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www.clean-drive.eu
CLEAN DRIVE – a campaign for cleaner vehicles in
Europe
Contract: IEE/09/688/SI2.558236Duration:17.04.2010 to 16.04.2013Created: 16.04.2011
www.clean-drive.eu
Clean Vehicles and biofuels a possibility…
www.clean-drive.eu
What is a Clean Vehicle?(Sweden has a national definition – are
there other definitions?)Basic rules: Euro IV, diesel cars max. 5 mg particles/km
1. Cars that can be driven by alternative fuels
- Max 9,2 l petrol eqv. / 100 km
2. Fuel efficient conventional cars driven by fossil fuels
- Max 120 g CO2 / km
- Ca. 4,5 l diesel oil and 5,0 l petrol / 100 km
3. Electric vehciles (Max 37 kWh / 100 km)
Both alternative fuels and more energy efficient cars are necessary!
www.clean-drive.eu
Clean Vehicles = Win-Win
• Lower fuel consumption = lower fuel cost per
• Decreased benefit value 20-40% = lower tax for the driver and the company
• Reduced vehicle tax and better payment for the used car
• Cheaper fuel • Free parking in many municipalities• Local subsidies for purchase of clean
vehicles • No congestion tax / fee in Stockholm• Profile and marketing value to
customers and the society
www.clean-drive.eu
Alternative fuel vehicles (e-tream)
• Hybrid vehicles• Battery electric vehicles• Gas
– Natural Gas– Liquified Petroleum Gas
• Bio-fuels– Bio-diesel– Bio-ethanol– Bio-gas
• Hydrogen
www.clean-drive.eu
Hybrid vehiclesA hybrid vehicle has both, an internal combustion
engine and an electric motor. Hybrids are cleaner and more efficient than conventional vehicles and their running costs are lower, but they cost more to buy.
Advantages• Reduction of fuel consumption • Electric engine reasonable in inner-city areas Disadvantages• Higher weight • Higher costs Hybrid cars appear to be only a temporary solution
however reasonable in many cases at the moment.
www.clean-drive.eu
Battery electric vehiclesBattery electric vehicles (BEVs) produce no emissions
at the point of use, are near-silent and cheap to run.
Advantages• Low fuel costs • No emission of CO2 and air pollutants (during
operation) • Gentle noises Disadvantages• Less offers of fully-fledged cars • In many cases low range and low speed • Availability and sustainability of electricity source!
Battery electric vehicles may be an adequate solution for distances up to 100 kilometres.
www.clean-drive.eu
GasNatural Gas • Natural gas is predominantly methane (CH4) and is the same
gas that most people are familiar with for domestic cooking and heating purposes. More accurately it is usually comprised of 70-90% methane with some ethane, propane and butane.
Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) • Natural Gas Vehicles have spark-ignition internal combustion
engines and are broadly similar to petrol vehicles, but with different fuel storage and delivery mechanisms.
• Since natural gas does not liquefy under modest compression, it is usually stored onboard vehicles at very high pressure compressed natural gas (CNG).
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a mixture of propane (C3H8)
and butane (C4H10). LPG is a gas at normal atmospheric pressure but liquefies at only modest pressure (approximately 20 bar). It is therefore stored onboard vehicles as a liquid at around 25 bar but is delivered into engine cylinders as a gas.
www.clean-drive.eu
GasAdvantages• Less fuel costs• Less CO2 and air pollutants• Mass-production vehicles available on the market• In some cases promoted by natural gas producersDisadvantages• Less range of cars• Not everywhere a proper network of filling stations
available• Higher cost to acquire• Costs for reconstruction• Still a fossil fuel
Natural or liquid gas is often a good solution for car pools and reasonable in areas adequately supplied with filling stations.
www.clean-drive.eu
Bio-fuelsBio-Diesel• Biodiesel (biological diesel) is a liquid elaborated biomass
name for methyl esters from feedstock. Biodiesel can be made mainly from two types of sources:– from a wide range of vegetable oils – derived from waste cooking oil, animal fats, grease and tallow.
Bioethanol• Bioethanol is manufactured by fermentation of sugar, starch
or cellulose feedstocks using yeast. The choice of feedstock depends on cost, technical and economic considerations, such as whether the technologies for manufacturing bioethanol are commercially
Bio-Gas• What is actually used from biogas for fuelling cars is its
methane. Biogas is produced from organic waste decomposed by micro-organisms, as in a heap of compost. However, in the case of biogas, decomposition is anaerobic, which means that it takes place in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
www.clean-drive.eu
Decrease of emissions – 2 ways
Contract: IEE/09/688/SI2.558236Duration:17.04.2010 to 16.04.2013Created: 10.03.2011
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www.clean-drive.eu
The Swedish (European) car fleet 2007, something is happening…
Total in Sweden Kalmar County Type of car / fuel
Totalt 2007
New sold 2007
Totalt 2007
New sold 2007
Petrol 3 804 983(89,351%)
184 301(54,440%)
107 990(90,901%)
4 325(56,811%)
Diesel oil
351 896(8,263%)
113 564(33,545%)
9 198(7,742%)
2 486(32,655%)
Electric 126(0,003%)
2(0,001%)
0(0,000%)
0(0,000%)
Elhybrids
9 598(0,225%)
3 399(1,004%)
187(0,157%)
108(1,419%)
Ethanol 80 934(1,901%)
35 513(10,490%)
1 370(1,153%)
686(9,011%)
Gas (CNG)
10 896(0,256%)
1 759(0,520%)
54(0,045%)
8(0,105%)
Other 30(0,001%)
0(0,000%)
1(0,001%)
0(0,000%)
Total 4 258 463 338 538 118 800 7 613
Other: methanol, LPG, bio diesel (RME) etc.
Source: SCB
www.clean-drive.eu
CO2-emissions in average from new sold cars in Sweden and EU, figures from car manufacturers
(g/km) - change for data from different EU countries
158
Sweden 2008: 174 g/km, 2009: 169 g/km (in your counrey?)
www.clean-drive.eu
Share of biofuels 2009 in Sweden
5,4% Biofuels in the road transport sector 2009 (Source: The Swedish Energy Agency)
www.clean-drive.eu
CO2-emissions still high in some EU-countries
www.clean-drive.eu
Rich nations falling behind Europe on car CO2
emissions
