World War I Ch. 23 Sec.1,2, & 4. I. World War I 1914 - 1918 “The Great War” *1 st name given to...
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World War I Ch. 23 Sec.1,2, & 4. I. World War I 1914 - 1918 “The Great War” *1 st name given to WWI “The War To End All Wars” 93% of world’s population
I. World War I 1914 - 1918 The Great War *1 st name given to
WWI The War To End All Wars 93% of worlds population affected 28
nations fought on 6 continents
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Total War *complete mobilization of resources & people in
war effort
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A. Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Arms Race 4.
Militarism conscription *draft 5. Formation of Alliances:
Triple Entente France, England, Russia 1907 Triple Alliance,
Triple Entente, Neutral Countries
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Satellites *smaller nations became allies of larger countries
Ex. Serbia and Russia
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Brinkmanship *threatening to go to war Kaiser William II
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6. French revenge from Franco-Prussian War 1870
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7. The Balkan Peninsula Tinder Box of Europe (Powder Keg)
*ethnic tension Serbia & Bulgaria ready to clash over ethnic
conflicts
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8. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria *assassinated June 28,
1914 Sarajevo *capital of Bosnia
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Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand, died wearing this uniform
in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
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Gavrilo Princip *Assassin (Serbian) Black Hand *Serbian
terrorist organization "I am not a criminal, for I destroyed a bad
man. I thought I was right." Princip after the assassination
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Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria ultimatum to Serbia
*mobilization for war
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Kaiser William II Germany blank check *German full support
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B. Outbreak of War: 1. Austria invades Serbia July 29,
1914
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2. Schlieffen Plan German war strategy: 1905 *invade Belgium
get to Paris before English cross the Channel then move to Eastern
Front & fight Russians
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3. Russians invade Germany
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4. Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance France Britain Russia USA
Greece Japan Romania Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria * Allies *Central Powers
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C. The War Years: 1. Battle of the Marne Aug. 1914 *German Army
20 miles from Paris French stop Germans *Paris taxi cabs send
troops to front Gen. Joseph Joffre *French commander
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General Von Bulow *German commander on Western Front
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2. Trench Warfare: No Mans Land *land between 2 opposite sides
Over the Top *order to charge enemy weapons: spade, machine gun,
& barbed wire
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Over the top!!
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Siegfried Line *German defensive line of trenches
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3. Germans fight on two Fronts Western Front *Swiss border -
North Sea (500 miles) Eastern Front *Baltic Sea - Black Sea
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Western Front
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4. Battle of Tannenberg (Poland) *Germans drive Russians out of
Germany Russian army destroyed
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General Paul von Hindenburg *German commander Eastern
Front
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30th August 1914: Soldiers of the Russian Second Army in
Austria, following their defeat and capture by the Germans at the
Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.
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5. Gallipoli Campaign Feb. 1915 - Jan. 1916 *Allies try to aid
Russia drive Ottoman Empire out of war *worst British defeat in
modern history
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Winston Churchill *First Lord of the Admiralty
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Mustafa Kemal *Turkish Commander at Gallipoli
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6. The Great Slaughter 1916 - 1917 War of Attrition wear down
other side constant attacks
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7. Battle of Verdun Feb. 1916 *massive French fortress 11
months of fighting German Offensive: Bleed French Army to
death
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French Battle Cry: They Shall Not Pass General Petain
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Moment of the death of a unknown French lieutenent, during the
Battle of Verdun: 300 000 dead and 770 000 wounded in 6
months.
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8. Battle of Somme July 1, 1916 *Allies launch new
offensive
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General Joffre *French General Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig
*British General
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Tank *1 st time used battle
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D. Naval Warfare 1. English blockade North Sea The Hunger
Blockade Germans called British naval blockade
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2. Battle of Ypres Race to the Sea Belgium Allies & Germans
attempt to reach North Sea first & outflank other The "End of
the Line": the Western Front reaches the sea near Nieuwpoort,
Belgium.Western FrontNieuwpoort, Belgium
Lusitania *English Passenger Liner May 7, 1915 sunk by U 20
*German U Boat 1200 killed off Irish Sea / 128 Americans
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President Woodrow Wilson *warned U. S. would not tolerate
actions
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4. Battle of Jutland *North Sea May 31, 1916 Dreadnoughts *1 st
modern battleships *British Royal Navy
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E. USA Neutrality 1914 - 1917 1. supplied war materials food,
raw materials, & weapons
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2. Propaganda *spreading of ideas or rumors to harm opposition
stories of German war atrocities wanted USA support German
nicknames: Hun, Bosch, Gerry, Fritz
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3. Zimmerman Affair March 1917 Alfred Zimmerman *German Foreign
Minister *telegram to Mexico wanted Mexican aid U. S. joins war
promised Mexico territory had lost to America
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4. America declares War April 6, 1917 Make the world safe for
democracy. President W. Wilson
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F. Russian Revolution 1917 1. Czar Nicholas II *overthrown by
communist revolution
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2. Vladimir Lenin *Communist Leader signed a treaty with
Germany
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3. Treaty of Brest Litvosk March 1918 *Russian peace treaty
with Germany Germans send troops from Eastern to Western Front
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G. The Middle East 1. Ottoman Empire & Central Powers
*control Middle East
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2. Arab Revolt June 1916 T.E. Lawrence Lawrence of Arabia
*British agent led revolt against Ottoman forces
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3. Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 divides Mid-East up bt. France
and England
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H. Defeat of Central Powers: 1. German Offensive: Summer 1918
moved troops Eastern to Western Front Goal: capture Paris
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Chateau - Thierry June 1918 *Allies stop German offensive of
1918 *Allies counter-attack
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2. Ferdinand Foch *Supreme Commander of Allied Forces 1 st
unified command in west by allies
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3. John Black Jack Pershing *U.S. Commander American
Expeditionary Force 200,000 Americans land every month
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Doughboys *French nickname for U. S. troops
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Devil Dogs *German nickname for U. S. Marines
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Sgt. York *1 st American war hero Sgt. York was awarded the
Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest,
taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing
132 others during the U.S.-led Argonne Offensive in France.Medal of
Honor Germanmachine gun machine gunsArgonne OffensiveFrance
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4. Battle of Argonne Forest Spring 1918 *Allies push Germans
into Germany
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Bulgaria & Turkey surrender Sep. 1918 Austria-Hungary -
revolution & become separate nations Kaiser William II - fled
to Holland Nov. 9, 1918
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5. Armistice **Nov. 11, 1918** *signed in railway car at
Compiegn, France
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All Quiet on the Western Front
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II. Cost of War: A. 18 million died 10 million civilians killed
/ 8 million soldiers B. $400 billion property destroyed
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III. Innovations in Warfare: A. Mass production of weapons 1 st
industrialized war
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B. Machine guns
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C. Tanks
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D. Zeppelins *giant airships
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E. Airplane Flaming Coffins *1 st nickname given to planes
Fokker D VII *German plane Sopwith Camel *British plane
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Baron Von Richthofen Red Baron Red Knight *real nickname
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Ace = 5 kills Eddie Rickenbacker *American Ace
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Archie *British called anti-aircraft fire
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F. Submarines U Boats
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G. Aircraft carriers HMS Furious *1 st carrier 1917
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H. Poisonous gas (Mustard Gas)
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IV. The Peace Settlements A. Big Four Georges Clemenceau
Premier of France David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England
Woodrow Wilson President of USA Vittorio Orlando Prime Minister of
Italy
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B. Peace Conference in Paris June 1919 only Allies invited
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C. Fourteen Points Pres. Woodrow Wilsons *peace proposal Peace
of Justice fair to Germans open covenants not secret meetings
freedom of seas & trade arms limitations & end to secret
alliances
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League of Nations *general association of nations *14 th Point
called for formation *U. S. does not join
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Andrew Carnegie Palace of Peace Hauge, Netherlands
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D. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 1. Germany full
responsibility for war 2. Reparations *Germany pay $33 billion 3.
Germans lost territory ex. Polish Corridor *Poland recreated 4.
Abolished German Army 5. Occupation of Germany Rhineland *Allied
troops stationed
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6. Austria-Hungary divided Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia formed
7. Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jorden Formed old Ottoman Empire 8.
Russia lost more territory than Germany