world_heritage

World Heritage Sites of Thailand

Produced by Promotional Material Production Division,Marketing Services Department, Tourism Authority of Thailand for free distribution.www.tourismthailand.org E/OCT 2007The contents of this publication are subject to change without notice.

ContentsPreserving the Precious 3

Once Buried But Never Forgotten 6

The Golden Age 8

Twin City 15

A Defensive Citadel 19

The Lost World 22

Conserving Nature 31

More eBrochures ContentsThe Lost World Conserving NatureA Defensive Citadel Twin CityThe Golden AgeOnce Buried But Never ForgottenPreserving the Precious 3

Preserving the PreciousThe ancient Thai Kingdom reaches back thousands of years, yet even today living evidence of vanished civilisations are never far from view. National treasures, impressively restored ruins enrich the country and are a superb source of historical knowledge. Dignifi ed reminders of a glorious past, aged temple spires pierce the horizon with dusty redbrick ramparts, fringed by manicured lawns and under the watchful protection of monumental Buddha statues with their chiselled weathered features.

Uncover classic architecture and artistic styles as you learn about the complex customs and beliefs of these distant civilisations, how they fl ourished and what brought about their eventual downfalls. It’s a history lesson that no textbook could possibly convey with as much realism. The internationally esteemed organisation UNESCO has recognised the outstanding value of Thailand’s historic and natural conservation sites and has bestowed six such destinations with the title of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Thailand’s earliest civilisation dates back some 5,000 years to the little known Neolithic agricultural communities of Ban Chiang in the Northeast, or I-san region of the kingdom. Not discovered until the late 1960s, this Bronze Age village and cemetery is one of Southeast Asia’s most important archaeological sites, and is famed for its unique pottery and metal implements. A trip to this once remote area of Thailand offers curious visitors a wondrous and educational revelation into the peaceful existence of early Asian settlers. Immaculately maintained and bolstered by signifi cant on-site museums, the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Ayutthaya and Sukhothai are a must see on any visitors list. Centred round Buddhist architecture, the atmospheric and deserted ruins exude a peace and spirituality rarely captured in modern life. Attracting millions of visitors each year, these former kingdoms are proof of Thailand’s early glories.

Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Si Satchanalai Historical Park



Dating back to Thailand’s ‘Golden Age’, the northern city of Sukhothai was Thailand’s fi rst capital, heralding an innovative period of architecture and religious imagery. Established in the 13th century, the extensive compound of temples and palaces are resplendently dressed by ponds and moats, and are easily ventured round by bicycle. Near Sukhothai are the preserved ruins of two of the former kingdom’s satellite towns, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet.

Less than two hours from Bangkok, the once majestic city of Ayutthaya was dubbed the original ‘Venice of the East’. Supplanting Sukhothai as the second Siamese capital, Ayutthaya rose as an important regional trading centre for over four centuries. Circled by rivers and canals, your family can enjoy exploring the compact site water bound cruising aboard a small long-tail boat or take a loftier perspective as you peruse Ayutthaya’s noble grounds lolloping atop an elephant.

Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Park

Blanketed in dense tropical rainforest, the UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site of Thung Yai Naresuan and Huai Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries merge to form the kingdom’s largest tract of virgin forest and are considered one of Asia’s most vital surviving greenbelts. Located along Thailand’s western border with Myanmar, this enormous jungle canopy is home to an unbelievable diversity of rare wildlife, that all but a few privileged visitors are fortunate to encounter.

Having only just been awarded UNESCO Natural World Heritage status, Khao Yai National Park has a special place in the hearts of the Thai people. Less than two hours from Bangkok, this is the nation’s fi rst national park and is a popular weekend getaway from the capital. Despite its proximity to urbanity, the large swathe of tropical rainforest teems with a spectacular variety of fl ora and fauna.


Once Buried But Never Forgotten Ban ChiangSet amidst the lush rural paddy fi elds on a large plateau in Thailand’s north-eastern province of Udon Thani, is the small countryside village of Ban Chiang. This once sleepy backwater grabbed the attention of archaeologists the world over, when in 1966, an American anthropology student accidentally tripped on the ground only to fi nd the rim of a partially buried clay pot. Awestruck by the creative designs and striking earth-red colour, he became more excited noticing curious shards of pottery scattered in the fi elds all around him. The momentous discovery would later lead to an international team of archaeologists to unearth evidence of a lost civilisation dating back some 5,000 years.

Not far from the border of Lao P.D.R., at the picturesque confl uence of three small tributary streams in Udon Thani, Ban Chiang has become one of the most interesting and important archaeological discoveries in Southeast Asia of the 20th

century. The land that time forgot, much of what has been uncovered in the three decades of excavation has led world historians and anthropologists to drastically revise their previous notions of human development in this part of Asia. One of the most signifi cant revelations is that northeast Thailand was one of the earliest centres of bronze and iron production in the world.

With mysterious artefacts dating from around 3600 BC to 200 AD, Ban Chiang testifi es to a different Bronze Age in Asia, more sophisticated and advanced than originally thought by scholars. So far researchers have meticulously dug up literally thousands upon thousands of rare artefacts that trace back various periods of settlement, providing proof to the evolution of small self-contained agro-communities that possessed sophisticated tools and customs for the time.

•Ban Chiang is most famous

for the stuning pottery the ancient settlers elaborately crafted,

particularly the distinct burnt-ochre pots and vases

with their swirling geometric designs painted on.

•

Ban Chiang National Museum, Udon Thani


glass beads. The informative museum also has displays on excavation techniques, aerial photographs of the village, as well as detailed explanations of the site’s history.

From the museum, a pleasant stroll along dusty village lanes lined with quaint wooden shophouses, brings you to the peaceful grounds of Wat Pho Si Nai. This rustic temple contains ancient burial sites that were some of the fi rst plots to be uncovered back in 1972 and are preserved under specially built shelters. Inside these eerie graves are skeletal remains, along with ceramics, weapons, tools, jewellery, and animal skulls. This remarkable on-site museum reveals facts about people’s death rituals, the average life expectancy, and causes of death at the time.

Come to this quiet northeastern hideaway to help participate in rediscovering a fundamental period of Thai and Asian history, and examine the remnants of what is possibly one of the world’s oldest settlements.

Getting ThereBy Air Thai Airways operates daily fl ights between Bangkok and Udon Thani. Tel. 0 2280 0060, Hotline: 1566 Website: www.thaiairways.comAir Asia also has fl ights from Bangkok to Udon Thani. Tel. 0 2515 9999 Website: www.airasia.com

By RailTrains regularly depart from Bangkok Hua Lamphong Railway Station to Udon Thani. Tel. 0 2220 4334, Hotline: 1690 Website: www.railway.co.th. From Udon Thani town, take a sawngthaew (van with bench seats) to Ban Chiang.

By BusBangkok-Udon Thani buses leave regularly from the Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaeng Phet II Road with the journey taking around 10 hours. Tel. 0 2936 2852-66 Website: www.transport.co.th

By CarFrom Bangkok, take Highway No.1 to Saraburi and onto Highway to Udon Thani via Nakhon Ratchasima and Khon Kaen, a total distance of 564 km.

Ban Chiang is most famous for the stunning pottery the ancient settlers elaborately crafted, particularly the distinct burnt-ochre pots and vases with their swirling geometric designs painted on. Using the latest technology for accurate chronological dating, some of the ceramics found are said to be 6-7000 years old. Other precious relics uncovered include bronze bracelets, bangles, anklets, metal spearheads, and axe-heads. Discoveries of such early metallurgy indicate that bronze technology could have certainly been passed from Thailand to China, and not vice versa as originally believed.

Evidence of Ban Chiang’s prehistoric communities shows that these were peaceful agrarian folk, who survived by farming the land and hunting wild animals. With excavations still continuing to unearth important fi nds, some of the discoveries are still a mystery to archaeologists.

Today, Ban Chiang’s laid-back hamlet is a bewitching escape from more established tourist centres, and along with Udon Thani, makes for a wonderful locale to spend a lazy couple of days. Wander Ban Chiang village and make friends with the welcoming local villagers, who are skilled artisans in their own right. Family-run creative cottage industries produce replica earthenware here and in the neighbouring village of Ban Pulu, as well as other traditional crafts like beautiful handwoven fabrics.

Nestled on the village edge, wile away several hours surveying the extensive Ban Chiang National Museum (open daily 9am-4pm), displaying an excellent collection of earthenware ceramics, bronze jewellery and tools, stone objects, shells, as well as

Pottery Making Ban Chiang Ports and vases, Udon Thani


The Golden Age SukhothaiNo trip to Thailand would be complete without a visit to the birthplace of the Thai nation and the country’s fi rst capital, the ancient North Central Plains kingdom of Sukhothai. Meaning ‘dawn of happiness’, this pastoral located stretch of ruins spreads across 70 sq. km. and boasts 100 historical sites, including royal palaces, Buddhist temples, the city gates, walls, moats, dams, ditches, ponds, and canals.

Established in 1238, Sukhothai had previously been a far-fl ung outpost of the Khmer empire in Angkor. Rebellious Thai chiefs overthrew the Khmer army and installed the newly appointed King Si Indraditya as the now independent municipality’s fi rst ruler. The Sukhothai Dynasty saw nine kings at the helm, with a rule that lasted over two centuries before eventually coming under the control of the younger Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya.

Buddha Image at Sukhothai Historical Park

Sukhothai reached its pinnacle under King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (c.1279-98), who through an enlightened policy of political friendship and forging foreign relations; was responsible for extending the kingdom as far south as the Malay Peninsula and west into Myanmar. He is also credited with introducing Theravada Buddhism to Thailand, as well as inventing the Thai alphabet, evidence of which can be viewed in the Ramkhamhaeng stone inscription.

The art and architecture that blossomed under the Sukhothai School is among Thailand’s most attractive and fi nest. The architectural style of the period began as a fusion of Asian infl uences, from Khmer to Sri Lanka, though gradually unique elements emerged to defi ne Sukhothai’s individual stamp of creativity. Artisans excelled particularly in the stucco work and sculpture that adorned temple structures, especially the fl uid bronze casts that are best seen in the sensual fl owing ‘walking’ Buddha style.

Unlike Ayutthaya, foreign invaders never destroyed Sukhothai and much of the city was abandoned in tact. Preserved yet forgotten, Sukhothai lay abandoned and buried in jungle until the 18th and 19th centuries when the Chakri kings from the new capital of Bangkok began retrieving its lost treasures and displaying them in the newlybuilt palaces and temples.

Located some 450 km. north of Bangkok, the immaculately restored park is set among leafy hills and peaceful lotus ponds, lying some 12 km. from present day Sukhothai town. A visual feast and a joy to discover, images of panoramic scenes of complex brick and laterite towers, columns and pagodas with immense Buddha images refl ected in still water, strike awe in even the most seasoned of travellers. Sukhothai is one of the most ambient spots to soak up the magical candlelit fl oats that glisten in the moonlit water during the annual Loi Krathong Festival each November full moon.

Modern Sukhothai town provides an excellent base camp for daily sorties to the ruins, with clean, affordable guesthouses, and intimate cafés and restaurants to get to know friendly locals and fellow travellers. A visit to Sukhothai should be fi rst top of the list on any tourist itinerary; it reveals astounding insights as to how this ancient city left a long and lasting legacy upon the Thai identity.


1 Monument of King Ram Kamhaeng

2 Wat Mahathat

3 The Royal Palace

4 Wat Si Sawai

5 Wat Traphang Ngoen

6 Wat Sa Si

7 Wat Tra Kuan

8 Wat Chana Songkhram

9 Wat Mai

10 Ram Khamhaeng National Museum

11 Charod Withithong Road

12 Wat Traphang Thong

13 Ta Pha Daeng Shrine

14 Wat Sorasak

15 Wat Son Khao

16 Wat Phra Phai Luang

17 Wat Si Chum

Map of Sukhothai Historical Park

The Royal PalaceTemple orWatMonument

Tourist Information CentrePrimary HighwayRoad


Map of Sukhothai Historical Park

The Royal PalaceTemple orWatMonument

Tourist Information CentrePrimary HighwayRoad

18 Wat Saphan Hin

19 Wat Chang Rob

20 Phra Ruang Dike or Saritphong

21 Wat Mungkom

22 Mahakaset Phiman Shrine

23 Wat Pa Mamuang

24 Wat Tuek

25 Wat Chetuphon

26 Wat Chedi Si Hong

27 Wat Si Pichit Kirati Kalyaram

28 Wat Asokaram

29 Wat Mum Lanka

30 Wat Traphang Tong Lang

31 Wat Chedi Sung

32 Wat Chang Lorn

33 Pond or Dike

34 Tourist Information Centre

35 Wat Khao Phra Bat Noi


The Royal Palace & Wat Mahathat The spiritual and political heart of Sukhothai, this was Thailand’s fi rst regal palace and is adjoined by the royal sanctuary Wat Mahathat, or Temple of the Great Relic. Sadly little remains of the palace, or Noen Prasat, the site where King Mongkut (Rama IV) uncovered the famous Ramkhamhaeng Inscription tablet and the royal throne Manangkhasila Asana in 1833. These priceless relics have since been moved to Bangkok; the throne is in the Grand Palace, and the stone inscription is on view at the National Museum.

Sukhothai’s most expansive temple, Wat Mahathat was founded by the kingdom’s fi rst ruler Si Indraditya in the 13th century, and later improved upon by the fourth king Lo Thai. Surrounded by a wall, there are almost 200 pagodas and the remnants of several chapels dotted around the temple complex, all-spreading outward from the epicentre lotus-bud shaped monument tower, known as a chedi or stupa. The chedi is where sacred relics are interred, in this case hair and neck bone relics of Lord Buddha brought back from Sri Lanka. There is an interesting and unusual frieze of walking monks around the base of the chedi. Set among several lily fi lled pools are some fi ne-seated Buddha statues, and fl anking the central chedi are giant standing Buddha images, known as Phra Attharot. This noble sanctuary brims with historic landmarks and is a joy to unravel before moving onto to explore Sukhothai’s other main sites.

Ramkhamhaeng National MuseumNamed after Sukhothai’s most illustrious ruler; this museum is an excellent place to get an introduction to the ancient city before physically heading out to explore the sites. On display in the outstanding collection are early 20th century photographs of Sukhothai taken well before any restoration, as well as a fi ne bronze walking Buddha that is considered the best example of its kind in the country. Other artefacts include dozens of fi ne Buddha statues of various styles and periods, as well as a replica of the famed Ramkhamhaeng stone pillar (the original is now in Bangkok’s National Museum). The 1293 stone is inscribed with early Thai text that unfurls with rich detail the history of Sukhothai.

Phra Achana at Wat Si Chum, Sukhothai Historical Park


King Ramkhamhaeng the Great MonumentJust north of Wat Mahathat sits an esteemed statue to Sukhothai’s greatest king, Ramkhamhaeng (c.1278-1318). Credited for bringing peace, political stability, and religious freedom to the kingdom, King Ramkhamhaeng the Great is also attributed for having invented the Thai alphabet. The bronze statue is seen sitting on a replica of the Manangkhasila Asana throne, the original of which was discovered in the ruins of Sukhothai’s royal palace, and is now kept in Bangkok’s Grand Palace.

Wat Si SawaiSouthwest of Wat Mahathat, this Khmer infl uenced temple has three dominant central prang adorned in Hindu imagery. Started by a king of Angkor in the 12th century, the temple was later converted to a Buddhist temple. Surrounded by a laterite wall, the three powerful looking towers are embellished in mythical naga serpents and half-bird, half-human garuda.

Wat Sa SiSurely one of Sukhothai’s most beautiful temple settings, Wat Sa Si, or Sacred Pond Temple, sits in the middle of a pretty lotus-fi lled lake. Reached by a narrow wooden footbridge, the exquisite site centres round a Sri-Lankan style bell-shaped chedi accompanied by statues of a large seated Buddha as well as a dark looking walking Buddha. A photographer’s dream, the refl ective lake is the ideal spot to celebrate the annual Loi Krathong Festival in November.

Wat Si Sawai, Sukhothai Historical Park

Wat Traphang ThongLocated on an island in the middle of a lovely symmetrical fl ower-fi lled pool known as the Golden Lake, this temple has a restored Sri Lankan-style chedi and a pavilion containing an important 14th century stone footprint of Lord Buddha. The picturesque locale is where Loi Krathong Festival was originally celebrated.

Wat Chang Rop, Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park


Wat Phra Phai Luang Surrounded by a moat, this site is second in importance to Wat Mahathat, and originally existed as a Hindu temple for the Khmer community that settled here before the Thais in the early 13th century. Meaning Temple of the Great Wind, the large temple has three central laterite prang, though only one has been restored to reveal its fi ne stucco work. Later converted to a Buddhist shrine, there is also a crumbling mondop with Buddha images in varying postures.

Wat Si Chum Outside the northwest gate of the old city, this mondop enshrines Sukhothai’s most impressive Buddha statue. The 14th century giant 15 m. brick and stucco seated image dramatically peers out through a narrow opening in the sanctuary with rows of pillars standing guard out front.

Phra Achana at Wat Si Chum, Sukhothai Historical Park

Wat Chang Lom, Sukhothai Historical Park


Wat Saphan Hin Standing a couple of kilometres west of the old city atop a 200 m. high hill, the remote Temple of the Stone Bridge gets its name from the exhausting climb of a steep slate slab pathway that leads up to the summit. The hilltop offers commanding views of Sukhothai and the mountains beyond, but the hike is also rewarded by the mesmerising sight of a 12.5 m. tall stucco standing Buddha with his hand raised in an attitude of forgiveness. Posed among the remaining pillars of the temple chapel, the image appears to be keeping watch over the city below.

Getting ThereBy AirThai Airways fl ies regularly from Bangkok to Phitsanulok province. The fl ight takes around 55 minutes, and you can then travel by car to Sukhothai. Bangkok Airways also fl ies daily from Bangkok to Sukhothai as well as Sukhothai to Chiang Mai, and even Luang Prabang in neighbouring Lao P.D.R.. Tel. 0 2535 4843, Hotline: 1771 Website: www.bangkokair.com

By RailThe nearest railway station is at Phitsanulok, from where there are frequent bus services to Sukhothai, some 50 km. away. Trains depart Hua Lamphong Railway Station in Bangkok daily. Tel. 0 2220 4334, Hotline: 1699 Website: www.railway.co.th

By BusBuses from Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaeng Phet II Road leave for Sukhothai daily. Tel. 0 2936 2852-66 Website: www.transport.co.th

By CarFrom Bangkok, take Highway No.1 then No. 32 north to Nakhon Sawan. Highway 32 becomes Highway No.1 again, follow all the way to Kamphaeng Phet, then take Highway 101 to Sukhothai.

Wat Saphan Hin, Sukhothai Historical Park


Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat, Si Satchanalai Historical Park Twin CitySi Satchanalai Historical ParkThe ancient town of Si Satchanalai was a satellite city to Sukhothai, situated on a lonely wooded plain about 50 km. north of the modern town of Sukhothai on the east bank of the Yom River. Strategically protected by mountains, swamps and river rapids, the remote, peaceful locale, with an incredible 134 temples and monuments, has been independently declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, yet surprisingly sees far fewer visitors than neighbouring Sukhothai. The tranquillity of historic ruins heightened by an absence of human traffi c evokes a feeling of discovering a lost city.

Established in the 13th century as a Khmer military outpost, the town became the offi cial residence for Sukhothai’s successive Prince Regents. Formerly called Muang Chaliang and during the Ayutthayan era was also known as Suwankhalok, the town was linked to Sukhothai by a 50 km. long road called the Phra Ruang Highway. This commercial centre was strongly fortifi ed with a 10 m. wide moat lined with wooden spikes and three rows of perimeter walls in what is known as one of Thailand’s best planned cities. Apart from being a pleasure to explore, Si Satchanalai is also well recognised for the masterful ceramics produced in the nearby villages of Ban Ha Yang and Ban Ko-Noi to the north.

Sangkhalok ceramics (pale blue or off-white porcelain, its intricate decorative patterns such as fl oral, foliage or fi sh motifs reveal the Chinese infl uence) is reputed as Southeast Asia’s fi nest of the day. Today, it is still possible to buy genuine antique Sangkhalok ceramics in the area.


Principal Sights Wat Chang LomMeaning ‘Elephant Temple’ after the 39-stucco pachyderm sculptures that surround the central bell-shaped chedi base, Wat Chang Lom is Si Satchanalai’s principal monument. Built in 1285 by King Ramkam-haeng the Great, this most sacred of pagodas is Thailand’s earliest example of Ceylonese-style temple architecture. Beautifully ornamental laterite terraces, columns and a wall encircle the monument, with a line of niches that house stucco Buddha images peacefully meditating.

Wat Chedi Chet ThaeoAcross from Wat Chang Lom, this temple has seven rows of lotus-bud shaped chedi, marvellously decorated in various Asian architectural styles. Thought to house the ashes of the ruling Si Satchanalai dynasty, the 30-plus monuments imbue the Sukhothai style, as well as the best of Lao, Khmer, Ceylonese, and Burmese temple art. Archways and graceful walking Buddha images further enrich this gorgeous and architecturally signifi cant temple.

Wat Khao Phanom Phloeng A steep laterite staircase leads to the top of a small wooded hill near Wat Chang Lom, where lies this former site of ritual cremations. Appropriately named the ‘Temple of Mountain Fire’, the monument consists of a central Ceylonese-style brick chedi, and a large seated Buddha. Views from the top of the hill take in the splendid panorama of Si Satchanalai’s grand architectural design. A footpath from the temple leads to another larger hilltop just south, atop which stand the remains of the huge bell-shaped chedi at Wat Khao Suwan Khiri.

Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo, Si Satchanalai Historical Park


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Map of Si Satchanalai Historical Park

1 Wat Chang Lom 2 Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo3 Wat Suan Kaeo Utthayan Yai4 Wat Nang Phaya5 Wat Suan Kaeo Utthayan Noi6 Lak Mueang (The Town Post)7 Wat Khao Phanom Phloeng

To Ruin of Old Celadon Factory (Thuriang Kiln) Ban Pa Yang, Ban Ko Noi and Wat Don Lan

8 Wat Khao Suwankhiri9 Wat Kudi Rai10 Wat Phaya Dam11 Wat Sa Pathum12 Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat13 Wat Chom Chuen14 Wat Chao Chan

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Lak Muang (The Town Post)

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Yom River

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Wat Nang Phaya South of Wat Chang Lom, this monument meaning ‘Temple of the Queen’ was one of the later structures to take root in 15th century Si Satchanalai. Aside from the Ceylonese chedi, a solitary chapel wall stands, famous for its magnifi cent surviving stucco fl oral relief decoration, which imitates the Ayutthayan artistic style.

Ruin of Old Celadon Factory (Thuriang Kiln) The area around Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai are deservedly famed for their skilled tradition of ceramic production, known as Sangkhalok pottery. During the peak of popularity in the 14th-16th centuries, over 200 potters’ kilns lined the banks of the Yom River, moulding the world’s best glazed ceramics, celadon and decorative porcelain that were exported all over Southeast Asia. Interesting excavations of several kilns can be visited around the town of Sawankhalok, as well as the Sawankha Woranayok National Museum, which holds an extensive collection of well-preserved quality ceramics, many of which were salvaged from sunken ships in the Gulf of Thailand.

Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat Slightly south of Si Satchanalai in Chaliang, nestled on a riverbank in a bend of the Yom River, Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat centres round a supreme laterite prang. The 15th century structure is surrounded by the ruins of two chapels with several Buddha images, including a large seated Sukhothai Buddha with elegant long fi ngers, as well as a brick and stucco walking Buddha that is considered a masterpiece of the Sukhothai School.

Getting ThereBy BusBuses leave regularly from Sukhothai town to Si Satchanalai. The journey of 60 km. takes around an hour.

Wat Nang Phaya, Si Satchanalai Historical Park


Wat Phra Kaeo, Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park

•Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park

is roughly divided into two areas – the sights

within the city walls and those beyond

to the north.

•

A Defensive Citadel Kamphaeng Phet Historical ParkEighty kilometres south of Sukhothai in the opposite direction to Si Satchanalai, is the modest town of Kamphaeng Phet, in the province of the same name. Away from the main tourist trail, Kamphaeng Phet (Diamond Wall) lies on the banks of the Ping River and was once a strategic garrison town for the defence of the mighty Sukhothai kingdom.

Although settlements date back to the 11th century, the Old City was established in 1347 by King Li Thai. To date, the ruins have been less restored than Sukhothai, and the 400-hectare Old City with its overgrown temples and six-metre high laterite walls, has a wilder and more untouched atmosphere compared to its familiar neighbour. A journey here is rewarded by an authentic slice of Thai life around the sleepy modern town, along with solitary walks around ancient ruins.

Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park is roughly divided into two areas – the sights within the city walls and those beyond to the north. Some of the highlights include Wat Phra Kaeo, the park’s largest ruin with its weathered Buddha statues and chedi, and behind the temple is Kamphaeng Phet National Museum, which holds an interesting collection of Buddhist and Hindu sculptures. Also worthy of perusal is Wat Phrathat with its fi ne chedi and the Lak Mueang or City Pillar Shrine, whose guardian spirits protect local residents. Beyond the city walls are an intriguing collection of ruined forest temples, such as Wat Chang Rop (Elephant Temple), which date from the 14th - 16th centuries and were once the home of a meditation sect.

Getting ThereBy BusThere are direct buses from Bangkok to Kamphaeng Phet town from the Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaeng Phet II Road. The journey takes around fi ve hours. Otherwise visitors can take a local bus or private mini van from Sukhothai town.


Ancient Palace

Wat or Temple

Tourist Attraction

Tourist Information Centre

Road

1 Wat Nong Lanka

2 Wat Mong Kale

3 Wat Nong Phikun

4 Wat Sum Ko

5 Thung Setthi Fortress

6 Wat Phra Baroma That

7 Sanctuary


9 Wat Phra That

Map of Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park


10 Wat Phra Kaec

11 City Pillar Shrine

12 Sa Mon (Ancient Palace)

13 Kamphaeng Phet National Museum

14 Phra I Suan Shrine

15 Wat Kalothai

16 Wat Tabaek Lai

17 Wat Chang

18 Wat Dong Wai

Ancient Palace

Wat or Temple

Tourist Attraction


Road

Map of Kamphaeng Phet Historical Park


The Lost WorldPhra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Even if you are unfamiliar to the signifi cance and history of Ayutthaya, pilgrims to Thailand’s second capital are utterly awestruck by the incredible beauty and magnifi cence of this city built by some 33 Ayutthayan kings over four centuries. Even today, exploring the majestic and formidable ruins of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, it is easy to appreciate the vision of the monarchs who built it. Monumental remnants of temple chedi, soaring amber-sash Buddha statues, and scattered red brick temples, are spread across a tranquil, pretty garden landscape. Located 85 km. (55 miles) north of Bangkok in the lush Central Plains, Ayutthaya was mapped out at the picturesque junction of three rivers: Chao Phraya, Pa Sak, and Lopburi. Resourceful engineers had to ingeniously cut a man-made canal across the loop of the Chao Phraya to create a strongly defensive artifi cial island. Canals were also constructed as busy watery avenues, with ornate palaces and sacred temples standing stately along the riverbanks.

At its pinnacle during the 17th century, the glittering medieval kingdom was one of the largest municipalities in the world, eclipsing cities like London. Supplanting and incorporating the ageing Sukhothai into its stretching umbrella of power, the Ayutthayan Empire reached as far west as Pegu in Myanmar, and eastward to Angkor in Cambodia. The commercial and diplomatic might of the wealthy kingdom lured foreign merchants from across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Welcomed by the local populace, many of these international traders settled into small communities within Ayutthaya, contributing to the kingdom’s cosmopolitan aura.

The magnifi cent canal-lined island city with some 2,000 golden spires affectionately became known as ‘Venice of the East’. Today, chartering a long-tail boat for a trip around the canal moat is the most enjoyable way to absorb many of the momentous riverbank ruins. Fittingly declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991, this centre of Asian civilisation is a must see for any traveller to Thailand. Boat operators from Bangkok organise atmospheric cruises up river from the modern capital to the illustrious city, including modern express boats and luxuriously renovated traditional rice barges.

Wat Yai Chaimongkon, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

•Named after the mythical

kingdom of Ayodhya from the epic fable

the Ramayana, Ayutthaya was offi cially established in 1350 by

King Ramathibodi

•


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Map of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Park 1 Wat Chai Wattanaram

2 Wat Kasattrathirat

3 Wat Thammarat

4 Wat Phukhao Thong

5 Wat Choeng Tha

6 Wat Na Phra Meru

7 Wat Worapho

8 Wat Worachettharam

9 Wat Lokayasutha

10 Ancient Palace

11 Wat Phra Si Sanphet

12 Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit

13 Wat Barom Phuttharam

14 Wat Phutthai Sawan

15 Wat Phra Ram

16 Wat Thammikarat

17 Wat Ratchaburana

18 Wat Mahathat

19 Wat Khunsan

20 Wat Sena Sanaram Worawiharn

21 Wat Khunmueang Chai

22 Wat Suwandararam


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Map of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Park 23 Wat Phananchoeng

24 Wat Yai Chaimongkhon

25 Wat Sampleum

26 Wat Kudi Dao

27 Wat Ayothaya

28 Wat Pradu

29 Japanese Settlement

30 Protuguese Settlement

31 Chao Phrom Market

32 Chankasem National Museum

33 Elephant Kraal

34 Phraram Park

35 Chao Sam Phraya Memorial

36 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

Historical Study Centre


38 City Pillar Shrine

39 Khun Phan House

40 King U-Thong Memorial

41 Phra Chedi Si Suriyothai

42 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

Historical park


The City IsleNamed after the mythical kingdom of Ayodhya (meaning undefeated in Sanskrit) from the epic fable the Ramayana (Ramakien in Thai), Ayutthaya was offi cially established in 1350 by King Ramathibodi I (U-Thong). The strategic city was in close proximity to the Gulf of Thailand, enabling the profi table fl ow of international sea trade. The riverine fortress fl ourished and soon surpassed Sukhothai as the principal Siamese kingdom, gradually becoming the economic, cultural, and artistic heart of the region. Successive kings added to and embellished the resplendent palaces and 400 temples, giving the island unrivalled spiritual and leadership focus.

During this fl ourishing era, Ayutthaya saw great legal, administrative, and military progress. Architects and city planners excelled in mapping out a grand city, while master craftsmen adeptly worked gold, stone, and wood, to dress the city in unparalleled treasures. One of the most dazzling sights that foreigners witnessed as they sailed into Ayutthaya, were the fantastically ornate wood-carved royal barges that carried the king and his family around the city. Militarily, Ayutthaya led a powerful army of elephant riding warriors, often fi ghting battles against the neighbouring adversaries of Myanmar and Cambodia. King Naresuan the Great (1555-1605) was heralded as one of Ayutthaya’s greatest and bravest rulers, liberating the kingdom from Burmese occupation in 1585. In one legendary battle, King Naresuan defeated a Burmese crown prince in a fi erce sword duel atop wrestling war elephants.

After 400 hundred years in the spotlight, during the 18th century Ayutthaya began to decline. The tragic culmination came in 1767, when the Burmese invading army laid siege before conquering and razing the once proud city to the ground. When King Taksin fi nally liberated the kingdom, a new ruling dynasty was established and the capital moved south to Thonburi and then eventually to Bangkok.

Sadly many of Ayutthaya’s irreplaceable treasures were destroyed or stolen, but the artistic and architectural masterpieces that did survive are today on view for the world to experience and remember how this once great city unifi ed the Thai people into an honourable nation. Ayutthaya’s legacy can also be seen in the early Bangkok, or Rattanakosin style, of architecture and art that today enriches the Grand Palace and regal surrounds of Rattanakosin Island.

Principal Sights Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical ParkAyutthaya’s temples are dotted throughout this once glorious city, along the encircling rivers, and in the surrounding countryside. At least one full day is needed to fully appreciate the magnitude of the historical park, with plenty of relaxing provincial accommodation available for those who wish to spend a night or more in the modern version of Ayutthaya town. One of the best ways to explore the restored complex of ruins is by pedal power, renting a bicycle is a peaceful and enjoyable mode of getting up close to the monuments. For a more unique journey of discovery, chartering a long-tail boat allows you to absorb the attractions from a riverine perspective. And for a truly Thai tour of the city, hop up on the back of an elephant, and gently ride through time atop these wise beasts.

The Reclining Buddha at Wat Yai Chaimongkon, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya


Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Study Centre Funded by the Japanese government on land that was once a part of historic Ayutthaya’s Japanese residential quarter, the creatively designed modern building houses fantastic hi-tech exhibits that transport visitors back in time to capture life in Ayutthaya as it was in its heyday. There are colourful murals as well as delicately constructed models of the city in its former glory.

Royal PalaceWhile not much exists of the old royal palace, Wang Luang, the brickwork remnants of the foundations still convey the grand scale of the regal lodgings. Established by King Borommatrailokanat in the 15th century and expanded by successive kings, the original site boasted three impressive receptions halls – the fi ve-tiered roof of Sanphet Prasat Hall, Suriyat Amarin Hall, and Wihan Somdet Hall. The palace was razed by the Burmese in 1767.

Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Historical Park

Wat Phra Si SanphetA part of the original palace grounds, next door stand the three famous Sri Lankan style chedi of Wat Phra Sri Sanphet. The royal chapel was where kings came to pray, and was the largest and most beautiful in Ayutthaya, a focal point of reverence just as the Emerald Buddha Temple is in Bangkok. Two of the chedi were built in 1492 by Borommatrailokanat’s son Ramathibodi II to hold the ashes of his father and brother, while the third was added in 1540 by Ramathibodi’s son to hold the ashes of his late father. Today, the three perfectly symmetrical restored spires have become the symbolic landmark of Ayutthaya.

Chankasem Palace Known as the Front Palace, King Maha Thammaracha built it for his son Prince Naresuan (later king), and it became the residence for future heirs to the throne. In 1767, the Burmese destroyed the palace, but King Mongkut (Rama IV) later resurrected it in the 19th century as a royal summer retreat. The palace now houses the small Chantharakasem National Museum, whose collection is most certainly worthy of perusal.

Wat Chai Wattanaram, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya


Chao Sam Phraya National MuseumPriceless treasures from the crypts of Wat Mahathat and Wat Ratchaburana enrich Thailand’s second largest museum, along with relics and artworks that span all major Thai art styles. Spread over two fl oors, the well-presented collection allows visitors to appreciate the intricacies and historic developments of Thai art and culture.

Wat MahathatWat Mahathat, or Temple of the Great Relic, was originally once one of the most arresting temples in Ayutthaya, and one of its oldest, dating from the 1380s Constructed by King Boromaraja I, the chapel was the gravitating point for religious ceremonies, and where the Supreme Patriarch resided. Its divine attribute was its lofty laterite prang, which originally stood 50 metres (165 ft) tall. The prang later collapsed but the base foundations, which are circled by smaller restored chedi, still give visitors a strong impression of its sheer scale. A curious sight at the temple front is a dismembered stone Buddha head that has been embedded in the roots of an old banyan tree.

Wat Chai Wattanaram, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Luang Pho To at Wat Phananchoeng, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

Wat Ratchaburana, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

Wat RatchaburanaOne of Ayutthaya’s fi nest temples, Wat Ratchaburana was built in 1424 by the seventh king of Ayutthaya as a memorial to his elder brothers who had died together duelling to see who would inherit the throne. Excavations in 1957 revealed a crypt hidden deep below the central tower, containing a fabulous wealth of priceless gold jewellery, rare Buddha images and other art objects.

Wihan Phra Mongkhon BophitFor two centuries after Ayutthaya’s fall, a huge bronze Buddha sat exposed to the elements near Wat Phra Sri Sanphet. Based on the original building, a new Viharn Phra Mongkhon Bophit was built in 1956 around the restored statue. Dating to the 15th century and over 12 metres tall, it is one of Thailand’s largest bronze images and is highly revered by local pilgrims.


Wat Phra RamFounded in 1369 by the son of Ayutthaya’s founding king, this is one of Ayutthaya’s oldest temples. The central terrace is dominated by a crumbling prang adorned with stucco naga, garuda, and Buddha statues. The refl ection of the prang shimmers in the pond of lilies that surrounds the chapel, contributing to one of the island’s most relaxing locations.

Phra Chedi Si SuriyothaiThis pagoda shrine commemorates the life and heroism of the Ayutthayan Queen Suriyothai, who masqueraded as a male warrior and rode an elephant into battle, sacrifi cing her life by interrupting a dual between her husband King Maha Chakraphet and a Burmese prince.

Phra Chedi Si Suriyothai, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

The Principal Buddha Image at Wat Na Phra Men, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya


Off the Island Upstream from Wat Phanan Choeng, the idyllic Wat Phutthaisawan juts up from the river’s edge. The quiet landing area is a wonderful spot to soak up the peaceful river afternoons. Farther upstream, the modest Cathedral of St Joseph is a Christian reminder of the large European community that made Ayutthaya their home.

Where the river bends is one of Ayutthaya’s most scenic locales, Wat Chai Wattanaram. The temple is popular with snap-happy tourists, especially towards sundown. Restored in the 1990s, the temple was built by King Prasat Thong. Standing tall on a pedestal in front of the chapel, a Buddha keeps watch over the domain.

Wat Na Phra Men was one of Ayutthaya’s only temples not to be destroyed by the Burmese. The pleasant setting conveys a more tangible sense of Ayutthayan architecture. The temple has several standout features including a large stone Buddha seated in the ‘European fashion’ on a throne, very different to the subduing Mara position of most seated Buddhas. With a huge chedi, Wat Yai Chai Mongkol was built to celebrate King Naresuan the Great’s slaying of the Burmese crown prince in 1592.

In grounds that are some of Ayutthaya’s best maintained, lines of Buddha images skirt the inner walls and there is also a large white reclining Buddha. Slightly north of the island, Wat Phu Khao Thong, better known as the Golden Mount, stands with its 80-metre-high (260-ft) chedi alone amidst the paddy fi elds, its elevated terraces offer a sweeping view of the landscape. In the opposite direction from the Golden Mount, is the only elephant kraal left in Thailand. This 16th century kraal is a reminder of a time when elephants were a vital element to a victorious army. Standing in the restored stockade with its huge wooden stacks, one can imagine the roar of the powerful pachyderms.

Fireworks at Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya Historical Park


Getting ThereBy RailTrains depart from Hua Lamphong Railway Station in Bangkok several times daily and the journey takes around two hours.

By BusBuses leave every 30 minutes from the Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaent Phet II Road. The journey takes around 90 minutes.

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya World Heritage Festival

By CarTake Highway No.1 (Phahonyothin Road), and then take Highway No.2 to Ayutthaya.

By BoatSeveral companies operate boat excursions to Ayutthaya some return the same day, while others take 2-3 days. The Chao Phraya Express Boat leaves every Sunday from Maharat Pier at 8 a.m., arriving in Ayutthaya around 10.30 a.m. The boat arrives back in Bangkok around 6 p.m. Tel. 0 2222 5330


Conserving Nature Thung Yai Naresuan & Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife SanctuariesBlessed with great natural beauty, Thailand’s UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site of Thung Yai Naresuan and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries join up to make the kingdom’s largest protected land parcel, as well as being one of the most important and most expansive conservation areas in Southeast Asia. Situated in Thailand’s western Kanchanaburi and Tak provinces, along the border with Myanmar and located at the southern tip of the Dawna Range, this pristine Asian rainforest is a colossal 320,000 hectares in size.

•Declared a wildlife

preserve in the early 1970s, Thung Yai meaning‘big fi eld’, is one of only a few remaining

unspoiled tracts of forest cover still left in the world

today, being offi cially recognised by

UNESCO in 1991.

•

Giant Tree in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary


Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary


Declared a wildlife preserve in the early 1970s, Thung Yai meaning ‘big fi eld’, is one of only a few remaining unspoiled tracts of forest cover still left in the world today, being offi cially recognised by UNESCO in 1991. The two adjoining sanctuaries form a huge area of the Western Forest Complex, a phenomenal swathe of virgin forest that also includes the surrounding national parks of Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary to the north, Mae Wong National Park, Srinakarindra National Park, Chaloem Rattankosin National Park, Erawan National Park, Sai Yok National Park, and Salak Phra Wildlife Sanctuary. The spectacular terrain is marked with many outstanding natural features, which are home to a stunning variety of fl ora and fauna. As with any self-contained ecosystem, water is a vital source of life with this hilly region spawning four major rivers, gushing waterfalls, pretty fresh streams like Huai Kha Khaeng, and rocky ravines. Steaming hot springs are a unique resource that visitors fi nd fascinating to discover, with Pong Nai Sor Spring, which was named after an unfortunate hunter that was killed by a rhino, the best known.

This continual fl ow of unpolluted water gives life to schools of fi sh, as well as forming small lakes, ponds and swamp areas that have become important habitats for an abundance of colourful wildlife. Three different species of otter frolic openly in such waterways, as well as rare herds of larger cattle including gaur, banteng, and the only wild water buffalo in the whole of Thailand.

A verdant undulating landscape with valleys, wetlands, open prairies, and mountain peaks that rise above 1,500 m., Thung Yai thrives with a diversity of trees and shrubs. From dense evergreen to bamboo forests, the sanctuary is endowed with a staggering 1,000 vertebrate species, including 153 mammal species, 490 bird species, 41 reptiles and over 100 species of fi sh. Many of these timid protected creatures are rarely spotted outside the sanctuary environment, but on a good day you might be lucky to see tapping woodpeckers, hornbills, and red-headed vultures fl ying in the skies above. Meanwhile on the ground is the hope of an encounter with a rare Sumatran or Javan rhinoceros, herds of lumbering wild elephants, as well as several endangered carnivores, such as tigers, bears, and clouded leopards.

Aside from close ups of the animal kingdom, Thung Yai contains several remote sites of great archaeological interest, which reputedly dates back thousands of years to early humans. While stone artefacts have been unearthed, there has been little research conducted to date, making the area ripe for an Indiana Jones style archaeological adventure. For present day human contact, the sanctuary is home to hill tribe villages of ethnic Karen. Wearing white and red costumes, the Karen have settled in this region for at least two centuries, with their traditional lifestyle helping maintain the delicate ecosystem of the forest sanctuary.

An adventurous journey to Thung Yai Naresuan offers visitors the privilege of being able to visit one of the few remaining virgin forest canopies remaining in the world. The sanctuary is only open to small groups, and it’s advised to obtain a visitor’s permit from the Wildlife Conservation Division of the Royal Forest Department in Bangkok, or from the chief of the sanctuary.

Feel like an intrepid explorer as you trek through vegetation that few, if any, humans have ever set foot upon. If really fortunate, you might be the fi rst person on the planet to discover a new species living in the sanctuary, in which case you get to choose the name for this never seen organism. Thailand maybe a popular international tourist hotspot, but it is still incredibly easy to fi nd yourself in remote locations, where the only other voices you hear are the calls of birds overhead and the jungle chorus that surrounds.

Getting ThereBy Bus Buses depart daily from Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaent Phet II Road to Uthai Thani. From Uthai Thani, you must arrange a 4WD to the parks. By CarFrom Bangkok, take Highway No.2 through Ayutthaya, Ang Thong, Sing Buri, and Chai Nat, then turn left at Km. 26, across the bridge spanning the Chao Phraya and left on to Highway No.33 to Uthai Thani, a total distance of about 222 km.


Khao Yai National ParkHaving just recently been awarded UNESCO Natural World Heritage status, Khao Yai is Thailand’s oldest and best known national park. Stretching a green blanket across the four north-eastern provinces of Sara Buri, Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachin Buri, and Nakhon Nayok, the nation’s second largest park is a mammoth 2,000-square-kilometre ecological wonderland that boasts more than 112 mammal species, including roaming families of elephants and elusive tigers, as well as an incredible 390 bird species.

Unlike many of Thailand’s more remote and inaccessible parks, Khao Yai is only 200 km. from Bangkok and makes for a joyous weekend getaway from busy city bustle. Near the small provincial town of Pak Chong, the park’s boundaries are well-equipped with tourist infrastructure, including plush hillside resorts and intimate family-run lodges, making an adventure to Khao Yai as luxurious or rustic as you desire to make it. Less than three hours from the capital, the park’s facilities can be arrived at by car, bus, or train. Heo Suwat Waterfall, Khao Yai National Park

Wild Deer, Khao Yai National Park


Waterfall or Namtok Check Point View PointNational Park Offi ceTourise Information CentreRoadRiver

1 Namtok Tat Ta Khong2 Namtok Tat Ta Phu3 Namtok Manao4 Namtok Huai Ra Ya5 Namtok Pha Chom Phu6 Namtok Pha Kra Jai7 Namok Pha Tabak8 Namtok Heo Namk9 Namtok Than Rattana

10 Namtok Pha Kluai Mai11 Namtok Heo Suwat12 Namtok Heo sai13 Namtok Kong Kaeo

14 Namtok Heo Prathun15 Namtok Wang Heo16 Kaeng Hin Phloeng17 Chao Pho Khao Yai Shrine18 View Point K.M. 3019 Nong Phakchi’s Wildlife Watching Tower20 Mo Sing To’s Wildlife Watching Tower21 Youth Camp22 Nong Khing23 Chao Pho Khao Khiao Shrine24 Pha Diao Dai View Point25 National Park Offi ce26 Tourist Information centre


The jewel of the Khorat Plateau mountain range, Khao Yai means ‘Big Mountain’. With hill elevations from 100 to 1,400 metres, Khao Laem (Shadow Mountain) is 1,350 metres high and Khao Khieo (Green Mountain), 1,020 metres. The balmy air is a refreshing change from Thailand’s typically hot and humid climate and during the cool season (November to February) misty evening temperatures can actually get pretty nippy. While year round the park is a fascinating journey of discovery, just after the rains at the start of the cool season is the optimum time to visit, with the park’s profusion of waterfalls in full fl owing force, and the clear skies just right for bird watching.

Khao Yai is home to one of Asia’s largest tracts of undisturbed monsoon forest. A haven to 800 species of plants, the habitat is incredibly diverse with large covers of evergreen and deciduous trees, indigenous rainforest and open savannah. This park is source to fi ve Central Plains rivers; the Prachin Buri, Nakhon Nayok, Lam Takhong, Lam Taplung, and Hui Muak Lek.

With such a nourishing environment, Khao Yai teems with wildlife of all descriptions. Monkeys, gibbons and langurs are regularly spotted, as are several species of fi ne looking hornbills. Timid deer are common, but lesser seen creatures include bears, gaurs, boars, serow, and big cats like the clouded leopard. There are wildlife watchtowers from which to get a loftier perspective of the forest and its inhabitants. For a truly unrivalled spectacle, head to Khao Luk Chang Bat Cave around dusk to watch over a million bats fl y out together as they head off in search of their evening feed.

Attracting awe-inspired tourists and thirsty wildlife alike, Khao Yai is deservedly famous for its plethora of waterfalls that are prettied by butterfl ies, wild orchids and other colourful fauna. As the rainy season swells mountain streams, rivers surge over multi-tiered falls, with cool pools of fresh mountain water to bathe and swim in. Adding to the outdoor experience, these exhilarating natural wonders provide a soothing respite after a long hike through the wilds. Some of the most spectacular falls to seek out are Namtok (waterfall) Heo Suwat, famous as the waterfall location that appeared in the Hollywood blockbuster The Beach, and the park’s tallest and most dramatic falls of Heo Narok.


Khao Yai is cleaved with over 50 km. of hiking trails, many of which have been formed by wildlife movement. Deep in this massive sweep of forest it is easy to loose your way so hire a guide to get the most from your outdoor experience. Aside from hiking in the park, visitors can also embark upon an exciting night safari, or ride through the jungle on an ATV (All Terrain Vehicle). Other pursuits around the park’s perimeter include a round of golf at a lush 18-hole golf course, soothing spa treatments at several resorts, and a wine tour of the newly established vineyards that capitalise on the excellent soil conditions and cool air to cultivate extremely palatable classic red and white wine bouquets.

Getting ThereBy AirThai Airways operates fl ights from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima daily. Tel. 0 2628 2000, Hotline: 1566 Website: www.thaiairways.com

By RailTrains leave Hua Lamphong Railway Station to Nakhon Ratchasima daily, the journey taking around 6 hours.

By Bus Buses depart daily from Bangkok Bus Terminal on Kamphaent Phet II Road to Pak Chong several times. The journey takes around 3 hours. From Pak Chong bus station take a sawngthaew to the park gates.

By Car The main route from Bangkok is via Highway No.1 to Saraburi, and from there direct to Nakhon Ratchasima, a total distance is 259 km.

Useful Websites• www.unesco.org • www.dnp.go.th• www.thailandmuseum.com • www.moe.go.th/fi nearts• www.tourismthailand.org

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