WRITING YOUR TERM PAPER

Using the

American Psychological Association Citation Style

Term Paper Format

• Margins should be at minimum 1” (one inch) on all sides.

• Preferred typefaces: Times New Roman, 12 pt, Courier, 12 pt,.

• Pages are numbered starting with title page, and including reference page.

• Each page must have a header consisting of one or two words and the page nuimber in the top-right-hand corner.

Term Paper Format• All lines, including titles and subtitles must

be double-spaced.

• Order of paper should be title page, text and references for papers of 9 pages or less. Include table of contents for papers of ten or more pages.

• In-text quotations of 40 words or more must be indented 10 spaces and without quotation marks.

SET-UP OF RESEARCH PAPER

• Cover Page

• Table of Contents (for papers of 10 pages or more)

• Body of Paper– Abstract– Introduction– Headings & Sub-headings

• References

COVER PAGECo-occurring Disorders 1

(Running Title)

C0-occurring Disorders in Addiction:Treatment Issues

Your Name

Human Services 298 CDonnalyn KaleiApril 27, 2004

Co-occurring Disorders 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents PageCover Page…………………………………………… 1Table of Contents…………………………………..... 2Abstract………………………………………………... 3Introduction………………………….......................... 3Treatment Issues for Adults………………………..... 4Treatment Issues for Male Adults…………………… 5Treatment Issues for Female Adults………………… 6Treatment For Youth………………………………….. 7Families of People with Co-occurring Disorders…… 8Best Practices………………………………………….. 9References……………………………………………. 10

ABSTRACT

• Summarizes the Paper• Example

– This paper explores the treatment issues that individuals with co-occurring disorders face when they enter substance abuse treatment. The paper will examine treatment issues of adults in general and as well as men, women, and youth respectively. In addition, this paper will also explore family issues that both individuals with co-occurring disorders and their families face in regards to compliance and non-compliance to treatment. Last, this paper with look at “Best Practices” used in the treatment of Co-occurring Disorders.

Beginning Your Paper

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The Review of the Literature is used if you

plan to review other research about a particular subject

Places the writer’s research in the context of previous research

Answers the research question For the purposes of this paper you do not

have to do a review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

• An introduction, unlike the abstract introduces the reader to your paper.

• It gets the reader interested in what they are about to read.

• It also contains the Thesis Statement at the bottom of the introduction.

INTRODUCTION AND THESIS STATEMENT

Very little information is available about individuals who abuse substances. Most believe that substance abusers use alcohol and/or other drugs because they choose to. What happens when a person is screened or assessed for substance abuse treatment and the results indicate that the individual has mental health issues in addition to substance abuse problems? What happens when the agency that screened or assessed this person does not provide services to persons with co-occurring disorders? To answer these questions, this paper will explore and examine treatment issues and services for individuals with co-occurring disorders.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS• APA Guidelines require that the writer give credit for ALL

information whether it is a direct quote or a paraphrase.• DIRECT QUOTES: You are required to give the following

information: author, year of publication and page number for any direct quote.– “Apes can gesture, but do not understand the grammatical

structure of American Sign Language” (Smith, 1994, p. 345).

• PARAPHRASES: You are only required to give the author and year of publication. However, it is suggested that you also provide the page number– It has been shown that apes do not actually understand

the syntax and structure of American Sign Language (Smith, 1994) OR (Smith, 1994, p. 345)

IN-TEXT CITATIONS• CITING SEVERAL DIFFERENT WORKS BY

DIFFERENT AUTHORS AT ONE TIME:– Organize information alphabetically by author’s last names, and

separate each with a semicolon (;). Put all names inside one set of parenthesis ( ).

– Several studies (Adams, 1996; Goldstein, 1994; Keahi, 1998 & Lovell, 1999) indicate that female inmates with mental illnesses lacked adequate mental health services in U.S. prisons and jails.

OR– Several studies indicate that female inmates with mental

illnesses lacked adequate mental health services in U.S. prisons and jails (Adams, 1996; Goldstein, 1994; Keahi, 1998; & Lovell, 1999).

IN-TEXT CITATIONS• CITING SEVERAL DIFFERENT WORKS BY

DIFFERENT AUTHORS AT ONE TIME:– Organize information alphabetically by author’s last names, and

separate each with a semicolon (;). Put all names inside one set of parenthesis ( ).

– Several studies (Adams, 1996; Goldstein, 1994; Keahi, 1998 & Lovell, 1999) indicate that female inmates with mental illnesses lacked adequate mental health services in U.S. prisons and jails.

OR– Several studies indicate that female inmates with mental

illnesses lacked adequate mental health services in U.S. prisons and jails (Adams, 1996; Goldstein, 1994; Keahi, 1998; & Lovell, 1999).

IN-TEXT CITATIONS• CITING PERSONAL INTERVIEWS:

PERSON TO PERSON– “All the prison doctors and nurses did to help me with my

depression was to give me high does of medication three times a day” (J. K. Meyers, personal interview, May 15, 2001).

BY TELEPHONE– “All the prison doctors and nurses did to help me with my

depression was to give me high does of medication three times a day” (J. K. Meyers, TTY conversation, May 15, 2001).

BY EMAIL– “All the prison doctors and nurses did to help me with my

depression was to give me high does of medication three times a day” (J. K. Meyers, personal email, May 15, 2001).

INTEXT CITATIONS

• Quotes of 40 OR MORE WORDS: Indent five spaces on separate line. Continue double space rule.

Mental health services for female inmates are unconscionably.

This issue is not known among the general public or our law makers.

According to Jackie Keahi (1998)

Female inmates seeking mental health services were systematically

turned away, given high doses of medication or told they had to wait

one or two months to see the psychiatrist. A few committed suicide,

some got into daily fights with other inmates and others just got sicker

and isolated themselves from everyone. (p. 15)

Words that Introduce Quotes or ParaphrasesThe following means the same a “says”

The author says . . . The author notes . . .

The author believes . . . The author observes . . .

The author comments . . . The author relates . . .

The author declares . . . The author remarks . . .

The author discusses . . . The author reports . . .

The author explains . . . The author reveals . . .

The author expresses . . . The author states . . .

The author mentions . . . The author acknowledges . . .

The author suggests . . . The author thinks . . .

The author points out . . . The author responds . . .

The research shows . . . The research confirms . . .

Examples• Dr. Billow says that being exposed to television violence at a

young age desensitizes children to violence in real life. • As the author notes, "In an ideal classroom, both gifted children

and learning disabled children should feel challenged." • Burdow believes that being able to write using proper English

grammar is an important skill. • Dr. Patel observes that "most people tend to respond well to

hypnotherapy." • We see this self doubt again in the second scene, when Agatha

comments, "Oh, times like this I just don't know whether I am right or wrong, good or bad."

• Goeff then relates that his childhood was "the time he learned to live on less than bread alone."

• The author declares, "All people, rich or poor, should pay the same taxes to the government."

Words that Introduce Quotes or Paraphrases Action Verbs

The author agrees . . .The author rejects . . .

The author argues . . . The author compares the two studies . . .

The author asserts . . . The author admits . . .

The author cautions . . . The author disputes . . .

The author emphasizes . . . The author contends . . .

The author insists . . . The author denies . . .

The author maintains . . . The author insists . . .

The author claims . . . The author endorses . . .

The author refutes . . . The author agrees . . .

Examples of Action Verbs• Despite criticism, Johnston agrees that smoking should be banned in all

public places. • The author argues that "subjecting non-smokers to toxic second-hand

smoke is not only unfair, but a violation of their right to a safe environment." • Vick asserts that "cigarette smoke is unpleasant, and dangerous." • The author cautions that "people who subject themselves to smoky bars

night after night could develop illnesses such as emphysema or lung cancer."

• Rosentrhaw emphasizes that "second-hand smoke can kill." • Still, tobacco company executives insist that they "were not fully aware of

the long term damages caused by smoking" when they launched their nationwide advertising campaign.

• Though bar owners disagree, Johnston maintains that banning smoking in all public places will not negatively affect bar business.

• Jefferson claims that banning smoking in public places will hurt America's economy.

Reference Format

• Reference List should be on separate page and numbered sequentially with rest of paper

• The title of the reference list page is References, which is centered in the middle of the top line

• Each entry should start on a new line• The references must be listed in alphabetical order or by

the first significant word if no author is listed• Do not indent the first line, but the second line must be

indented 5 spaces• Use one space after a colon, comma, semicolon or

period• When writing author’s names, use the author’s last

name, first initial and middle initial if any.

Reference Format

• If there is more than one author, use the ampersand (&) before the last author’s name

• Place the date of publication in parenthesis after the name information

• For book and article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title, and after the first word after a colon.

• Italicize the title of longer works, like books, magazines, newspapers, periodicals or journals that contain cited titles

• Include volume numbers as part of the title• Do not abbreviate publication months. Write out the full

month name• List all pages used, even if they are not continuous (32,

46-47)

Reference Format Books

(1 Author)

Clone, J.E. (1991). Learner’s grammar review. Washington,

DC: American Educational System.

(2 Authors)

Carrey, A., & Hollis, F., (1989) Fish and underwater life. Boston: Big Press.

(3 Authors)

Elliot, c., Hollis, F., & Katerdunk, S., (1990). Early water experience. New York: Howard Press.

Reference Format Books

(More than 3 authors)Elliot, C., Harvey, K., Silverman, E., & Mudd, J. (2000).

Fighting the winter blues. Philadelphia: Morgan Press.

(No author named)Writing strategies for first time writers (6th ed.). (1998).

Springfield, IL: Writers Association

(Edited Book)Giblets, K.N., & Homey, J.N. (Eds.). (1993). Children

behaviors: behavioral modifications and interventions. San Francisco: Jonessy-Blithum.

Reference Format

(Journal Article)

Buman, J.A. (1993). Finding ways to overcome college stress. Stress Reliever, 24, 12-16.

(Magazine Article)

Posher, N.I. (1992, October 24) How to budget your finances wisely. Washington Outlook, 14, pp.4-5.

(Encyclopedia or Dictionary)

Statton, B. (Ed). (1983). Idioms. The dictionary of deaf Culture (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 142 – 156). Washington Deaf Press.

Reference Format

(Internet articles)

Harris, P.(1998, July 14). The young generation. Seattle: Costal University. Retrieved June 5, 2000, from http://coastaluniversity.edu/younggen

(Internet article, no author)

Juror’s perceptions of the justice system. (1999, November 19). Washington, DC: American Justice: Retrieved June 9, 2000, from http://www.americanjustice.org

Reference Format

(Internet article, group author, with city of

publication, no publisher)

Central Intelligence Agency. (2000, March 14). Keeping our computers safe. Cryptology. Washington, DC: http://www.cia.com/cryptology