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SECTIA PUBLICITATE
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
GHETU IRINA
ILE ANCA
POTOR FLORIN
TODORAN ADRIAN
Cluj Napoca 2009
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1.INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Communication serves five major purposes:
- to inform,
- to express feelings,
- to imagine,
- to influence, and
- to meet social expectations.
Each of these purposes is reflected in a form of communication.
1.1 DEFINITION:
Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a
receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood
the same way by both sender and receiver. It is a process that allows organisms to
exchange information by several methods.
Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning
in an attempt to create shared understanding
2. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION:
There are two main forms of communication:
Verbal Communication
Non-Verbal Communication
2.1 Verbal Communication:
The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal
communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key
components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.
At birth, most people have vocal cords, which produce sounds. As a child grows
it learns how to form these sounds into words. Some words may be imitative of natural
sounds, but others may come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying.
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Words alone have no meaning. Only people can put meaning into words. As meaning is
assigned to words, language develops, which leads to the development of speaking.
The actual origin of language is subject to considerable speculation. Some
theorists believe it is an outgrowth of group activities such as working together or
dancing. Others believe that language developed from basic sounds and gestures.
Over 3,000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today. The
development of languages reflects class, gender, profession, age group, and other social
factors. The huge variety of languages usually creates difficulties between different
languages, but even within a single language there can be many problems in
understanding.
Through speaking we try to eliminate this misunderstanding, but sometimes this is
a very hard thing to do. Just as we assume that our messages are clearly received, so we
assume that because something is important to us, it is important to others. As time has
proven this is not at all true. Many problems can arise is speaking and the only way to
solve these problems is through experience.
Speaking can be looked at in two major areas: interpersonal and public speaking.
Since the majority of speaking is an interpersonal process, to communicate effectively we
must not simply clean up our language, but learn to relate to people.
In interpersonal speaking, etiquette is very important. To be an effective
communicator one must speak in a manner that is not offending to the receiver. Etiquette
also plays an important role in an area that has developed in most all business settings:
hierarchical communication. In business today, hierarchical communication is of utmost
importance to all members involved.
The other major area of speaking is public speaking. From the origin of time, it
has been obvious that some people are just better public speakers than others. Because of
this, today a good speaker can earn a living by speaking to people in a public setting.
Some of the major areas of public speaking are speaking to persuade, speaking to inform,
and speaking to inspire or motivate.
2.1.1 Language:
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A language is a syntactically organized system of signals, such as voice sounds,
intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or
feelings.
Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is
exchanged.
2.1.2 Dialogue:
A dialogue is a reciprocal conversation between two or more entities.in which two
or more people communicate with each other.
2.2 Non-Verbal Communication:
Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and
receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture,
body language orposture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such
as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and infographics. Speech may also
contain nonverbal elements known asparalanguage, including voice quality, emotion and
speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress.
Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial
arrangement of words, or the use ofemoticons.
2.2.1. Types of non verbal communication
1. Facial Expression
You have 80 muscles in your face that can create more than 7,000 facial
expressions. There are six main types of facial expressions found in all cultures are:
Happiness (round eyes, smiles, raised cheeks )
Fear (around eyes, open mouth )
Angry (lower eyebrow and stare intensely )
Disgusting (wrinkled nose, lowered eyelids and eyebrow, raised upper lip)
Surprise (raised eyebrow, wide open eyes, open mouth ) Sadness (Area around mouth and eyes)
2. Gestures
Deliberate movements and signals. Common gestures include waving, pointing,
and using fingers to indicate number amounts.
3. Body Language and Posture
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Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Such as arm-
crossing, and leg-crossing, hands in the pocket, hands on the hips.
4. Proxemics is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around
them
5. Eye Gaze
Looking, staring, and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors.
6. Haptics
Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Handshakes,
holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slap, high five, shoulder pat, brushing
arm, e.t.c
7. Paralanguage
Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is the study of nonverbal cues of
the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone voice, pitch, loudness,
inflection e.t.c
2.2.2 Advantage of non verbal communication
You can communicate with someone who is hard of hearing of deaf.
You can communicate at place where you are supposed to maintain silence.
You can communicate something which you don't want others to hear or listen to.
You can communicate if you are far away from a person. The person can see but
not hear you.
Non-verbal communication makes conversation short and brief.
2.2.3 Disadvantages
You can not have long conversation.
It varies culture to culture.
Can not discuss the particulars of your message.
Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions.
Can not be used as a public tool for communication.
Less influential and can not be used everywhere.
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3. MEDIUMS OF COMMUNICATION
There are no of mediums of communication in which some popular mediums are:
Electronic media
Telecommunication
Information technology
Print media
Postal services
These medium are further divided into other modes which are:
Telegraph
Radio
Television
Telecommunication
Telephone
Mobile phones
Fax
Call centers
Satellites
Internet
Newspapers
Magazines
Newsletters
Mails
3.1 Electronic media:
Electronic media are media that utilize electronics orelectromechanical energy for the
end user(audience) to access the content.
Any equipment used in the electronic communication process (e.g.
television,
radio
telegraph) may also be considered electronic media.
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3.1.1 Uses of electronic media:
Electronic media devices have found their way into all partsThe term is relevant to media
ecology for studying it's impact compared to printed media and broadening the scope of
understanding media beyond a simplistic aspect of media such as one delivery platform
(e.g. the world wide web) aside from many other options of modern life.
Uses of electronic media can be seen in many setors of life because through it
communication purposes are done in short time and efficiently.
Journalism
News
Marketing
Advertising
Graphic Design
Education
Professional Training
Entertainment
Television
Video Games
Movies
Music
Telegraph:
The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. The
electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission of coded text
messages over wire.
Im this the codes are sent on a wire and then they are translated and the codes are
translated into spellings
In old times this mode of communication was considered very effective because in old
times it was fastest two sided communication device.
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Through this the global; communication was done in old times for nearly 29 years.
Because through this, the communication, was done between different continents because
it was considered fastest.
Radio:
Radio is the transmission of signals, by modulation ofelectromagnetic waves
with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means
of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.
Radio was one sided communication mean in past through which information was passed
to others but now even in Pakistan because of different FM channels people can also call
to radio and can communicate and can share information on radio.
Biggest advantage of Radio is, it is mobile so people can carry it wth them easily and can
listen to it anywhere.
Television:
Television (TV) is a widely used telecommunication medium for sending
(broadcasting) and receiving moving images, eithermonochromatic ("black and white")
orcolor,
3.2 Telecommunication:
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission ofsignals over a distance for the
purpose ofcommunication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke
signals, drums, semaphore, flags, Morse Code, orheliograph.
Following are telecommunication examples:
Telephone
Mobile phone
Fax
Call centres
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Telephone:
The telephone is a telecommunications device that is used to transmit and receive
sound, usually two people conversing but occasionally three or more. It is one of the most
common household appliances in the world today through which people can
communicate. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a
complex telephone networkwhich allows almost any phone user to communicate with
almost anyone.
By the end of 2006, there were a total of nearly 4 billion mobile and fixed line
subscribers and over 1 billion Internet users worldwide. This included 1.27 billion fixed
line subscribers and 2.68 billion mobile subscribers
this is easiest device to communication and to share communication in any part of world
Mobile phones:
The mobile phone (also called a wireless phone or cellular phone, is a short-range,
electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of
specialized base stations known as cell sites.
The Finnish government decided in 2005 that the fastest way to warn citizens of disasters
was the mobile phone network. In Japan, mobile phone companies provide immediate
notification ofearthquakes and othernatural disasters.
So we can say that now a days mobile phones are fastest mode of communication
Fax:
Fax (short for facsimile, from Latinfac simile, "make similar", i.e. "make a copy")
is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents,
especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word
telefax, short for telefacsimile, for "make a copy at a distance",
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Telemarketing:
Telemarketing is a method ofdirect marketing in which a salesperson solicits
to prospective customers to buy products orservices, either over the phone or through a
subsequent face to face orWeb conferencing appointment scheduled during the call.
Call centre:
A call centre is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and
transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone.
Print media:
Print media is a biggest part of communication.The two most common print
media are newspapers and magazines, but print media also include outdoor billboards,
transit posters, the yellow pages, and direct mail. Print media is important because it can
reach such a large audience, and the great number of specialized publications enable
businesses to focus in on a target audience with a specific set of characteristics.
Following print media is very popular:
News paper
Magazines
News letters
Yellow pages
Newspapers:
When deciding upon a newspaper in which to advertise, there are three physical
criteria to consider: distribution, size, and audience. Newspapers are either daily or
weekly, come in a standard or tabloid size, and reach nearly all of the reading public,
which is estimated to be around 85-90 percent of the population. Because of the broad
demographic reach of most newspapers it is difficult to target a specific audience;
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however, newspapers are effective in increasing awareness of a business' products and
services in a specific geographical area.
Magazines:
With magazines one can focus in on a specific target audieAudiences can be
reached by placing any news related to some class in magazines which have [a] well-
defined geographic, demographic, or lifestyle focus.
Newsletters:
A newsletter is a regularly distributed publication generally about one main topic
that is of interest to its subscribers. Newspapers and leaflets are types of
newsletters.General attributes of newsletters include news and upcoming events of the
related organization, as well as contact information for general inquiries.
3.3 Information technology
Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that
helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information.
Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that
the use of computers and information are associated.
Internet:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
interchange data by packet switching using the standardized Internet Protocol Suite
(TCP/IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of private and public,
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academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by
copperwires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies.
The Internet carries various information resources and services of communication
between people, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transferand file sharing, online
gaming, and the inter-linked hypertext documents and other resources of the World Wide
Web (WWW).
E-mail:
Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a store-
and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages overelectronic
communication systems.
Satellite:
In the context ofspaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into
orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to
distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon.
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of
telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use
geosynchronous orbits,Molniya orbits orLow Earth orbits.
Postal services:
Postal services are one of the oldest methods of communicating.
Through this people send mails and gifts to their relatives.
Postal services include:
- Couriers
Mail:
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Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects, wherein
written documents, typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages, are
delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is
called mail or post.
4.CONCLUSIONS
Communication is such an important and large part of our lives that encompasses
each moment of our existence. The latest innovations in technological communication
(digital and/or electronic) are wonderful tools and resources that can enhance our livesthrough the convenience of communication that is fast and efficient. Nonetheless, we
need to be conscious of the fact that we are human beings with emotions, feelings and
thoughts, unlike the digital electronic tools that enable us to communicate with anyone
anywhere around the world within seconds. Thus, the best form of communication, due to
our human nature, is face to face live verbal communication where we are able receive
the person, come to know them in their entirety, and have the benefit of more accurate
perceptions that can easily be misconstrued via e-mail or another of the many digital or
electronic technologies. Indeed, technology is a wonderful tool, but it is not an end to our
means. When we communicate in any way other than face to face (live) we lose that part
of the humanness that makes us unique and special to each other. We must never forget
our roots of communication and not allow digital or electronic forms of communication
to alienate us from each other. I realize that when we desire to communicate with
someone that is up north, in another province, or half way around the world, the most
practical means of communication is digitally or electronically. As I have mentioned
before, the more practically we use technology, the better technology will serve us and
our planet.
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Communicating in the right way is important.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Bonvillain, N. (1999). Language,culture and communication:the meaning of
messages. Engleswood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Knapp, M.L. & Hall, J.A. (2001). Nonverbal communication in human action.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
WEB-RESOURCES:
1. Wikipedia - The free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#References
This page was last modified on 5 December 2009 at 17:37.
Page accesed on 5 December 2009.
2. Open Encyclopedia
http://open-encyclopedia.com/Communication
This page was last modified on 3 December 2009 at 14:26.
Page accesed on 4 December 2009.
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