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WORLD WAR I
1. The Beginning
a. By 1914 tensions in Europe had risen and many believed the continent was on the brink of war
b. Four factors contributed to this problemi. Militarism
1. Europe had undergone a massive military buildup during the period of the late 1800s into the early 1900s
a. European countries had colonized around the world and were now wanting to protect their own interest
b. Left all sides anxious
2. Remember the larger the population of a country the bigger army it could amass
ii. Alliances1. Nations entered into alliances with other
nations2. Two major alliances
a. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
b. The Triple Entente: France, Russia and Great Britain
iii. Imperialism1. Quest to build empires fuelled ill will
among the nations2. Germany, France, Russia and Great Britain
all saw themselves as imperial nations3. Did not think they could stand by while a
rival gained power
iv. Nationalism1. Nationalism: Strong devotion to one’s
national group or culture2. Movement led to formation of new
countries like Germany and Italy and struggles for power
3. Strongest national tensions were in the Balkans in a nation called Serbia
4. Pan-Slavic Nationalisma. Pan-Slavism: the idea of a unified Slavic
race under the protection of Russiab. This would give Russia access to the
much wanted warm water seaportsc. Russians supported liberation movements
of the Slavic peoples such as Serbians, Croats, Slovaks, and Poles, etc….
2. Austria-Hungary and Serbiaa. 1908
i. Austria-Hungary took the Slavic territories of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the weak Ottoman Empire
ii. Serbia appealed to Russia for help, but Russia was just coming off a defeat by Japan and was unable to help
b. The Balkan Warsi. Began in 1912 and was between the
Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empireii. Serbia wanted Albania in exchange for
fighting on the Russian side1. They did not get it
iii. 1913, Albania was made independent and off limits to Serbia1. Russia was not able to influence or help
out Serbiaa. Serbians were angryb. Russia was left humiliated
iv. Russia had no power in Europe2. Russians vow never to be again
humiliated3. Were ready for a war in order to save their
honor
3. War Breaks Out
a. June 28, 1914i. Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo
1. Was the next in line for the Austrian-Hungarian throne
ii. While driving through the city with his wife Sophie, they are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
1. Was a member of a Serbian national group called the Black Hand
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
Gavrilo Princip
iii. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and made a list of demands for Serbia to agree to1. Terms were humiliating to Serbia and she
refused to agree to them
iv. Austria declared war on July 28, 1914
b. Mobilizationi. Russia will side with Serbia and began to
prepare for warii. Russia’s mobilization was seen as a
threat and Germany (all of Austria-Hungary) mobilizes against Russia
iii. Germany will declare war on Russia and then France
c. Schlieffen Plani. Germany had developed a plan to help
prevent fighting a war on two fronts ii. Plan was called Schieffen Plan
1. Called for Germany to quickly defeat France in the west and then head east to fight Russia
iii. Quickest way to France was through Belgium1. Belgium was neutral country2. Germany invades and causes Great
Britain to enter the war
iv. Great Britain joins in on France’s and Russia’s side
d. Two Powersi. Central Powers: Germany and Austria-
Hungaryii. Allied Powers: Great Britain, France,
Russia and Serbia
4. Stalemate
a. 1914i. By the end of 1914 two trench systems
stretched hundreds of miles across Europe
ii. The Western Front was the dead lock region in western Europe
The War Effort
1. Trench Warfare
a. Life in the Trenchi. Soldiers lived thereii. Wet and dirtyiii. Bullets, bombs and grenades would go off
all around youiv. Many times dead bodies stayed where
they were atv. Rats and lice were present
vi. “Over the Tops”1. Soldiers were sent over the trench and
ran towards the enemy lines through no man’s land
2. Many were gunned down before they ever made it to the other side
b. Trench warfare made the development of new technology necessary
2. New Warfare
a. Poison Gasi. Different kinds
of gas could do different things i.e.: choke, blind or burn victims
ii. This led to the development of gas masks
b. Rapid fire machine guns
c. Tanksi. Armored
vehiclesii. Pioneered by
the British
d. Aircrafti. First used to
observe enemy positions
ii. Eventually guns and bombs were attached
e. Even with all of this technology neither side was able to gain an adventure
3. The Home Front
a. Government Actioni. War was also being waged at home ii. Governments took action
1. Factories produced military equipment2. Citizens would conserve food3. Governments tried to control public opinion
a. Governments would censor newspaper reports
4. Used propagandaa. Information
used to influence opinion
b. Encouraged support of the war
i. Used posters, pamphlets, and articles
b. Women and the War Efforti. With men away fighting the war on the
various fronts, women at home filled positions that were once occupied by men
ii. Jobs1. Work in factories2. Help send food and weapons3. Served as nurses
iii. All of these things would help transform the public view of what women could do
4. Western Front Battles
a. Battle of Verduni. Verdun was a French fortressii. Purpose of the battle was to kill and
injure as many French soldiers as possibleiii. Lasted from February to December 1914iv. Around 400,000 French casualties and
just as many Germansv. Ended in a stalemate
b. Battle of the Sommei. Fought near the Somme River in France,
June 1916ii. It was an allied assaultiii. On the first day alone the British had
60,000 casualtiesiv. Ended in December 1916 with no major
break through
c. 3rd Battle of Ypresi. Took place in Belgiumii. Ended badly for the British
d. After three years of fighting the lines were virtually unchanged
5. Around the World
a. Ottoman Empirei. Entered the war on the Central powers
side in late 1914ii. Controlled the Dardanelles
1. A water route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
2. Allies used this straight to ship supplies to Russia
b. The Gallipoli Campaign
i. Began in 1915ii. It was an Allied effort to destroy guns
and forts that lined the Dardanellesiii. Allies will give up after months of
fighting and nearly 200,000 casualties
c. The Armenian Massacrei. Late 1914, Russia attacks the Caucasus,
a region between the Black and Caspian Seas
1. Area was home to ethnic Armenians2. They were a minority in the Ottoman
Empire, because most were Christians
ii. Ottoman’s claimed the Armenians were helping the Russians
iii. Spring 19151. Ottoman’s began to forcibly remove the
Armenians from the Caucasus2. Some 600,000 Armenians died either
from violence, starvation or both3. Many accused Ottoman’s of genocide: the
deliberate destruction of a racial, political or cultural group
The Russian Revolution
1. Before the War
a. The Bolsheviksi. Many were discontent with conditions
within Russia and started to support a small political group called the Bolsheviks
ii. They were a Marxist group that wanted to change Russia through revolution
b. Vladimir Lenini. Leader of the
Bolsheviksii. Wanted to
overthrow the czariii. He wanted the
Proletariat (industrial workers) to gain power and rule Russia as a socialist country
c. Economic Conditionsi. By 1914, economic conditions were so
bad that World War I provided some reliefii. Czar Nicholas II hoped the war would
unite the country and rally the citizens around his leadership
2. World War I
a. Militaryi. Russia’s army was around 6 million at the
start of the warii. Russia was ill-prepared for war
1. Russia’s factories could not produce the amount of ammunition or supplies that the army needed quickly enough
2. Military not equipped to fight a major wara. Equipment was out of dateb. Leaders within the army were poorly qualified
iii. Russia will enjoy initial success, but their losses will soon outweigh their victories
iv. Czar Nicholas II takes personal command of the army in 19151. His fate will be linked with the army2. When the army lost a major campaign,
people’s faith in his leadership was severed
Nicholas II Alexandra
b. Conditions in Russiai. Food and other goods grew scarce in
major citiesii. Czar left his wife, Czarina Alexandra, in
charge when he left for the frontiii. Czarina relied on the advice of Grigory
Rasputin1. Rasputin was a self-proclaimed holy man 2. Many viewed him as immoral and corrupt
3. Revolution Begins
a. March 18, 1917i. Citizens protest in Russia’s capital,
Petrogradii. Protested lack of food and fueliii. Police and soldiers refuse to follow orders
to shoot riotersiv. Czar ordered the Duma, Russia’s
legislature to disband. The Duma does not
v. Nicholas is forced to abdicate his throne. This ends the Russian monarchy
b. Provisional Governmenti. Duma established a provisional
government after the czar abdicatedii. Led by Alexsandr Kerenskyiii. Government planned to continue fighting
in the war even though the Russian people were tired of fighting
iv. Bolsheviks oppose Kerensky’s government1. Wanted to fundamentally change Russian
society and government
c. Bolsheviksi. Planned to abolish private propertyii. Enforce social equalityiii. Believed revolution would sweep the
worldiv. Lenin will be snuck back into Russia by
the Germans in 1917
4. Bolshevik Revolution
a. Mid 1917i. Russians ordered final military offensive
and failedii. Led to widespread rebellion
b. Nov. 1917 armed factory workers a.k.a. the Red Guard attacked the provisional government
i. This is known as the October Revolution
c. Kerensky’s government collapsesd. Lenin will become Russia’s leader
i. He declared private property illegal and gave land to the peasants
ii. He also turned factories over to the workers
5. After the Revolution
a. Peace with the Central Powers
i. Leon Trotsky1. Sent to
negotiate a peace with the Central Powers
2. Accepted an agreement that forced Russia to give up huge chunks of its empire
b. Civil Wari. Fought by the “Red Army” (Bolsheviks)
and the “White Army” (those who opposed the Bolsheviks)
ii. Lasted 3 yearsiii. Bolsheviks triumphed in late 1920
c. Economic Policyi. Lenin will introduce a new economic
policy1. The plan permitted some capitalistic activity2. People could sell food at a profit3. This was meant to encourage food
production
6. The Soviet Union
a. 1922i. The economy had improvedii. Russia united countries that had once
belong to it and formed the U.S.S.R or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
b. 1924i. Lenin will die without a successor
United States Enters the War
1. Events Leading to U.S. Entrya. Neutrality
i. Many sided with the Allies, but felt the U.S. should stay out of the war
ii. President Wilson1. Believed the United States should not be
involved in other countries’ affairs2. 1916, Wilson will run for re-election with the
campaign slogan, “He kept us out of war”
b. Trouble at Seai. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1. This is a German Policya. Any ship traveling around Great Britain was
subject to attack by German U-boats
2. Initially attacked British ships but then started attacking merchant ships
a. This was done in response to Great Britain’s dependence on supplies being shipped in by other nations
ii. Lusitania1. Ship sunk by the
Germans2. Killed 1200
people; 120 were Americans
3. Two more ships were sunk carrying Americans in August and September 1915
iii. United States’ Response1. The government complained to Germany
about the loss of American livesa. Germany agreed to stop attacks; feared U.S.
involvement in the war
2. By 1917, Germany believed the only way to defeat Britain was with unrestricted submarine warfare
c. The Zimmerman Notei. February 1917, The Zimmerman Note
was discovered1. It was a secret message sent to Mexico by a
German diplomat named Arthur Zimmerman2. Proposed that Mexico attack the United
Statesa. In return Mexico would get Texas, Arizona, and
New Mexico
19 January, 1917: The Zimmerman Noteto the German Minister to Mexico
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman(German Secretary of State)
ii. Note angered Americans and they began to call for war
iii. United States had reasons to go to war1. Common ancestry with Great Britain2. Strong financial ties to Allied powers
a. The United States was selling millions of dollars worth of war goods to Britain each week
iv. April 1917, the United States enters the war on the Allied side
2. U.S. Involvement in the Wara. Germany’s Response
i. Germany had to win the war before America could send troops to Europe
ii. After Russia’s exit Germany moves all troops to the Western Front
1. March 18, Germany launches a major assault on the Western Front
2. Advance within 40 miles of Paris
b. Important Battlesi. The 2nd Battle of the Marne
1. Allied forces are able to stop German assault2. Allied forces are able to effectively combine
the use of tanks and aircraft3. Allied forces gain huge amounts of territory
ii. Oct. 19181. Allied forces break through the
Hindenburg line2. German leaders approach Allies in
seeking an armistice (truce)3. On November 11, 1918 at 11 a.m. the war
ends
3. A Difficult Peace
a. Different Desiresi. The major leaders of the Allied powers all
wanted different things as far as a peace agreement went
ii. United States1. Led by Woodrow Wilson2. The 14 Points
a. Wilson’s vision for world peaceb. Included the reduction of weaponsc. Right for people to choose their own
governmentd. Propose an organization be created that the
world’s leaders would join to protect one another from aggression
iii. France1. Led by George
Clemenceau2. Wanted to
punish Germany3. Wanted
Germany to pay for war costs
iv. Great Britain1. Led by David Lloyd
George2. Great Britain was
somewhere between the United States’ position and France’s position
3. Wanted to punish Germany but did not want to weaken Germany either
v. Italy1. Led by Vittorio
Orlando2. Hoped to gain
territory for Italy3. Largely ignored
by the other three
b. The Treaty of Versaillesi. Named after the French Palace of
Versailles where it was signedii. Was closer to what Clemenceau wanted
than Wilson
iii. Parts of the treaty1. Germany is forced to pay large amounts to
victims of the war2. Germany was forced to take full responsibility
of the war3. Forced Germany to limit the size of its army4. Germany had to return conquered land to
France and Russiaa. Other lands were taken to form newly independent
nation of Polandb. Germany’s colonies were given to various world
leaders
iv. Germany is humiliated by the treaty but had to accept
v. Treaty was signed on June 18, 1919
c. Outcome of the Treatyi. It crippled the Germany economyii. Bitterness from the treaty would affect
politics for years to come iii. It established the League of Nations
1. This is a victory for Wilson
d. The League of Nationsi. Main goals:
1. Encourage international cooperation2. To keep peace between the nations
ii. Problem: It does not represent everyone1. Germany is excluded2. Wilson is unable to convince the United
States government to ratify the treatya. Many feared that the League of Nations
would drag them into another war
3. The absence of the United States weakened the League of Nations
e. Other Treatiesi. Other treaties were formed to deal with
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires1. Vast lands of the Austria-Hungary and
Ottoman Empires were broken apart to create independent nations
a. Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Turkey
2. Former Ottoman lands were turned into mandates (territories) to be ruled by European powersa. France was given Syria and Lebanonb. Great Britain was given Palestine and Iraq
ii. Zionist movement1. The desire to create Jewish state in the
Middle East began to start in Europe2. 1917- the British issued the Balfour
Declarationa. Favored a Jewish state in Palestine
iii. European nations were only suppose to govern mandates until they were able to govern themselves1. Mandates will become nothing more than
colonies
4. Impact of the War
a. Human Costsi. 9 million are killedii. Millions more are wounded or taken
prisoneriii. In Germany, France and Russia almost an
entire generation died or were woundediv. Spring 1918 influenza swept across the
globe making things worse and killing millions more
b. Economic Costsi. France, Belgium and Russia were left
devastatedii. Europe lost role as the dominant
economic region of the world1. The United States and Japan prospered
during the war
iii. Countries were forced to come up with new sources or develop their own products
c. Political Changei. Russia was now Communistii. Old monarchies are gone
1. Examples: Austria-Hungary (Hapsburgs), Germany, the Ottomans and Russia (Romanov)
iii. Other countries experienced political upheaval
d. Unrest in the Coloniesi. After fighting in the war for their
sovereigns many colonies thought that they might gain their independence after the war
ii. This did not happen and independence was put off for many of them