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19th Century: Trauma Diagnoses• Traumatic neurosis (Oppenheim)—physical
trauma causes neuroses; was compensated by the German state in 1889. Sometimes called a “pension neurosis.”
• Railway Spine (in US and Britain)—similar to traumatic neurosis
• War hysteria (Bonhoeffer and Charcot) neurosis is due to weakness of the constitution
Early 20th C. War Neuroses
• Shellshock (Myers) or bomb concussion, initially thought to be due to shell explosion, and produced tiny brain lesions
• NYDN—(not yet diagnosed, nervous?) term to replace shellshock in 1917 in Britain
Treatments for Shell Shock• Bedrest, relaxation, baths, massage
• Occupational therapies, e.g. farm-work
• Hypnosis and Suggestion (Max Nonne)
• Electrical Shock Treatments (Lewis Yealland, Kaufmann)
• Treatment by isolation, fake injections
• Psychoanalysis (Sandor Ferenczi, W.H.R. Rivers)
• Return home or to hospital
"They"The Bishop tells us: "When the boys come
backThey will not be the same; for they'll have
foughtIn a just cause: they lead the last attackOn Anti-Christ; their comrades' blood has
boughtNew right to breed an honorable race,They have challenged Death and stared him
in the face."
"Were none of us the same!" the boys reply.
"For George lost both legs; and Bill's stone blind;
Poor Jim's shot through the lungs and like to die;
And Bert's gone syphilitic: you'll not find
A chap who's served that hasn't found some change.“
And the Bishop said: "The ways of God are strange!"
(Siegfried Sassoon, 31 October 1916)
Freud’s Death Instinct (Thanatos)
“The fateful question for the human species seems to me to be whether and to what extent their cultural development will succeed in mastering the disturbance to their communal life by the human instinct of aggression and self-destruction.”
Freud, Civilization and its Discontents, 1930
Mid-late 20th c. War Neuroses
• World War II —Battle Fatigue
• Vietnam— Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD, entered the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1980)
• Gulf War—PTSD, Gulf War Syndrome
• Iraq--PTSD