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Graduate Wri+ng Help | Student Learning Services
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Wri$ng a Literature Review Part Two: Organizing the Literature Copyright ©Heather McWhinney, 2017 Graduate Wri;ng Help Specialist, Student Learning Services
Graduate Wri+ng Help | Student Learning Services
Library.usask.ca/studentlearning
Learning Outcomes for Part Two
By the end of this presenta+on, you should be able to:
o Organize the literature and your own ideas.
o Choose a thema+c organiza+on for your review.
o Create a consistent heading structure for your literature review.
o Begin your literature review with an introductory paragraph that acts as a road map for your reader.
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Overview of Screencast (Part Two)
1. Organizing the literature that you find.
2. Using a chart to organize the literature.
3. Using a thema+c organiza+on for your review.
4. Crea+ng a flowchart to map your outline.
5. Crea+ng a consistent heading structure.
6. Wri+ng an effec+ve introductory paragraph.
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Organizing the Literature That You Find
o Use a system that allows you to collect, organize and cite PDF files.
o Mendeley or Zotero are a good choice: they have many op+ons for organizing your PDF files.
o With Mendeley and Zotero, you can annotate PDF files and add your own tags and notes.
o There are many YouTube videos that show you how to set up these systems.
o See your department’s research librarian for help finding and organizing informa+on.
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Organizing Your Ideas
o Organize your ideas in a way that makes sense for your purpose, research ques+ons and objec+ves.
o Use a chart to reveal connec+ons between studies and your research ques+ons.
o Find an organizing principle for the chart that works for your purpose, research ques+ons and objec+ves.
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Possible Organizing Principles For Your Chart
o research findings
o approaches or perspec+ves
o causes of or reasons for something
o methodology
o models
o design problems
o arguments and counterarguments
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Par$al Sample Chart Used to Organize the Literature
Paper WriGen Correc$ve Feedback Improves Accuracy (WCF)
Design Strength of Argument/Conclusion
Ferris (1999, 2004)
Yes: Impact of individual differences affects who benefits
No control group in either study Without control group, weak conclusion
Truscoa (1999, 2004) No: WCF interferes with the natural acquisi+on of a second language; encourages students to use simple language to avoid errors; too much aaen+on on form affects content.
No control group in either study Diao
Bitchener & Knoch (2010) Yes: WCF improves accuracy Control group Strong conclusion (see p. 45)
Li & Li (2012) Yes: WCF improves accuracy, but depends on mo+va+on to learn
Case study research (no control group)
Weak conclusion
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Planning Your Literature Review
o Use a system that allows you to reorder your ideas.
o U of S Professor Ron Cooley suggests using PowerPoint slides because you can sort them with the “slide sorter” func+on.
o Consider colour coding to help separate ideas and evidence into themes and to show rela+onships among studies.
o To avoid plagiarism, use a system to iden+fy direct quota+ons and sentences and paragraphs that you have paraphrased.
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Using a Thema$c Organiza$on
o The best way to organize your literature review is by trend, theme or topic
o Ron Cooley suggests thinking of the organiza+on of a literature review like Russian “nes+ng” dolls.
o Start with large themes and ideas, inside which are nested sub-‐themes and components.
o The sub-‐themes may emerge as you write your first drai.
o Another way to conceptualize a thema+c organiza+on is as a hierarchical flow chart.
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Sample Organiza$onal Flowchart or Map
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION MAIN THEME
SUB-THEME
SUB-SUB THEME
MAIN THEME
SUB-THEME
SUB-SUB THEME
SUB-THEME
SUB-SUB THEME
MAIN THEME
SUB-THEME
MAIN THEME SUMMARY
Adapted from ReasoningLab: Tools for cri;cal thinking, wri;ng and decision making. (n.d.). Retrieved from hap://www.reasoninglab.com/research-‐on-‐essay-‐wri+ng-‐with-‐ra+onale/
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Crea$ng a Consistent Heading Structure
o Before you begin to write your literature review, consider the heading scheme you plan to use.
o I suggest you use a numbered system like the one on the next slide.
o This system will help you keep track of your themes and sub-‐themes as you write your drais.
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Organizing Your Heading Structure (con&nued) 1. Introduc+on to Literature Review
2. Main Heading (First theme)
2.1 Second-‐level heading (First sub-‐theme)
2.2 Second-‐level heading (Second sub-‐theme)
2.2.1 Third-‐level heading (Point about second sub-‐theme)
2.2.1.1 Fourth-‐level heading
3. Main Heading (and sub-‐headings)
4. Main Heading (and sub-‐headings)
5. Conclusion to Literature Review
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Organizing Your Heading Structure (con&nued)
o Your headings should be organized logically for your research ques+ons.
o Consider beginning your literature review with an introductory paragraph that acts as a road map for the reader.
o In a long literature review, consider beginning the major sec+ons with an introductory paragraph with a road map.
o Consider concluding the literature review with a summary.
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Introduc$on to a Student’s Literature Review This review analyzes the knowledge, debates and challenges in the literature on snowmelt infiltra+on process in seasonally frozen ground. The review is organized into four themes that reflect my research objec+ves. First, I will review what is known about snow cover’s characteris+cs and behavior in seasonally frozen ground. Because my research focuses specifically on the movement and storage of water, I will next review knowledge about hydrological processes in this type of ground. … The third theme focuses on snowmelt processes and infiltra+on in frozen ground affected by near-‐surface radia+on and subsurface heat transfer into the soil. Finally, I will discuss knowledge about the simula+on of complex snowmelt behavior, including snowmelt infiltra+on and freeze and thaw processes. This final sec+on will also iden+fy the research gap, as well as challenges that need to be addressed.
Courtesy of a former student
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Summary
o Find a method that works for you to bring together the literature that you find and your own ideas.
o A chart can help you organize your literature and comment on it. Mendeley and other similar systems can help.
o Your literature review should be organized thema+cally.
o A flowchart can help you map your thema+c organiza+on.
o Your literature review should use a consistent heading structure.
o It is a good idea to write an introductory paragraph that acts as a road map to your literature review for the reader.
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