World Regional GeographyWorld Regional Geography

February 8, 2010February 8, 2010

Reading: Marston Chapter 3

pages 108-142

Goode’s World Atlaspages 180-188

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Peninsula

Russian Political SubdivisionsRussian Political Subdivisions

• Oblasts (46)Oblasts (46)• Republics (21)Republics (21)• Autonomous Oblasts (1)Autonomous Oblasts (1)

•Autonomous Okrugs (4)Autonomous Okrugs (4)•Krais (9)Krais (9)•Federal Cities (2)Federal Cities (2)

Population DensityPopulation Density

• West / SouthwestWest / Southwest• Moscow / St. PetersburgMoscow / St. Petersburg

Population CharacteristicsPopulation Characteristics

RegionRegionPopulationPopulation

(Millions)(Millions)Birth Birth RateRate

Death Death RateRate

Natural Natural IncreaseIncrease

(%)(%)

Net Net MigratioMigration Raten Rate

Projected Projected Pop. Change Pop. Change

(2050)(2050)

RussiaRussia 142142 1212 1515 -0.3-0.3 22 -18%-18%

RegionRegion IMRIMR TFRTFR % Pop % Pop <15<15

% Pop% Pop

>65>65

Life Life ExpectancyExpectancy MaleMale FemaleFemale

RussiaRussia 99 1.51.5 1515 1414 6868 6161 7474

RegionRegion HIV/AIDS %HIV/AIDS % % Urban% UrbanGNI PPPGNI PPP

(US$)(US$)

RussiaRussia 1.11.1 7373 15,63015,630

Natural Population ChangeNatural Population Change

Net MigrationNet Migration

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid

• Male/Female Male/Female differencesdifferences

• World War IIWorld War II

• Post U.S.S.R. trendsPost U.S.S.R. trends

Regional Population ChangeRegional Population Change

• Out-migrationOut-migration• Late 19Late 19thth century century • Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution

• Internal migration Internal migration • Soviet era – people encouraged to spread out Soviet era – people encouraged to spread out

across the empire for economic and cultural across the empire for economic and cultural reasons.reasons.

• Return migrationReturn migration• 25 million Russians in the former Soviet republics 25 million Russians in the former Soviet republics

(1989).(1989).

• Brain-drainBrain-drain• Many of Russia’s most educated are leaving.Many of Russia’s most educated are leaving.

Russian MigrationRussian Migration

% Russian Ethnicity% Russian Ethnicity

Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity

• 92 distinct ethnic groups.92 distinct ethnic groups.• Western Russia: primarily Slavic peoples.Western Russia: primarily Slavic peoples.• Central/Eastern Russia: Turkic, SlavicCentral/Eastern Russia: Turkic, Slavic

Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

• Contiguous territorial expansion.Contiguous territorial expansion.• Land/subjects for economic purposes.Land/subjects for economic purposes.• Warm-water port.Warm-water port.• Protection.Protection.

The Soviet Empire / U.S.S.R.The Soviet Empire / U.S.S.R.

• Socialist (Bolshevik) revolution.Socialist (Bolshevik) revolution.• Tsarist agricultural / industrial policy.Tsarist agricultural / industrial policy.

• Lenin’s vision.Lenin’s vision.• Egalitarian philosophyEgalitarian philosophy..• Equal rights for all nations.Equal rights for all nations.• Soviet Socialist Republics.Soviet Socialist Republics.• Federal system.Federal system.

• Stalin’s Russia.Stalin’s Russia.• United Soviet identity.United Soviet identity.• Suppression of national identities.Suppression of national identities.• Expansion (WWII)Expansion (WWII)

Satellites States / The Iron CurtainSatellites States / The Iron Curtain

The Soviet Empire / U.S.S.R.The Soviet Empire / U.S.S.R.

• State socialismState socialism• HousingHousing• Social planningSocial planning

• Collectivization Collectivization • State ownership of economic apparatus.State ownership of economic apparatus.• Command economy & central planning.Command economy & central planning.

• Industrialization & GrowthIndustrialization & Growth• Territorial production complexes.Territorial production complexes.• What was the impetus for growth?What was the impetus for growth?• ““Secret cities” and grand schemes.Secret cities” and grand schemes.• Soviet success.Soviet success.

Cold War / End of the EmpireCold War / End of the Empire

• 1950 - 19891950 - 1989• Cold War dominates international politicsCold War dominates international politics• U.S.S.R. represents alternative to capitalismU.S.S.R. represents alternative to capitalism

• End of the EmpireEnd of the Empire• Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation• Failure to deliver consumer goodsFailure to deliver consumer goods• Spread of informationSpread of information• Regional inequalitiesRegional inequalities