Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________South and Southeast Asia: Trial Objectives Economics and cross-cultural interactionsInstructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following five questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions.

1. How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?

2. What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?1. How did the Indians utilize cotton to expand into other economic markets? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case? How does this agricultural production for a market resource help the individual Indian farmers? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Southernization (the movement of culture and trade to the Indian Ocean) was the result of developments that took place in many parts of southern Asia, both on the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. By the time of the Gupta kings, several of its constituent parts already had a long history in India. Perhaps the oldest strand in the process was the cultivation of cotton and the production of cotton textiles for export. Cotton was first domesticated in the Indus River valley sometime between 2300 and 1760 B.C.E., and by the second millennium B.C.E., the Indians had begun to develop sophisticated dyeing techniques. During these early millennia Indus River valley merchants are known to have lived in Mesopotamia, where they sold cotton textiles. In the first century C.E. Egypt became an important overseas market for Indian cottons. By the next century there was a strong demand for these textiles both in the Mediterranean and in East Africa, and by the fifth century they were being traded in Southeast Asia. The Indian textile trade continued to grow throughout the next millennium. Even after the arrival of European ships in Asian ports at the turn of the sixteenth century, it continued unscathed. According to one textile expert, “India virtually clothed the world” by the mid-eighteenth century.”

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- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?3. What role did Malaysian sailors play in establishing the vast Indian Ocean trade network? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Indian voyages on the Indian Ocean were part of a more general development, more or less contemporary with the Mauryan Empire, in which sailors of various nationalities began to knit together the shores of the ‘Southern Ocean’, a Chinese term referring to all the waters from the South China Sea to the eastern coast of Africa. During this period there is no doubt that the most intrepid sailors were the Malays, peoples who lived in what is now Malaysia, Indonesia, the southeastern coast of Vietnam, and the Philippines. Sometime before 300 B.C.E. Malay sailors began to ride the monsoons, the seasonal winds that blow off the continent of Asia in the colder months and onto its shores in the warmer months. Chinese records indicate that by the third century B.C.E. ‘Kunlun’ sailors, the Chinese term for the Malay seamen, were sailing north to the southern coast of China. They may also have been sailing west to India, through the straits now called Malacca and Sunda. If so they may have been the first to establish contact between India and Southeast Asia. Malay sailors had reached the eastern coast of Africa at least by the first century B.C.E., if not earlier…Some evidence also suggests that Malay sailors had settled in the Red Sea area. Indeed, it appears that they were the first to develop a long-distance trade in a southern spice. In the last centuries B.C.E., if not earlier, Malay sailors were delivering cinnamon from South China Sea ports to East Africa and the Red Sea. By about 400 C.E. Malay sailors could be found two-thirds of the way around the world, from Easter Island to East Africa.”

- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?4. What geographic feature does the Srivijaya Empire hold that would allow it to benefit greatly in the Indian Ocean trade? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Why is Srivijaya’s position in the Indian Ocean a major advantage to its trading potential? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?6. Describe the way in which the Srivijaya Empire used diplomacy and cultural understanding to develop an exclusive trade relationship with the powerful Tang Dynasty in China? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Due to the importance of Palembang as a cultural and trade center, wealth began to accumulate. Eventually, Palembang supplanted Vyadhapura of Funan as the new entrepôt between China and India. There were two primary reasons behind this shift. Foremost, the traders of Palembang began to control the Straits of Malacca. They were the first port to do so, but not the last. With the control of the Straits of Malacca, all trade between the East and West was channeled through their hands. The other reason for Palembang’s emergence as an international entrepôt had to do with China. In terms of trade, the Western market was still weak due to wars in and around the Mediterranean. Rome was collapsing and had yet to be replaced by anything comparable. On the other hand, the Chinese market was expanding due to a flourishing economy resulting from peace and internal consolidation that occurred during the Tang dynasty. Sensitive to possibilities, the traders from the East Indies were interested in capturing the growing Chinese market. That was where the money was to be made. As a warrior culture, the Chinese ruling class was not supposed to engage in trade. Further, the Chinese considered themselves the center of the civilized world. As evidence, there is no word for China in Chinese. Instead they call themselves the Middle Kingdom. What this meant was that traders from other kingdoms and cultures were meant to visit China - not the other way around. In the Chinese imperial mind, the rest of the world consisted of vassal states that were meant to pay tribute. As matter of interest, this condition persisted into the modern era up until the 20th century. The Chinese were not meant to explore and trade. They were so superior that they were brought tribute and gave out presents. Hence at this point in history, the Chinese were not traders although they supplied manufactured goods to traders. Shanghai and Taiwan then, as now, were trading ports where huge volumes of merchandise changed hands. The main difference was that all the traders were foreign 'barbarians' because the Chinese were not allowed by custom to leave China. The Austronesian sailors from the Southeast Asians islands, who had spent millennia on the sea, were glad to provide this function to China. They sailed into Chinese ports with foreign goods to supply the Chinese appetite. While there, they purchased Chinese goods for resale in their ports to Indian merchants. To accommodate this big customer and capture her exclusive trade rights, the entrepôt of Palembang in Sumatra pledged obeisance to China as a vassal state. This meant that her foreign trade was treated as tribute, and the goods they received in exchange were merely considered imperial presents. By stroking the Chinese imperial ego, the Palembang traders, like the Funanese before them, were able to dominate that enormous market. To further sweeten the pot and attract the Chinese pilgrims, Palembang began to stress China’s Mahayana Buddhism over Hinduism. With this mass infusion of funds being funneled into Sumatra, a great Empire began to form. Based in Palembang, it was called the Srivijaya Empire. It began in the 7th century and lasted into the 13th century. It laid many foundations for the politics and religion in Southeast Asia. This Palembang/Srivijaya Empire, as it is sometimes called, eventually grew to have a loose control over the islands of Java and Sumatra, as well as the Malay Peninsula. However, they ruled by prestige rather than by military power. In this manner, Palembang became the entrepôt between India and China.”

- (Secondary Source) The Rise and Fall of Southeast Asia’s Empires, Don Jehman Jr., Self-Published, 2013.

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?7. Define what a Mandala state or Empire is. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Describe the method the Srivijaya Empire used to establish trade rights with China. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. What method did the Srivijaya use to maintain a peaceful trade zone in the eastern Indian Ocean regions? How is this more effective than sheer military might? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “In order to understand the political organization of the Srivijaya Empire, we need to first explore what it means to be a mandala kingdom or empire. Modern nation states are based upon clearly defined property boundaries. Real estate is of primary importance in terms of tax collection as well as property rights. Each modern country has clearly defined borders with a clearly defined citizenry. Alternately, the mandala states of East and Southeast Asia have no specific territory, as their influence emanates from the center. Rather than defending the perimeter, the idea is to strengthen the center. The mandala political organization doesn’t require strict boundaries. Instead power emanates from the center. This power is based upon military and cultural prestige. The country is defined by the capital. The spheres of influence are determined by the vassal states on the perimeter that pay tribute to the king or emperor in the center. In return for tribute, the supreme ruler provides military protection and certain privileges, primarily concerning trade. In the case of the Srivijaya Empire, they were provided with exclusive trading rights with the Chinese Empire in exchange for becoming one of her vassal states. In such a way, the Srivijaya Empire was part of the Chinese Empire in terms of the organization. Similarly, the kingdom of Funan was provided trade privileges when they pledged obeisance and tribute to China. Cooperating with China also created the entrepôt port of Palembang and the Srivijaya Empire. This was another kingdom with vassal states, which were also rewarded for cooperating. Although the Srivijaya Empire had an Indianized political structure, it was a Chinese style mandala empire. “Cooperate and you will be rewarded,” seemed to be the mantra that Srivijaya used with its vassal islands. The Arab historians don’t ever mention piracy in their trading ventures in the East Indies during these times. It seems that then as now that cultures that depend on trade realize that safety is good for all. The positive side of trade is that it thrives on peace. This maritime empire seems to have had only a limited army. They based their empire on positive reinforcement - through cultivation of business contacts, rather than the negative reinforcement of domination by military prowess.

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Because power emanates in concentric circles from the center, there is a fluid, rather than fixed, field of power. This means that if the center is weak, the boundaries of influence collapse. Vice versa when the center is strong, the boundaries expand. This organization applies to the religious sphere as well as the political. Under the political system, the theoretical boundaries are continually shifting depending on who gives the best deal and has the most prestige, rather than on who has the biggest army. Why this huge difference between Southeast Asian politics and the rest of the world? Why was military might needed to resolve conflicts on the Eurasian land-mass? Or why wasn’t it necessary in the island cultures of Southeast Asia? Were these people just more peaceful than most? It probably had more to do with the geography of the region. Military domination of the sea was extremely difficult at this time. There was no equivalent to the military technology of bronze combined with the chariot and horse. Bronze technology allowed the complete domination of one culture by another in the land-based cultures. Because military domination was impossible in these island kingdoms, the cultures instead relied upon cooperation and bribery.”

- (Secondary Source) The Rise and Fall of Southeast Asia’s Empires, Don Jehman Jr., Self-Published, 2013.

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?10. How did the development of the spice trade show individual initiative in the economic system of South and Southeast Asia? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Not until the latter part of the fourth century, at about the same time as the new all-sea route (to China) began to direct commercial traffic through the Java Sea, did the fine spices – cloves, nutmeg, and mace – begin to assume importance on international markets. These rare and expensive spices came from the Moluccas, several island groups about a thousand miles east of Java. Cloves were produced on about five minuscule islands off the western coast of Halmahera; nutmeg and mace came from only a few of the Banda Islands, some ten island with a total area of seventeen square miles, located in the middle of the Banda Sea. Until 1621 these Malaccan islands were the only places in the world able to produce cloves, nutmeg, and mace in commercial quantities. The Malaccan producers themselves brought their spices to the international markets of the Java Sea ports and created the market for them.”

- (Secondary Source) Lynda Norene Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5 (Spring 1994): 1-21.

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Objective: What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?11. What types of items were the Indians producing and what markets were they involved in? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12. How much autonomy did local villages have in India in determining taxation for local purposes? How would this lend itself to the stability of the empire? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Hoysala Empire was a prominent South Indian empire that ruled most of the modern day between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy. The kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to beneficiaries who then became landlords to tenants producing agricultural goods and forest products. The highlands with its temperate climate were suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices. Paddy and corn were staple crops in the tropical plains. The Hoysalas collected taxes on irrigation systems including tanks, reservoirs with sluices, canals and wells which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers. Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard. The forests were harvested for rich woods such as teak which was exported through ports located in the area of present day Kerala. Sung dynasty records from China mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas kingdoms. South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, aloe wood, perfumes and sandalwood to China, Aden and Egypt. Architects, sculptors, quarry workers, goldsmiths and other skilled craftsmen whose trade directly or indirectly related to temple construction were also prosperous due to the vigorous temple building activities.” The village assembly was responsible for collecting government land taxes. Taxes were levied on professions, marriages, goods in transit on chariots or carriages, and domesticated animals. Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes, yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records. The village assembly could levy a tax for a specific purpose such as construction of a water tax.”

- (Secondary Source) TimeMaps, Peter Britton

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?13. What kinds of social inequality were rising during India’s middle ages? How is this similar to Europe during this same time period? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“On the whole the economic conditions of Medieval India improved with the rise of Islam in Arabia; Indian foreign trade had again started growing. The Arab empire comprised many gold producing regions that provided resources to trade with coastal regions of India. The foreign trade benefitted the regions of Malwa and Gujarat most. In Malwa new Cities like Champanar grew up. On the other hand, the internal Indian trade was not very prosperous due to several factors. The forest-tribes and some plundering tribes used to loot the traders because of which the traders often proceeded in caravans or under military security. There were no bridges on the rivers. Roads and trade routes were disrupted during the rainy season. Trade guilds had become weak. The self-sufficiency in the villages was on the increase which led to decline in trade. Agriculture was in good condition. Many Arab travellers visiting India have spoken of the fertility of Indian soil and the capabilities of its farmers but there was a great disparity in the country's economy. The practice of land grants led to the rise of a class which can be called the Landlord class. They used to lead a very luxurious life. They emulated the style of the rulers and typically constructed three to five story tall buildings for their residence. The country's wealth was concentrated either with few wealthy families or with the temples.”

- (Secondary Source) Mr. Jensen’s Lecture Notes

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?14. What is the foundation of the Indian economy? Describe the social components of this foundation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. Describe how the caste system helped provide a source of labor for the more labor intensive agricultural regions of India. Can this be argued to be a helpful aspect of the Indian economy? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The subcontinent was the scene of the rise of an impressive interregional and transoceanic trading system, prospering under conditions of relative public peace, and remarkably free of state parasitism. Far from a laggard, these historians insist, South Asia was in many respects a rival to the European powers of the early modem period,

its traversal to a modern economy knocked off-path only by its eventual subjugation to colonial rule… While there is some evidence with respect to the economic conditions of the first millennium, the historiography of South India really begins with the rise of the Chola Empire in the ninth century. It is with the Chola (849--1279) settled agriculture came into its own and the property relations that continued into the early modem period were established… Settled agriculture in medieval South India was, as in Europe, essentially peasant based. The basic unit of production was the peasant family, settled in villages clustering around the fertile tracts in the deltas, and enjoying customary rights to the land. The rich soil and plentiful water made paddy cultivation the main agricultural activity in these tracts; moreover, agriculture in the riverine deltas could sustain multi-cropping, whether of rice itself, or of rice and other crops. These tracts were thus sources of abundant surplus produce, and throughout the medieval and early modem periods, comprised the economic core of South Indian empires. While peasants had customary rights to the land, they did not enjoy exclusive rights to it. Immediately above them as first claimants to the agricultural surplus was a lordly class known as the nattar, who enjoyed superior rights to the land, and could thus claim rental payments from the actual producers. The nattar were not large magnates: Subbarayalu estimates that their property ranged from 13 acres to 65 acres [Subbarayalu,1983: 1731]. This suggests, first, that at least some nattar must have been more like middle peasants relying on family labor, than wealthy lords; second, it is also likely that at this point in their history, most of them probably had their land concentrated in one village. The nattar were thus a lordly class, holding superior rights to land mostly concentrated in one village, and appropriating rent from peasants who themselves enjoyed customary rights to the land they tilled. Nattar and resident peasants did not exhaust the elements comprising the agrarian classes. In the riverine tracts especially, the villages were also served by a class of landless laborers known asparaiyar, comprised of the menial castes (lowest castes), who were settled in hamlets outside the boundaries of the main village. The precise economic status of this class is unclear. It is known that its members did frequently have access to some land of their own, suggesting that they were more like counterparts to the English cottars- a stratum of semi-proletarians - than fully proletarianised laborer. What is more, while asparaiyar were not chattel (slaves), they do seem to have been transferred with land that was changing hands, suggesting that they were often surviving as bonded laborers, if not serfs proper…The availability of the paraiyar as a floating pool of labor was especially functional in these wet tracts, for the labor-intensive nature of paddy cultivation demanded a high supply of labor year-round. While the drier land in the interior districts had long slack periods in the demand

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for labor, the lands given to paddy cultivation demanded intensive work not only around harvests and sowing seasons, but throughout the year for upkeep of irrigation and soil.”

- (Secondary Source) Vivek Chibber, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 11 80 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, e-mail: chibber@ssc.wisc.edu. The author would like to thank Robert Brenner and Erik Wright for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vo1.26, No.1, October 1998, pp.1-42. PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON.

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?16. How was the Brahmin castes used to increase agricultural production in southern India? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The entrance of Brahmans: The Cholas actively encouraged the emigration of the priestly caste - Brahmans - into the hinterlands by granting them land in outlying villages. The entrance of this stratum into the agrarian scene has been regarded as a crucial development in the medieval period by historians, and rightly so. This caste actively brought new land under cultivation and thereby increased the tax revenues of the state. Some of this new land was simply settled by inducing local peasant producers to engage in the laborious process of clearing surrounding tracts, laying irrigation facilities, and so on, in exchange for initially favorable rates of rent; but, significantly, it also appears that Brahmans were crucial in the incorporation of surrounding aboriginal and pastoral tribes into the agrarian order, usually as laborers, through the assimilation of their folk religions into the Hindu pantheon. The spread of new Brahman villages -known as Brahrnadeyas - thus added new land as well as labor to the productive base of the region.”

- (Secondary Source) Vivek Chibber, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 11 80 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, e-mail: chibber@ssc.wisc.edu. The author would like to thank Robert Brenner and Erik Wright for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vo1.26, No.1, October 1998, pp.1-42. PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON.

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Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?17. What political element did the Vijayanagara Empire put in place to help economic expansion? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“While the rise of Vijayanagara power can be traced back to the middle of the fourteenth century, its consolidation in Southeast India - the heart of the Chola Empire - was not complete until the turn of the fifteenth century. The conflict within the lordly class in that region thus continued unabated for close to 150 years. The onset of the new order immediately decelerated the pace of lordly conflict. The Vijayanagara kings established a core of governors - known as nayakas - throughout the Empire, whose military capacity was far greater than that of the nattar. By the middle of the fifteenth century, nattar obeisance to the new nayaka overlords was an established fact. The duties of the nayakas extended beyond the mere policing of nattar locality rule; they were the closest representatives of Royal authority in the outlying regions of the empire, the founts of state authority and also the bearers of the fiscal functions of the state - collection of revenue and funding projects for economic expansion.”

- -(Secondary Source) Vivek Chibber, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 11 80 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, e-mail: chibber@ssc.wisc.edu. The author would like to thank Robert Brenner and Erik Wright for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vo1.26, No.1, October 1998, pp.1-42. PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON.

Objective: How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?18. How did the lower castes in Indian society assert their rights in the economic system? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The arrival of the nayakas no doubt stabilized the South Indian political landscape. But soon after the establishment of Vijayanagara power in the Southeast, the region was rocked by a series of peasant and artisan revolts against lordly depredations. These revolts, the information on which is desperately thin, are a signal event in the history of South India. They are one of the few recorded instances in Indian history of organized action by the peasant and artisanal classes against lordly rule. The largest of the revolts took place in 1429, starting in Aduthurai and spreading into other districts as the year wore on; rumblings have been discovered by Karashima in earlier years, however, suggesting that a general drift toward increased resistance was underway from the early years of the fifteenth century. The immediate effectiveness of the revolts in forcing the local lords to their terms is difficult to assess, for there is scant information on revenue rates before and after the event. Ironically, it is easier to gauge the long-term effect, for the revolts of the Tamil peasantry were pivotal in pushing the Vijayanagara rulers to increase their revenues by means other than intensifying rental exactions: first, like the Cholas, from increasing the land under cultivation, and second, through the promotion of artisanal production. And these new mechanisms for increasing revenue in turn were instrumental, directly and indirectly, for a more general transformation of South Indian economic institutions.”

- - (Secondary Source) Vivek Chibber, Department of Sociology, Umk ;niversity of Wisconsin-Madison, 11 80 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, e-mail: chibber@ssc.wisc.edu. The author would like to thank Robert Brenner and Erik Wright for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vo1.26, No.1, October 1998, pp.1-42. PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON.

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19. What methods did the Vijayanagara use to promote increased craft production? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20. What events were already occurring in society that led to a natural increase in craft production? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The encouragement of artisans: The second element in the strategy for increasing state revenue was the promotion of artisanal and commodity production. This primarily took the form of granting concessional rates of taxation to artisans, particularly weavers, in areas under nayaka control. Material incentives were also accompanied by the trappings of symbolic status, such as employment in positions of authority in temples. The sundry incentives to artisans were meant not only to encourage commodity production by denizens of the empire, but also to attract such producers from neighboring regions. The strategy was successful in many respects. Artisanal production in the Vijayanagara period far exceeded anything witnessed in the years preceding its rise to power; what is more, this burst in activity was, as intended, partly fueled by the slow migration of new groups of producers into the bounds of the empire. The qualitative increase in commodity production in the years of Vijayanagara was thus partly a direct outcome of state efforts. But the success of this policy was also parasitic in large measure on two, less direct consequences of Vijayanagara rule, namely, the new survival strategies of the peasantry, and the long-sought erosion of Nadu (nobility) solidity.”

-(Secondary Source) Vivek Chibber, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 11 80 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, e-mail: chibber@ssc.wisc.edu. The author would like to thank Robert Brenner and Erik Wright for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vo1.26, No.1, October 1998, pp.1-42. PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON.

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Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________

Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the South and Southeast Asian Economic systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics.

1. How is economic prosperity and opportunity distributed amongst the population in this society? Is economic prosperity dependent on exploitation of certain segments of this society or is it based on individual initiative? Why is this beneficial in either case?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Evidence: Cite the Source and summarize the evidence.a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________f. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________g. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________h. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________i. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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2. What is more important; internal trade or external trade and contact? What kinds of items are they trading? Does economic expansion depend on aggression towards other cultures or does it rely on peaceful interactions? What are the advantages of either?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Evidence: Cite the Source and summarize the evidence.a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________f. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________g. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________h. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________I. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________j._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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