World War II Chapter 31 8/27/2015 1. Overview An unparalleled challenge to the United States Two capable and determined enemies faced America simultaneously

World War II

Chapter 31

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Overview

An unparalleled challenge to the United StatesTwo capable and determined enemies

faced America simultaneouslyGermany and Japan (and allies)Highly evil foesThey were not just interested in balance of

power or maintaining colonies—they were out to literally conquer the world

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Overview

Although much will be said about government and military leaders in defeating these foes, much more needs to be said about the oft forgotten heroes—the business leaders--who buried our enemies in planes, ships, tanks, trucks, bullets, bombs, etc.

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Overview

America will emerge from the war as the dominant world powerMilitary forceEconomic mightMoral certainty of cause

The United States—with its allies--stood firm in democracy’s finest hour

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The Path to War

Section 1

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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: World War II was partially a product of World War I

Terms to Define: collective security, sanctions, appeasement

People to Meet: Chiang Kai-shek, Benito Mussolini, Haile Selassie, Francisco Franco, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Neville chamberlain

Places to Locate: Manchuria, Ethiopia, Spain, the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia

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Overview

Military dictatorships come to power in Europe and Asia

Britain, France, and the United States could not agree on how to conduct collective security

Much of the unrest in Europe and Asia was the result of the settlements made after World War I

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Japan’s Expansion in Asia

Japan was the first of the non-democratic powers to reveal its territorial ambitions in the interwar period Japan had limited natural resources

To acquire more materials and markets, Japan sought new territories for conquest

In 1931, Japan overran Manchuria, renamed it Manchukuo and set up a puppet government

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Japan responded to a League of Nations order to return Manchuria to china by withdrawing from the LeagueThe incident revealed the League’s

powerlessnessThe incident boosted the expansionist

ambitions of Italy and Germany—they became more confident about the lack of fortitude of the rest of the world

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Early 1930s, the Japanese military wanted to acquire the rich oil reserves of the East Indies to supply ships and airplanesBut Japan needed to acquire Chinese ports 1937, Japanese forces invaded China and

captured major eastern and southern citiesThe Chinese Nationalist government of

Chaing Kai-shek retreated inland and allied with the Western powers

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In the capital of Nanjing, the Japanese engaged in mass brutality, killing over 200,000 Chinese civilians

From 1937 to 1945, the Nationalists, the Chinese Communists, and the Japanese fought each other for control of China

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Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

Ease which Japan acquired Manchuria encouraged Italy to make a move

The League of Nations could not satisfy differences between Ethiopia and Italy in earlier clashes in Africa

Mussolini wanted an Ethiopian colonyBelieved it would enhance Italy’s world image

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In October 1935, Mussolini ordered the Italian army to invade Ethiopia In a dramatic appearance at the League of Nations,

Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed for help The League condemned the Italy’s action Voted to impose economic sanctions The League forbade members to sell Italy arms and

certain raw materials Sanctions did not include crucial materials oil, coal,

or iron

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Once again the League’s actions were ineffective

Mussolini completed his conquest of Ethiopia

In May 1936, he formally annexed the African nation

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Spanish Civil War

A civil war in Spain further inflamed the international situation in the 1930sAfter much chaos in Spain, King Alfonso

abdicated the throneGovernment began reforms to end Catholic

Church’s role in education and redistribute the land from nobles to peasants

From 1936 to 1939 the conservative Spanish Nationalists and the left-wing Loyalists battled for control of Spain

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Spanish Civil War

As a result of reforms, conservative groups wished to restore the old orderRight wing army groups staged uprising and

it spreadFor three years, conservative Spanish

nationalists groups led by Francisco Franco, and left wing Loyalists, or Spanish Republicans, battled for control of Spain

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Spanish Civil War

Several powers—Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union—intervened in the Spanish war

The governments of the western democracies, however, refused to intervene because they feared a general European war

Adolf Hitler saw his participation as strengthening ties with Italy and to secure supplies of Spanish ore and magnesium

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Spanish Civil War

Goering, head of the German Luftwaffe, used the opportunity to test his weapons and tactics Spanish towns were used for this purpose Combined use of fire and high explosive bombs

Civil war ended1939 with Franco as victor Half a million Spaniards dead, the Nationalists

emerged victorious; Spain now joined Italy and Germany as countries headed by fascist dictators

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Hitler on the Offensive

In March 1936, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and seize the Rhineland From Mein Kampf, “…to secure for the German

people the land and soil to which they are entitled”

France had the right to take military action and Britain had the obligation to back France Neither took action because they feared war Were they being wise or merely putting off the

inevitable? Was this appeasement?

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Occupying the Rhineland

The Rhineland was off limits to Hitler The Treaty of Versailles forbade itThe Rhineland was a buffer to protect

FranceHitler gambled France and Britain would

do nothing and he was rightAnother sign of appeasement Hitler had

counted on

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Occupying the Rhineland

In October 1936, Hitler and Mussolini created an alliance called the Axis Powers To be the “axis” the world turns around on it

Germany and Italy later joined with Japan to form the Anti-Comintern Pact Though Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin urged the

West to unite in opposition against the Axis, the West refused

The West didn’t trust Stalin

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Seizing Austria

Hitler wanted to add Austria to Germany “Germany-Austria must return to the great

mother country” In 1934, Hitler tried to seize Austria, but

Mussolini mobilized Italian troopsNow they were allies, however

Hitler bullied the Austrian Chancellor into placing Nazis into key government posts

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Seizing Austria

Bullied by Hitler, the Austrian Chancellor appealed to Britain and France for help Again, the two major democratic powers, France

and Great Britain did nothing

In March 1938 Hitler sent troops into Austria and proclaimed it part of Germany Hitler said he was promoting stability in Central

Europe by uniting German peoples No Western powers took military action

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Tension Builds in Europe

Czechoslovakia was the only democratic nation in Central Europe

Created by treaty at the end of WW IKey strategic positionHigh standard of livingStrong army Alliances with France and Russia

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Tensions Build in Europe

Czechoslovakia had many minority peoples—besides Czechs and Slavs Hungarians; Ruthenians; Germans

During the 1930s, minorities began to demand more freedomHitler took advantage of minority problems

to destroy the country

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In September 1938 Hitler demanded the Germans of the Sudetenland be given the right of self-determinationCzechoslovakia responded with martial law To avert an international crisis, British Prime

Minister Neville Chamberlain suggested he and Hitler meet to discuss the matter

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Hitler takes advantage of Chamberlain’s appeasement approachChamberlain met with Hitler in Germany

where Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia be turned over to Germany

Chamberlain accepted Hitler’s offer because he felt appeasement would stabilize Europe

Hitler then raised his demands, stating the Sudetenland must be united with Germany

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The Munich Conference

On September 29, 1938, Chamberlain met with Hitler for a third timeAlso attending were French Premier Edouard

Daladier and Italy’s Benito MussoliniMussolini offered compromise which gave the

Sudetenland to Germany; in return Hitler would respect Czechoslovakia’s sovereignty. Hitler also promised not to take anymore European territory and settle disputes peacefully in the future

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Still hoping to avoid war, Great Britain and France accepted the terms

On September 30, Czechoslovakia reluctantly accepted the terms

Chamberlain returned home to cheering crowds—hailed as a heroHe said he ensured “peace in our time”He said he trusted Hitler and the Nazis

would cause no more trouble

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On March 15, 1939, Hitler sent his troops into CzechoslovakiaTook control of western part of the countryThe eastern part became a puppet stateWestern nations could no longer maintain

their illusions about Hitler’s plansWestern nations began to prepare for war

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The Coming War

More German demands followed the Munich agreementHitler forced Lithuania to give up city of

MemelHitler pressured Poland threatening to take

over the port of Danzig and some landGreat Britain and France promised to help

PolandThe Polish government accepted the help

and rejected Hitler’s demands

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The West and the Soviets

To defend Poland, the Western powers had to consider the Soviet Union and Stalin

The West (particularly Chamberlain) didn’t trust Stalin; they suspected he wanted to extend Communism throughout Europe

Stalin suspected the goal of the Munich Agreement was to direct German attention toward the Soviet Union

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The West and the Soviets

Trying to determine who was the greater enemy, Fascism or Communism, was a problem for the West

Chamberlain asks the Soviets to fight on the side of the West Stalin said “yes” if the Soviets could occupy large

stretch of European land; Chamberlain refused Stalin thought the West would like to see Germany

and Soviet Union destroy themselves

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Nazi-Soviet Talks

Because he doubted that the West would come to his country’s aid if Germany threatened it, Stalin signed a Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939

Germany and the Soviet Union pledged never to attack each other and to remain neutral if the other became involved in war

They secretly agreed to create spheres of influence in Europe

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Nazi-Soviet Talks

Stalin and Hitler had no illusions about their talksLong time enemies; this was a short-term

arrangement needed for both nationsSoviets needed time to prepare for warGermans could secure the Eastern border

The Pact shocked Western leadersWest lost Soviets as allyHitler free to pursue Poland

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Nazi-Soviet Talks

Hitler was convinced the West would do nothing if he invaded Poland “The men of Munich will not take the risk”

Hitler sent his armies across the Polish frontier on September 1, 1939

Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany, beginning World War II

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War in Europe

Section 2

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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: Hitler took over most of Europe, sparking responses from Great Britain and the United States

Terms to Define: Blitzkrieg, blitz, cash-and-carry policy, lend-lease

People to Meet: Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, Franklin D. Roosevelt

Places to Locate: Finland, Norway, London, Libya

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Overview

Blitzkrieg into Poland, Sept 1, 1939Planes, tank divisions (panzers), then

troopsTroops in motorized vehiclesOne and a half million troops

Great Britain and France sent forces immediately

The Soviet Union moved forces to its Eastern border

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Overview

Stalin forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases

Finland refused to let Soviets inWar broke out, Finns fought bravely but lost

and were forced to accept SovietsSoviets now had 70 more miles west to help

defend them and making Leningrad less vulnerable

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Hitler Looks to the West

All through the winter and spring of 1939 and 1940, the western front was quietGermans called it “sit-down war”: SitzkriegMany hoped all-out conflict could still be

avoidedAfter Finland fell, British placed mines

(underwater explosives) outside Norway to stop German shipping

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The Invasion of Scandinavia

Hitler used the mining to deliver an ultimatum to Norway and DenmarkThey must accept protection from the

“Reich”He told them the West would attack themThe Danes accepted his demands, the

Norwegians declined

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The Germans began to seize major cities in Norway, including Oslo

On April 9, Hitler took control of both Denmark and Norway, winning the outlet to the Atlantic that he needed Hitler’s German navy would not be bottled

up in the Baltic Sea as it was in WW I

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The fall of Denmark and Norway caused an uproar in the British House of CommonsPrime Minister Neville Chamberlain lost the

confidence of his party and the peopleChamberlain’s policy’s were strongly

criticized as being ineffectiveChamberlain steps down from his position

as Prime Minister

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With the resignation of ChamberlainOn May 10, 1940, King George VI

summoned Winston Churchill to Buckingham Palace and asked him to form a new government

Winston Churchill had been one of the few politicians to warn of the Nazi danger in the 1930s, was now prime minister

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The Fall of France

The Maginot Line was impressive but it was flawed Had a gap of 50 miles in the Ardennes

An area of rolling hills, fast moving rivers, and thick forests stretching from Belgium, Luxembourg, and France

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The Fall of France

Hitler carried out a massive attack on the Low Countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the NetherlandsGerman troops parachute into the

NetherlandsFirst large airborne attack in historyDutch totally surprisedFive days later, the Dutch gave up

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The Fall of France

On the same day that Germany invaded the Netherlands—May 10, 1940—Britain and France moved their troops into Belgium.

German panzers began to circle the Allies, while other German divisions raced toward France

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Dunkirk

Although Belgium forces fought valiantly, they could not hold out

The Germans pushed westward trapping the Belgium, British, and French forces in the northwest corner of France

The only hope was an evacuation by sea from the French port of Dunkirk

For reasons never entirely understood, Hitler orders his forces to halt before they reached the coast; German forces in sight of the coast

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Dunkirk

With 300,000 troops at Dunkirk surrounded by the Germans, a rescue operation is ordered on May 26Ragtag armada of 850 vesselsDestroyers, cruisers, trawlers, tugs, yachts,

fishing boatsMostly civilian operated In 9 days of rescue operations, while under

air and ground attack, the rescue was a success

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Dunkirk

Germans faced an unprepared French army and confused French government

The Germans continued their sweep into France and on June 14 entered Paris

A week later, France signed an armistice with Germany

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Vichy and the Free French

The Germans now occupied all of northern France and set up a puppet government in southern France in the city of Vichy called the Vichy governmentFrench Field Marshall Henri Petain

collaborated with the GermansMany French citizens continued to fight for

freedom: French Resistance, an underground unit of French citizens

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Battle of Britain

All that stood between Hitler and German domination of western Europe was Winston Churchill and the British people

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Winston Churchill

On May 13, 1940, Churchill stated in a speech in the House of Commons that he had “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” and that Great Britain’s message was “victory at all costs”

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Battle of Britain

Churchill—in the House of Commons “You ask what is our policy?...to wage war

with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us”

“You ask what is our aim? I can answer with one word: Victory—victory at all costs in spite of all terror, victory, however hard and long the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival”

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Battle of Britain

Hitler knew he had to destroy airfields and industry to defeat BritainHitler began to bomb Britain in early August

1940Hitler’s Air Force chief, Hermann Goering,

sent 1000 planes per day to fight the Royal Air Force (RAF)

The Germans lost more planes than the Brits

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Battle of Britain

Germany switched to massive night bombings of LondonFrom September 7 to November 3 German

bombers pounded London with its great blitz In one night, German bombers dropped

70,000 fire bombs on LondonThousands were killed or injured; buildings

destroyed, power and gas lines broken, roads and railways knocked out

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Battle of Britain

Despite the massive death and destruction heaped upon the British people by Hitler, British morale did not break

Of the RAF pilots, Churchill wrote, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few”

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Anglo-American Cooperation

Throughout the early phases of the war, the United States was determined to remain neutral

The United States congress enacted laws designed to prevent American involvement in the war

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Congressional laws prohibited involvementThe Neutrality Acts of 1937

Prohibited arms shipments, loans, and credit to belligerent countries

Congress later banned the export of armaments to either side in the Spanish Civil War

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt became convinced that Germany’s expansion endangered American security

Recognizing that Britain and France could not stop Hitler without American aid, Roosevelt rallied American opinion

News reports made Americans sympathetic to Britain’s plight

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Churchill appealed to the United States for helpRoosevelt gave the British 50 old American

naval destroyers in exchange for bases on British soil

Roosevelt convinced congress the cash-and carry policy was legal and kept the U.S. neutral

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Cash-and-Carry PolicyGreat Britain traded cash for supplies (no

loans or credit)Kept American neutrality

Cost of war drained the British treasuryLend-Lease Policy

Congress authorized President to lend war equipment to any country whose defense is vital to America’s national security

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On August 9, 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt issued a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter calling forFreedom of tradeThe right of people to choose their own

governmentThe “final destruction of Nazi tyranny”

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Eastern Europe and Africa

Mussolini declared war on France and Britain

Although vastly outnumbered, the British scored victory after victory against the Italians stationed along Libya’s north coast

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Eastern Europe and Africa

Churchill diverted some troops from Africa to Europe to stop Hitler’s advance This mistake left British troops in Africa vulnerable

British tanks and 12,000 troops were captured

Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox) to command a tank force in Libya Rescued Italians and pushed the British from Libya Probably Hitler’s best general—respected on both

sides for his clever tactics

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A Global Conflict

Section 3

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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: Particular events led the Soviet Union and the United States to enter World War II

Terms to Define: scorched earth policy, Holocaust, genocide

People to Meet: Isoroku YamamotoPlaces to Locate: Moscow, Kiev,

Leningrad, Dachau, Warsaw, Auschwitz, Pearl harbor

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Invasion of the Soviet Union

Hitler not able to defeat BritainHitler wants steppe lands of Soviet

Union, plus wheat and oilHitler launches Operation Barbarossa

against the SovietsStalin surprised by invasionGermans destroy most of Soviet air force,

disable thousands of tanks, and capture half a million Soviet soldiers

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Invasion of the Soviet Union

Stalin issued scorched-earth-policyDestroy everything useful to invaders

Germans moved 600 miles into Soviet Union, captured Kiev, and began the siege of Leningrad

Soviets would not surrenderGermans move to within assault of

Moscow

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Invasion of Soviet Union

Soviets stage a counterattack and force the Germans to retreatGermans face formidable Soviet winterA German soldier: “We had no gloves. We

had no winter shoes…Guns didn’t work anymore. Even our wireless equipment didn’t work properly anymore because the batteries were frozen hard”

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The Nazi Order

Create a “New Order” in EuropeRule Europe and exploit resourcesForce people to work for the “master race”Exterminate “undesirable elements” such as

the Jews and the SlavsHitler began to plunder occupied

countriesSeized art, raw materials, and factory

equipment

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The Nazi Order

Nazis drove millions into forced labor and concentration camps

Nazis massacred millions more1939-1944, 7.5 million people sent to

Germany to work in factories, fields, and mines

Many people joined underground resistance units to fight the Nazis

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The Holocaust

Beginning 1941, as planned, Nazis started to exterminate all Jews in EuropeDuring the next four years, Nazis murdered

more than 6 million JewsMass destruction of Jewish people known

as the HolocaustAnother 6 million people, including Slavs

and Gypsies, were also killed

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The Holocaust: Beginnings

Mid-1940, Nazis began persecuting JewsExpelled Jews from jobs and schoolsForced them to wear yellow badges

showing the Star of David, an ancient Jewish symbol

Those unable to escape were sent to Nazi concentration camps such as Dachau

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The Holocaust: Beginnings

Largest Jewish populations were in Poland and the Soviet UnionJews forced into areas known as ghettosLargest ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland

Highly unsanitaryContagious diseasesOnly small amounts of food permittedTens of thousands died from starvationTried to live normally; secret education classes

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The Holocaust: The Killing Squads

Invasion of the Soviet Union was turning point in Nazi mistreatment of JewsTurned to mass murder of JewsSpecial units embedded with the German

army called the SS killed Jews on contactAfter giving up their belongings, Jews were

taken outside town and shot; their bodies dumped into mass graves

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The Holocaust: The Killing Squads

The killing squads murdered over a million Jews and hundreds of thousands of other innocent people

At Babi Yar, near Kiev in Ukraine, about 35,000 Jews were murdered in two days of shooting

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The Holocaust: The Final Solution

In January 1942, Nazi party and German government agreed on the “final solution”Nazi code word for the destruction of all

European JewsFirst time a modern state established

campaign of genocide—the deliberate killing of a people on the basis of race, politics, or culture

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The Holocaust: The Final Solution

Beginning Summer 1942 rounded up Jews in Europe by the hundreds of thousandsTransported by train or truck to death

camps such as Auschwitz in Poland where most eventually died

Many murdered in poison gas chambers, died of starvation, or victims of experiments by Nazi doctors

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The Holocaust: Response and Resistance

Nazis tried to keep the camps secretJews found out and tried to fight back but

were outnumbered and out gunnedSome Jews joined resistance fighters

Hannah Senesh was parachuted into Hungary to organize resistance efforts; she was caught and killed

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Anti-Semitic Europeans helped NazisPro-Nazi governments in France, Italy, and

Hungary sent tens of thousands of Jews to death camps

Banks in neutral Switzerland profited from the money and valuables stolen from the Jews by Nazis

By 1990s, much of the wealth had not been returned

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Most people in occupied areas did nothing, thinking it didn’t concern them or they feared retribution from the Nazis

Some people did helpDenmark actively the Nazis regime’s efforts

to remove its Jewish citizens

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Evidence of the Holocaust reached the outside worldLittle action was takenAllied governments believed fighting and

winning was the only way to help the JewsFull horror of the Holocaust not realized until

Allied forces had liberated the concentration camps and death camps in 1945

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Japanese Expansion

Seizing much of China, Japan turned to European colonies in East and Southeast AsiaLooking for raw materialsThanks to Hitler, European nations left their

colonies defenselessFrench Indo-china, Dutch East Indies, Singapore

(Great Britain)

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Japanese Expansion

Japan announced plan to create “new order in greater East Asia” “Asia for the Asiatics”Japan moved to establish the “Greater East

Asia Coprosperity SphereAppeal to Asians wanting to rid their lands of

European ruleJapan was given permission by France to build

airfields in Indochina; Japan then attacked southern Indochina

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Japanese Expansion

With Japan attacking Indochina, the United States placed an embargo on selling scrap iron to JapanJapan responded by signing the Tripartite

Pact with Germany and Italy in September 27, 1940

They agreed to receive the space for which they are entitled and come to each others’ defense

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Pearl Harbor

When Japan invaded Indochina July 24, 1941, President Roosevelt demanded they withdrawCongress placed embargo on oilCongress froze Japanese assets

Japan would go to war with the U.S. because Japan believed the U.S. stood in its way for expansion in the East

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Pearl Harbor

To defeat the U.S., Japan knew it had to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto convinced Japanese leaders that Pearl Harbor was vulnerable to attack using bombers aboard aircraft carriers and newly developed torpedoes

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Pearl Harbor

In November 1941, Japanese fleet set sail

U.S. and Japanese negotiations had broken down

Roosevelt knew Japan was poised for attack but believed it would be Southeast Asia

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Pearl Harbor

As a precaution, U.S. military leaders sent all aircraft carriers and half the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor

On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl HarborThe damage to the Pacific Fleet was event

greater than Japan had hoped for

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Pearl Harbor

Within 25 minutes of the attack, the Japanese sank or damaged the battleships ArizonaUtahOklahomaWest VirginiaCalifornia

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Pearl Harbor

Altogether, the Japanese Sank 19 American shipsDestroyed 188 planesKilled more than 2400 peopleWounded 1100 people

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Pearl Harbor

President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared before congress the next dayHe asked for and received a declaration of

war against JapanCalled December 7 “ date which will live in

infamy”

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Pearl Harbor

Simply put, Pearl harbor changed the entire course of World War IIThe Japanese attack brought the United

States, with its powerful military potential, into World War II

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Pearl Harbor

On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 Authorized the War Department to move

112,000 Japanese Americans (men, women, and children) from the West Coast to crude internment camps farther inland

Japanese Americans lost their constitutional rights, property, homes, and businesses

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Pearl Harbor

Despite the policy of internment of Japanese Americans, they remained loyal to the U.S. and none were ever charged with espionage or sabotage

Twenty six thousand Japanese Americans fought for the U.S in WW IIThe 442nd Regimental Combat Team (highly

decorated Japanese unit) distinguished itself in combat in Italy

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Pearl Harbor

Not until 1988 did the U.S. government acknowledge the wrong done to Japanese Americans during WW IIThat year, President Ronald Reagan signed

a bill that gave surviving internees a formal apology and reparations for their suffering during internment

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The Allies

With U.S. at war with Japan, Italy and Germany declared war on the U.S.

Great Britain, backing the U.S., declared war on Japan

Western democracies and the Soviet Union put aside differences to defeat the common enemy

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The Allies

Stalin wanted Allies to open a second front taking the pressure off the SovietsThree million people were trapped in

Leningrad; within 2 years, one million would die from cold and starvation

Roosevelt favored the second front, but Churchill was against it; Britain would have to bear the brunt if launched

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The Allies

Roosevelt and Churchill postponed plans for an invasion of Europe

The two leaders concentrated on campaigns in North Africa and the Mediterranean

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Turning Points

Section 4

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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: The tide of war turned in favor of the Allies during 1942 and 1943

Terms to Define: kamikazePeople to Meet: Erwin Rommel, Bernard

Montgomery, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Chester W. Nimitz

Places to Locate: Stalingrad, Casablanca, Sicily, Guadalcanal

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Overview

In early months of 1942, the war was going badly for the AlliesThe American Pacific Fleet destroyedJapanese gains in the pacificGerman forces in the Soviet Union and

Africa in strong positionBy the end of 1942, the tide of the war

had begun to turn for the Allies

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Sea and Air Battles

Shipping resources to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act was dangerousU-boats had sunk 114 Allied and neutral

shipsGerman air attacks had taken their toll

The new German battleship Bismarck was a major threat in the Atlantic and the British finally sunk it

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Sea and Air Battles

As they fought for control of the Atlantic, the Allies carried out an offensive against GermanyAttacks were directed at factories, railroads,

dockyards, and cities and townsPurpose: To destroy Germany’s war-making

capability and weaken the will of the people to continue the war

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Stalingrad

In July 1942, the German army was advancing on Stalingrad—things looked bad for the Soviets

Churchill met with Stalin to tell him there would be no second front

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Stalin told his troops to hold Stalingrad at all costs—fight to the deathFall of Stalingrad—would be huge moral

victory

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Stalingrad

The Soviets launched a counterattack against the GermansAlthough winter was devastating and the

Soviets were advancing, Hitler would not let his army retreat

Soviets able to surround the German armyGerman army surrendered in 1943

100,000 German soldiers dead; 80,000 captured

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Stalingrad

Many historians see the Battle of Stalingrad as the turning point in WW IIKilling 100,000 and capturing 80,000Capturing large quantities of German

military equipmentDid this battle break the back of the German

military machine? Many believe so

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War in the Desert

General Erwin Rommel, Commander, Afrika Corps, had been pushing the British back to Egypt

General Bernard Montgomery (British) stopped him and pushed him back to Tripoli

As Allied troops were landing in the west, the Allies began a pincer move against Rommel

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War in the Desert

Vichy government helping Germans To end the fighting, Allied Commander

General Dwight David Eisenhower struck a deal with the Vichy that ended their resistance to the allies

Rommel flew to Germany and told Hitler the cause was hopeless in Africa

In May, 1943, the Germans surrendered North Africa

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Invasion of Italy

The Allies decided to invade Italy through Sicily in July 1943

Pressing in on Messina, the Germans and Italians flee The conquest of Sicily soon led to

Mussolini’s downfallKing Victor Emanuel II fired Mussolini and

had him arrestedThe Fascist Party was dissolved

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Invasion of Italy

Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio surrendered unconditionallyThe Germans occupied Rome two days

later, forced Badoglio out, saved Mussolini and placed in control of Northern Italy

Massive bombardment and 5 months to dislodged the Germans from Monte Cassino, 6th century monastery that controlling Rome’s main road

The Allies now moved into Rome

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Pacific War

The Japanese took over much of Southeast Asia and the PacificJapanese disliked as they took land and

killed civiliansTwo main naval battles helped Allies to win

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of Midway—ended Japan’s control of the

Pacific

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Pacific War

To follow up naval victories, the Americans launched an attack against the Pacific Island of Guadalcanal First of many attacks by land forces of

General Douglas McArthur—strategy was to “leapfrog” islands up to Japan itself

Admiral Chester W. Nimitz confronted the Japanese at sea

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Pacific War

The “leapfrog” strategy included conquering some island and bypassing others—letting them “wither in the vine”

As Americans advanced, Japanese used kamikaze (suicide) pilots who crashed their planes into ships and bases

The Japanese were far from surrender

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Allied Victories

Section 5

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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: New technology affected the conduct and outcome of World War II

Terms to Define: D-Day, partisanPeople to Meet: George Patton, Harry S.

Truman, Clement AttleePlaces to Locate: Rhine River, Berlin,

Yalta, Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki

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Overview

To fight the Axis, Allied democracies geared their economies for war production, rationed goods, and regulated prices

Citizens rights were limitedThe Depression was ended by the war

Full employment came with hiring soldiers and employing men and women in factories

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D-Day

At a 1943 conference in Tehran,Iran, Roosevelt and Churchill told Stalin they were opening a second front

One June 6, 1944 (D-Day), Operation Overlord commenced176,000 soldiers600 ships10,000 aircraft

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D-Day

Operation OverlordConvoys of troops sailed across the English

Channel to NormandyBritish bombers attacked coastal defensesAllied troops parachuted into France behind

the lines to assist the invasionBattleships pounded German positionsSoldiers landed and moved forward amid

German machine gun fire

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Despite heavy resistance, the invasion was a successAllies launch offensiveGeneral George S. Patton and his troops

race across FranceFrench resistance rises up against

occupying GermansGermans retreat; August 25, Allied troops,

led by Free French forces, enter Paris

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Victory Over Germany

Soviet forces advance from east; by Summer, 1944, push Germans from Soviet Union

Hitler thinks surprise attack will workHe cuts through the center of American

forces and creates a “bulge” in the Allied line of troops (Battle of the Bulge)

The Allies stop his advance at Bastogne, Belgium

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Allies storm across Rhine River, Germany’s historical defensive barrier

By this time, Germany’s cities had undergone repeated Allied bombing attacks—both day and night—which destroyed industrial centers and killed hundreds of thousands of people

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The Soviets inflicted a savage revenge on the German population

Soviets fought their way into Berlin and extracted a huge toll

American and Soviet troops met at Elbe River On May 7, the Germans surrender

unconditionally The next day was proclaimed VE Day (Victory

in Europe Day) in Allied democracies

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Italian partisans (resistance fighters) shot Mussolini and Hitler committed suicide in his under ground bunker

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Yalta and Potsdam

February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta—a Black Sea resort in the Soviet UnionAgreed that France and China join the

United NationsAgreed to divide Germany and Berlin

Four zonesGreat Britain, France, United States, Soviet

Union

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Yalta and Potsdam

For Stalin promising to hold free elections in his occupied European lands, he was given part of Poland

Stalin declared war on Japan and received the Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island

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Yalta and Potsdam

Potsdam, Germany, six months laterHarry S. Truman was now President of the

United States (Roosevelt had died)Clement Attlee of the Labor Party replaced

Winston Churchill as Prime Minister whom he had defeated in an election

Plans made for occupation of GermanyUltimatum issued to Japan to surrenderNew tensions were beginning to appear

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Victory Over Japan

By end of 1944, Allied victory over Japan appeared inevitableBloody battles won at Iwo Jima and

OkinawaBritish defeat Japanese in Southeast AsiaGeneral Douglas McArthur regained the

PhilippinesGeneral Hideki Tojo refuses to surrender

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Victory Over Japan

President Truman decides to use a new secret weapon—the atomic bombHe wanted to end the war swiftly and avoid

the enormous loss of American lives if it became necessary to invade the home islands

He also may have used it to impress Soviets with American military might

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Victory Over Japan

In the end, there were three central reasons for Truman using “the bomb” Invasion of Japan would cost more

American lives—up to a million or moreJapan would not surrender nor did it give

any indication that it wouldDepredations of the Japanese equaled

those of the Nazis

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Victory Over Japan

Invasion of Japan would cost more American lives… In previous battles (Tarawa, Aleutians, etc.)

Japanese soldiers fought to the death—99% died before victory was achieved

In Saipan hundreds of civilians refused to surrender—huddling in groups as grenades blew them up or roping themselves together and wading out into the ocean

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Victory Over Japan

Invasion of Japan would cost more American lives…Despite whose estimates of loss of life, it

seemed clear that invasion of Japan would cost the lives of over 1 million soldiers and 1 million civilians

Even after the first bomb fell, the Japanese made no effort to surrender

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Victory Over Japan

Japan would not surrender nor did it give any indication that it would…After the first atomic bomb exploded, the

Japanese government called in Dr. Yoshio Nishina, Japan’s foremost atomic scientist

Could Japan make such a weapon quicklyJapan had enacted Operation Decision, a

plan to use 2.5 million troops and 28 million civilians against American invaders

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Victory Over Japan

Depredations of the Japanese equaled those of the NazisThe treatment of conquered peoples,

particularly the Chinese and prisoners of war, placed the Japanese on the level of the Nazis with reference to uncivilized actions

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Victory Over Japan

On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a munitions center: the blast leveled most of the city: no Japanese response

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Three days later, Americans dropped a second bomb on port city of Nagasaki

200,000 Japanese died from both bombsMany more would die from radioactivity

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Victory Over Japan

On August 14, 1945, Japan surrenderedSeptember 2 declared V-J Day (Victory of

Japan)Japanese officials signed the surrender

document aboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay—World War II was over

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Effects of the War

70 million people fought 55 million died in conflictSoviet Union lost 22 million Germany lost 8 millionJapan lost 2 millionUnited States lost 300,000Millions more died due to genocide

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Effects of the War

Between November 1945 and September 1946, war trials were held in Nuremburg, GermanyMany German leaders brought to justice “Committing crimes against humanity” and

for pursuing an “aggressive war”Similar war trials were held in Japan and

Italy

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Effects of the War

Much of Europe and Asia lay in ruinsNew weapons made WW II most deadly

in historyTwelve million people homelessFor millions of people, the hardships

lasted long after the war

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Effects of the War

The United States stands alone as the world’s dominant power

The Soviet Union is emerging as the primary challenger

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Documents

World War II Chapter 31 8/27/2015 1. Overview An unparalleled challenge to the United States Two capable and determined enemies faced America simultaneously