World Religion Report en-US Final (1)

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Religious Perceptions in America

With an In-Depth Analysis of U.S. Attitudes oward Muslims and Islam



Copyright Standards

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Religious Perceptions in America

With an In-Depth Analysis of U.S. Attitudes oward Muslims and Islam



Copyright © 2009 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.2




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Religious Perceptions in America: With an In-Depth Analysis of U.S.

Attitudes oward Muslims and Islam Am’

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Americans’ Perceptions

of Muslims and Islam




ExEcutivE Summary

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Variables Associated

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Prejudice Toward

Muslims

Variables Associated

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Toward Muslims




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DALIA MOGAHED

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The Center for Muslim Studies




S : U.S. O Mm Im — Ow

Americans Express the Most Prejudice Toward Muslims

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Islam Is the Most Negatively Viewed Religion

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Tinking honestly about your feelings, how much prejudice, if any,

do you feel toward each of the following religious groups?(Among all American respondents)

October-November 2009

A great deal Some A little None at all Don’t know

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Muslims 9% 20% 14% 57%

Jews 1%6% 8% 85%

Christians 4% 6% 8% 82%

Buddhists 1% 1%5%8% 85%

Islam is the religion (among those asked about)that elicits the most negative views.




SEction 1: u.S. opinionS of muSlimS and iSlam — ovErviEw

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Americans Admit to Knowing Little About Islam

W Mm , mj Am (%) “

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kw” % “ kw” b Im. N , m Am

“m kw” (%) “ kw” (%) C w

“ kw” (%) “ ” (%) .

Am kw b Bm , x, b Jm. S-w

“ kw” (%) “ ” (%) Bm, w

b - “ kw” (%) “ ” (%) Jm. B

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w

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b .

While Muslims elicit such negative attitudes, a majority

of Americans (63%) say they have either “very little

knowledge” (40%) or “none at all” (23%) of Islam.

What is your opinion of each of the following religions?

(Among all American respondents)


Not favorable at allNot too favorableSomewhat favorableVery favorable Don't know/Refused

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Islam 31%22%33%9% 5%

Judaism 15%10%46%25% 4%

Christianity 4%4%25%66% 1%

Buddhism 21%14%38%20% 7%





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How much knowledge would you say you have about

each of the following religions?

None at allVery little knowledgeSome knowledgeA great deal of knowledge

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Judaism 19%30%44%7%

Islam 23%40%34%3%

Christianity 2%4%27%67%

Buddhism 31%41%26%2%



Do you, yourself, happen to know anyone in the following religious groups, or not?

Yes, know someone No, do not know anyone


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Jews 81% 19%

Muslims 52% 47%

Christians 99% 1%

Buddhists 32% 68%








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.

Some people have also had discussions about the rights that should beguaranteed to women. Please tell me whether or not you generally agree

with each of the following: Women and men should have equal legal rights

Surveys conducted in Sudan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia in 2009. Iran survey conducted in 2007.

Agree Disagree Don't know/Refused

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Egypt 73% 27%

Iran 89% 9% 2%

Sudan(Muslims)

78% 20% 2%

Saudi Arabia 85% 12% 3%




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Variables Associated With Self-Reported Prejudice

Links Between Anti-Jewish and Anti-Muslim Prejudice

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2 It is important to note that odds ratios and logistic regressions describe correlation and not “cause.” For example, a belie that

Muslims do not want peace increases the likelihood o expressing prejudice, all else being equal, but does not mean that one causes

the other. This fnding only shows that the two variables are related statistically. When a variable has no signifcant relationship

to prejudice or non-prejudice, it means that the given variable does not increase or decrease the likelihood o prejudice or non-

prejudice, when all other measured variables are held constant. This does not mean that the variable is not related to prejudice; it just

means that it does not contribute anything beyond what the other measured variables already do in explaining prejudice. For a ull list

o measured variables used in the logistic regression, see Appendix B.

3 Muslim Americans: A National Portrait

The variable most strongly linked to self-reported prejudice

toward Muslims is self-reported prejudice toward Jews.




SEction 2: prEjudicE and non-prEjudicE toward muSlimS

Opinions of Islam and Beliefs Ascribed to Muslims

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Variables Associated With Prejudice Toward Muslims(Respondents self-reporting “a great deal” of prejudice toward Muslims)

Odds Ratio

0 5 10 15 20 30 35

Prejudice toward Jews(A great deal) 31.6

Beliefs are the same(Disagree) 4.8

Opinion of Islam(Not favorable at all) 4.8

Muslims want peace(Disagree) 2.5

Muslims are accepting ofhomosexuals (Agree) 2.5

Muslims are accepting ofother races (Disagree) 2.4

Know Islam's prophet(Yes) 2.4

Religious attendance(< Once a week)


2.4

Know any Muslims(No) 2.0

One of the strongest variables linked with self-

reported prejudice toward Muslims is having

a particularly negative view of Islam.





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Familiarity and Religious Service Attendance

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Variables Associated With Non-Prejudice

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Tolerance of the Abrahamic Faiths

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Those who report feeling no prejudice toward Jews are more

than 11 times as likely to feel the same about Muslims.

Variables Associated With Non-Prejudice Toward Muslims(Respondents self-reporting “none at all” of prejudice toward Muslims)

Odds Ratio

0 5 10 15 20

Prejudice toward Jews (None at all) 11.2

Prejudice toward Christians (None at all) 4.2

Race (Nonwhite) 2.3

Opinion of Islam (Very favorable) 2.2

Muslims believe in equal rights (Agree) 2.2

Muslims want peace (Agree) 2.2

Rel ig ious at tendance ( > Once a week) 2.1






Tolerance Can Be Selective

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Favorability of Islam Versus Familiarity With Muslims

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A positive view of Islam is associated with no prejudice,

whereas personally knowing a Muslim is not.

Variables Associated With Non-Prejudice Toward Muslims(Respondents self-reporting “none at all” of prejudice toward Muslims)

Odds Ratio

0 1 2 3

Know Islam's holy book (No) 1.9

Muslims are accepting of other races (Agree) 1.8

Muslims are accepting of other religions (Agree) 1.7

Income ( < $50,000) 1.6

Opinion of Christianity (Somewhat favorable,Not too favorable, Not favorable at all)

1.6

Age (30+) 1.6

Education (Less than college) 1.6






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w kw m Im’ bk b w k j

w Mm. I , , kw m w

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Demographic Variables Associated With Non-Prejudice

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w, m b

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m wk. T w q m w

k j w Mm. I b

w xm j wk. A m m, w

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j” m. F m, mmm m , w ,

C w j w w Im.




CO xm j Am w mb . I xm

b w Am’ - j k j w Mm. Sm

’ k :

Of the four faith groups asked about, Americans express the most prejudice toward Muslims.•

T Am b m w k w Mm

w B, C, Jw.

Self-reported prejudice toward Jews is most strongly associated with “a great deal” of prejudice•

toward Muslims. T m Mm Jw m

M E f, j w Jw w , b

Mm.

Frequent religious service attendance is associated with reports of “no prejudice.”• W m

m mmm ’ mk w ,

. T w m wk m

w k j m k xm j

w .

A favorable opinion of Islam is associated with “no prejudice,” whereas personally knowing a•

Muslim is not. T Im’ ,

w Mm m b m j.

O G w w Am (j k Mm w) k

bw W Mm w, q bw w

m. S , mb w m , m Am’

w Mm m w Mm .




M Te Gallup Panel: T G W R S w m G P. T

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P xm , , , U.S. .

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Te Gallup World Religion Survey: T G W R S w m

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Margin of Error: T -j m ±. .




Ax A: R

How much knowledge would you say you have about each of the

following religions? BuddhismSample Size &

PercentagesB ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 31%

V kw ............................................................................................................. 41%

Sm kw.................................................................................................................... 26%

A kw ..................................................................................................... 2%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ - -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

How much knowledge would you say you have about each of thefollowing religions? Christianity

Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 2%

V kw ............................................................................................................. 4%

Sm kw.................................................................................................................... 27%

A kw ..................................................................................................... 67%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -


following religions? IslamSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 23%

V kw ............................................................................................................. 40%

Sm kw.................................................................................................................... 34%

A kw ..................................................................................................... 3%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -R .................................................................................................................................. - -




appEndix a: rESultS


following religions? JudaismSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 19%

V kw ............................................................................................................. 30%

Sm kw.................................................................................................................... 44%

A kw ..................................................................................................... 7%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ - -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

What is your opinion of each of the following religions? Buddhism Sample Size &Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N b ................................................................................................................ 21%

N b ................................................................................................................... 14%

Smw b .............................................................................................................. 38%

V b ........................................................................................................................ 20%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 4%

R .................................................................................................................................. 3%

What is your opinion of each of the following religions? Christianity Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N b ................................................................................................................ 4%

N b ................................................................................................................... 4%

Smw b .............................................................................................................. 25%

V b ........................................................................................................................ 66%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. 1%




appEndix a: rESultS

What is your opinion of each of the following religions? IslamSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N b ................................................................................................................ 31%

N b ................................................................................................................... 22%

Smw b .............................................................................................................. 33%

V b ........................................................................................................................ 9%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 3%

R .................................................................................................................................. 2%

What is your opinion of each of the following religions? Judaism

Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N b ................................................................................................................ 15%

N b ................................................................................................................... 10%

Smw b .............................................................................................................. 46%

V b ........................................................................................................................ 25%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 2%

R .................................................................................................................................. 2%

Thinking honestly about your feelings, how much prejudice, if any, do you

feel toward each of the following religious groups? BuddhistsSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 85%

A ................................................................................................................................... 8%

Sm...................................................................................................................................... 5%

A ........................................................................................................................... 1%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 1%

R .................................................................................................................................. -




appEndix a: rESultS


feel toward each of the following religious groups? ChristiansSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 82%

A ................................................................................................................................... 8%

Sm...................................................................................................................................... 6%

A ........................................................................................................................... 4%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

Thinking honestly about your feelings, how much prejudice, if any, do youfeel toward each of the following religious groups? Muslims

Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 57%

A ................................................................................................................................... 14%

Sm...................................................................................................................................... 20%

A ........................................................................................................................... 9%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. -


feel toward each of the following religious groups? JewsSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

N ............................................................................................................................. 85%

A ................................................................................................................................... 8%

Sm...................................................................................................................................... 6%

A ........................................................................................................................... 1%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ - -R .................................................................................................................................. - -




appEndix a: rESultS

Do you, yourself, happen to know anyone in the following religious

groups, or not? BuddhistsSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

Y, kw m ................................................................................................................ 32%

N, kw ........................................................................................................ 68%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -


groups, or not? ChristiansSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

Y, kw m ................................................................................................................ 99%

N, kw ........................................................................................................ 1%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -


groups, or not? MuslimsSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100% Y, kw m ................................................................................................................ 52%

N, kw ........................................................................................................ 47%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 1%

R .................................................................................................................................. - -


groups, or not? JewsSample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100% Y, kw m ................................................................................................................ 81%

N, kw ........................................................................................................ 19%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. * -




appEndix a: rESultS

Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about

Muslims? Most Muslims around the world want peace.Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

A ..................................................................................................................................... 70%

D ................................................................................................................................. 27%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 3%

R .................................................................................................................................. -


Muslims? Christians’ and Muslims’ religious beliefs are basically the same.Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

A ..................................................................................................................................... 29%

D ................................................................................................................................. 68%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 3%

R .................................................................................................................................. -


Muslims? Most Muslims around the world are accepting of other religions.Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%A ..................................................................................................................................... 30%

D ................................................................................................................................. 66%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 4%

R .................................................................................................................................. -


Muslims? Most Muslims around the world believe that women and men

should have equal rights.Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

A ..................................................................................................................................... 16%

D ................................................................................................................................. 81%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 3%

R .................................................................................................................................. -




appEndix a: rESultS


Muslims? Most Muslims around the world are accepting of people of

races other than their own. Sample Size &Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

A ..................................................................................................................................... 47%

D ................................................................................................................................. 47%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 6%

R .................................................................................................................................. -


Muslims? Most Muslims around the world are accepting of homosexuals.

Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

A ..................................................................................................................................... 8%

D ................................................................................................................................. 78%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 13%

R .................................................................................................................................. 1%

Do you happen to know the name of Islam’s holy book? Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

Y ......................................................................................................................................... 75%

N ......................................................................................................................................... 25%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ -

R .................................................................................................................................. - -




appEndix a: rESultS

What is the name of Islam’s holy book? Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... 100%

O ..................................................................................................................................... 2%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 1%

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

N/N ....................................................................................................................... - -

H ...................................................................................................................................... - -

Q .................................................................................................................................... 97%

Mmm ........................................................................................................................... - -

A ...................................................................................................................................... - -

Do you happen to know the name of Islam’s prophet? Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... , 100%

Y ......................................................................................................................................... 64%

N ......................................................................................................................................... 35%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 1%

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

What is the name of Islam’s prophet? Sample Size &

Percentages

B ....................................................................................................................................... 100%

O ..................................................................................................................................... 2%

D' kw ............................................................................................................................ 2%

R .................................................................................................................................. - -

N/N ....................................................................................................................... -

H ...................................................................................................................................... - -

Q .................................................................................................................................... -

Mmm ........................................................................................................................... 88%A ...................................................................................................................................... 8%




Ax B: R Vb

PREJUDICE

Variables Odds

QD. Pj w Jw (A ) ...................................................................................... 31.6*

QB. B m (D) ............................................................................................... 4.8*

QC. O Im (N b ) .................................................................................. 4.8*

QF. Mm mx (A) ....................................................................... 2.5*

QA. Mm w (D) .............................................................................................. 2.5*

Q. Kw Im’ (Y) ....................................................................................................... 2.4*

R (< O wk) .............................................................................................. 2.4*

QE. Mm (D) ..................................................................... 2.4*A (+).......................................................................................................................................... 2.3

QB. O C (N b ) ......................................................................... 2.2

QC. Mm (D) ............................................................... 2.0

QC. Kw Mm (N) ........................................................................................................ 2.0*

P (Rb/L Rb) ........................................................................... 1.6

G (M) .................................................................................................................................. 1.5

QB. Pj w C (A ) ............................................................................. 1.4

C () ...................................................................................................................... 1.4

Im ($,+) ........................................................................................................................... 1.1

Q. Kw Im’ bk (N) .................................................................................................... 1.0QD. Mm b q (D) ............................................................................. 0.9

E (H ) ....................................................................................................... 0.8

R (W) .................................................................................................................................... 0.8

QC. Kw Im (N ) ........................................................................................... 0.8

R (-) ................................................................................................. 0.7

QD. O Jm (N b ) .............................................................................. 0.4

R ( Jw) ........................................................................................................... 0.0

For the ull question wording, please reer to Appendix C.

* Signifcant at p<.05, which indicates that the variable has a signifcant unique contribution to the regression model (thatis, ater statistically controlling or the eect o all other variables in the model).






Ax C: Q

Q QID: Hw m kw w b w

? __________

[(If code 1 in SA, display A-D)/(If code 2 in SA, display D-A)]

N

V kw

Sm kw

A kw

QA QID: Bm

QB QID: C

QC QID: Im

QD QID: Jm

Q QID: W w ? __________


N b

N b

Smw b

V b

D’ kw

QA QID: Bm

QB QID: C

QC QID: Im

QD QID: Jm

Q QID: Tk b , w m j, ,

w w ? __________


N

A Sm

A

QA QID: B

QB QID: C

QC QID: Mm

QD QID: Jw




appEndix c: QuEStionnairE

Q QID: D , , kw w ,

? __________[(If code 1 in SA, display A-D)/(If code 2 in SA, display D-A)]

Y, kw m

N, kw

QA QID: B

QB QID: C

QC QID: Mm

QD QID: Jw

Q QID: D w w m b Mm?__________

[(If code 1 in SA, display A-F)/(If code 2 in SA, display F-A)]

A

D

D’ kw

QA QID: M Mm w w .

QB QID: C’ Mm’ b b m.

QC QID: M Mm w .

QD QID: M Mm w b wm m

q .

QE QID: M Mm w

w.

QF QID: M Mm w mx.

Q QID: D kw m Im’ bk?

Y

N(If code 1 in Q6:)

Q_ QID: Nm Im’ bk:

(F ) (Allow 100 characters) [TO BE CODED]




appEndix c: QuEStionnairE

Q QID: D kw m Im’ ?

Y N

(If code 1 in Q7:)

Q_ QID: Nm Im’ :

(F ) (Allow 100 characters) [TO BE CODED]

P QID: W w m q w k

q w k b . P -

, w xm . Y m

mb , , , , .

Exm

N

(DK)

(R)

(VALIDATE PHONE NUMBER AND THANK RESPONDENT BY SAYING:)

N

Q

QID: A, _____, w G P _____. I w k k

m. O m “ b ,” w

G P.





Documents

World Religion Report en-US Final (1)