film) and Arrays (Thick Film)Leaded Components
Possible thermal exposure issues:SMT V-Chip Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors [liquid electrolyte]SMT Film Chip Capacitors [polymer dielectric]
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Pb – Free Soldering:
Can Liquid Electrolyte Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors withstand “SAC” soldering process?
While Japan manufacturer’s of V-Chip E-Caps have indicated “No”, outside testing has suggested part are robust enough to withstand +260°C.
NIC Tools:
Web based guide
White Paper
Support Personnel
Live Help
Tel
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Pb – Free Soldering Heat Effects on SMT V-Chip Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
… by CALCE / DFR SolutionsPAPER TO BE PRESENTED – PUBLISHED:+ IPC/JEDEC Conference - San Jose California, USA April 17-19 + CARTS Europe in October 2005+ Oct 2005 of Passive Components Mag
Key Findings:• Case distortion during Pb-free reflowCapacitors with extended temperature or extended lifetime capacitors in general were more resistant to case distortion during Pb-free reflow.• Long-term reliabilityExposure to a range of Pb-free reflow conditions and the occurrence of case deformation seemed to have minimal influence of the reliability of the V-chip capacitors.
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Soldering Process Changes as Result of RoHS:
Potential issues of Pb-Free process:The common defects associated with lead-free include:◊ Off-pad solder balling & mid-chip solder balling◊ Tombstoning & bridging (shorts) on fine-pitch QFP leads◊ Open joints, non-wetting, de-wetting, cold solder joints, voids and excessive dullness or surface cracks.
When soldered, Pb-Free (SAC) alloys will wet the metallization at substantially reduced rates when compared to 63/37. Solderability is impacted by the speed of wetting and the degree of spread. Pure tin finishes are the most suitable to solder with SAC alloys. [Source: SMT Magazine: Pb-Free Soldering Guide]
Typical dull appearance of Pb-Free solders … Some improvement (Right Image) with nitrogen added to reflow environment
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Tin Whiskers Issue on Pure Tin Finishes
The occurrence of microscopic (micron length) extrusions - growths of pure tin (100% Sn) (also known as “whiskers”) from the terminal finishes (which could potential cause short-circuiting).
National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative’s (NEMI)
Tin Whisker Acceptance Test Requirements 2.6 (7/28/2004):
Exceptions: discrete capacitor and resistor devices
• Matte Sn at least 2um (80 micro-inches)
• Nickel barrier at least 2um (80 micro-inches)
• Plating process parameters & controls plating bath parameters: current density, voltage, acidity, plating bath chemistry and material contamination,plating thickness, plating stress, plating grain size, plating crystallographic texture, plating carbon content below 0.05% and copper content below 0.5%
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RoHS Support Documentation◊ Unique “F” part number suffix for RoHS [Pb-Free] compliant devices
◊ Packaging (Bag, Reel, Carton) Identification
◊ MDS Documentation (spreadsheets)
• Component breakdown by materials (mg & %)
◊ Green Statements
• Identifying compliance to RoHS requirements
◊ Tin Whisker Test Reports
◊ ICP Tests
Dedicated RoHS Support: Tech support [email protected] Website documentation www.niccomp.com/rohs Live-Help: USA / Europe / SE Asia
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END
NIC Components Corp.
Dedicated RoHS Support: Tech support [email protected] Website documentation www.niccomp.com/rohs Live-Help: USA / Europe / SE Asia