WTbref_1812

Best Available Techniques (BAT)

Reference Document for Waste Treatment Industries

Industrial Emissions

Directive 2010/75/EU

(Integrated Pollution

Prevention and

Control)

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for Prospective Technological

Studies Sustainable Production and

Consumption Unit European IPPC Bureau

Draft 1 (December 2015 )

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This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commissions in-house

science service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policy-making process.

The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European

Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this

publication.

JRC Science Hub

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc

JRC99304

European Union, 2015

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in xxx (country name)

All images European Union 2015, except: Cover picture credits from left to right

1.jrgen flchle fotolia.com Jrgen Flchle; 2.waste pile fotolia.com Gudellaphoto; 3. murdocksimagestanks sludge digester storage dry biogas equipment fotolia.com murdocksimages;4. tanks sludge digester storage dry biogas

equipment fotolia.com sauletas;

Title Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment

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This document is one from the series of foreseen documents listed below (at the time of writing, not all documents have been drafted):

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques (BREF) Code

Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER

Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector

CWW

Emissions from Storage EFS

Energy Efficiency ENE

Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP

Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM

Industrial Cooling Systems ICS

Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP

Iron and Steel Production IS

Large Combustion Plants LCP

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-AAF

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Solids and Others Industry LVIC-S

Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC

Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWR

Manufacture of Glass GLS

Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC

Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM

Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLM

Production of Chlor-alkali CAK

Production of Polymers POL

Pulp and Paper Industry PP

Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC

Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF

Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SA

Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF

Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM

Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents STS

Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN

Textiles Industry TXT

Waste Incineration WI

Waste Treatment WT

Wood and Wood Products Preservation with Chemicals WPC

Wood-based Panels Production WBP

Reference Document (REF)

Economics and Cross-media Effects ECM

General Principles of Monitoring MON

Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly available and can be downloaded from http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu

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Preface

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Still to be updated [Note to TWG: it is proposed to insert here acknowledgements to individuals and organisations for their active participation in the WT BREF review. These acknowledgements could be presented as shown below, mentioning the WT TWG members' names and the organisation they represented for this review. Please indicate whether or not you agree with this proposal, especially with the fact that names are cited. Another solution could be to mention only the organisations' names.] Acknowledgements There are a large number of individuals and organisations to whom we are especially grateful for their assistance and participation in this review. These include representatives from the European Commission, from EU and EFTA Member States, from industry, and from environmental non-governmental organisations. European Commission We would like to thank our colleagues from the European Commission that have provided valuable input during the different stages of this project:

Name Representative of

First name Last name DG XX

First name Last name DG XX

First name Last name DG XY

EU and EFTA Member States We are grateful to the following representatives from EU and EFTA Member States who actively participated and provided valuable inputs during the different stages of this project.

Name Representative of:

First name Last name MS (e.g. AUSTRIA) First name Last name MS (e.g. AUSTRIA) First name Last name MS (e.g. SWEDEN)

Representatives from industry We are grateful to the following representatives from industry who actively participated and provided valuable inputs during the different stages of this project.

Name

Representative of First name Last name Industrial organisation (e.g. FEAD) First name Last name Industrial organisation (e.g. FEAD) First name Last name Industrial organisation (e.g. HWE)

Moreover, we would like to express our gratitude to all the industrial operators that participated in the data collection by filling in questionnaires. Environmental non-governmental organisation We are grateful to the following representatives from environmental non-governmental organisations who actively participated and provided valuable inputs during the different stages of this project.

Name Representative of

First name Last name NGO (e.g. E.E.B.)

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Preface

AP/BZ/EIPPCB/WT_Draft 1 December 2015 i

PREFACE Preface section was entirely rewritten according to Standard Texts; Executive Summary section was removed according to BREF Guidance indications. 1. Status of this document Unless otherwise stated, references to the Directive in this document refer to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (Recast). This document is a working draft of the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre). It is not an official publication of the European Union and does not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission. 2. Participants in the information exchange As required in Article 13(3) of the Directive, the Commission has established a forum to promote the exchange of information, which is composed of representatives from Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection (Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (2011/C 146/03), OJ C 146, 17.05.2011, p. 3). Forum members have nominated technical experts constituting the technical working group (TWG) that was the main source of information for drafting this document. The work of the TWG was led by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre). 3. Structure and contents of this document General information Chapter 1 provides general information on the Waste Treatment sector. For the sake of clarity, the waste treatment sector has been divided into four chapters, each split into several sections as shown in below.

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Structure and content of Chapters 2 to 5

Chapter number

Item Section number

Item

Chapter 2 Processes and techniques commonly

used for waste treatments

This chapter deals with common process steps such as reception, storage, handling, blending and mixing, cleaning and washing

Chapter 3 Mechanical treatment of waste

Section 3.1 Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste

Section 3.2 Mechanical treatment in shredders of equipment containing VFCs or VHCs

Section 3.3 Mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value

Chapter 4 Biological treatment of waste

Section 4.2 Aerobic treatment (including composting)

Section 4.3 Anaerobic treatment (or anaerobic disgestion AD)

Section 4.4 Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)

Chapter 5 Physico-chemical treatment (PCT)

of waste

Section 5.1 PCT of solid and/or pasty waste Section 5.2 Re-refining of waste oil

Section 5.3 PCT of waste with calorific value

Section 5.4 Regeneration of spent solvents

Section 5.5 Regeneration/recovery of pollution abatement components/FGT waste

Section 5.6 Treatment of excavated contaminated soil

Section 5.7 Physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of water-based liquid waste

Section 5.8 PCT of waste containing POPs or mercury

Section 5.9 Regeneration of acids and bases Applied processes and techniques General information on the industrial processes and techniques used within the sector are provided as shown below. Structure of general information on processes and techniques

Treatment type Section number Processes and techniques commonly used for waste treatment

Section 2.1

Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.1, 3.2.1 and 3.3.2 Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.1, 4.3.1 and 4.4.1

Physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of waste

PCT of solid and/or pasty waste:Section 5.1.2 PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.2

PCT of POP-containing waste: 5.8.1.1 PCT of mercury-containing waste:

Other PCT treatments: Section 5.X.1

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AP/BZ/EIPPCB/WT_Draft 1 December 2015 iii

Current emission and consumption levels Data and information concerning the environmental performance of plants within the sector, and in operation at the time of writing, in terms of current emissions, consumption and nature of raw materials, water usage, and use of energy, are provided as shown in below. Structure of data and information concerning current emission and consumption levels

Treatment type Section number Processes and techniques commonly used for waste treatment

Section 2.2

Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.2, 3.2.2 and 3.3.3 Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.2, 4.3.2 and 4.4.2


PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.3 PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.3

PCT of POP-containing waste: 5.8.1.2 PCT of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.2

Other PCT treatments: Section 5.X.2 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT Techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the emissions from plants in this sector that were considered in determining the BAT are presented in more detail as shown below. This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g. emission and consumption levels) that can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated monitoring and the costs and the cross-media issues associated with the techniques. Structure of techniques to consider in the determination of BAT

Treatment type Section number Processes and techniques commonly used for waste treatments

Section 2.3

Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.3, 3.2.3 and 3.3.4

Biological treatment of waste

All types of biological treatments: Section 4.5.1 Aerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.2

Anaerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.3 Mechanical biological treatment: Section 4.5.4


PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.4 PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.4 PCT of POP-containing waste: Section 5.8.1.3

PCT of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.3 Other PCT treatments: sections 5.X.3

Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions Chapter 6 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of Directive 2010/75/EU. Emerging techniques Chapter 7 presents information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of Directive 2010/75/EU. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 8. W

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4. Information sources and the derivation of BAT This document is based on information collected from a number of sources, in particular through the TWG that was established specifically for the exchange of information under Article 13 of the Directive. The information has been collated and assessed by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre) who led the work on determining BAT, guided by the principles of technical expertise, transparency and neutrality. The work of the TWG and all other contributors is gratefully acknowledged. The BAT conclusions have been established through an iterative process involving the following steps: identification of the key environmental issues for the Waste Treatment sector; examination of the techniques most relevant to address these key issues; identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the basis of the available data in the European Union and worldwide; examination of the conditions under which these environmental performance levels were achieved, such as costs, cross-media effects, and the main driving forces involved in the implementation of the techniques; selection of the best available techniques (BAT), their associated emission levels (and other environmental performance levels) and the associated monitoring for this sector according to Article 3(10) of, and Annex III to, the Directive. Expert judgement by the European IPPC Bureau and the TWG has played a key role in each of these steps and the way in which the information is presented here. Where available, economic data have been given together with the descriptions of the techniques presented in the sections mentioned in above. These data give a rough indication of the magnitude of the costs and benefits. However, the actual costs and benefits of applying a technique may depend strongly on the specific situation of the plant concerned, which cannot be evaluated fully in this document. In the absence of data concerning costs, conclusions on the economic viability of techniques are drawn from observations on existing plants. 5. Review of BAT reference documents (BREFs) BAT is a dynamic concept and so the review of BREFs is a continuing process. For example, new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries. In order to reflect such changes and their consequences for BAT, this document will be periodically reviewed and, if necessary, updated accordingly.

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AP/BZ/EIPPCB/WT_Draft 1 December 2015 v

6. Contact information All comments and suggestions should be made to the European IPPC Bureau at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies at the following address: European Commission JRC Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) European IPPC Bureau Edificio Expo c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3 E-41092 Seville, Spain Telephone: +34 95 4488 284 Fax: +34 95 4488 426 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu

DISCLAIMER

This document should not be considered as representative of the Commissions official position. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this document.

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Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste Treatment

PREFACE........................................................................................................................ I

SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... XXIX

1 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1

1.1 THE PURPOSE OF WASTE TREATMENT ....................................................................... 1

1.2 TYPES OF WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCTION IN THE EU ............................................ 2

1.2.1 Municipal solid waste (MSW) ............................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Contaminated waters ............................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Sewage sludge...................................................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Waste acids and bases .......................................................................................... 8 1.2.5 Waste adsorbents ................................................................................................. 8 1.2.6 Waste catalysts ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2.7 Wastes from combustion processes ..................................................................... 9 1.2.8 Waste oil ............................................................................................................ 11 1.2.9 Waste solvents ................................................................................................... 15 1.2.10 Waste plastics .................................................................................................... 15 1.2.11 Waste wood ....................................................................................................... 16 1.2.12 Cyanide wastes .................................................................................................. 16 1.2.13 Other inorganic waste ........................................................................................ 17 1.2.14 Refractory ceramics waste ................................................................................. 17 1.2.15 Hazardous waste from the construction and demolition sector ......................... 17 1.2.16 Waste contaminated with PCBs ......................................................................... 17

1.3 INSTALLATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE .................................................. 19

1.3.1 Shredders ........................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Waste transfer installations ................................................................................ 20 1.3.3 Installations containing a biological treatment of waste .................................... 22 1.3.4 Installations for the physico-chemical treatment of waste waters ..................... 23 1.3.5 Installations for the treatment of combustion ashes and flue-gas cleaning

residues .............................................................................................................. 25 1.3.6 Installations for the treatment of waste contaminated with PCBs ..................... 25 1.3.7 Installations for treatment of waste oil............................................................... 25 1.3.8 Installations for treatment of waste solvent ....................................................... 29 1.3.9 Installations for the treatment of waste catalysts, waste from pollution

abatement and other inorganic waste ................................................................. 30 1.3.10 Installations for treatment of activated carbon and resins.................................. 31

1.3.10.1 Installations for the treatment of waste acids and bases ......................................... 33

1.3.11 Installations for the treatment of contaminated wood ........................................ 33 1.3.12 Installations for the treatment of contaminated refractory ceramics .................. 34 1.3.13 Installations for the preparation of waste to be used as fuel .............................. 34

1.4 ECONOMICS [AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS] OF THE WASTE TREATMENT SECTOR ....................................................................................................................... 39

1.5 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO INSTALLATIONS THAT TREAT WASTE ......................................................................................................................... 42

2 PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED FOR WASTE TREATMENT ........................................................................................................ 45

2.1 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES [COMMON TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN THE SECTOR] .............................................................................................................. 49

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2.1.1 Pre-acceptance and reception of waste .............................................................. 49 2.1.1.1 Pre-acceptance........................................................................................................ 50 2.1.1.2 [Reception and] Acceptance ................................................................................... 51

2.1.2 Storage [and handling] ...................................................................................... 55 2.1.3 Handling ............................................................................................................ 58 2.1.4 Blending and mixing ......................................................................................... 60 2.1.5 Treatment of laboratory smalls ......................................................................... 64 2.1.6 Cleaning and washing ....................................................................................... 65 2.1.7 Reduction of solid waste size ............................................................................ 66 2.1.8 Other than normal operating conditions ............................................................ 70

2.2 CURRENT EMISSION AND CONSUMPTION LEVELS ................................................... 71 2.2.1 General information on the data collection ....................................................... 71 2.2.2 General information about the levels of emission ............................................. 73

2.2.2.1 Dust emissions to air .............................................................................................. 88 2.2.2.2 Organic compound emissions to air ....................................................................... 90 2.2.2.3 Ammonia emissions to air ...................................................................................... 96

2.3 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF GENERAL BAT FOR THE WT SECTOR ....................................................................................................... 98

2.3.1 Organisational techniques to improve environmental performance ................ 102 2.3.1.1 Environmental management tools system (EMS) ................................................ 102 2.3.1.2 Utilisation of qualified personnel in the plant ...................................................... 111

2.3.2 Operational techniques to improve environmental performance .................... 114 2.3.2.1 Waste pre-acceptance ........................................................................................... 114 2.3.2.2 Waste composition characterisation ..................................................................... 120 2.3.2.3 Waste acceptance ................................................................................................. 122 2.3.2.4 Waste sampling .................................................................................................... 131 2.3.2.5 Waste tracking system and waste inventory ......................................................... 135 2.3.2.6 Waste segregation [and compatibility testing] ..................................................... 138 2.3.2.7 [Carrying out a] Waste compatibility assessment [test prior to transfer] ............. 143 2.3.2.8 Waste sorting ........................................................................................................ 146

2.3.3 Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 163 2.3.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 163 2.3.3.2 Monitoring of emissions to water ......................................................................... 169 2.3.3.3 Monitoring of channelled emissions to air ........................................................... 173 2.3.3.4 Odour monitoring ................................................................................................. 174

2.3.4 Techniques for the prevention and control of channelled emissions to air ..... 175 2.3.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 175 2.3.4.2 Cyclone ................................................................................................................ 175 2.3.4.3 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ............................................................................ 176 2.3.4.4 Fabric filter ........................................................................................................... 177 2.3.4.5 Absolute filter ...................................................................................................... 179 2.3.4.6 Thermal oxidation ................................................................................................ 180 2.3.4.7 Biofiltration .......................................................................................................... 181 2.3.4.8 Condensation and cryogenic condensation .......................................................... 182 2.3.4.9 Adsorption ............................................................................................................ 183 2.3.4.10 Scrubbing ............................................................................................................. 184

2.3.4.10.1 Wet gas scrubber .......................................................................................... 184 2.3.4.10.2 Wet dust scrubber ......................................................................................... 186

2.3.4.11 Sorbent injection .................................................................................................. 186

2.3.5 Techniques [to prevent/reduce] for the prevention and control of odour and diffuse/fugitive emissions to air ...................................................................... 187

2.3.5.1 Odour management plan [reduction techniques] .................................................. 187 2.3.5.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of odour emissions from waste

treatment............................................................................................................... 188

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2.3.5.3 Diffuse emissions reduction programme .............................................................. 190 2.3.5.4 Leak detection and repair programme .................................................................. 197 2.3.5.5 Flaring ................................................................................................................... 198

2.3.6 Techniques for the prevention and control of emissions to water ................... 201 2.3.6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 202 2.3.6.2 Equalisation .......................................................................................................... 205 2.3.6.3 Neutralisation ........................................................................................................ 205 2.3.6.4 Mechanical separation of insoluble contaminants ................................................ 207

2.3.6.4.1 Oil-water separation ...................................................................................... 207 2.3.6.4.2 Coagulation and flocculation ........................................................................ 208 2.3.6.4.3 Electrocoagulation ........................................................................................ 209 2.3.6.4.4 Sedimentation ............................................................................................... 209 2.3.6.4.5 Flotation ........................................................................................................ 210 2.3.6.4.6 Filtration ....................................................................................................... 210 2.3.6.4.7 Membrane filtration ...................................................................................... 211

2.3.6.5 Physico-chemical treatment of soluble non-biodegradable or inhibitory contaminants ......................................................................................................... 212

2.3.6.5.1 Precipitation of metals .................................................................................. 212 2.3.6.5.2 Chemical oxidation ....................................................................................... 213

2.3.6.5.2.1 Wet oxidation ....................................................................................... 214 2.3.6.5.3 Chemical reduction ....................................................................................... 215 2.3.6.5.4 Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis ............................................................... 216 2.3.6.5.5 Stripping ....................................................................................................... 217 2.3.6.5.6 Ion exchange processes ................................................................................. 218 2.3.6.5.7 Evaporation ................................................................................................... 218 2.3.6.5.8 Adsorption .................................................................................................... 219 2.3.6.5.9 Distillation/rectification ................................................................................ 222

2.3.6.6 Biological treatment of waste water ..................................................................... 222 2.3.6.6.1 Aerobic treatment ......................................................................................... 224 2.3.6.6.2 Anaerobic treatment ...................................................................................... 227 2.3.6.6.3 Nitrogen removal by biological nitrification/denitrification ......................... 227

2.3.6.7 Integrated waste water management and treatment strategy ................................. 229 2.3.6.8 Sludge treatment techniques ................................................................................. 235

2.3.7 Techniques for the reduction of water usage and waste water generation [use and prevent water contamination] .................................................................... 240

2.3.8 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of consumption of raw materials and chemicals ................................................................................................... 245

2.3.9 Techniques for the efficient use of energy ....................................................... 247 2.3.9.1 Energy efficiency plan .......................................................................................... 247 2.3.9.2 Energy balance ..................................................................................................... 250

2.3.10 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions .. 251 2.3.10.1 Noise and vibration management plan .................................................................. 251 2.3.10.2 Noise and vibration reduction at source and noise abatement .............................. 252

2.3.11 Techniques for the prevention of soil and ground water contamination .......... 253 2.3.12 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of residues generation ................. 256 2.3.13 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental

consequences of accidents and incidents ......................................................... 258 2.3.13.1 General techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental

consequences of accidents and incidents .............................................................. 258 2.3.13.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental consequences

of accidents and incidents when storing waste ..................................................... 262 2.3.13.3 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental consequences

of accidents and incidents when handling waste .................................................. 268

2.3.14 Techniques for the decommissioning of the plant ........................................... 271

3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ................................................... 273

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3.1 MECHANICAL TREATMENT IN SHREDDERS OF METAL WASTE ............................. 273

3.1.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 273 3.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 283

3.1.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 283 3.1.2.1.1 General overview ......................................................................................... 283 3.1.2.1.2 Dust and particle-bound metals .................................................................... 284 3.1.2.1.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ........................................................... 288 3.1.2.1.4 PCB and dioxins ........................................................................................... 289 3.1.2.1.5 Mercury ........................................................................................................ 291

3.1.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 294 3.1.2.2.1 Emissions to water ....................................................................................... 294 3.1.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 300

3.1.2.3 Noise and vibration .............................................................................................. 300 3.1.2.4 Consumption of energy ........................................................................................ 300

3.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 301 3.1.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ........................... 301

3.1.3.1.1 Reduction of dust and particle-bound metals emissions ............................... 301 3.1.3.1.2 Prevention or reduction of diffuse emissions ............................................... 308

3.1.3.1.2.1 Generic techniques .............................................................................. 308 3.1.3.1.2.2 Pressure relief equipment .................................................................... 310 3.1.3.1.2.3 Deflagration reduction plan ................................................................. 311

3.1.3.2 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions ...... 313 3.1.3.2.1 Vibration management plan ......................................................................... 313 3.1.3.2.2 Noise barriers ............................................................................................... 314

3.1.3.3 Techniques to reduce energy consumption .......................................................... 316 3.1.3.3.1 Mill feeding regulation ................................................................................. 316

3.1.3.4 Water management in mechanical treatment in shredder of metal waste ............. 316

3.2 MECHANICAL TREATMENT IN SHREDDERS OF EQUIPMENT CONTAINING VFCS OR VHCS .................................................................................................................. 318


3.2.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 324 3.2.2.1.1 Dust .............................................................................................................. 324 3.2.2.1.2 CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs ............................................................................. 324 3.2.2.1.3 VOCs, NMVOC, and TOC .......................................................................... 326

3.2.2.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 326 3.2.2.3 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 327


3.2.3.1.1 Degassing the shredding area ....................................................................... 327 3.2.3.1.2 Reduction of dust emissions ......................................................................... 331

3.2.3.1.2.1 Fabric filter .......................................................................................... 331

3.3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE ......................... 333 3.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 333 3.3.2 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 333 3.3.3 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 344

3.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 348 3.3.3.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 351 3.3.3.3 Water usage .......................................................................................................... 354 3.3.3.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 354 3.3.3.5 Raw material consumption ................................................................................... 354


3.3.4.1.1 Reduction of dust emissions ......................................................................... 356 3.3.4.1.1.1 Fabric filter .......................................................................................... 356

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4 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF WASTE .................................................. 361

4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................... 361

4.2 AEROBIC TREATMENT (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) ............................................... 365 4.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 365 4.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 370

4.2.2.1 Outdoor aerobic treatment .................................................................................... 370 4.2.2.1.1 Emissions to air ............................................................................................. 370 4.2.2.1.2 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 371 4.2.2.1.3 Water usage .................................................................................................. 376 4.2.2.1.4 Energy consumption ..................................................................................... 376 4.2.2.1.5 Raw material consumption ........................................................................... 377

4.2.2.2 Indoor aerobic treatment ....................................................................................... 378 4.2.2.2.1 Emissions to air ............................................................................................. 378 4.2.2.2.2 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 383 4.2.2.2.3 Water usage .................................................................................................. 392 4.2.2.2.4 Energy consumption ..................................................................................... 393 4.2.2.2.5 Raw material consumption ........................................................................... 395

4.3 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT (OR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AD) ............................. 396 4.3.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 396 4.3.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 409

4.3.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 410 4.3.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 417

4.3.2.2.1 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 417 4.3.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 423

4.3.2.3 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 423 4.3.2.4 Raw material consumption ................................................................................... 425

4.4 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (MBT) .................................................. 426


4.4.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 435 4.4.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 448

4.4.2.2.1 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 448 4.4.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 454


4.5 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT ............................. 458 4.5.1 Techniques for all types of biological treatment .............................................. 458

4.5.1.1 Relation bio-waste / biological treatments Selection of biological treatment and associated feedstock.............................................................................................. 458

4.5.1.2 Storage management of putrescible waste input ................................................... 461 4.5.1.3 Odour management plan ....................................................................................... 464 4.5.1.4 Reduction of channelled emissions of odorous subtances, H2S and NH3 ............. 466 4.5.1.5 Minimization of waste water generation and water usage and prevention of

contamination of ground and surface waters ........................................................ 470

4.5.2 Techniques for aerobic treatment..................................................................... 477 4.5.2.1 Monitoring of aerobic process to improve the environmental performance ......... 477 4.5.2.2 Techniques to limit diffuse dust and bioaerosol emissions ................................... 484 4.5.2.3 Encapsulation with semipermeable membrane covers ......................................... 486

4.5.3 Techniques for anaerobic treatment ................................................................. 489 4.5.3.1 Anaerobic process monitoring .............................................................................. 491

4.5.4 Techniques for MBT ........................................................................................ 493 4.5.4.1 Measures to reduce emissions to air and associated monitoring ........................... 493

5 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ..................................... 503

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5.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENTS OF SOLID AND/OR PASTY WASTE ................. 505

5.1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 505 5.1.2 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 515

5.1.2.1 Immobilisation of solid and/or pasty waste .......................................................... 515 5.1.2.1.1 Stabilisation .................................................................................................. 525 5.1.2.1.2 Solidification ................................................................................................ 528

5.1.2.2 Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste before backfilling ........ 532

5.1.3 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 534 5.1.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 534 5.1.3.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 535 5.1.3.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 543 5.1.3.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 545

5.1.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 545 5.1.4.1 Treatment efficiency optimisation........................................................................ 545

5.1.4.1.1 Specific procedures to control the waste input properties ............................ 545 5.1.4.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ........................... 547

5.2 [THE] RE-REFINING OF WASTE OILS ...................................................................... 551 5.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 551 5.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 570

5.2.2.1 Emissions from the re-refining of waste oils ........................................................ 570 5.2.2.2 Consumption in the re-refining of waste oils ....................................................... 593

5.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 599 5.2.3.1 Acceptance of waste oils to be re-refined............................................................. 599 5.2.3.2 Reduction of water usage and emissions to water in waste oil re-refining plants 600 5.2.3.3 Residue [waste] management in waste oil re-refining installations ..................... 604 5.2.3.4 Reduction of VOC emissions from waste oil re-refining plants........................... 605

5.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE [TREATMENTS PRIMARLY AIMED AT PRODUCING MATERIAL TO BE USED AS FUEL OR FOR IMPROVING ITS ENERGY RECOVERY] .............................................. 608

5.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 608 5.3.2 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 621

5.3.2.1 Preparation of solid output [waste fuel] mainly from solid waste ........................ 621 5.3.2.1.1 Drying the solid waste [fuel] ........................................................................ 621 5.3.2.1.2 Pelletising and agglomeration ...................................................................... 622

5.3.2.2 Preparation of solid output [waste fuel] mainly from liquid and semi-liquid [hazardous] waste ................................................................................................. 623

5.3.2.3 Preparation of liquid output [waste fuels] ............................................................ 625 5.3.2.3.1 Preparation of organic liquid waste fuels by blending [mainly hazardous]

wastes ........................................................................................................... 625 5.3.2.3.2 Preparation of liquid output [waste fuels] by fluidification of [hazardous]

wastes ........................................................................................................... 627 5.3.2.3.3 Preparation of emulsions from liquid/semi-liquid [hazardous] waste .......... 629

5.3.2.4 Treatments of waste oils [for the preparation of fuel] other than re-refining ....... 631 5.3.2.4.1 Mild reprocessing of waste oils .................................................................... 634 5.3.2.4.2 Thermal cracking .......................................................................................... 639

5.3.2.5 Production of biodiesel from vegetable waste oils ............................................... 643

5.3.3 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 644 5.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 647 5.3.3.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 651 5.3.3.3 Energy and raw material consumption ................................................................. 662

5.3.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 664 5.3.4.1 Reduction of VOC emissions to air when preparing waste fuel from liquid and

semi-liquid waste ................................................................................................. 664

5.4 REGENERATION OF WASTE SOLVENTS................................................................... 669

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5.4.1 Applied process and techniques ....................................................................... 669 5.4.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 676 5.4.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 691

5.4.3.1 Evaporation of distillation residues ...................................................................... 693 5.4.3.2 Monitoring of diffuse and fugitive VOC emissions to air .................................... 694 5.4.3.3 Reduction of VOC emissions to air ...................................................................... 695 5.4.3.4 Abatement of channelled VOC emissions to air ................................................... 697 5.4.3.5 Reduction of waste water generation and of water usage ..................................... 698

5.5 REGENERATION / RECOVERY OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT COMPONENTS / FGT WASTE ....................................................................................................................... 700

5.5.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 700 5.5.1.1 Regeneration of spent activated carbon ................................................................ 700 5.5.1.2 Regeneration of resins .......................................................................................... 702 5.5.1.3 Regeneration of waste catalysts [and recovery of components from abatement

techniques] ............................................................................................................ 704 5.5.1.4 Treatment of FGT waste ....................................................................................... 707

5.5.1.4.1 Recycling of Residual Sodium Chemicals from FGT wastes ....................... 707 5.5.1.4.2 Recovery of salts from FGT by solution/evaporation ................................... 710 5.5.1.4.3 Washing of Air Pollution Control residues ................................................... 712

5.5.1.5 Acid extraction ..................................................................................................... 712

5.5.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 714 5.5.2.1 Regeneration of activated carbon.......................................................................... 714 5.5.2.2 Regeneration of waste catalysts ............................................................................ 716 5.5.2.3 Treatment of FGT wastes ..................................................................................... 717

5.5.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the regeneration of activated carbon ............................................................................................... 719

5.5.3.1 Flue-gas treatment ................................................................................................ 719

5.5.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the recovery of components from catalysts ............................................................................... 723

5.5.4.1 Flue-gas treatment [Generic techniques used in the treatment of waste catalyst] . 723

5.6 TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED CONTAMINATED SOIL ............................................. 726 5.6.1 Applied process and techniques ....................................................................... 726

5.6.1.1 Thermal desorption ............................................................................................... 726 5.6.1.2 Soil washing ......................................................................................................... 729 5.6.1.3 Vapour extraction ................................................................................................. 733 5.6.1.4 Solvent extraction ................................................................................................. 734 5.6.1.5 Biodegradation [Biological treatments applied to contaminated soil] .................. 735

5.6.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 738 5.6.2.1 Emissions from thermal desorption ...................................................................... 743 5.6.2.2 Emissions from vapour extraction of solid waste ................................................. 746 5.6.2.3 Emissions and consumption of soil washing ........................................................ 747 5.6.2.4 Emissions and consumption of biodegradation .................................................... 752

5.6.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 754 5.6.3.1 Thermal desorption ............................................................................................... 754

5.6.3.1.1 Reduction of dust and VOC emissions to air from thermal desorption of contaminated soil .......................................................................................... 754

5.6.3.2 Soil washing ......................................................................................................... 755 5.6.3.2.1 Treatment and reuse of generated waste water for water washing of

contaminated soil .......................................................................................... 755 5.6.3.2.2 Control of emissions to air from soil washing .............................................. 756

5.7 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND/OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID/PUMPABLE WASTE [WASTE WATERS] ........................................................ 758

5.7.1 Applied process and techniques ....................................................................... 758 5.7.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 778

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5.7.2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 778 5.7.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 779 5.7.2.3 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 791

5.7.2.3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 791 5.7.2.3.2 Direct discharge ............................................................................................ 792 5.7.2.3.3 Indirect discharge ......................................................................................... 820


5.7.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 841 5.7.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air from physico-

chemical and/or biological treatment of water-based liquid waste ...................... 842

5.8 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE CONTAINING POPS OR MERCURY [OTHER WASTES] ..................................................................................................... 852

5.8.1 POP-containing waste ..................................................................................... 852 5.8.1.1 Applied processes and techniques ........................................................................ 852

5.8.1.1.1 Decontamination of waste or equipment polluted with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) .......................................................................................... 852

5.8.1.1.2 Decontamination of PCB-containing waste ................................................. 853 5.8.1.1.2.1 Equipment cleaning ............................................................................. 853 5.8.1.1.2.2 Destruction of PCBs ............................................................................ 855

5.8.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ............................................................ 860 5.8.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT........................................... 861

5.8.1.3.1 Optimising the environmental performance of PCB decontamination ......... 861 5.8.1.3.2 Capture and control of VOC emissions from solvent washing .................... 863

5.8.2 Treatment of mercury-containing waste.......................................................... 864 5.8.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ........................................................................ 864 5.8.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ............................................................ 867 5.8.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT........................................... 870

5.8.2.3.1 Reduction of mercury emissions to air ......................................................... 870

5.9 REGENERATION OF [WASTE] SPENT ACIDS [AND BASES] ...................................... 872 5.9.1 Regeneration of spent sulphuric acid .............................................................. 872 5.9.2 Regeneration of spent hydrochloric acid ......................................................... 873

6 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS ....................... 875

SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 875

DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 877

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 880

6.1 GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 882 6.1.1 Overall environmental performance ................................................................ 882

6.1.1.1 Environmental management systems (EMS) ....................................................... 882 6.1.1.2 Waste stream management ................................................................................... 883 6.1.1.3 Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 884

6.1.2 Odorous and diffuse emissions to air .............................................................. 889 6.1.3 Emissions to water .......................................................................................... 894 6.1.4 Consumption of raw materials and chemicals ................................................. 897 6.1.5 Energy efficiency ............................................................................................ 898 6.1.6 Noise and vibrations ........................................................................................ 898 6.1.7 Emissions to soil and groundwater .................................................................. 900 6.1.8 Management of residues .................................................................................. 900 6.1.9 Emissions from accidents and incidents .......................................................... 901 6.1.10 Waste storage and handling ............................................................................. 902

6.2 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE .......................... 904 6.2.1 General BAT conclusions for mechanical treatment of waste ........................ 904

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6.2.1.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 904

6.2.2 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste .. 905 6.2.2.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 905 6.2.2.2 Diffuse emissions to air and deflagrations ............................................................ 905 6.2.2.3 Energy efficiency .................................................................................................. 905

6.2.3 BAT conclusions for mechanical treatment in shredders of equipment containing VFCs or VHCs ............................................................................... 906

6.2.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 906

6.2.4 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of mercury-containing equipment ........................................................................................................ 907

6.2.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 907

6.3 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ............................ 908

6.3.1 General BAT conclusions for biological treatment of waste ........................... 908 6.3.1.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 908 6.3.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 908 6.3.1.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 908

6.3.2 BAT conclusions for aerobic treatment of waste ............................................. 909 6.3.2.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 909

6.3.3 BAT conclusions for anaerobic treatment of waste ......................................... 909 6.3.3.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 909

6.3.4 BAT conclusions for mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of waste ......... 910 6.3.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 910

6.4 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ............... 912 6.4.1 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty

waste ................................................................................................................ 912 6.4.1.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 912 6.4.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 912

6.4.2 BAT conclusions for the re-refining of waste oil ............................................ 913 6.4.2.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 913 6.4.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 913 6.4.2.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 913

6.4.3 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value ................................................................................................................. 914

6.4.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 914

6.4.4 BAT conclusions for the regeneration of spent solvents ................................. 914 6.4.4.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 914 6.4.4.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 915

6.4.5 BAT conclusions for the thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil ....................................................... 916

6.4.5.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 916 6.4.5.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 917

6.4.6 BAT conclusions for the water washing of excavated contaminated soil ....... 917 6.4.6.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 917

6.4.7 BAT conclusions for the decontamination of equipment containing POPs ..... 918 6.4.7.1 General environmental performance ..................................................................... 918 6.4.7.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 919

6.5 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND/OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID WASTE ..................................................... 920

6.5.1 Emissions to air ................................................................................................ 920

6.6 DESCRIPTIONS OF TECHNIQUES .............................................................................. 921

6.6.1 Emissions to air ................................................................................................ 921 6.6.2 Emissions to water ........................................................................................... 924

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6.6.3 Sorting techniques ........................................................................................... 927 6.6.4 Management techniques .................................................................................. 928

7 EMERGING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 929

7.1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................... 929 7.1.1 Combination of vibration and air separation ................................................... 929

7.2 MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ................................................................................... 933

7.2.1 Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.......................................... 933 7.2.1.1 Activated carbon .................................................................................................. 933 7.2.1.2 Ultrafiltration ....................................................................................................... 933 7.2.1.3 Dissolution of VOCs ............................................................................................ 933 7.2.1.4 VOC abatement of exhaust air from shredders by ionisation in combination

with activated carbon adsorption .......................................................................... 934

7.2.2 Mechanical treatment in shredders of VFC/VHC-containing equipment ....... 936 7.2.2.1 Thermal oxidation of CFCs .................................................................................. 936

7.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS .................................................................................... 938 7.3.1 Composting ..................................................................................................... 938

7.3.1.1 Monitoring of air emissions - Inverse dispersion technique using Lagrangian modelling ............................................................................................................. 938

7.3.1.2 Container composting .......................................................................................... 940

7.3.2 Anaerobic treatment ........................................................................................ 942 7.3.2.1 Dry anaerobic digestion of organic household waste ........................................... 942

7.4 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ....................................................................... 945 7.4.1 Online analysis ................................................................................................ 945 7.4.2 Emerging techniques for treatment of waste oil .............................................. 949 7.4.3 Sterilisation of healthcare waste with ozone ................................................... 951

8 CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................. 953

9 ANNEXES............................................................................................................. 957

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 959

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. 969

I. ISO COUNTRY CODES .............................................................................................. 970

II. MONETARY UNITS ................................................................................................... 971

III. UNIT PREFIXES, NUMBER SEPARATORS AND NOTATIONS ..................................... 972

IV. UNITS AND MEASURES ............................................................................................. 973

V. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ............................................................................................ 974

VI. CHEMICAL FORMULAE COMMONLY USED IN THIS DOCUMENT ........................... 975

VII. ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. 976

VIII. DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 979

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List of Tables Table 1.1: European Waste List (EWL) as per amended Commission Decision 2000/53/EC ................ 3 Table 1.2: Amount of each type of waste generated by European country ............................................. 4 Table 1.3: Percentage of each type of waste generated by European country ......................................... 4 Table 1.4: Estimated waste arisings in selected countries ....................................................................... 5 Table 1.5: Municipal solid waste composition in the EU and production in different European

countries ................................................................................................................................. 6 Table 1.6: Metals in municipal solid waste ............................................................................................. 6 Table 1.7: Amount of polluted water generated in France ...................................................................... 6 Table 1.8: Waste treated by PCT plants in North Rhine Westphalia/Germany in 1990 and projected

quantity for 2005 .................................................................................................................... 7 Table 1.9: Amount of sewage sludge generated in some European countries ......................................... 7 Table 1.10: Ranges of contamination and content of sewage sludge ........................................................ 8 Table 1.11: Examples of industrial sector where catalysts are used .......................................................... 8 Table 1.12: Overview of the types of catalysts used for industrial purposes ............................................ 9 Table 1.13: Waste from coal-fired power plants ..................................................................................... 10 Table 1.14: Amounts of FGT waste in some European countries ........................................................... 10 Table 1.15: Main components of the FGT waste .................................................................................... 11 Table 1.16: EU lubricant collectable waste oil ........................................................................................ 14 Table 1.17: UK lubricant collectable waste oil estimates (tonnes) .......................................................... 15 Table 1.18: Production of solvents and treatment of waste solvents ....................................................... 15 Table 1.19: Waste plastics ....................................................................................................................... 16 Table 1.20: Presence of metals in plastics ............................................................................................... 16 Table 1.21: Amount of contaminated wood generated ............................................................................ 16 Table 1.22: Amount of hazardous waste generated from the construction and demolition sectors in

some European countries ..................................................................................................... 17 Table 1.23: Waste transfer installations .................................................................................................. 22 Table 1.24: Installations for the biological treatment of waste................................................................ 23 Table 1.25: Installations for the physico-chemical treatment of waste ................................................... 24 Table 1.26: Installations for re-refining waste oil in European countries................................................ 27 Table 1.27: Volumes of used oil burned in EU per year ......................................................................... 28 Table 1.28: Installations where waste oils are used as fuel or where waste oil is reprocessed to

produce a fuel ....................................................................................................................... 29 Table 1.29: Waste solvent installations in European countries ............................................................... 30 Table 1.30: EC /EFTA Countries - Solvent Recovery Installations (2015 ESRG Members estimate) ... 30 Table 1.31: Installations for the treatment of waste catalysts, waste from pollution abatement and

other inorganic waste in European countries ........................................................................ 31 Table 1.32: Activated carbon installations in European countries .......................................................... 32 Table 1.33: Type of GAC reactivation furnaces in use worldwide ......................................................... 32 Table 1.34: Installations for the regeneration of waste acids or bases..................................................... 33 Table 1.35: Installations for the preparation of waste to be used as fuel ................................................. 35 Table 1.36: Summary of European solid recovered fuels market in 2000 in Europe .............................. 36 Table 1.37: Forecast/potential for the European solid recovered fuels market in 2005 .......................... 37 Table 1.38: Production and site numbers of preparation of waste fuel mainly from hazardous waste

in EU-15 ............................................................................................................................... 38 Table 1.39: Fuel consumption by the European cement industry ............................................................ 41 Table 1.40: Main air pollutants emitted by waste treatments and their main sources ............................. 42 Table 1.41: Main water pollutants (parameters) emitted by waste treatments and their main sources.... 43 Table 2.1: Information contained in the description of each technique/process included in Chapter

2 ............................................................................................................................................ 47 Table 2.2: Examples of operations subsystems and their components .................................................. 48 Table 2.3: Maximum concentrations allowed for mixing wastes for recovery ..................................... 63 Table 2.4: Maximum concentrations allowed for mixing wastes for co-firing or co-incineration ........ 64 Table 2.5: Cleaning and washing steps ................................................................................................. 65 Table 2.6: Common process steps techniques applied in waste treatment ............................................ 70 Table 2.7: Overview of the plants which participated in the data collection .............................................. 71 Table 2.8: Common waste streams processed at hazardous waste transfer stations in the UK ............. 74 Table 2.9: Examples of commonly used raw materials in waste treatments ......................................... 75 Table 2.10: Summary of data for small boilers using a distillate (gas), a residual oil (fuel oils 5,6) or

diesel engines ....................................................................................................................... 76 Table 2.11: Potential emissions from transfer stations, bulking processes and storage .......................... 79 Table 2.12: Activities/equipment that may lead to emissions from some common waste treatments ..... 80

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Table 2.13: Exhaust air from shredding treatment of solid hazardous waste .......................................... 81 Table 2.14: Example of most frequent accidents that may occur in WT installations ............................ 82 Table 2.15: Point source emissions to water ........................................................................................... 85 Table 2.16: Example of total estimated emissions from a waste transfer facility ................................... 86 Table 2.17: Emissions from specific waste treatment processes ............................................................ 87 Table 2.18: Information for each technique ............................................................................................ 98 Table 2.19: Cost of application of EMAS............................................................................................. 107 Table 2.20: Control procedures identified at physico-chemical treatment plants ................................. 125 Table 2.21: Economics of laboratory and monitoring equipment in a waste oil treatment facility ...... 135 Table 2.22: Example of a compatibility chart for the storage of hazardous waste ............................... 140 Table 2.23: Ingredients affecting evaporation ...................................................................................... 145 Table 2.24: Examples of sorting techniques............................................................................................. 148 Table 2.25: Examples of sorting techniques used in waste treatment plants from the reference list .... 159 Table 2.26: Monitoring practices applied to waste treatment plants in the EU .................................... 164 Table 2.27: Monitoring practices for some waste treatment processes used in the EU ........................ 166 Table 2.28: Examples of parameters and analysis principles used in sampling .................................... 168 Table 2.29: Water parameters monitored in waste treatment facilities ................................................. 170 Table 2.30: Plants equipped with cyclonic separation ......................................................................... 176 Table 2.31: Plants equipped with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) .................................................. 177 Table 2.32: Dust filtration by a fabric filter .......................................................................................... 178 Table 2.33: Plants equipped with a fabric filter ................................................................................... 179 Table 2.34: Plants equipped with absolute filtration ............................................................................ 180 Table 2.35: Plants equipped with a thermal oxidation system ............................................................. 180 Table 2.36: Plants equipped with a biofilter ........................................................................................ 182 Table 2.37: Plants equipped with a condensation system .................................................................... 183 Table 2.38: Plants equipped with activated carbon adsorption ............................................................ 184 Table 2.39: Plants equipped with a wet scrubbing system ................................................................... 185 Table 2.40: Plants equipped with a sorbent injection system .............................................................. 187 Table 2.41: Overview of end-of-pipe odour treatment techniques ....................................................... 189 Table 2.42: Summary of emission control costs for area sources applied to excavation and removal . 195 Table 2.43: Abatement efficiencies and emission levels associated with flaring ................................. 199 Table 2.44: Application limits and restrictions associated with flaring ................................................ 200 Table 2.45: Economics associated with flaring..................................................................................... 201 Table 2.46: Examples of plants using flaring ....................................................................................... 201 Table 2.47: Effluent management techniques ....................................................................................... 203 Table 2.48: Plants performing equalisation of waste water ................................................................. 205 Table 2.49: Plants performing neutralisation of waste water ............................................................... 207 Table 2.50: Plants equipped with oil separators .................................................................................. 207 Table 2.51: Plants performing emulsion breaking ............................................................................... 207 Table 2.52: Plants performing coagulation of waste water .................................................................. 208 Table 2.53: Plants performing flocculation of waste water ................................................................. 208 Table 2.54: Plants equip

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