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WORLD WAR IPart 1: Setting the Stage for War
The Main Idea•In the late 1800s and early 1900s, conflicting interests in Europe set the stage for war
•World War I:
1914-1918
Four MAIN Long-term Causes
•Militarism – glorification of armed strength• A country’s goals could be achieved through force
• European nations engage in
massive military buildup
Four MAIN Long-term Causes
•Alliances – agreement between two or more nations•European countries form partnerships to protect themselves
•Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungry, & Italy
•Triple Entente – Great Britain,
France, & Russia
Four MAIN Long-term Causes
•Rival alliances threatened world peace•If fighting breaks out between two rival countries, all six nations become involved
Four MAIN Causes•Imperialism – ambition of powerful nation to dominate another nation
•Rival European empires seek to keep power
Four MAIN Long-term Causes
•Nationalism – loyalty and devotion to one’s country or culture
•In Europe, one regime often controlled many nationalities
•Individual countries sought political unity; resisted militaristic countries
Why were the Balkans a “powder keg”?
• Instructions: Read the section titled, “The Balkan Powder Keg” on page 509. Summarize each paragraph on your “Details” graphic organizer.
• Powder Keg – a barrel of gunpowder
• Protectorate – a stronger state partly controls and protects a weaker state
• Annex – a stronger state takes complete control of a weaker state and incorporates them into their territory
The Balkan “Powder Keg”•Serbia gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1878
•Wanted Bosnia & Herzegovina to create larger Slavic state and have access to Adriatic Sea
The Balkan “Powder Keg”•Germany wants Ottoman Empire in Triple Alliance
•Russia supports Serbia’s goals•Pan-Slavism – national movement that pressed for political and cultural unity of all Slavs under Russian leadership
The Balkan “Powder Keg”•June 28, 1914 – Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated •Heir to Austria-Hungarian thrown
•This is the spark that ignites the Balkan “Powder Keg”
The Balkan “Powder Keg”
•Complicated system of alliances go into effect as Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
•Sets off chain reaction that eventually starts World War I
WORLD WAR IPart 2: A New Kind of War
The Main Idea
•WWI dragged on in Europe and other regions of the world for four long, bloody years
Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
•Triple Alliance becomes Central Powers•Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
•Triple Entente becomes Allied Powers•Great Britain, France, Russia, and their partners
Innovations in Warfare
•WWI was an industrialized war•Weapons mass produced•Both sides tried new weapons never used before
Innovations in Warfare
•U-boats•Germans first to submarines in naval warfare
•Caused extensive losses to Allied shipping
Innovations in Warfare
•Poisonous Gases•Germans first to introduce as a weapon
•Mustard Gas and Chlorine•Deadliest weapon used!!!•Gas Masks eventually created
Innovations in Warfare
•Machine Guns and Long-range Artillery•Had the firepower of many rifles•Rapid fire without interruption•Extremely deadly; trenches dug for protection
Innovations in Warfare
•Airplanes •Used to observe enemy movement•Used in “dogfights” – airfights between skilled pilots
•“The Red Baron” – Baron Manfred von Richthofen of Germany shot down 80 enemy pilots
Innovations in Warfare
•The Tank•Heavily armored vehicle with guns mounted on it
•Could move easily over rough ground but not through trenches
New Types of Soldiers
•From trained professionals to drafted civilians
Total War
•When nations turn all their resources to the war effort•Women and men not drafted worked in arms factories at home
Propaganda
•Used to stir patriotism•Included selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people to back their country’s war effort
•Showed enemy as brutal and praised their own countries
WORLD WAR IThe Terms of Peace
The Main Idea…
• Peace finally comes to the battlefield, but the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement.
Defeat of the Central Powers
•Russia exits (1917); U.S. enters (1918)
• President Wilson announces his plan for world peace – Fourteen Points
•Germany makes final attempt to capture Paris but is unsuccessful
•Armistice signed by November 11, 1918
•WWI is over!!!
The Paris Peace Conference
•Allies now face task of arranging peace terms
• Allied nations meet at Versailles for Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference
•Meeting dominated by the Big Four:• U.S. (President Wilson)• Great Britain (Prime Minister David Lloyd George)
• France (Premier Georges Clemenceau)• Italy (Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando)
Paris Peace Conference
•Discussed reparations – who will pay and how much?
•Discussed territorial changes•Wilson proposes League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
•Conflicting viewpoints create long negotiations
•Eventually, separate treaties made with each Central Power country•Germany is blamed for the war; penalties outlined in Treaty of Versailles
WORLD WAR IFates of Former Territories
The Main Idea
•The peace treaties solved many problems but also created new ones
Fates of Former Territories
•New boundaries did not match ethnic divisions•Creates problem of nationalist movements
•Ethnic groups, like the Armenians in Turkey, brutally oppressed
“Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of
the Armenians?"
Armenian Genocide•Turks launched a genocide of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during WWI
•Stopped temporarily after war ended due to foreign outcry
•Resumed by 1920• In 1915, Armenian population in Ottoman Empire is 2 million; By 1923, 1.5 million killed, 500,000 deported
