Worldly Sources of Rule and Exception in Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin

7/29/2019 Worldly Sources of Rule and Exception in Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin

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diacritics / summerfall 2007 121

Politics is a MushrooMWorldly sources of

rule and excePtion in

carl schMitt and Walter BenjaMin

Kam Shapiro

Lfe s nt us gwng ut f det.

c sm, Te Vsblty f te Cuc

T slte det f lfe, nt levng te ne nttely wven n te te,nd ec ne enteng nt te tes dstts s wt ne ust neve d.

j-l n,Lntus1

c sm p w b p w ggg q

pp mm, mm, m, w g-

b. i wg, p c ppv g w p-

p b , p p,

mm gwg . y w c

, w, w. W p v

-g, mb pp vg mpw mp m - . i pltcl Telgy (1922), mp m-gvg pw

vg v v. lw, g, w-

m p mz, vg p

g [13]. i Te Css f plenty Deccy

(1923) Schmitt retained his theological terms: A scientic study of democracy must

bg w p p i v p g [32]. i m

g, m pw (uv cnsttunt) p w G

b , m m mg. dm

w-m b bm p b, sm w, [. . .]

p pw, w m m pp w, m ppwill in the rst place [Css 28]. a v m w p-

m vg, mm g bk r

w-kw m [ p. c hg]. t gg gp bw

a transcendent (ideal or ctive) will in whose name political power acts, and the bounded,

m m, b g vb g. a

i g, wv, k r m g on

te Scl Cntct v m bw p b

immanent sources of afliation, on the one hand, and various agents and techniques of

p pw w mb m v w, , w

i te vtul nd te vtusc.2 After briey exploring this dynamic in Rousseaus

1. i tnk isbell Wnkle f dectng e t ts ssge.

2. Ts s vsnl ttle f nte wk n gess.

dctcs 37.23: 12134


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122

on te Scl Cntct, i w gg m m wk sm Wm

wg, mg : clex stu (1923), m

(1923), pm pp m (1927), g p

on the rst. Contrary to familiar readings of Schmitts metaphysical exceptionalism,

i g sm, r, p pw mv

m vm, pp vg v

w .3 f, i w i m v, v

m bw, g W Bm p vg wmkg w pvg v gg v b-m. a i g, Bm

p m w m , b

mz .

russeuantctng te pele

i Scl Cntct, r m p m g w

m, g sm, w . i mgg pp pp

mm p, w m , w v bm ; p, w b -

, w v p v g ; m w

v b p w w g bm b m w [r 69]. a

r g, m g w mm

pp, , g w v . t k

g w gm g lg. t lg

m b b mp b , b g m , mkg m

v p, m v z g,

g, p w [68]. hw lg g m ?

a r w mp, M g w , b [un et dge] g [52]. W , w

? i g pb pp , r

g, rpb pp g [69]. h

p, g mm b () [48],

w w () . W m w w pk

vg w gg pp w w b

[] [. . .] k w mpb

gg pp [69]. h, lg m -

, w w v w v p w vg, m,

g. t , m bg b m v w b

mv b m p [6970].

a r gz, v p

p g p, mk G pk b b-

v w m p [70]. n

m pk Pp. i w m lg g

[70]? a r gg, lg b p w

p p p w w pvg

b . rg , mp, w -

g , w, hbb b bv, w v b

m p [hbb 74]. t lg, k G, w

3. my guent s e extensvely develed n Carl Schmitt and the Intensication of

P.


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knows all passions but experiences noneis presented not with a xed human nature

( hbb m, ), b v , v, -

p b m, pp, m. t w

v m w v mg pp

w v b ppb [72]. i m

bw vg p v p

gzg w w w mb m, i te vtul nd te

vtusc. M m w Bg v bb G dz B Mm, wm m p p-

m g pb, p

g gv vpm [. Mm].

r p pv . h w, j

g w b w, pb gm b p

[123]. j w p p gz p mm,

p p v pp pvg, mz,

m . t b, m bg b pp

p, m , b p m p, -

v [123]. t , k g, wk m b [gle] [pb] gm [124].4 cp m m b

pvg p m bg p [. . .] mm v b mg m w

[124]. a mp , r m

, w, m m kgm f, w

b b mp w Kg: a w v

w pp . t gm, pg [vennt] pb,

determined it at once [124]. Amplied by declaration, public shame crosses a threshold

w bm v, mg v m p-

. t lg, , b p m v w. h

gm p v, mg -.5

Cl ScttCbnng ostes

In which religious or secular sources does Schmitt nd grounds for supralegal authority,

w ? sm p m p -

ten oversimplied, read as a defense of the autonomy of a sovereign who produces social

mg. hwv, w pltcl Telgy, sm b

m m m g, w b v g,

v, m b w vg ( -

) g b, , . t g m p rn

Ctlcs nd pltcl F (1923), w g pp

b p b v g . a i w g, wv,

v g sm m, Te Cncet f te pltcl,

gg p , b pv

( ) vg p g .

irn Ctlcs nd pltcl F (1923), sm g c

c ( b mp c c P) w pb

4. i dfy mstess tnsltn ee, wc gves g s egulte te tn settle.

Cf. Jen-Jcques russeu, c pp pq.

5. i tke te lnguge f te vtul f Glles Deleuze. Bn mssu descbes te vtul

n tes f ncence [see mssu].


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Flyer (2007)


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g gm . h p gg

w p p mp kg g

p. t c, m, w p clex stu (mb-

mp pp), v m cncdent stu, p

b n c b v g pp. f

c, pp vv g m, b

k wb v v q p G.6

sm b g c c, w pv v p m w mg vg .

cg B p rm, sm b b c -

mp [rn Ctlcs 8]. i p mp b mb

b v , m (d c)

(P P). ag sm, c clex p

g mp b g p :

Te unn f ntteses extends t te ultte sc-syclgcl ts f u-

n tves nd ecetns. Te e s clled te Fte; te Cuc s te

mte f Beleves nd te Bde f Cst. Ts s velus unn f te -tcl nd te tcl, ble t dect bt stes f te st eleentl

clexes nd nstnctsesect f te fte nd lve f te tetwd

re. hs tee eve been evlt gnst te te? Ulttely, st -

tnt s tt ts ltless bguty cbnes wt te st ecse dgts

nd wll t decsn s t culntes n te dctne f l nfllblty. [r-

n Ctlcs 8]

M f mpp p m

family, Schmitt identies a parallel conation of sexual difference in both social and

p mp. B v p m mp clex stu, pp g vg b mb

mp mb m. t c

mpg gz

m gvg v v.

t w , w mb sm

mp pp G g w g m w k

m p g g g

le. i w m wk W Bm, w G-

p neu b w Kbb. a , w, mp

m, w g q m c .

W vg b pltcl Telgy was gured as an

g g, b sm b rn Ctlcs

nd pltcl F w p m, v

stream that culminates in a fund of legitimate authority (a metaphor of conuence that

q wg). n p m vv v g w

k q g pw. t p bg , b

p w w ets b [rn C-

tlcs 17]. s m, w m, vg m. y, , sm

g b vv mm

6. F tu t wee seec, sgt, nd undestndng e te se, nd wee seeng s

ne wt beng seen, nd eng wt beng ed, nd tstng wt beng tsted, nd tucng

wt beng tuced, nd sekng wt eng, nd cetng wt sekng [Ncls f Cus

47].


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126

-gzg mm. a Te Vsblty f te Cuc (1917),

mm gwg [56]. i, w vb

worldand the ethical character of human actionows from their continuous ani-

m b p pw G [Vsblty 56]. t c v p,

zg m p, w, , w

mg pvg mp.

mge [. . .] s bece te fundtn f n llegy wse st fundsignicance lies in that mp tt te wn cn-

duct eself twd te n s te n twd s Cuc, nd s te Cuc

twd Cst te edt. it esents wle ecy f edtn, te

gund f wc s nne te tn te Wd f Gd. Te cnsldtn f tese

relations as legal relations, the transition to the rmer foundation which religi-

sty btns n te fewk f te Cuc, s lve n ge, te lttn

f te neutc n te judcl, ls fllw te yt f te gn f te vs-

ble n te nvsble Gd. [. . .] Te de btns ts vsblty n te Wd, just

s bet f beces sund wen t s fced tug eed. [Vsblty

5657]

sm mkb p m m c

mv g g v w pp b

gb (v p) v b p mp.7 t

c p m gv

w p. f m bg g m ,

w b mb b

mmb. pneu pv mmb p, w

gv b m b b (p, ) . sm

g m w pp, bv w m v vb c, w bk m c

the priestly, educational and pastoral ofces in a visible, that is, juridical continuity [Vs-

blty 55].

o mg sm p b. y

rn Ctlcs nd pltcl F, sm m m w -

w g g. h b p

p b w m i m w. t c

i, p, w mm p estetc , , m-

sic, and architecture. What rst strikes the attention of an age devoted to artistic enjoy -

ment is that which is last in natural and historical developmentthe crowning fulllment

and ultimate gift, the aesthetic beauty of form. Form, gure, and visual symbolism arise

p m g p [rn Ctlcs 22]. a pg -

, vb i m g p

m. i w (k p ) v

. i g g, k bk, p-

v gv w m. sm m bk

k bw g m g b gg, w p c,

b [rn Ctlcs 23]. W c m v

w v , pw i m v m -

pw p. t b m, w ,

7. on te eltns f Ncls f Cuss ppm t ts tdtn, see

Csse.


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b gg g [rn Ctlcs 22].

a p m, , v mb

pp. M v wv, w mg p-

v , b. i mv . B

; v m m clex

gv [rn Ctlcs 23].

i w pp m pw p v

m, wg b b pb v , pv . i p , wv, sm v

ppp , b p g

v m b p m b [rn Ctlcs

24]. i, [. . .] p mp gv b p

p pv w p p m m

p g m p [rn Ctlcs 21;rsce

Ctlcsus 3536]. a p pv g (Wde)

b p i, v m . a sm

gg, wv, k bw p w

representative gure is sustained by an ethos of belief (in this case, belief in the repre-v ). t b, , gz v

, g pv b b b

mpm, v pgm (de Wde g p). i b

v pp mmb c pp

in the invisible realm represented by the visible gures of the Church. The Catholic

c vvg mp mp mv p

representative guresthe pope, the emperor, the monk, the knight, the merchant [r-

n Ctlcs 19].

sm clex stu mb pp-

, vg pg, /, p ppv. i -b p bg mv m, mb p-

tion of such blending, and its personication in a representative gure. Logically, these

mm m . a q b, w q

i m b pv , , q

pk, . hwv, sm m p pw m

( m) mp p, gg p p g

bw p w b, ,

take shape and their appropriation or reguring.

F Ets t pts

i Te Css f plenty Deccypb m rn Ctl-

cs nd pltcl FSchmitt identies something like a complex of opposites in the

M m gg. sm k p gg m m Gg

s, w g mg mm G

skm pv gg p [Css 71]. W m m-

bz v , v m b w w

b z m.8 sm p M wg g,

emphasizing their irrational or polemical signicance. As Schmitt argues, the Marxist

unication of diverse struggles into a global opposition of two classes was achieved by

8. i exne Sels ntn f yt fute n Te myt f te multtude.


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128

kg m m b b g m, Bg.

a sm b , pw mg (Bld) m v mb

g v gm. a mg w, wv, mg

bg bm g w w gm.

um, sm g, m w w .

Te e ntulstc cncetns f ce nd descent, te ently e ty-

cl tese f te celtc nd nce eles, te seec, tdtn, nd cn-scusness f sed cultue nd eductn, te weness f belngng t

cunty wt cn fte destny, sensblty f beng dffeent f

te ntnsll f tt tends twd ntnl te tn clss cnscus-

ness today. [. . .] Italian Fascism depicted its communist enemy with a horric

fce, te mngln fce f Blsevs; ts s de stnge ct nd

s evked e weful etns tn te sclst ge f te buges.

[Css 75]

sm p mg bg m m m p

w p clex stu. B pg s m,wv, v kwg pv m-

g. r mbg gv i b m p

m, mg bg mg m g v

processes, thus illustrating the increasingly mobile and articial character of political

mb v m g. B m b b

gm m pw. r, w sm m

m b g m. W m p

from various sources, creating new afliations and antagonisms, they are constrained by

v v pp w w. M, w mg

say, do not form but settle social conicts.i Te Cncet f te pltcl (1927), Schmitt takes up a formal or relative de-

nition of the political. In this text, a political association is dened as such by an on-

g (sensge) w m, , b

poses the threat of war [33]. While allowing that any of a number of positive conicts can

mb gv , w g, m, -

cultural, Schmitt no longer privileges territorial sources of collective afliation. Instead,

b g g p p . agm bm

p pb tesld f ntensty b w

mv g m w . em m -

bg v g, b v , m p,

g m gz, w p

pp. t m [27].

t m p, b, . r vg

characteristics or origins, the political emerges from the amplication or conation of

p . [e]v gm bm m m p-

pp m m p, -m gpg

[27]. t bw p m w m b

one of degree rather than kind. However, the heightened intensity of political conict

vv g q b q; mp-

p m g p bm w w,

like manner, if you will, spirit becomes matter. When a conict reaches this threshold (the

p), mv (m, , ) m w

gathered energy. One nds oneself confronted by an implacable opponent, and it no lon-

g m w g p.


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Although sovereignty so understood may not be eliminated, it becomes difcult if

mpb . ev gpg pp b

b . n g p gpg m v

p . t b -m

m p v mmb [3839]. i w m -

g b. a sm mp gg,

given grouping or conict can become increasingly, even suddenly political [29]. The

p m m gm, v gmbm m m p pp m m p,

-m gpg [29]. i b m , wv, w, w,

w p p v, w w b b

bk. sm p b gp vg w

the thresholdor that which rst appears as suchbut it is unclear just what this would

m. hwv m k , w pb m

b g m, p , v

-m gpg; ( k b ),

vg [39]. W mp ppg m

m p m r p. i ,wv, mp m w, mkg mm, p-

v. t wg p m b gm

g w v mv [58].

Rather than traditional afliations or the decisions of authorities grounded in an ethos of

b, g p pg, pb, m p

gm w p. pltcs, n st, beces us.

sm wk 20 30 mb gm v-

g w g . i m clex

stu to Myth, and nally to the decision, the symbolic, rhetorical, and strategic

g m bk m p bg . a W Bm m g, mb w ,

v, b gb w m g

p [Bm, Wk a]. ag ,

w sm mv w v m vg pw -

m g p g, mv m

m pb p. hwv, Gg swb z

mvm m , p vets, ,

p tests b b sm v m

vg [swb 135]. t p p vg, wb

p pw p g , , v pp p,

pg g p m, w g v b

bw w. r bk, sm m c

p vv m g w b gm

bm g vg, v p w mg

w Te Cncet f te pltcl vg mbz mp

pp g, k g v v . sm

m pw pv g -

able, facilitating broad executive discretion in response to social conicts.9 t

gm p w b b m m

ethos of belief to a pathos of identication.

9. in lg lgm (1932) Sctt fund suces f esdentl utty n te

ul tust (V) f te ele n te esnl cetence f te lede.


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130

Between N nd Excetn: Wlte Benjns plteness

Bm mk g w sm m v. t m g-

w g mpz bw Bm p m-

v v , sm vv, g-

mg p g, p mm p b p

m ag h Ktecn, or restrainer; the rst is carried

g w , , g pp.W sm k , m w w p , Bm

pp v m, g m b g p-

. t v Bm w M

m, g v . t, b sm Bm p

w, w gmg gmg . f m

, p m pp pm bw ,

vw m sm p pp, w bw

m p, w , m. Gg agmb, mp,

sm pm w vg

v km v p p p g v mp- vg gm [agmb 5].

ag g, i g b sm Bm b v

g m p pm km b neutc.

t mv b ( mbg v )

mp (v m g) b vv g v g

m. t , i v p pm sm p,

w p w m pp p, mbg b-

, b . r w m pw v w

b b (agmb b ), sm b g

(pm) m b m gz civil institutions and discourses. In Benjamin, I nd an account of nonauthoritarian, criti-

, v pm, k m v. i B-

m , , jb tb, kw mg mm

w , mg g

p [. tb 74]. f Bm, m v

v b mpv , w Bm wekm-

pw [Bm, o cp h 390]. a g m

mp pp Kbb mg gg v pk p -

p b p m , gp sm G

mg [ sm]. t G, w w mv g gg,

mv pm [Gm 75]. y w m pp

. t v, , pk, gb, b, -

b p p p.

W m v? i p b b, p

m? hw v b, , -

tions that dene them? How can they proceed and anticipate themselves? In Benjamins

wg, v v bmg p pp w, w

p p, b. t, mp, wk b b

g m m m p w,

a space Benjamin identies with the replacement of ritual by politics [Benjamin, Work

a 254, 257]. i v p m m g w, g

Bm v b-m [sp, Sveegn Ntns, . 4].

Here I will focus briey on Benjamins use of politeness to denote a virtuosic resolution


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of conict by other means than law or a sovereign decision, beginning with a remarkable

passage under that heading from his Ibizan Sequence, written in the spring of 1932.

In between moral law and a struggle of material interests, Benjamin situates what he

calls the true mediator, politeness (Hichkeit).

If a negotiating room is entirely surrounded by barriers of convention, like the

lists of a jousting tournament, then true politeness comes into its own, since it

tears down these barriers; in other words, it widens the conict past all bounds,while at the same time granting entryas helpers, mediators, and concilia-

torsto all those forces and authorities it had excluded. Anyone who allows

himself to be dominated by the abstract picture of the relationship in which he

nds himself with his opponent will never be able to make anything but violent

attempts to gain the upper hand in this conict. He has every opportunity to re-

main impolite. Whereas an alert openness to the extreme, the comic, the private,

and the surprising aspects in a situation is the advanced school of politeness

[. . .] nally, he will be able to astonish his opponent by manipulating the con-

icting elements of the situation as if they were cards in a game of patience

[solitaire]. Patience is in any case at the heart of politeness and, of all the vir -tues, is perhaps the only one that politeness adopts without modication. As to

the others, which a godforsaken conventionality imagines could receive their

due only in a conict of duties, politeness as a muse of the middle way has

long since given them this duethat is to say, a real chance for the underdog.

[Ibizan Sequence 587]

Politeness, as Benjamin describes it, is not dictated by conventions; nor, however, can

it dispense with them. Instead, it modies conventional virtues, except perhaps for pa-

tience, shaping the situation of agents in conict through a virtuosic bricolage of forces

and authorities. Politeness cannot therefore be practiced in a kenomatic void, that is, in

the absence of institutions, norms, and habits. It is instead a passage through which con-ventions are combined (united and directed) in new forms, a muse of the middle way,

that is, pneumatic. Rather than spontaneity or autonomy, politeness therefore requires

alert attention to potential sources of transformation already in play within prevailing

conventions. Politeness gives the underdogmeaning not only lower classes but also dif-

ferent social formsa real chance; it is a weapon of the weak messianic.

One might understandably suspect the political signicance of politeness for an au-

thor who combines messianic theology with anarchist strains of Marxism. How can a

term (Hichkeit) denoting civility or even courtliness serve such a radical agenda? Is

the general strike supposed to be polite? I would argue that it is, meaning that politeness,

as Benjamin understands it, is precisely what makes possible the collective negotiationof conict under conditions of anarchy (that is, without traditional, legal, or coercive au-

thority). Reading the term this way, I follow Samuel Webers suggestion that When one

remembers that the German word for court,Hof, that Benjamin uses [in the Trauerspiel]

in order to describe the collecting and dispersing of emblems around their allegorical

center can also [. . .] be translated as aura, certain aspects of his later work emerge in a

somewhat different light [Weber 9394]. Politeness, in this light, is another name for

the practice by which one assembles the fragments of shattered customs and authorities.

Along these lines, politeness makes an appearance in Benjamins Critique of Violence,

where it serves as a subjective precondition for turning conventional forces and au-

thorities (extralegal and legal violence) into nonviolent means.

Is any nonviolent resolution of conict possible? Without doubt. The relation-

ships among private persons are full of examples of this. Nonviolent agreement


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132

s ssble weeve cvlzed utlk llws te use f unllyed ens f

geeent. Legl nd llegl ens f evey knd tt e ll te se vlent

y be cnfnted wt nnvlent nes s unllyed ens. plteness [h-

zenshichkeit], syty, ecebleness, tust, nd wteve else gt ee

be entned, e te subjectve ecndtns. Te bjectve nfesttn,

weve, s detened by te lw. tt unllyed ens e neve tse f d-

ect, but lwys tse f ndect slutns. [cq V 244; GS

2.1.191]10

nv q m v -

(g g m) m m gb v

as contradictory ends or a conict of dutiesinto what Benjamin calls indirect solu -

, q pg w . Pw k ,

(ezlc) bv .

agmb Bm cq V g

p m v, w m m , p v -

mv m bw pw pw [agmb

54]. h b q rm g usttu, mp p w gm , w m [50].

M g, k Bm p m (

, m k ) pb w w,

pp w v pw b p. t w

w w b m v, b b p [6364]. B w

p b p, , b pw? a Bm

, p m wk m pw. i, gv

pw, pvg (m) w mb

p, pk w g w . i o cp h

Bm p sp g v m () gg, , means, not their ultimate reward. They are alive in this struggle as condence, courage,

m, g, , v bk p. t

constantly call into question every victory, past and present, of the rulers. As owers turn

w , w b v b pmw

w g k [390]. W mbm

c , p g m v

p.

dm v p w , , ; -

b w m. t v Bm b v

b g w mv pw v.

i g , m mm w. t m

m m w m bv w wk mgg w-

born [Benjamin, Work of Art 267]. Benjamin thus nds life, spirit, and birth in the

m . lk r lg sm pg vg, v

politeness selects and combines available forces and authorities in new congurations.

hwv, m bw, mg b v vg b.

W mg mp w -gzg p sm b Pm,

p w p w q mg m bg

g mv bg pb pw [sm, Css 35]. t

v v Bm b, wv, p b p-

q p. i p w sm

10. I alter the Harvard translation here, which gives Herzenshichkeit as courtesy.


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normal situation, before or outside the law. The collective is a gathering of not only

particles of reason but habits, affections, ideas. It was this capacity of collective becom-

ing that Benjamin hoped an avant-garde might facilitate. It is worth noting in this context

that he associates negative theology with the idea of pure art, which rejects not only

any cal functn, but any ntn n tm f a pntatnal cntnt [W f

Art 256]. One could say that secular aesthetics, for Benjamin, plays the soteriological

role of cultivating politeness. The same can be said for his own writings, which alert us

t ptntal tchnqu f xpmntal an cllctv lf-mcatn n cntmpaycal an tchnlgcal ccumtanc. Thy ta a plt pltc t hat.

Works CiTed

Agamben, Giorgio. State of Exception. Tan. kvn Attll. Chcag: U f Chcag P,

2005.

Bnjamn, Walt. Ctqu f Vlnc. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings. Vl. 1.

e. Mchal W. Jnnng. Cambg: Hava UP, 1996. 236-52.________. Gesammelte Schriften. 4 vl. Fanfut: suhamp, 1977. [GS]________

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Documents

Worldly Sources of Rule and Exception in Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin