World War II (to Pearl Harbor)

Chapter 34

The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsThe Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

No control of major No control of major conflicts.conflicts. No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.No effective military force.

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.and war as tools of foreign policy.

5 62 nations signed.62 nations signed.

5 ProblemsProblems no means of actual enforcement no means of actual enforcement and gave and gave Americans a false sense Americans a false sense of security.of security.

dictators

Took the form of a god

Japan’s Manifest Manifest DestinyDestiny was to expand into China and the rest of Asia.

Depression took many of Japan’s markets

Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito

Japan before WWII

• Japan did not have many natural resources.– Dependent on other

countries for coal and iron

• 70 million citizens• looking for war

– Will take resources by force

Japanese Attack Manchuria for its coal Japanese Attack Manchuria for its coal and iron deposits (1931)and iron deposits (1931)

5 League of Nations condemned the League of Nations condemned the action.action.

5 Japan leaves the League.Japan leaves the League.

5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.action in the Far East.

5 Remember World War I fears!Remember World War I fears!

Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine(1932)(1932)

5 US would not recognize any territorial US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by acquisitions that were achieved by force.force.

5 So, U.S. still considered Manchuria to So, U.S. still considered Manchuria to be a part of China, not Japanbe a part of China, not Japan

5 Japan was infuriated because the US hadJapan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new conquered new territories a few territories a few decades earlier.decades earlier.

•1931 into Manchuria

•1937 into China (Rape of

Nanking) • 1937, U.S.

refuses trade with Japan until they withdraw from China…..•1940 invades

Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

•Growing hostility

between Japan and U.S.

•1931 into Manchuria

•1937 into China (Rape of

Nanking) • 1937, U.S.

refuses trade with Japan until they withdraw from China…..•1940 invades

Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

•Growing hostility

between Japan and U.S.

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty

• Treaty that punished Germany for WWI– Had to admit war was their

fault– Had to pay for war– Germany had much of land

taken away– Most of German military

taken away– Allies put an unpopular

democratic government that answered to them

• Caused economic and political turmoil in Germany

Germany before WWII

• German economy shaky.– inflation, unemployment

– mark was worthless

• Germany depended on the U.S.

– Dawes Plan

• U.S. stopped sending aid when Depression hit

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWI

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWIGreat

Depression•Economic = people were jobless

•Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries……….. Discrimination of Jews and fear of Communists

•Social = times of unrest people look for a leader.

The Rise of Adolf HilerThe Rise of Adolf HilerThe Rise of Adolf HilerThe Rise of Adolf Hiler

Born in AustriaBorn in AustriaFought in WWI and was bitter Fought in WWI and was bitter

towards the Treaty of Versaillestowards the Treaty of Versailles

Rise of Adolf Hitler

Discovers The National Discovers The National Socialist German Socialist German Workers Party Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI)

Begins to work himself Begins to work himself into the leadership into the leadership positions of the Nazi positions of the Nazi partyparty

November 1923- The November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch”"Beer Hall Putsch”

Hitler and the Nazis try to Hitler and the Nazis try to overthrow the local overthrow the local government of Munich, government of Munich, Germany.Germany.

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year

sentence.Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”

Nazis promised to return prosperity to GermanyGaining popularity among Germans who are struggling.Gaining seats in the Reichstag.

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year

sentence.Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”

Nazis promised to return prosperity to GermanyGaining popularity among Germans who are struggling.Gaining seats in the Reichstag.

The Rise of Adolf HitlerThe Rise of Adolf HitlerThe Rise of Adolf HitlerThe Rise of Adolf Hitler

dictators

Hitler, appointed chancellor of Germany in

1933Reichstag is burnt to the

ground month later.Blamed fire on enemies of

Germany (Communists)Hitler talked President of

Germany to suspend the German constitution

Hitler given dictatorial powers after President dies

in 1934.Created a new empire, ““Third ReichThird Reich””•Revenge towards the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Promised to rearm GermanyPromised to take back land lost from WWI

Popularity continued to grow

FREEDOMS LOSTFREEDOMS LOST

FREEDOMS LOST

•FREEDOM OF SPEECHFREEDOM OF SPEECHNAZI’S CENSORED

WHAT YOU COULD READ.

•DUE PROCESSDUE PROCESSCOULD BE ARRESTED

WITHOUT PROBABLE CAUSE

•NO TRIAL BY JURYNO TRIAL BY JURYNAZI’S PRACTICED

RACISMRACISM AND PERSECUTIONPERSECUTION TOWARDS THE JEWS.

•THEY WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS...

dictators

•The Nazis used a political police•the Gestapothe Gestapo •the SS corpsthe SS corps•Propaganda to

gain total power. •Anti-Nazi leaders were arrested.

•Suspended German ConstitutionSuspended German Constitution

•FascismFascism

•TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

nuremberg

• Hitler blames Jews and Communists for problems of Germany

•Loss of WWILoss of WWI•German Economic DepressionGerman Economic Depression

• Jews identified as a “racerace” –not a religion

•Anti-Semitism•A New Education BeginsA New Education Begins

• Save purity of German race.•Aryan Virtues----Nuremberg Laws

A Common EnemyA Common Enemy

•German German Propaganda Propaganda against the against the

Jews.Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, inciter of war, the pro-longer the pro-longer

of war." of war."

•German German Propaganda Propaganda against the against the

Jews.Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, inciter of war, the pro-longer the pro-longer

of war." of war."

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

Totalitarian dictators came to power during the 1920s and 1930s in Europe.

Totalitarian dictatorsTotalitarian dictators have total power….There are no freedoms in this type of society…..Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain groups……Often have large

militaries and must expand and conquer to gain approval from their people.

Adolf Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Joseph Stalin

dictators

FDR Recognizes the Soviet FDR Recognizes the Soviet UnionUnion

(late 1933)(late 1933)

5 FDR felt that FDR felt that recognizing recognizing Moscow might Moscow might bolster the US bolster the US against Japan.against Japan.Maybe trade Maybe trade with the USSR with the USSR would help the would help the US economy US economy during the during the Depression.Depression.

Hitler rearming in 1934

• President of Germany died

– Hitler received 90% of voted in election

– Becomes Fuhrer of Germany

• Hitler begins rearming– Violated Treaty of

Versailles– France and Britain do

nothing

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

•Violation of Treaty of Versailles

•GB and France fear war and do nothing

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937, 19391937, 1939

5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:automatically go into effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. (‘35)nations. (‘35)

Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations (‘36).nations (‘36).

Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I] (‘37).nations at war [in contrast to WW I] (‘37).

Non-military goods must be purchased on a Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis “cash-and-carry” basis pay when goods are pay when goods are picked up (‘39).picked up (‘39).

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

5 This limited the options of the President in a This limited the options of the President in a crisis.crisis.

5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!--FDR disagreed!forces!--FDR disagreed!

U. S. Neutrality Acts:1935, 1936, 1937, 1939

U. S. Neutrality Acts:1935, 1936, 1937, 1939

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

• Francisco Franco revolted against democratic government in Spain– U.S. and other European

countries did nothing

• Franco won and became fascist dictator– Supported by Germany and

Italy

– Growth in fascism caused fear in Europe (but not enough for war)

Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists].

Catholic Church.

Falange [fascist] Party.

Monarchists.

Anarcho-Anarcho-Syndicalists.Syndicalists.

Basques.Basques.

Catalans.Catalans.

Communists.Communists.

Marxists.Marxists.

Republicans.Republicans.

Socialists.Socialists.

Anarcho-Anarcho-Syndicalists.Syndicalists.

Basques.Basques.

Catalans.Catalans.

Communists.Communists.

Marxists.Marxists.

Republicans.Republicans.

Socialists.Socialists.

TheNationalFront

[Nationalists]

TheNationalFront

[Nationalists]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

1937: Quarantine Speech

• FDR concerned about movement of other countries

• Disagreed with isolationism

• Quarantine Speech: democratic countries need to ban together to quarantine aggressors

• Called a warmonger!

America-First Committee

America-First Committee

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)5 December 12, 1937.December 12, 1937.

5 Japan bombed Japan bombed USS USS PanayPanay gunboat & three gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.the Yangtze River.

5 The river was an The river was an international waterway.international waterway.

5 Japan was testing US resolve!Japan was testing US resolve!

5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.no further attacks.

5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.

5 ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US tone as a license Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for for further aggression against US further aggression against US interests.interests.

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

• Rape of Nanjing

•Continue to expand empire.

• Rape of Nanjing

•Continue to expand empire.

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyPolicy

5 Important to have Important to have all nations in the all nations in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere united in lieu of united in lieu of foreign foreign aggressions.aggressions.

5 FDR FDR The good The good neighbor respects neighbor respects himself and the himself and the rights of othersrights of others..

5 Policy of non-Policy of non-intervention and intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

Being a Good Neighbor

• Released Cuba from Platt Amendment (except Guantanamo Bay)

• Gave the Philippines their independence in 1946

• Reduced international tariffs

The Austrian Anschluss, 1938The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

GERMAN EXPANSION

•1935 to 1939, unopposed by the League of

Nations.

•Rhineland1936

•Austria1938

GERMAN EXPANSION

•1935 to 1939, unopposed by the League of

Nations.

•Rhineland1936

•Austria1938

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•720,000 Magyars

•560,000 Ruthenes

•100,000 Poles

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•720,000 Magyars

•560,000 Ruthenes

•100,000 Poles

Munich Conference

Munich Conference

•Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia..

•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany.

•Adolf Hitler--Germany

•Neville Chamberlain—England

• Edouard Deladier---France

•Benito Mussolini--Italy

•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied

Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with “a peace with honor… peace in our time.”honor… peace in our time.”

•Chamberlain gave into Hitler Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)(appeasement)•Hitler got the Sudetenland.Hitler got the Sudetenland.

•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied

Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with “a peace with honor… peace in our time.”honor… peace in our time.”

•Chamberlain gave into Hitler Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)(appeasement)•Hitler got the Sudetenland.Hitler got the Sudetenland.

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain

Munich Conference

•FDR sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich

Conference

•Later in 1939, Hitler would invade and take the rest of

Czechoslovakia…….

•The United States learned from the Munich Conference that you cannot trust the words of a

dictator………

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939

Mussolini and Hitler

Mussolini and Hitler

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &

MolotovMolotov

Non-Aggression Pact

• Split Poland, do not attack each other• USSR agreed to this because he did not trust

France and Great Britain• Germany did this because he did not want

two-front war– Also, his superiority complex meant he wouldn’t

lose– Take care of GB and France then turn on USSR

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.

5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:

The US could sell weapons to the European The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.

FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.which US ships and citizens could not enter.

5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:

Aggressors could not send ships to buy US Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.munitions.

The US economy improved as European demands The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of for war goods helped bring the country out of the the 1937-38 recession.1937-38 recession.

5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

France

• Germany blitzkriegs in May, 1940

• June, 1940: Italy declared war on France and Britain

• France surrendered to Germany and Italy

• Vichy France: German puppet government

France SurrendersJune, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

The French ResistanceThe French Resistance

The Free The Free FrenchFrench

General Charles General Charles DeGaulleDeGaulle

The MaquisThe Maquis

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!

Battle of Britain

• Germany bombed London every night and day for two months

• RAF fought back• Churchill used radio

broadcasts to boost morale

• Heavy damage, but Britain would not surrender--kept war going!

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the

Blitz

The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the

Blitz

The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force

USA (1940)

• Congress authorizes $37 billion to mobilize

• FDR authorizes first peace time draft

• FDR wins third term in 1940 (449 to 82)

• U.S. begins sending ships to GB in 1940

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest

Mistake

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest

Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

3,000,000 German soldiers.3,000,000 German soldiers. USSR joins the Allies--two-USSR joins the Allies--two-front warfront war

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Roosevelt and Churchill sign Churchill sign treaty of treaty of friendship in friendship in August 1941.August 1941.

Solidifies Solidifies alliance.alliance.

Fashioned after Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Wilson’s 14 Points.Points.

Calls for League Calls for League of Nations type of Nations type organization.organization.

26 nations will 26 nations will sign the chartersign the charter

U.S. No Longer Neutral

• U.S. merchant ship attacked by Germany in 1941

• Oct. 1941: FDR issues “shoot on sight” order in Atlantic

• Nov. 1941: Congress repeals Neutrality Act of 1939

Problems with Japan

• Oct. 1941: Hideki Tojo becomes premier of Japan

• Demands U.S. unfreeze Japanese assets• U.S. no longer trading fuel or metal to Japan• Japan would need to attack oil-rich S.E. Asia• Needed to drive U.S. out of Pacific• Japan remembers U.S. reaction after Panay

incident• U.S. knew Japan would attack somewhere

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese

Pilot

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese

Pilot

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of WarPresident Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War