World-wide Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 and Other Trace

Species Using Commercial Airlines

T. Machida1, H. Matsueda2, Y. Nakagawa3, M. Tomosawa4, K. Ishikawa5, T. Inagaki5, T. Nakazawa6, T. Ogawa5 and T. Suenaga7 1NIES, 2MRI, 3JAL, 4JAMCO, 5JAXA, 6Tohoku U., 7JAL F.

Introduction

Limited DataValidation for Model TransportValidation for Satellite CO2

Aircraft Measurements

High FrequencySevere Restriction

Commercial AirlinerEasy InstallationHigh Cost

Chartered Aircraft

Ongoing Project (MRI, JAL, JAL F)

1993-now, Twice/monthCO2, CH4, CO

30N-25N

25N-20N

20N-15N

15N-10N

10N-5N

5N-EQ

EQ-5S

5S-10S10S-15S

15S-20S

20S-25S

25S-30S

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

5ppm

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

30N-25N

25N-20N

20N-15N

15N-10N

10N-5N

5N-EQ

EQ-5S

5S-10S

10S-15S

15S-20S

20S-25S

25S-30S

Carbon monoxide (CO)100ppb

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

CO2

COGrowth Rate

Detail: Poster FF-177 (Matsueda et al.)

New Project from 2003

Atmospheric Measurement by Airliners for

Trace Species: AMATRASNew Functions… in-situ CO2 measurementAircraft information from ARINC

New Equipments for Commercial Airliners

1. Continuous CO2 Measurement Equipment (CME)2. Improved Automatic Air Sampling Equipment (ASE)

CME Description

1ccm

Size: 570H * 320W * 255DWeight: 22 kg (incl. Cylinders)

Standard Gases

150ccm

Pump

Solenoid

Valve

MFC

NDIRLI-840

Pressure

Controller

Drier

Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, Ground Speed, Wind Speed, Wind Dir., Air Temperature

ARINCDataLogger

CME Measurement

2000ft 2000ft

Std Gas 5min Acquisition 10s

Std Gas 5min Acquisition 10s

Std Gas 20min Acquisition 1min

All Flight above 2000ft

600H Flight (2month)Download(Std Gas, Drier)

Linearity and Drier Test

Cylinder Value=368.86 ppm

367

367.5

368

368.5

369

369.5

370

35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000

CO2[ppm]

time(s)

Measured Value=368.88±0.11 ppm

Good Linearityand No large Influence from Drier & Pump

Comparison with Large System (LI-6262)

CME

LI-6262 System

Temporal CO2 Variation

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390BIBLE-CO2CME

CO2(ppm)

13:00 13:10JST

13:05 13:15

LI-6262

Good Agreement but slow response

Test Flight using B65 by JAXA

Pump

On

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

140

145

150

155

160

Cell Pressure

Flow RateCell Pressure [kPa] Flow Rate [mL/min]

14:30 15:3015:0013:30 14:00 16:00

380

385

390

395

400

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CO2[ppm]

Altitude[km]

CO2 [ppm]

Altitude[km]

14:30 15:3015:0013:30 14:00 16:00Local Time

Take

off

Vertical CO2 Profiles

380 385 390 3950

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 #1#2#3#4#5#6

CO2 [ppm]

Altitude[km]

ReasonableProfiles

Mar.-May, 2005

New ASE

Flask: 12 Titanium Sampling: Twice/Month

Australia-JapanAnalysis: Next Day (in 2days)

old ASE new ASEControl Trigger:

Measurement:

Timer ARINCFixed PositionVertical Sampling

CO2, CH4, CO CO2, CH4, CON2O, SF6, H2

CO2 isotope

Good Stability in the Titanium Flasks

Small Drifts but only CO needs Correction

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

JAL01 JAL02 JAL03

3

4

5

CO2[ppm]

Flask No.

CO2: After 2 days(383ppm)

-10

-5

0

5

10

JAL01 JAL02 JAL03

3

4

5

H2[ppb]

Flask No.

H2: After 2 days(570ppb)

-4

-2

0

2

4

JAL01 JAL02 JAL03

3

4

5

CO[ppb]

Flask No.

CO: After 2 days(430ppb)

FAA Official Test

Radio Frequency Emission Test

Altitude Test

Got an Approval from FAA in April 2005

High Temp TestPower Input Test

Radio Frequency Emission Test

Static Load Test

Altitude Test

Waterproofness Test

Proof and Burst Pressure Test

Vibration 　 TestRadio Frequency Susceptibility TestVoltage Spike TestStatic Load Test 　

FWD

Installation on 747-400

CME

ASEPump

air conditioning duct

Example of Destination in April 2004 (5 Aircrafts)

747-400 747-400 777 777 777

ASE ASE

SouthEastASIA33%

EastASIA29%

Europe23%

Oceania10%

North America4%

Pacific1%

CME CME CME CME CME

5

8

2

7

2 1013

12

2

43

3

8

4 1194

15

Schedule

Apr. 2005: FAA Official Test

Oct. 2005: Installation for 747-400 End-Oct.: Issue STC by FAA & JCAB

1st Test Flight by 747

Nov. 2005: 2nd 747

Feb. 2006: 1st 777Apr. 2006: 2nd and 3rd 777

2006-2010: Budget Applied (MOE Japan)

Conclusion

Acknowledgement: This project was partly supported by MEXT

We Successfully Developed New InstrumentsCME +/-0.2 ppm (10s data) Slow Response but Accurate ASE ARINC Control Good Stability in the Titanium FlasksPass FAA Official Test STC for Aircraft Type (747 & 777) Apply Other Airliners