Upload
-ted-knoy
View
244
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
1/67
Writing Effective Work Proposals
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
2/67
Writing an effective work proposal
comprises the following parts:
Outlining the work proposal (part one): the background
():
Outlining the work proposal (part two): the action():
Writing the problem statement
Writing the hypothesis statement
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
3/67
Writing the abstract (part one): briefly introducing the
background, objective and methodology (
):, Writing the abstract (part two): summarizing the anticipated
results of the project and its overall contribution to a
particular field ():
Writing the work proposal
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
4/67
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
5/67
( example 1 ) Setting of work proposalOwing to
their lowest density among all metallic structural materials,magnesium alloys are highly promising for their diverse use in
the automotive, railway, aerospace, computer, communications
and consumer electronics industries. Work problem
However, these alloys have a low formability near room
temperature and are more expensive than plastics, aluminum,
steel and cast iron. Quantitative specification of problem
A situation in which the formability near room
temperature does not reach 20% elongation Importance of
problem limits commercial applications ofmagnesium and its alloys.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
6/67
(example 2 )Setting of work proposal
Process capability index is a highly effective means of
evaluating process performance. Work problem
However, conventional process capability indices can not
measure a non-normal distribution process accurately.
Quantitative specification of problemThe
inability to measure a non-normal distribution processaccurately Importance of problem leads to
error when comparing processes or selecting an
alternative supplier.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
7/67
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
8/67
(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal
Predicting the amount of residuals in ground watercontaminants has been extensively studied. Work problem
However, uncertain and insufficient hydrology
data make it impossible to accurately predict their
amount.Quantitative specification of problemAn error rate exceeding 20% Importance of problem
falls below R.O.C. environmental protection
standards.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
9/67
( example 5 ) Setting of work proposal An
increasing number of wafer fabs use a control chart to detect
assignable causes, making it extremely difficult for engineers to
effectively control the wafer process.Work problem
However, conventional control charts are designed for
manufacturing systems with only one source of variation, makingit impossible to control several independent sources of variation.
Importance of problemUsing such charts often leads
to ineffective and futile searches for assignable causes, thus
expending a considerable amount of manpower and capital.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
10/67
(example 6 ) Setting of work proposal
Consumer demand on the water supply in southern
Taiwan has significantly increased in recent years owing
to population and industrial growth, as well as elevated
living standards. Work problem Although the
reservoir supply in southern Taiwan can satisfy the
current water demand, increasing demands will soonsurpass the reservoirs capabilities. Importance of
problem Therefore, the lack of an effective
water distributed strategy for current reservoirs will lead
to frequent water shortages in southern Taiwan.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
11/67
Outlining the work proposal (parttwo): the action():Consider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
12/67
(example 1 ) Work objective Based on the above,
we should develop a process capability index that adopts the
Clementsand Bootstrap methods to overcome such obstacles.
Anticipated resultsUsing Clementsmethod, theprocess capability index proposed herein can evaluate a non-
normal distribution process using conventional indices.
Additionally, by applying the Bootstrap confidence interval
estimator, the proposed process capability index can decreasethe error from sampling.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
13/67
Contribution to field Importantly, the
proposed process capability index allows engineers
without a statistical background to make decisionseasily and quickly when comparing manufacturing
processes or selecting an alternative supplier.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
14/67
(example 2 )Work objective Based on the
above, we should design an optimization model capableof effectively managing water resources for current
reservoirs in order to decrease the probability of water
shortages.Anticipated results The proposed
model can accurately reflect how multi-objectivescompete with each other and estimate the available
releases of multi-reservoirs, which is in contrast to
conventional water resource management models that
can not simultaneously do both. Contribution to field
Thus, the proposed optimization model can
provide a valuable reference for governmental authorities
when drawing up water resource-related management
strategies.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
15/67
(example 3 ) Work objectiveBased on the above, weshould develop an efficient response surface method capable ofoptimizing ordered categorical data process parameters sincesetting the process parameters in a continuous level leads tooptimization of the location and dispersion effects. Anticipated
resultsThe proposed method can more accuratelyestimate the location effect and dispersion effect of anoptimization procedure than conventional methods when solving
problems related to ordered categorical data quality. Contributionto fieldAdditionally, the proposed method contains
an optimization procedure with simplified calculations in orderedcategorical data for engineers.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
16/67
(example 4 ) Work objectiveBased on the
above, we should develop a processing method capable
of producing materials in a required shape at a relatively
low cost directly from wrought products. Anticipated
resultsThe proposed processing method can
increase the elongation of magnesium alloys by over
20% through means of significantly reducing costs andtime.Contribution to fieldThus, the
proposed processing method can significantly
contribute to the role of magnesium alloys in the market
of structural materials.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
17/67
(example 5 ) Work objectiveBased on the above,we should construct an efficient quality control process
capable of detecting assignable causes concealed behindmultiple characteristics and multiple readings in amanufacturing system with several sources of variation.Anticipated results The quality control processcan markedly reduce the number of false alarms incurred
by assignable causes , thus saving considerable manpowerand capital. In addition, the quality control process
proposed herein can appropriately detect small shifts inproduction phase and identify different sources ofvariation.Contribution to fieldIn doing so, an
engineer can rapidly adjust the manufacturing system tosolve related problems and enhance wafer quality.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
18/67
(example 6 )Work objective Based on the above. we
should develop an efficient hypothesis testing procedure for
PCIS, capable of assessing the performance of operational cycle
time (OCT) and delivery time (DT) for VLSI. Anticipated results
The proposed procedure can monitor the OTC and
delivery times to enhance the competitiveness of suppliers.
Contribution to fieldThe proposed procedure can be
used to construct a testing procedure of PCIs of OCT and DT for
suppliers.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
19/67
Writing the problem statementConsider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
20/67
( example 1 )Setting of work proposal
Engineers heavily emphasize applicability and the accuracy
when using a process capability index to evaluate how aprocess performs. Work problemHowever, using
conventional process capability indices to evaluate a non-
normal distribution process often leads to inaccurate results.
Additionally, calculating a point estimator with samplingdata leads to inaccurately estimating the process capability
index of process population. Although sampling more data
can increase the accuracy of an estimator, such an approach
would be costly and time consuming.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
21/67
Importance of problemAbove limitations
would cause engineers to to error when comparing
manufacturing processes or selecting an alternative
supplier. Project need Therefore, a process
capability index must be developed that adopts the
Clements and Bootstrap methods to overcome these
obstacles.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
22/67
(example 2 ) Setting of work proposal Owing to their lowest density among all metallic structural
materials, magnesium alloys are highly promising for their
diverse use in the automotive, railway, aerospace,
computer, communications and consumer electronics
industries. Work problemHowever, these alloys
have a low formability near room temperature and are
more expensive than plastics, aluminum, steel and cast iron.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
23/67
Quantitative specification of problem A
situation in which the formability near room temperaturedoes not reach 20% elongation Importance of problem
limits commercial applications of magnesium
and its alloys. Project needA processing method
must therefore be developed, capable of producing
materials in a required shape at a relatively low costdirectly from wrought products.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
24/67
(example 3 )Setting of work proposalEnterprises trade with each other by carefully considering
business ratings to reduce investment risks. Work problem
However, conventional mathematic models have
difficulty in discriminating between multiple ranks.
Quantitative specification of problemA
prediction accuracy of only 60% among departed modelsImportance of problemexposes traders to
unnecessarily high risks. Project needTherefore,
a flexible and accurate neural network structure must be
developed that applies artificial intelligence in fuzzy theoryto business ratings and bankruptcy prediction.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
25/67
(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal Demands on
the water supply in Taiwan have skyrocketed owing to the island's
increasing population and elevated living standards.Work problem
Eventually, the current reservoir supply will be insufficient if
current demands from personal and industrial use persist. Importance
of problemConsequently, this surging demand will lead
to the increased drilling of new wells to locate groundwaterresources, which is extremely expensive. Project needAn
optimal operating model must therefore be developed, capable of
choosing an effective monitor well to adequately control a
groundwater system.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
26/67
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
27/67
Importance of problemUsing such charts
often leads to ineffective and futile searches for assignablecauses, thus wasting a considerable amount of manpower
and capital. Project need Therefore, an efficient
quality control process must be developed, capable of
detecting assignable causes concealed behind multiple
characteristics and multiple readings in a manufacturing
system with several sources of variation.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
28/67
(example 6 ) Setting of work proposal
Predicting the amount of residuals of ground watercontaminants has been extensively studied. Work
problemHowever, their amount cannot be
predicted accurately Quantitative specification of
problemwhen errors exceeding 20% ascaused by uncertain and insufficient hydrology data
make it impossible to accurately predict their amount.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
29/67
Importance of problemAn error rate exceeding
20% falls below R.O.C. environmental protectionstandards. Project need Therefore, a NAPL
simulator model must be developed that contains several
parameters acquired by experimental data.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
30/67
Writing the hypothesis statement
Consider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
31/67
(example 1 ) Objective of work proposalAn
appropriate evaluation model capable of selectingnaturalgas bus brands can be developed. Methodology to achieve
objective To do so, natural gas bus
brands can be selected via the proposed model by
performing cost effectiveness analysis. Each criterion can
also be evaluated under cost and effectiveness categories.Two methodologies of multiple attribute decision making
(MADM), technique for order preference by similarity to
ideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy process
(AHP), can then be used to rank all viable alternatives tobus systems from a complete perspective.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
32/67
Anticipated resultsAs anticipated, the ranking
methodology can provide a more objective outcome withweights of related decision groups than other ones. The
ranking methodology can also provide a more flexible
procedure in terms of an outcome's complexity. Moreover,
the ranking outcome can allow decision makers to identifythe order preferences between alternatives. Contribution to
field The proposed model can also evaluate
how cost and effectiveness of all viable alternatives to bus
systems are related. Furthermore, the proposed model can
provide a valuable reference for government when
selecting the brands of bus systems.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
33/67
(example 2 ) Objective of work proposalThe
critical behavior of a binary symmetrical mixture can be
elucidated using the collective variables method.Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do so,
a functional of the grand partition function of the model of a
binary symmetrical mixture can be constructed in the vicinity
of the vapor-liquid and mixing-demixing critical point.Calculating the grand partition function can then be reduced
to that of the partition function of a three-dimensional Ising
model in an external field. Next, for a hard-sphere square-
well symmetrical binary mixture, the thermodynamic
characteristics can be calculated as a function of microscopicparameters.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
34/67
Anticipated results As anticipated, adopting
the collective variables method can allow us to quantify thenon-universal critical characteristics of hard-sphere square-
well binary symmetrical mixture. Contribution to field
Moreover, the proposed method can reveal how
thermodynamic functions depend on microscopicparameters in the vicinity of binary symmetrical mixture
critical points, thus clarifying how microscopic parameters
influence macroscopic critical behavior.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
35/67
(example 3 ) Objective of work proposal
The RSOE mechanism can be investigated and, based on that data, atheoretical model can be constructed. Methodology to achieve
objective To do so, the preliminaryexperimental data can be obtained by measuring voltage-current
characteristics (VIC), voltage-capacity characteristic (VCC) and
capacity-modulated spectra for barrier structures at differentirradiation doses. The needed parameters can then be derived from
the data obtained. Additionally, the Hall investigations can be
undertaken to considerbulk effects. The changes of parameters can
be analyzed and synthesized as well.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
36/67
Anticipated results As anticipated, low-dose
radiation processes can be clarified and the II-VI barrierstructures parameters can be achieved as well.Contribution
to fieldThus, the range/number of the RSOE
objects can be increased and the RSOE mechanisms can be
distinguished.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
37/67
(example 4 ) Objective of work proposalA
GIS-based architecture containing an automatic reporting
service through handheld mobile devices can be designed.
Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do
so, GPS module can be used to obtain the coordinate of
the PDA user. The coordinate can then be transmitted tothe back-end server through a wireless network and used
as the filter to query the database. Next, query results can
be sent back to the PDA, triggering an event to inform the
PDA user.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
38/67
Anticipated results As anticipated, the novel
architecture can automatically page PDA users through
their handheld mobile devices when desired informationbecomes available. Moreover, the architecture allows PDA
users to access information with their geographic position
functioning as a filter.Contribution to field
Furthermore, the architecture proposed herein canhopefully reach commercialization in PDA software.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
39/67
Writing the abstract (part one):
briefly introducing the background, objective and
methodology( ):,Consider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
40/67
(example 1 )Setting of work proposal A
decision-making environment is increasingly complex,
Work problem accounting for why conventional
evaluation models are concerned only with economic
factors and neglect those factors that can not be evaluated
by money. Such negligence may lead not only to anincomplete evaluation, but also to selection of an
inappropriate scheme by decision makers. Work objective
Therefore, this study presents a novel evaluation model
capable of selecting natural gas bus brands.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
41/67
Methodology to achieve objectiveNaturalgas bus brands are selected via the model by performing cost
effectiveness analysis. Each criterion is also evaluated under cost
and effectiveness categories. Two methodologies of multiple
attribute decision making (MADM), technique for order preference
by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy
process (AHP), are then used to rank all viable alternatives to bus
systems from a complete perspective.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
42/67
(example 2 ) Setting of work proposal
Despite their extensive use in solving problems related to
ordered categorical data quality, Work problemconventional scored methods are unnecessarily complex
and inaccurate in terms of estimating the dispersion effect.
Work objectiveTherefore, this work develops an
efficient response surface method capable of optimizingordered categorical data process parameters since setting
the process parameters in a continuous level leads to
optimization of the location and dispersion effects.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
43/67
Methodology to achieve objectiveThis
novel method with simplified calculations in mean and
standard deviation of ordered categorical responses is used
to estimate the location and dispersion effects.
Additionally, regression models are used to correlate the
location effect in terms of the controlled factor levels with
the dispersion effect in terms of the controlled factor levels.
An optimal level combination of process parameters is alsoobtained using the dual response surface methodology.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
44/67
(example 3 ) Setting of work proposalAlthough process
quality and delivery time have received increasing emphasis in
industry, Work problem conventional process capability
indices (PCIs) are unable not only to objectively assess quality and
delivery time but also to identify how PCIs and yield rate are related.
Work objective Therefore, this work presents an efficient
hypothesis testing procedure for PCIs, capable of assessing theperformance of operational cycle time (OCT) and delivery time (DT)
for VLSI.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
45/67
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
46/67
(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal Whileionizing irradiation stimulates material damage, the radiation-stimulated
ordering effect (RSOE) is found in various materials. For instance, low-
dose electron and X-ray irradiation enhance parameters in III-V and Si.
Work problemHowever, the RSOE mechanisms in II-VI
semiconductors remain unknown, thus making it impossible toimplement process applications capable of increasing the efficiency of
barrier structures. Work objective Therefore, this workinvestigates RSOE in II-VI semiconductors and constructs a related
model
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
47/67
. Methodology to achieve objective
Voltage-current characteristics (VIC), voltage-capacitycharacteristic (VCC) and capacity-modulated spectra for
barrier structures are measured at various irradiation doses,
thus providing the preliminary experimental data. Based on
that data, the control parameters are then derived.Following Hall experiments to consider bulk effects, the
parametric changes are analyzed and synthesized.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
48/67
Writing the abstract (part two):summarizing the anticipated results of the
project and its overall contribution to a
particular field():Consider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
49/67
(example 1 ) Main resultsTheoretical results
indicate that the proposed model clarifies dielectric
phenomena manifesting itself in the sequence of phase
transition and disappearance of the ferroelectric phase
under hydrostatic pressure.Contribution to field
Results in this study demonstrate that the proposedmodel accurately describes systems with more than two
equilibrium positions on a site, thereby extending
conventional order-disorder models to a wider class of
materials.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
50/67
(example 2 ) Main resultsAnalytical results
indicate that the proposed method can be used to estimate the
marginal dimension of an order parameter, thus corresponding
to experimental data found in pertinent literature.Contribution
to fieldMoreover, applyingseveral theoretical
renormalization group methods for obtaining of marginaldimension estimation, in addition to the currently available
one in previous literature, yields accurate results for a weakly
diluted O (m)model, thus providing a complete picture of its
critical behavior.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
51/67
(example 3 ) Main results Experimental
results indicate that the proposed method accurately
estimates the location effect and dispersion effect of an
optimization procedure in terms of solving problems
related to ordered categorical data quality. Contribution to
fieldMoreover, the proposed method provides
an optimization procedure with simplified calculations in
ordered categorical data for engineers.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
52/67
(example 4 ) Main resultsExperimental results
demonstrate the feasibility of using the studied PCIs to
investigate and evaluate the suppliersperformance of DT
and OCT, thus forming the basis of assessing and choosing
suppliers. Contribution to field Moreover,
PCIs can be used in uniform standards to assess the
performance of DT and OCT for VLSI.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
53/67
Writing the work proposal
Consider the following examples:
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
54/67
(example 1 )Setting of work proposalWiththe global trend of dividing work of products and a shorter product life
cycle, the build to order(BTO) model is gradually replacing the buildto forecast(BTF) model. Process quality and delivery time have
received increasing emphasis in the highly competitive electronics
industry. Additionally, many statisticians and engineers such as Kane,
Kotz, and Pearn et al. have proposed process capability indices(PCIs)
to assess the effectiveness of a process.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
55/67
Work problemAlthough quality performance
has received considerable attention and many evaluation
methods have been developed, manufacturing and
delivery time have seldom been discussed. Additionally,
conventional process capability indices (PCIs) are unable
not only to objectively assess quality and delivery time but
also to identify how PCIs and conforming rate of DT andOCT are related. Utilizing point estimators of the PCIs is
generally an inaccurate means of estimating the real PCIs
for suppliers.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
56/67
Importance of problemTherefore, the lack of
an effective performance index and an objective testing
procedure will lead to inefficiency and a high overhead
cost. Furthermore, if firms do not perform well in terms of
quality and delivery, they will lose their market
competitiveness. The outcome will also delay the
scheduling of firms production, even damaging the
advantage of some customers.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
57/67
Work objectiveBased on the above, we should
construct an effective performance index (PCIs) and develop an
objective hypothesis testing procedure for PCIs, capable ofassessing the performance of operational cycle time (OCT) and
delivery time (DT) for VLSI. Quality performance index is also
used to assess the performance indices of operational cycle time
and delivery time of VLSI.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
58/67
Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do
so, the PCIs of OCT and DT can be defined and, then, the
UMVU (uniformly minimum variance) estimators of thestudied PCIs can be derived under the assumption of a
normal distribution. Next, the above estimators can be used
to construct the one-to-one relationship between the PCIs
and conforming rate of DT (or OCT). Finally, a hypothesis
testing procedure of PCIs can be developed.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
59/67
Anticipated resultsAs anticipated, thishypothesis testing procedure allows firms to assess the
performance indices of operation cycle time (OCT) and
delivery time (DT) of VLSI, thereby increasing thecompetitiveness of suppliers. Based on the performance
indices of operational cycle time (OCT) and delivery time
(DT), the corresponding tables of the excessive time limit
rate of OCT are also provided for manufacturing VLSI andDT based on a supplier's schedule. These tables confirm
the required performance index (i.e.PCIs) value for
manufacturers. Moreover, the hypothesis testing
procedure of performance index is adopted to assess
whether the performance of OCT and DT satisfies the
firms requirements.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
60/67
Contribution to fieldThis work can provide a
testing procedure of PCIs of OCT (DT) and the
corresponding table of PCIs versus conforming rate of DT
and OCT for suppliers. In addition to investigating the
performance of operational cycle time(OCT) of an
individual manufacturing step for VLSI, the testing
procedure can be used to assess the delivery time on
schedule to satisfy customer requirements.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
61/67
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
62/67
Work problem Conventional evaluation models
are generally concerned only with economic factors and
neglect factors that can not be evaluated by money.
However, large investment programs have many intangible
factors that can not be valued, such as the satisfaction of
related groups and potential environmental impacts. In
addition to an economic criterion, for example, whenevaluating different brands of a bus system, many criterion
are still available such as the level of pollution made by
bus and the driving abilities of a bus.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
63/67
Importance of problem Adopting theconventional models likely causes decision makers to
select an inappropriate scheme. For governmental
investment decisions, implementing an inappropriate
scheme will incur large social costs and loss of resources.
Work objective Based on the above, we shoulddevelop an efficient evaluation model capable of selecting
natural gas bus brands. This model allows us to evaluate an
appropriate number of criteria under cost and effectiveness
categories.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
64/67
Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do
so, natural gas bus brands can be selected via the model by
performing cost effectiveness analysis. Each criterion can
also evaluated under cost and effectiveness categories.
Two methodologies of multiple attribute decision making
(MADM), technique for order preference by similarity toideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy process
(AHP), can then be used to rank all viable alternatives to
bus systems from a complete perspective.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
65/67
Anticipated results As anticipated, the
proposed model can evaluate exactly how cost and
effectiveness of all viable alternatives to bus systems are
related. The evaluation results can provide us not only
with economic information on all viable alternatives to bus
systems, but many other comparative situations.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
66/67
Contribution to field The proposed model can
also provide a valuable reference for government when
selecting the brands of bus systems. The ranking
methodology can provide a more objective outcome with
weights of related decision groups than other ones. The
ranking methodology can also provide a more flexibleprocedure in terms of an outcome's complexity. Moreover,
the ranking outcome can allow decision makers to identify
the order preferences between alternatives.
8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )
67/67
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw/