World War IWorld War IConsequences and Results: Russia and Consequences and Results: Russia and

GermanyGermanyMary Ann WilsonMary Ann Wilson

Midland Valley High SchoolMidland Valley High SchoolGlobal Studies Honors Global Studies Honors

Grade 9-10Grade 9-10

Aftermath of World War I: Aftermath of World War I: ConsequencesConsequences

SocialSocial:: almost 10 million soldiers were killed almost 10 million soldiers were killed

and over 20 million are woundedand over 20 million are wounded millions of civilians died as a result of millions of civilians died as a result of

the hostilities, famine, and diseasethe hostilities, famine, and disease the world was left with hatred, the world was left with hatred,

intolerance, and intolerance, and extremeextreme nationalism.nationalism.

Aftermath of World War I: Aftermath of World War I: Consequences ContinuedConsequences Continued

EconomicEconomic:: the total cost of the war: over the total cost of the war: over $350$350

billion. How was this paid for???billion. How was this paid for??? heavy taxes: causes lower standard of living heavy taxes: causes lower standard of living

for the European people.for the European people. international trade suffers: nations raise international trade suffers: nations raise

the tariffs on imports and exports.the tariffs on imports and exports. Russia: communist seize power and Russia: communist seize power and

introduce a new economic system.introduce a new economic system. economic collapses bring on the Great economic collapses bring on the Great

Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.

Aftermath of World War I: Aftermath of World War I: Consequences ContinuedConsequences Continued

PoliticalPolitical:: U. S. emerges as a world power because of the U. S. emerges as a world power because of the

assumption of international responsibilities.assumption of international responsibilities. 3 major European dynasties are taken out of 3 major European dynasties are taken out of

power: Romanovs--Russia, Hohenzollerns--power: Romanovs--Russia, Hohenzollerns--Germany, Hapsburgs--Austria-Hungary.Germany, Hapsburgs--Austria-Hungary.

New states are created in central Europe, some New states are created in central Europe, some containing several different nationalities, containing several different nationalities, especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The League of Nations is created to solve The League of Nations is created to solve international problems and maintain world peace. international problems and maintain world peace. Will be a failure.Will be a failure.

Many nations turn to military dictatorships—Many nations turn to military dictatorships—primarily Russia, Italy, and Germany, to control primarily Russia, Italy, and Germany, to control their political problems.their political problems.

Germany: Treaty of VersaillesGermany: Treaty of Versailles

1. Germany’s financial responsibility for the war. 1. Germany’s financial responsibility for the war. a. War Guilt Clause (moral responsibility)a. War Guilt Clause (moral responsibility)2. Exclusion from the League of Nations2. Exclusion from the League of Nations3. loss of territory (Alsace and Lorraine in particular)3. loss of territory (Alsace and Lorraine in particular) a. creation of the Rhinelanda. creation of the Rhineland b. The Sudetenland goes to Czechoslovakiab. The Sudetenland goes to Czechoslovakia c. Territories given to Denmark, Poland, and c. Territories given to Denmark, Poland, and BelgiumBelgium4. Separation of Austria and Germany4. Separation of Austria and Germany5. Limitation of German armies (100,000 volunteer 5. Limitation of German armies (100,000 volunteer troops), no air force, u-boats and only 6 troops), no air force, u-boats and only 6 battleshipsbattleships

The League of NationsThe League of Nations

Purpose:Purpose: eliminate international anarchyeliminate international anarchy prevent war by encouraging prevent war by encouraging

disarmament and settling the disarmament and settling the international disputes that may occur international disputes that may occur in a peaceful mannerin a peaceful manner

solve economic and social problems solve economic and social problems through international cooperationthrough international cooperation

Why Did the League Fail?Why Did the League Fail?

The United States ContributionThe United States Contribution:: rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of

Nations and accepted a policy of Isolationism. Nations and accepted a policy of Isolationism. Why?Why? The League might possibly drag the U. S. back into The League might possibly drag the U. S. back into

another war -- this would be a violation of the Constitution another war -- this would be a violation of the Constitution where Congress only has the power to declare war.where Congress only has the power to declare war.

The League might interfere in our own domestic affairs.The League might interfere in our own domestic affairs. The U.S. felt the League would be dominated by England The U.S. felt the League would be dominated by England

and its buddies.and its buddies. The League membership would involve the U.S. in the The League membership would involve the U.S. in the

problems of the entire world and violate the policy of problems of the entire world and violate the policy of Isolationism.Isolationism.

NEVER joined the League of Nations. However we NEVER joined the League of Nations. However we did, in a limited manner cooperate with the League did, in a limited manner cooperate with the League by joining the International Labor Organizationby joining the International Labor Organization

Why Did the League Fail?Why Did the League Fail?

Other FailuresOther Failures:: Membership was not inclusive of major nations: Membership was not inclusive of major nations:

Russia joined in 1934 but was kicked out in 1939Russia joined in 1934 but was kicked out in 1939 Germany and Japan pulled out in 1933Germany and Japan pulled out in 1933 Italy withdrew in 1936Italy withdrew in 1936

Voting on issues required a unanimous voteVoting on issues required a unanimous vote Member nations retained their Member nations retained their National Sovereignty National Sovereignty – their – their

ability to act independently of other nations. The League did ability to act independently of other nations. The League did not have the power to enforce the power to tax, draft, and not have the power to enforce the power to tax, draft, and enforce its own decisions. It could ask for things from the enforce its own decisions. It could ask for things from the member nations but it did not have the power to force it from member nations but it did not have the power to force it from them.them.

The League failed in several major takeovers during the 1930’s, The League failed in several major takeovers during the 1930’s, in particular aggression from Japan, Italy and Germany. (The in particular aggression from Japan, Italy and Germany. (The German aggression was in direct violation to the Treaty of German aggression was in direct violation to the Treaty of Versailles.)Versailles.)

League disbanded in 1946 by its own vote and transferred its League disbanded in 1946 by its own vote and transferred its powers (what little it had) to the newly created United Nations.powers (what little it had) to the newly created United Nations.

Germany and Russia: Brest-LitovskGermany and Russia: Brest-Litovsk

Conditions of TreatyConditions of Treaty Russia loses much land in Western Russia Russia loses much land in Western Russia

to Germany and its alliesto Germany and its allies Russia is to demobilize its armies and either Russia is to demobilize its armies and either

bring all ships into ports or disarm them.bring all ships into ports or disarm them.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Cont’dTreaty of Brest-Litovsk Cont’d

The Ukraine, Estonia, Livonia, Finland will The Ukraine, Estonia, Livonia, Finland will be cleared of Russian troops and will be be cleared of Russian troops and will be allowed to be propaganda free of Russian allowed to be propaganda free of Russian manipulation against the Axis powers.manipulation against the Axis powers.

Livonia and Estonia will be occupied by a Livonia and Estonia will be occupied by a German police forceGerman police force

All Finnish ports will be cleared of Russian All Finnish ports will be cleared of Russian vesselsvessels

Russia must compensate Axis powers for Russia must compensate Axis powers for monies lost during the warmonies lost during the war

Note: this is a brief synopsis of the treatyNote: this is a brief synopsis of the treaty

Russia to the USSRRussia to the USSR

• Czar Nicholas II and Czar Nicholas II and family assassinated family assassinated

• the Russian the Russian government falls into government falls into the hands of Premier the hands of Premier Vladimir Lenin and Vladimir Lenin and his War Minister Leon his War Minister Leon Trotsky. Trotsky.

• Russia is pulled out of Russia is pulled out of WWI with the Treaty WWI with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. of Brest-Litovsk.

Russian Civil War 1917-1921Russian Civil War 1917-1921 The anti-Bolsheviks, The anti-Bolsheviks,

called “whites”, led by called “whites”, led by former Czarist officers, former Czarist officers, vs. the Bolsheviks vs. the Bolsheviks “reds”.“reds”.

They are also facing They are also facing attacks from outside attacks from outside Russia, coming from Russia, coming from Poland and the Allied Poland and the Allied nations who disliked nations who disliked the concept of the concept of Communism. (1st of Communism. (1st of several Red Scares) several Red Scares)

“Vrangel still alive. Rest him without mercy”

Rise of Joseph StalinRise of Joseph Stalin

1922: Lenin dies and 1922: Lenin dies and Stalin fights his way to Stalin fights his way to power.power.

Revived Russia’s Revived Russia’s economy: 5 Year Planseconomy: 5 Year Plans

Collectivization of all Collectivization of all industry and industry and agricultureagriculture

Creation of the Worker Creation of the Worker StateState

Hard Work of Peasant

Result of 5 Year Plans

Stalin: ContinuedStalin: Continued

Problems of Economic Policy:Problems of Economic Policy: Industry: much waste and error. High Industry: much waste and error. High

production costs and goods were often production costs and goods were often of poor quality.of poor quality.

Agriculture: 20 % of labor force worked Agriculture: 20 % of labor force worked in agriculture and cannot keep up with in agriculture and cannot keep up with production as population increased. production as population increased. Crude farming methods and poor Crude farming methods and poor equipment lead to peasant’s resentment equipment lead to peasant’s resentment of collectivization.of collectivization.

Stalin ContinuedStalin Continued

Other issues:Other issues: Religious persecutions of Jews, Roman Religious persecutions of Jews, Roman

Catholics and Moslems. Catholics and Moslems. State religion is AtheismState religion is Atheism Working conditions, in most situations Working conditions, in most situations

were deplorable and pay was were deplorable and pay was inconsequential. Suffering of the inconsequential. Suffering of the common man (proletariat) is common man (proletariat) is unbearable.unbearable.

Germany--Weimar Republic-1920’sGermany--Weimar Republic-1920’s

The Weimar Republic:The Weimar Republic: discredited in the eyes of the world discredited in the eyes of the world

AND GermanyAND Germany everyone is blaming the communists, everyone is blaming the communists,

Jews amd liberals for the problems of the Jews amd liberals for the problems of the Weimar Republic.Weimar Republic.

Political Extremism—Communist (left) Political Extremism—Communist (left) and fascist and extreme nationalist and fascist and extreme nationalist (right).(right).

Economic disasterEconomic disaster

Why is the Weimar Republic Why is the Weimar Republic Disliked?Disliked?

Blamed for the forced acceptance of Blamed for the forced acceptance of the Treaty of Versaillesthe Treaty of Versailles

Blamed for the rampant economic Blamed for the rampant economic failure of Germany after World War Ifailure of Germany after World War I

Blamed for the social distress that is Blamed for the social distress that is sky-rocketing around Germanysky-rocketing around Germany

Cannot control the problems that are Cannot control the problems that are rocketing throughout the countryrocketing throughout the country

The people are looking for The people are looking for SALVATIONSALVATION

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

Hitler: born in Austria Hitler: born in Austria (1889)(1889)

a.a. influenced by the influenced by the nationalism and anti-nationalism and anti-Semitism of the time.Semitism of the time.

b.b. 1921—talented public 1921—talented public speaker whose forum speaker whose forum is the streets.is the streets.

c.c. Joins the National Joins the National Socialist German Socialist German Workers PartyWorkers Party

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler Nov. 8, 1923—Beer Hall Nov. 8, 1923—Beer Hall

Putsch. Arrested and Putsch. Arrested and imprisoned for 9 months imprisoned for 9 months (sentenced for (sentenced for longer)longer)

writes writes Mein KampfMein Kampf in prison. in prison.

Points of book:Points of book:

a. going to sway the people with a. going to sway the people with propagandapropaganda

b. going to free them from the b. going to free them from the constraints of the Treaty of constraints of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

c. the Jews, Communists, and c. the Jews, Communists, and Liberals caused the war and Liberals caused the war and should be removedshould be removed

HitlerHitler 1924: rebuilds the 1924: rebuilds the

banned Nazi Party. banned Nazi Party. Begins to place members Begins to place members

in the Reichstag.in the Reichstag. By 1932—Nazi Party is By 1932—Nazi Party is

the largest political party the largest political party in Germany. in Germany.

Jan. 30, 1933—appoint Jan. 30, 1933—appoint Hitler Chancellor—2nd in Hitler Chancellor—2nd in command of the German command of the German government behind Pres. government behind Pres. Paul von Hindenburg.Paul von Hindenburg.

HitlerHitler

Hitler immediately pushes through the Hitler immediately pushes through the Enabling Enabling Act:Act: allows the German Gov’t to suspend the allows the German Gov’t to suspend the civil rights of the German people.civil rights of the German people.

a. censor maila. censor mailb. suspend rights of assemblyb. suspend rights of assemblyc. press is no longer free.c. press is no longer free.

March 1933: Hindenburg dies of natural March 1933: Hindenburg dies of natural causes.causes.

Hitler combines the offices of Chancellor and Hitler combines the offices of Chancellor and President and declares himself the Fuhrer President and declares himself the Fuhrer (leader) and begins his “Third Reich” that would (leader) and begins his “Third Reich” that would last a 1000 years.last a 1000 years.

Why does Hitler Succeed?Why does Hitler Succeed? Germany: The conditions of the 1920’sGermany: The conditions of the 1920’s economic distress: rabid inflation and devaluation of economic distress: rabid inflation and devaluation of

the currency.the currency. Worldwide Depression collapses the little bit of Worldwide Depression collapses the little bit of

economic success the lower and middle classes had.economic success the lower and middle classes had. rising unemploymentrising unemployment Fear of Communism: middle class supported the NazisFear of Communism: middle class supported the Nazis Appeal of Nationalism: Germans had never lost a major Appeal of Nationalism: Germans had never lost a major

conflict--were convinced they had not really lost World conflict--were convinced they had not really lost World War I. They were sold out! Nazis exploited this feeling.War I. They were sold out! Nazis exploited this feeling.

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism Weak government—Weimar RepublicWeak government—Weimar Republic Lack of a democratic tradition: Weimar Republic was a Lack of a democratic tradition: Weimar Republic was a

democracy of sorts.democracy of sorts. Hitler—the man himself and his charismatic leadershipHitler—the man himself and his charismatic leadership

NAZI RuleNAZI Rule Nazi Rule:Nazi Rule: Government: all parties except the Nazi party are Government: all parties except the Nazi party are

illegalillegal Hitler is supremeHitler is supreme create the Gestapo, under the leadership of create the Gestapo, under the leadership of

Heinrich Himmler. This is a brutal police who Heinrich Himmler. This is a brutal police who arrest and suppress without mercy.arrest and suppress without mercy. create the 1st concentration camp at Dachaucreate the 1st concentration camp at Dachau

Propaganda leader: Joseph Goebbels: controlled Propaganda leader: Joseph Goebbels: controlled the media throughout the country to make sure the media throughout the country to make sure that only Nazi ideas were propagated.that only Nazi ideas were propagated.

NAZI Propaganda—Hitler the NAZI Propaganda—Hitler the LeaderLeader

Nazi Propaganda—Hitler YouthNazi Propaganda—Hitler Youth

Propaganda: The Internal EnemyPropaganda: The Internal Enemy

Science and Science and Culture creates the Culture creates the idea of the idea of the Supreme RaceSupreme Race

Enemy of the Enemy of the “Aryan” “Aryan”

Treatment of Jews Treatment of Jews 1933-1939: 1933-1939: Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws

Hitler’s goal was Hitler’s goal was LebensraumLebensraum (living space) (living space)

1936: Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy1936: Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy 1936: assisted Franco in his civil war in Spain1936: assisted Franco in his civil war in Spain 1936: invades and take the Rhineland 1936: invades and take the Rhineland

(created by Treaty of Versailles)(created by Treaty of Versailles) 1938: 1938: AnschlussAnschluss: union of Germany and : union of Germany and

AustriaAustria 1938: takes the Sudetenland (Czech. Owned 1938: takes the Sudetenland (Czech. Owned

German speaking) Allies protest!German speaking) Allies protest! Promised to not take anymore.Promised to not take anymore. 1938: Takes Czecholoslovakia1938: Takes Czecholoslovakia 1939: Blitz of Poland1939: Blitz of Poland

BibliographyBibliography Gordan, Irving. Gordan, Irving. World History, Second Ed.World History, Second Ed. New New

York: Amsco School Publications. York: Amsco School Publications. 1996.1996. Hacken, Richard. “3 March, 1918: The Peace Hacken, Richard. “3 March, 1918: The Peace

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”. http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7wwI1918/brestlitovskhttp://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7wwI1918/brestlitovsk..

July 10, 2007. July 10, 2007. Keegan, John. Keegan, John. The First World WarThe First World War. New York: . New York:

Vintage Books, 1998.Vintage Books, 1998. Meyer, G. J. Meyer, G. J. The Story of the Great War The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1914 to

19181918. New York: Bantam Dell, . New York: Bantam Dell, 2006.2006. Spielvogel, Jackson J., Ph.D. Spielvogel, Jackson J., Ph.D. World HistoryWorld History

Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill, 2005.Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill, 2005.

ImagesImagesAll images were taken from the following websites. They were taken All images were taken from the following websites. They were taken

during the dates of April-July of 2007.during the dates of April-July of 2007. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/ph003800/index.jpghttp://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/ph003800/index.jpg Vladimir Lenin: Vladimir Lenin: http://cla.calpoly.edu:16080/~lcall/lenin.gifhttp://cla.calpoly.edu:16080/~lcall/lenin.gif Russian Civil War: http://digitalgallery.nypl.orgRussian Civil War: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org Soviet Worker Posters: http://www.johndclare.net/images Soviet Worker Posters: http://www.johndclare.net/images Joseph Stalin: http://media.isnet.org Joseph Stalin: http://media.isnet.org Adolf Hitler Posters (including Hitler Youth): Adolf Hitler Posters (including Hitler Youth):

http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/v/P/hitler36.gif http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/v/P/hitler36.gif http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/imageshttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images http://webarchiv.bundestag.de/archive/2005/0919/parlament/http://webarchiv.bundestag.de/archive/2005/0919/parlament/

geschichte/parlhist/streifzug/g1929/g1929_6.html geschichte/parlhist/streifzug/g1929/g1929_6.html http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111500/ww2/media/images/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111500/ww2/media/images/

posters/ewigejude.jpg posters/ewigejude.jpg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goebbels/gallery/images/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goebbels/gallery/images/

g_06_1.jpg g_06_1.jpg http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/pli03468/index.jpg http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/pli03468/index.jpg

Suggested LessonsSuggested Lessons Discussion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Discussion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

a. Break class into separate groups: Czarist Russia, Bolshevik Russia, a. Break class into separate groups: Czarist Russia, Bolshevik Russia, Germany, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary. Germany, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary. b. With the five separate sections, create groups of 4-5 (the actual number of b. With the five separate sections, create groups of 4-5 (the actual number of groups will vary, depending on the class size.) groups will vary, depending on the class size.) c. Give each nation group a fact sheet of the treaty demands and have each c. Give each nation group a fact sheet of the treaty demands and have each group discuss the pros and cons of the treaty as these demands pertain to group discuss the pros and cons of the treaty as these demands pertain to their country.their country.d. Divide the groups again, choosing one from each group until you have d. Divide the groups again, choosing one from each group until you have remixed the groups into multi-national councils. Have these new councils remixed the groups into multi-national councils. Have these new councils negotiate the peace treaty. negotiate the peace treaty. e. When completed with negotiations, have the students compare their e. When completed with negotiations, have the students compare their results with the actual treaty and explain why their treaty was different or the results with the actual treaty and explain why their treaty was different or the same.same.

• Propaganda:Propaganda:Included throughout the power point are a variety of different propaganda Included throughout the power point are a variety of different propaganda

posters used by the Soviet Union and Germany during the 1920’s and 1930’s. posters used by the Soviet Union and Germany during the 1920’s and 1930’s. Using the attached critique sheet of a poster, have the students analyze these Using the attached critique sheet of a poster, have the students analyze these posters and then compare them to those used before and during World War I. posters and then compare them to those used before and during World War I.

Interpreting a Propaganda Poster

1. What is your initial reaction upon seeing this for the first time? Is it appealing? Informative? Does it bring forth any particular emotion(s)?

2. Who do you think created this? 3. When do you think this was created? 4. Why do you think this was created?5. List any persons portrayed.6. Describe any symbols or logos found. Who is the target

audience of the poster?7. What is the message(s) of this poster?8. Does the layout and artwork of this poster appeal to you?

Yes/No? Why?9. What is the reaction the creator is looking for in his target

audience? 10.After viewing this poster, are you more or less sympathetic

to the cause of the artist? Why?

Amended from the Truman Presidential Library

Standards and IndicatorsStandards and Indicators

http://ed.sc.gov/agency/offices/cso/standards/ss/documents/9INEZSocialStudiesStandards.pdf