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THE PROCESS OF WRITING (PART TWO)
Once you have done your prewriting and written a first
draft, it is time for…
STEP 3: STRENGTHENING THE DRAFT
STRENGTHENING THE DRAFT
• AFTER YOU FINISH A DRAFT YOU SHOULD EVAUATE WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN.
• AT FIRST, FOCUS ON CONTENT RATHER THAN SPELLING OR GRAMMAR.
DEVELOPING INTRODUCTIONS• Your introduction should be lively
and interesting.
DEVELOPING INTRODUCTIONSThe example of an uninteresting
opening sentence from page 46:In this paper, I will attempt to show
the reader what kind of writer I am.
OPENING STRATEGIES• Your thesis should not be the first sentence; you
need a brief introduction before the thesis.• Tell a story that highlights the main point of
your paper.• Ask the main question your paper attempts to
answer or that will arouse the reader’s interest.• Define the important terms you will be using.• Create a comparison that will give your reader
a point of reference as you introduce new material.
• Highlight interesting, startling statistics or little known facts.
• Quote an expert on your topic.
INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE
After working on your Introduction, focus on:
BODY PARAGRAPHS
DEVELOPING BODY PARAGRAPHS
METHODS FOR ADDING DETAIL TO YOUR PARAGRAPHS
• Narration • Description• Example• Definition• Analogy• Comparison/contrast• Classification• Cause and effect
Let’s look at the examples of these methods on p.47-48
DEVELOPING BODY PARAGRAPHS
WITH BODY PARAGRAPHS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE UNITY OF:
• Organization• Tone• Point of View• Tense (Past Tense, Present Tense, etc.)
When you’ve developed your body paragraphs, move on to your
CONCLUSION
Frequently, the conclusion plays off the introduction in some way.
SOME CLOSING STRATEGIES (from pg. 49 in Fresh Takes)
• Direct your audience to take some
action.• Conclude the story you began in your
intro.• Tell a story that exemplifies your main
points.• Give a memorable quotation.• Ask a question and give a descriptive
answer.
WHAT TO AVOID IN YOUR CONCLUSION:
• Do not restate your thesis or summarize your main points if your paper is short.
• Do not state the obvious: “In this paper I have…”• Do not introduce a new idea or new information.• Do not apologize for the quality of your work.
STEP 3: POLISHING(EDITING) THE DRAFT
FOCUS ON 2 AREAS:• STYLISTIC ISSUES• GRAMMATICAL ERRORS, including
spelling and punctuation
POLISHING FOR STYLE:
LOOK AT THINGS LIKE:
• The first word in each sentence• Number of words per sentence• Sentence Type (Simple, Compound,
Complex)
POLISHING FOR STYLEYOU SHOULD STRIVE TO HAVE
VARIETY OF SENTENCE LENGTH, FIRST WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE, AND SENTENCE TYPE.
POLISHING FOR STYLE• You should also use transitional
words to help guide the readers by connecting one part of the essay to another.
• Let’s look at the chart on page 51:Instead of and,use:
Instead of because, use:
Instead of but, use:
furthermore therefore although
moreover consequently conversely
likewise hence in contrast
in addition accordingly otherwise
POLISHING FOR GRAMMAR• Look for errors you have made in the
past.• Use a peer editor.• Read your essay out loud!
STEP 5: PROOFREADING AS A FINAL STEP
AT THIS POINT YOU ARE ONLY LOOKING FOR MINOR GRAMMATICAL, MECHANICAL, OR SPELLING ERRORS.
PROOFING STRATEGIES • Focus on the line.• Touch text.• Read backwards.• Highlight phrases.• Increase size (zoom in on the computer screen).• Change font types.• Change font size.• Read aloud.• Re-see with fresh eyes.• Proof with peers.• Print it and annotate it.• Print it again.
Let’s look at the warning on page 54.
LASTLY, SET PRIORITIES FOR THE PROCESS:
1. Keep a portfolio of all drafts—you will have to turn all of these in!
2. Avoid procrastination—you can’t print your paper out and edit it if you are printing it 5 minutes before class.
SET PRIORITIES FOR THE PROCESS:
3. Take a break—put it aside and come back to it.
4. Remember Murphy’ Law: Whatever can go wrong, will. Don’t wait until right before class to print your paper!
Let’s look at the exercises on pages 56-57.