WORLD WAR II And the U.S.

by Richard Yang, Kevin Raju, Brandon O’Neil, Taim al-Jarrah

The War in Europe ............................. Page 3

The War in the Pacific ........................ Page 13

The War at Sea .................................... Page 23

The Air War ........................................ Page 33

Features

Bibliography .......................................................................... Page 40

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

The War in Europe

The European Theater was an area of conflict

for the Allied forces. During World War Two, the

Allies consisted of the British Empire, the Soviet

Union, France, the United States, and China. There

were also many other minor nations and colonies

that supported the war effort, such as India.

The U.S. played a major role during the war in

the European Theater, and helped to liberate many

nations.

Chapter 1

The M4 tank was often used by the U.S.

Italy

During World War Two, Italy was ruled by a fascist

dictator named Benito Mussolini. This was one of

the first European areas that the U.S. invaded, and

was met with strong success. On September 3rd,

1943, the Allies invaded the Italian mainland, and

within weeks, the Italian government agreed to

surrender and fight the Nazis. However, Mussolini

managed to get away from the Allies - although he

was imprisoned by the new Italian government,

Hitler snuck Fallshirmjägers (paratroopers, also

known as Airborne) into the Italian mountains, and

rescued him. After he rescued Mussolini, Hitler

placed him as the leader of Northern Italy, under

his direct control.

However, even though Hitler saved him that time,

he did not last long. By June 4th, 1944, the Allied

advance had reached Rome, and captured most of

Italy. However, after that, the advance stopped, as

the Allies were about to launch another invasion,

which was named codenamed D-Day.

A German tank in the Italian capital, Rome

The Day of Days

D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord, was the

first American assault into Northern Europe. It

involved thousands of American, British, and

Canadian troops invading to liberate the French.

This marked the first direct American involvement

with the European theater. The troops trained for

Troops were carried by boats called landing craft

months before D-Day, learning all about their jobs

and what they would have to do. A special Army

unit, the Airborne, was to drop deep behind enemy

lines and attack from behind. After that, the Navy

began to fire onto the German defenses, and make

the invasion easier. In the hours leading up to the

final assault, bombing runs and more Airborne

troops dropped and helped out. Finally, from 6:30 -

10:00, the ground forces assaulted the beachheads,

where the Germans attempted to defend France. D-

Day ended with a success, but with high losses.

However, the Allies managed to push into Europe,

and put Germany on the defensive for the first time.

This marked the beginning of the end for Europe’s

Western Front, and set the scene for Hitler’s

ultimate demise.

The Battle of the Bulge

By the end of 1944, Hitler was growing desperate.

Soviet forces on the other side of Europe had

finally beaten the Nazis all the way back to the pre-

war border, and were preparing for a final offensive

to crush the heart of the German Reich. As a last

resort, Hitler attempted to destroy the Eastern

Front, in order to free up his time to attack the

Soviets. This effort was named the Battle of the

Bulge, as Hitler attempted to create a “Bulge” of

sorts around the Allies, and encircle them. He

diverted over a dozen divisions, or 200,000 men,

from the fighting on the Eastern front in order to

destroy the Allies forever. In the early stages of the

battle, the Nazis had the element of surprise, and

almost overwhelmed the exhausted and cold

Americans. However, the U.S. generals saw what

was going on, and shifted all the armies in western

Europe - over 600,000 men - to the fighting, and

soon crushed the Nazi offensive. This ended the

last effective Nazi resistance in the West.

U.S. troops often fought in a ditch called a foxhole

The Beginning of the End

By the beginning of 1945, Hitler’s forces had been

all but destroyed. His Reich’s borders had already

been crossed by both Soviet and American forces,

and the end was imminent. In the days before his

death, it was said that he went mad with grief, and

The Heart of Berlin, known as the Reichstag

ordered offensives by armies that had already been

obliterated, and defenses set up by escaped

civilians. The U.S. was able to easily push through

the remaining German defenses set up throughout

the countryside, where there was U.S. victory after

victory, and the German forces were forced to fall

back further and further. The final major German

defense, the Siegfried Line, which was a series of

fortifications and defensive strongpoints, fell in the

early months of 1945, and the Allies simply

marched on to Berlin. By May 8, 1945, Hitler was

dead, Berlin captured, and the Nazis surrendered.

That date was known as V-E Day, or Victory in

Europe day. The Allies had finally pushed all the

way to Berlin, and the war in Europe was finally

over.

The Pacific WarIn the Pacific, the United States fought against the

Japanese Empire in the fight of its life. The war

was primarily naval, as the area between the U.S.

and Japan is mostly ocean, but many battles

culminated with an American assault onto Japanese

positions. For much of the beginning of the war, the

U.S. was in a constant state of retreat against the

overwhelming Japanese force, but by 1943 had

turned the tide, and begun offensives of their own.

U.S. Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima

Chapter 2

Pearl Harbor

On November 26, 1941, Japanese forces sailed to

Pearl Harbor with 6 aircraft carriers with 430

warplanes, 2 battleships, 2 cruisers, 9 destroyers,

and several submarines. December 7, 1941 was the

day of the attack. At 6AM Hawaiian time, Japanese

forces dropped anchor near Pearl Harbor. For the

next hour, Japanese fighters launched 360 planes in

several waves converging on Oahu, the location of

Pearl Harbor. The U.S. broke the Japanese naval

code, but no precautions were taken to protect the

base from attack.

Battleships, airfields, and other military areas

were the primary target of Japanese airplanes. At

7:55AM, the first bombs fell and caused damage to

Pearl Harbor. Most US airplanes were destroyed in

the attack.

Around 9:15AM, more torpedo and dive bombing

attacks occurred with devastating effects. However,

all 4 Pacific fleet aircraft carriers were still at sea,

and the Japanese didn’t completely destroy oil

supplies and air facilities. On December 8, 1941,

The US declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy

declared war on the U.S. soon after.

A U.S. ship hit by a Japanese bomb slowly burns

Battle of Midway

Admiral Yamamoto of Japan assembled the largest

fleet in Japanese Navy with over 185 warships.

While part of the fleet was sent to the Aleutian

Islands, south of the Alaskan mainland, to strike the

American forces there, the majority of the fleet

spread out to move towards Midway. This was

intended to be surprise attack, but the Americans

cracked the Japanese codes and found out about

this attack. On June 3rd, American bombers started

from Midway and flew to attack the approaching

Japanese fleet. The Americans had element of

surprise. Admiral Isoroku sent only ½ of his planes

to attack while the Americans sent all their planes.

The Americans had significant losses, but they

slowed down the Japanese attacks. Before the

Japanese could launch another air attack, American

bombers targeted Japanese Carriers. Japanese

carriers were littered with fuel and bombs. The

Americans sank 3 Japanese carriers, but the last

one escaped. On June 5th, the Japanese fleet

retreated, but damage has been done to both sides.

The U.S. was industrially prepared, but the

Japanese weren’t. Japanese forces were severely

weakened and lost their advantage in the Pacific

Ocean.

An American SBD-3 Dauntless attacks a warship

Battle of Leyte Gulf

The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval

battle of World War Two, and pitted the U.S. 3rd

and 7th Fleets against the mighty Japanese Center

Force. Admiral Ozawa would lure Halsey away so

that the battleships of the Center Force could

bombard the exposed American infantry in the

Leyte Gulf. Admiral Kurita’s forces left Borneo on

October 22nd, but in 2 groups. Kurita’s 1st group

would pass through the San Bernardino Strait and

enter the Leyte Gulf from the North, while the 2nd

force under Admiral Nishimura moved through the

Sulu Sea to the southern entrance of Leyte Gulf.

However, early on October 23rd, 2 American

Submarines attacked Kurita’s fleet. The next day,

planes from Halsey’s carriers assaulted Kurita’s

fleet sinking the battleship Musashi. In turn,

Japanese planes from land bases sunk one of

Halsey’s carriers. Kurita retreated to the Leyte gulf,

and was late for his rendezvous with Nishimura. In

the south, Kinkaid intercepted Nishimura at the

Surigao Strait. Around midnight of October 24-25,

first contact came with these forces and after a few

hours, Nishimura’s force was destroyed. Out of 7

Japanese vessels entering the Surigao Strait, only

one damaged cruiser and one destroyer escaped.

One U.S. destroyer was damaged by American fire.

Before daybreak on October 25th, Kurita’s

remaining forces headed for Leyte Gulf. Halsey,

under the belief that Kurita’s forces were crippled

believed that Ozawa’s carriers were now the main

threat and rushed north to attack Ozawa. Sometime

after sunrise, Kurita struck Kinkaid’s northernmost

unit of a small force made of small carriers and

destroyers, named Taffy 3 (Task Force 3). The tiny

American force fought against the powerful fleet of

the Japanese for several hours, and held off the

vastly superior Japanese force. Kurita soon found

out that the other 2 fleets had already been

defeated, and with this information, he decided to

retreat with what remained of his fleet. North of

that battle, Halsey destroyed Ozawa’s decoy forces

comprised of Japan’s last carriers and several escort

ships. This victory meant the recapture of Leyte.

The U.S.S. Princeton burns after a Japanese attack

The Sea WarHowever much attention is paid towards the ground

war, and the struggle of the infantry, the sea is just

as important. During campaigns, the sea is a

valuable resource for both launching attacks and

defending positions. Convoys, U-Boats, aircraft

carriers, and blockades had an undeniable effect on

the outcome of World War Two, and some of the

largest and most ferocious clashes of the war

happened on the high seas.

Chapter 1

Merchant ships forming a convoy before leaving

Undeclared Submarine Warfare

When war broke out between the Allies and the

Central Powers in 1939, naval attacks began

immediately. The battle for control of the Atlantic

Ocean was called “The Battle of the Atlantic”. It

lasted from the first day of the war to the last. This

battle is often overlooked, because other fights are

deemed more important. While this battle did not

take place on the European continent, it did have a

huge effect on the war. Great Britain relied heavily

on imports for food, so if the German were able to

stop supply ships from reaching Britain, the British

would have been forced to surrender. Some old

naval war tactics were brought back from previous

conflicts, while some fairly new ones were used.

The advantages of using submarines was becoming

apparent, yet only a few countries effectively

utilized them. “U-Boats”, as the Germans called

them, used the element of surprise and the ability to

stay hidden when attacking. They would stay

submerged until they spotted a ship, and would

then follow them, waiting until nightfall to attack.

They would then fire a torpedo at the ship, creating

a hole in its hull and causing it to sink.During the

Battle of the Atlantic, Germany began using a shoot

on sight policy, which led to some complications.

While the U.S. was technically not in the war at

this time, America was still supplying a lot of

materials to the Allies. U-boats began sinking

American ships, specifically targeting merchant

ships. President Roosevelt did not want this

aggression by the Germans to lead to war, but he

also was not going to continue to allow the sinking

of American ships. To solve this problem, Congress

changed previous laws, to allow trade ships to arm

themselves and to defend themselves from any

attacks. This led to an undeclared naval war

between the U.S. and Germany.

A Balao Class submarine, designed by the USN

The Happy Time

In the beginning of the war, Germany did not focus

on submarines, building more surface vessels like it

did in WWI. After Nazi leaders saw how effective

submarines were, they decided to shift their attack

strategy in the Atlantic. They wanted to use U-

Boats mainly to sink supply ships. At this time

however, the number of submarines Germany had

was not large enough to control the Atlantic. In

response to this, the Nazis increased the amount

being produced. However, this took some time

because building submarines and training crews

took time. This did not stop U-Boats from being

successful. In fact, the period between 1940-1941,

was called the “Happy Time” by German sailors

because of how many ships they sank with little to

no resistance. The U-Boat successes were due to

several factors. At this point in the war, Germany

had begun taking control of much of Europe,

occupying countries like France and Poland. This

gave them access to a number of important ports

and strategic bases. Many of the ports on the west

coast of France were used to launch and take in

submarines. The use of French ports gave U-Boats

a more direct route into the Atlantic and made it

easier to strike British ships. Another factor was the

increasing accuracy of torpedoes. The germans

worked on fixing this problem, decreasing the

amount of torpedo failures. The last and most

important factor that led to the “Happy Time” was

Allied unpreparedness. Many merchant ships

traveled alone or without protection, which was a

grave error. Traveling outside of a convoy left a

ship defenseless against U-Boats, even if a plane or

ship had patrolled the area. Furthermore, even in

convoys, ships were not completely safe. Despite

British confidence in their detection technology,

radar and sonar were not a foolproof way of

detecting submarines. U-Boats used a technique

that allowed them to stay undetected by attacking

on the surface of the water at night. Perhaps the

most devastating tactic used by the U-Boats was

traveling in “wolf packs”. If a U-Boat sighted a

convoy, it would send a signal to other submarines,

calling them to help attack. They would then follow

the convoy, waiting for the sun to set, and then fire

at several ships at once. The Happy Time did not

last forever, as U-Boat losses skyrocketed in 1942.

This was due to better improvement in technology.

D-Day and the Normandy Landings

The landings at Normandy were all part of an

operation to defeat Hitler called Operation

Overlord. This plan aimed to launch a surprise

invasion of France and push inward all the way to

Germany. Its success marked the beginning of the

end for the Nazis. However, it could not have

happened if not for the efforts of the ships and

planes in the Atlantic. In the months leading up to

Operation Overlord, the Allies were able to turn the

tide of the Battle of the Atlantic. Germany suffered

such high submarine losses that it was forced to

pull back. If German submarines had remained in

the Atlantic, many of the transport ships that were

carrying troops to land on the beaches of

Normandy would have been sunk before they even

reached their destination. The number of ships

involved in Operation Overlord totaled over 5,000.

If those ships had to deal with wolf packs, D-Day

could have had a different result. While naval

battles were not the most recognized, their

outcomes had the most important long term effect

on the war. For example, without the supplies from

America, the UK and Russia would have struggled

much more in their fight against the Nazis and

possibly fallen.

The Navy played just as big a role in D-Day

The Air WarDuring World War One, the idea of air support was

first formed, with primitive biplanes making

bombing and strafing runs against enemy targets.

However, by World War Two, the idea had been

refined significantly, and planes were now a force

to be reckoned with on the battlefield. Bombers,

fighters, and transports all played their parts during

the war, and changed the outcome dramatically

with fire-bombings and clandestine troop drops.

Chapter 3

One of the only nuclear bombs to be dropped in anger.

The Air War in Europe

The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was the world’s

largest at the start of WWII. The Royal Air Force of

Great Britain joined the U.S. Army Air Forces to

fight against the German Air Force. The Luftwaffe

was originally designed to help the German ground

forces (Wermacht), so this crippled Germany in

conflicts with Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) and

the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). The USAAF

bombed German aircraft plants to make it more

difficult for the Germans to make planes, but the

results in 1943 were poor because U.S. bombers

were being shot down when flying over Germany.

In 1944, these problems were fixed, and the U.S.

bombing of Nazi Germany became more effective.

USAAF bombers continued to bomb German oil

plants and transportation networks so that Germany

had problems in their own country. The Luftwaffe’s

air war efforts were ineffective at this time due to

the loss of experienced pilots and the gasoline

shortage, and in 1944, the Luftwaffe was much

weaker than the USAAF and the RAF. Adolf Hitler

did not use aircraft enough in World War II, so his

country was defeated more easily by the allied

planes.

Dresden after its firebombing during the war

Air War in the Pacific

About five months after Japan’s attack on Pearl

Harbor, the United States decided to respond by

sending sixteen B-25 bombers over Japan, bombing

Tokyo and many other target cities along the way.

These sixteen planes landed in allied bases in China

shortly after the assault. In 1943, the U.S. began an

air campaign against Japan. He made arrangements

with China and British India to build air bases for

B-29 bombers that would be used against Japan. In

mid-1944, sixty-three B-29s bombed Japanese steel

plants, but the resulting damage was minor. Only

five other air missions were launched by the United

States from China, and they mostly targeted

Japanese bases outside of mainland Japan. On June

15th, 1944, the U.S. captured the Mariana Islands.

This victory was what persuaded the U.S. to begin

the sustained air war against Japan. Starting in

1944, Major General Hansell staged seven air raids

against Japanese manufacturing plants in Tokyo.

However, Hansell’s high altitude bombing strategy

was ineffective due to less accuracy, as only minor

damage was dealt to the target manufacturing

plants. Due to this, Hansell was replaced by Major

General LeMay, and more incendiaries were

carried by the B-29s in future raids in order to

create fires in the manufacturing plants during the

bombings. LeMay’s campaign dropped thousands

of tons of bombs in Tokyo, killing over 80,000

from the spreading fires. By mid summer of 1945,

Japan had over 180 square miles of its urban

landscape destroyed from bombings and fires.

B-29s also dropped thousands of mines into

Japanese waters, blocking many of the enemy

ports. Finally on August 6, a B-29 named “Enola

Gay” dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima that

killed 78,000 and injured 51,000. The Japanese did

not respond to the U.S. call for surrender, so three

days later a second atomic bomb was dropped on

Nagasaki, killing 35,000 and injuring 60,000. On

August 9, 1945, the Japanese finally surrendered.

A Boeing plant during World War Two

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