World Planning History

7/25/2019 World Planning History

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History, Concepts, Theories andPrinciples of Environmental Planning

Arch. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep


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Political / Geographical / Legal Settings: Definition / Scope and

Characteristics

Introduction

Homo Sapiens

early times, a rare animal living in

sporadic but intense competition with

other animals

subsisting by hunting and food gathering

became successful inadapting his environment to

his own needs and in the

creation of artificial habitats.


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Characteristics

Introduction

Homo Sapiens

gained a position of almost complete domination over all other forms of

life on earth,

greatly expanded his sources of food and energy

and his ability to modify the effects of nature on him

unique skills and powers

evidenced by the great increase

in his numbers

human population doubling itself

within one hundred years.


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Characteristics

Introduction

T.R. Malthus, an English economist theorized

population increases in a

geometric ratio while subsistence

increases arithmetically and that

unless natural catastrophes, war,or sexual restraint control

population increase, worldwide

famine or war will follow.

Exploitation of nature in newand disturbing ways were

recognized. Increasing

numbers of mankind and the

supplies of food and shelter

are the most profound

problems

MALTHUSIAN POPULATION THEORY
http://www.rand.org/randeurope/images/theme_pop2.jpg


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Characteristics

beyond mere subsistence lie questions of the quality of life bodily and

mental health, happiness, fulfillment, joy.

the ultimate source of all the benefits of life is the EARTH itself and mans

relationship to all its life and resources


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Characteristics

Introduction

Solutions must come about in two ways

- there are enormous ethical problems raised by the need

to make choices and decisions affecting the relationships

between men and all other forms of life and between

different human groups.

This course is concerned with the aspect of understanding the

complex systems of mans activities in the whole context of the

planets ecological systems.

- there is the problem of understanding the nature of all

these relationshipsin order to create more effective and

sympathetic controlsover the problem.


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Characteristics

Environmental Planning

Activities concerned with the management and development of land, as

well as the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human

environment (PD 1308)


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Characteristics

Urban Planning

the art and science of ordering and managing the use of land and its

environment and the character and siting of buildings and

communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree

of economy, convenience and beauty. (PD 933Creating the Human

Settlements Commission)(referred to as Town Planning by Keeble)


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Evolution, Goals, Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning

Ekistics (Science of Human Settlements) - Doxiadis

creating better conditions for

tomorrow can be understood

better if we look into the

different elements of the

human settlements

Human settlements are

no longer satisfactory

for their inhabitants


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Ekistics (Science of Human Settlements)Constantine Doxiadis

Human settlements are settlements inhabited by man

Human settlements should satisfy man

human settlements consist of:the CONTAINER

(or the physicalsettlement, which

consists both naturaland man-made orartificial elements)

the CONTENT

(man, alone or

in societies)

When taken together make up the human settlement whose largestpossible dimensions are defined by the geographic limits of theearths surface.


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2 basic elements of human settlements (Doxiadis)

the CONTENT

this can be further subdivided into 5 elements:

NATUREprovid in g the found at ion upon whic h the set t lement iscreated and the frame with in it can funct io n

the CONTAINER

MANan ind ividual, Homo Sapiens

- bio logic al needs (oxygen, nutr i t ion)

- sensation and perc eption (5 senses)

- emot ion al needs (sat isfact ion, secur i ty, sense of belonging )

- moral values

SOCIETYa group of individ uals sharing the sameculture, values, norms , and tradit ions

SHELLSor the structures with in whic h man l ives and carr ies outhis dif ferent funct ion s, the bui l t com ponent.

NETWORKSor the natural and man-made system w hich faci l i ta tethe funct ionin g of the s et t lement, or l inks with in the set t lement, roads,

commu nicat ions sy stems, ut i l i t ies, etc.


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Hierarchy of human settlements

a hamlet, a neighborhood, a small vi l lage

a communi ty, a town

a city, an ur ban area

a metropol is

a conurbat ion a composite of cities, metropolises, urban areas

a megalopol is merging of two or more metropolises with a populationof 10M or more; a 20thcentury phenomenon

a hierarchy of settlements is characterized by a few large cities,

som e medium -sized cit ies, and many small sett lements.

Megalopolis - concept coined

by Jean Gottmann for urban

complexes in the

Northeastern United States.


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Goals


explains the pattern of land use

indicates a solut ion to the problem of w hat is the mo st

rat ional use of land sugg est ing w ays in which the current

pattern can be impro ved.

lanning seeks to

regulate or con tro l the act iv i ty of indiv id ual and g roups in suc h

a way as to m inim ize the bad effects wh ich m ay ar ise.

prom ote better per formance of the phy sica l environm ent in

accordance with a set of broad aims and more speci f ic

ob ject ives set out in a plan.

ocation Theory

a foundation for planning

actions taken by individuals and groups in interest can

bring about conditions which give rise to serious

social, economic, and aesthetic problems connected

with theuse of land.


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Location TheoryJohann-Heinrich von Thunen (1826)


postulated that around a central town

..rural land o f con stant fert i l i ty

assumed di f ferent form s

- The type of land u se var ies w ith distance away

f rom th e market

.. land use d imin ish ing intensive ly in reverse

relat ionship to inc reased distance from the

town.

- The intensi ty of pro duct ion decl ines with distance

away from the market
http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/thunen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/thunen.htm&h=490&w=345&sz=58&hl=tl&start=2&tbnid=_5KHGdEl5NNMfM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=von+Thunen&gbv=2&hl=tl&sa=G


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land in greatest demand would be as near as possible to the

market on account of low transport costs.

- the highest rent wo uld b e gained for

th is advantage and the highest v alue

outpu t per hectare wou ld accrue.

outer belt would have little demand for

land because of transport costs.

- rent would

be low and

the value ofextensive

product ion

would be

correspond i

ngly low.


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overall use pattern might be modified by theexistence of a

navigable river.

cost of river transport are low especially for bulky commodities

compared to fairly high transport cost overland.

further modification

might occur if a small

city with its own

production zones is

located within the land

use pattern of the mainsettlements.


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Von Thunen model assumed

unlikely conditions such as

production taking place around

an isolated market placeand soil

being of constant fertility.However, it established a

distance-cost relationshipwhich

recently became the basis of

urban location theory.

as price mechanism largely decidesthe profitability or utility of goods and

services, it subsequently determines

the location of activity and the spatial

structure of the urban area supplying

these goods and services



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William Alonso


rentsdiminish outward from the center of a city to offset both lower

revenue and higher operating costs and not least transport costs.a rent gradient would compensate for falling revenue and

higher operating costs

use a prevails up to a distance of 2kmsfrom the CBD, from 2 to 5kms use b is

dominant, and beyond 5kms use c prevails.

different land uses would have different rent gradients, the use

with the highest g radient p revail ing.

a change of use could be expected to take

place through the price mechanism when one

gradient falls below another.

Alonso model did not specify the type of land

use associated with each bid-gradient.

assumed that the urban area has a single

nucleus and that the market for land isperfect.


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World PlanningHistory


Ar. / EnP. Rey S. Gabitan, uap, piep


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World Planning History


Ancient Times

The plow and

rectilinear

farming.

Innovations that influenced the development

of the earliest cities

Circular andradiocentric

planning

for herding

and eventually

for defense


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Ancient Times

Neolithic Cities7000

9000 B.C.

Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.

-A well-organized community of about 3000 people

- Built around a reliable source of freshwater

- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circularstone wall

- Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layoutsfollowed

Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

- First documented

Settlement with streets

- The main street heading uphill

was narrow but had a wider

terminal, which may have

been a social spot


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Ancient Times

2000-4000B.C.

Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.

Cities in the Fertile Crescentwere formed by the Tigris andEuphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia

Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city

Babylon- the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants


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Ancient Times

Rectilinear plotting with the use of the plowsuited all the needs of

agriculture societies on the Nile, Tigris, and the Euphrates river for easy

land division for crop planning, land ownership and land plotting and

reapportionment after a flood.


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Ancient Times

3000B.C. Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley- characterized by monumental architecture

- cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple

plazas and tombs

- workers communities were built in cells along

narrow roads


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Ancient Times

2500B.C. Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)Cities of MohenjoDaro and Harrapa:

- administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants

- archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization

lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and

sewage systems, etc.

1900B.C.

Yellow River Valley of China

land within the passes. Precursor of Linear City.

- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley

800B.C.

Beijing

founded in approximately same location its in today

- present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)


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Ancient Times

B.C. to

A.D.

Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were

built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecsin rough

rugged land.

Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatunwere the largest cities


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Greek Roman Cities

700 B.C.

Greek cities spread to

the Aegean region

Westward to France

and Spain

Greek Classical Cities

polis :defined asa city-state. Most

famous is the Acropolis-

a religious and

defensive structure up

on the hills, with nodefinite geometrical plan

Neopolis and Paleopolis(new and old

cities)


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Sparta and Athens: the largest cities (100-150T)

Compact urban form

Never planned as a whole

Integration of social and civic life

Components

Acropolis

Main Harbors

Agora Complex

Cultural and leisure facilities

Greek Roman Cities

700 B.C.


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Acropolis- visible relationship between buildings and nature;

sacred

Greek Roman Cities

700 B.C.

Agora- buildings served as facades to form an enclosed urban

space; grouped around central open space
http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21101a/00/lk01a03d.jpg


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Greek Roman Cities

400 B.C.

Hippodamus

the first noted urban planner. Introduced the grid system

and the Agora (public marketplace)

Miletus:

3 sections: for artisans, farmers, and the military

Hippodamus of

Miletus (Father ofTown Planning)-

Greek Architect who

emphasized

geometric designs

grid pattern of

streets


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Greek Roman Cities

700 B.C.

During the

Etruscans reign,

Rome grew into a

great city built on

seven hills along the

Tiber.

Roman Classical Cities

Roman Cities :adopted Greek forms but with different

scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy


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Greek Roman Cities

ANCIENT ROME:

Vitruvius- 10-volume treatise De Arkitecturarelates experience of

Roman architecture and town design; treats architecture and town design as a

single theme; suggested location of streets in relation to prevailing wind; the

siting of public buildings; the testing of drinking water; design of plazas

Organization of towns - a system of gridiron streets enclosed by a wall;

theater, arena and market were common places for public assembly

Perfected enclosed urban and architectural spacecollonaded plazas with

a temple or basilica at the end of the space.

Model of Ancient Rome: Flavian

Amphitheater (1) and Circus

Maximus (2)


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Greek Roman Cities

Romans as engineers-built aqueducts

(serving 200 cities), elaborate plumbing

systems for public baths, network of paved

roads (covering 50,000 miles), drainage

systems, large open interiors for public

gatherings

Romans incorporated public works and

arts into city designs

Romans as conquerors- built forum after

forum

Roman Forums


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Greek Roman Cities

Developed housing variations and other spaces:

Basilica-covered markets; later, law courts

Curia-the local meeting hall; later, the capitol

Domus-traditional Roman house; with a central atrium

Insulae-3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts

Walls: Black

Circuses and

Arenas: Blue

Temples: Purple

Roads: BrownTheaters: Green

Baths: Red

Other Buildings:

Gray

The Central Area

(The ancient city

center)

Forum Romanum:

Gold two-tonePalatine Hill: Orange

E l i G l C d P i i l / Th i f Pl i
http://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/walls-and-hills.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-temples.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-roads.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-theaters.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-baths.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-buildings.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-buildings.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/central-area.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/forum.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/palatine-hill.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/palatine-hill.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/forum.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/central-area.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-buildings.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-buildings.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-baths.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-theaters.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-roads.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/names-temples.htmlhttp://garyb.0catch.com/rome-map/walls-and-hills.html


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Medieval Ages

Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe,

where growth revolvedaround

Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle,

assumed a radiocentric pattern; relied on protective town

walls or fortification for security

Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and

sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications

E l ti G l C t d P i i l / Th i f Pl i


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Medieval Ages

Feudalismaffected the urban design of most towns

Sienna and Constantinople: signified the rise of the Church



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Medieval Ages

11th century towns in Europe:Coastal port towns

many of these

coastal towns grew

from military

fortifications, butexpansion was

limited to

what the city

could support

Mercantilist cities :continuous increase in size

World trade and travel created major population

concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice

Growth eventually led to congestion and slums



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Renaissance

Baroque Periods

Rebirth of classical towns ; piazza planning in Venice;

grandeur in civic structure and public spaces; streets

were wide regular and circumferential with the piazza

at the center as in Italy.

Piazza de San Antonio Marco

Vatican Square



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Renaissance

Baroque Periods

15th Century France:

display of power

Geometrical forms of

cities were proposed

Arts and architecturebecame a major element

of town planning and

urban design



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Renaissance

Baroque Periods

Vienna emerged asthe city of culture

and the arts-

the first university

town

Landscape

architecture

showcased

palacesand gardens

karlsruhe (Germany)

Versailles (France)



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Renaissance

Baroque Periods

Pierre Charles LEnfant- Prepared plan for Washington, DC.

Axial plan of the Mall, Washington, D.C.: theReflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial extend the

central axis

Evolution Goals Concepts and Principles / Theories of Planning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capitol_and_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg


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ROME 1500S)

Leonardo da Vinci

In his Codex Atlanticushe described a new concept of urban planning that

was suited for Milansketched a city straddling a river where upstream, the

river was directed into 6 or 7 branches, all parallel to the main stream and

rejoining it below the city.



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1844

Arturo Soria Y MataSpanish Engineer

Suggested the idea of Linear Cityfrom Cadiz, Spain across Europe

through St. Petersburg, Russia in which he proposed that the logic of linear

utility line should be the basis of all city lay-out. Houses and buildings could

be set alongside linear utility systems supplying water, communications and

electricity. Proposed high-speed, high-intensity transport from an existingcity.

N.A Mily uti n, 1930

Stalingrad



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Settlements in the

Americas

taken after the boug (military town) and

fauborg (citizens town) of the medieval ages

Medieval Organic City

Medieval Bastidetaken from the French bastide

(eventually referred to as new towns)

came in the form of grids or radial plans

reflecting flexibility

The Spanish Laws of the Indies town

King Philip IIs city guidelines that produced

3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio

(military), and the mission (religious)



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Settlements in the

Americas

the European Planned City ex. Savannah (designed by

James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg

(Col. Francis Nicholson)

The English Renaissance

Today, Savannah is the worlds largest officially recognized

historical district



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Settlements in the

Americas

Annapolis

government bldgs were

focal points of the plan,

though a civic square

was also provided

Williamsburg

plan was anchored by the

Governors palace, the state

capitol, and the College of

William and Mary



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Settlements in the

Americas

developments were driven by speculation

The Speculators Town

Philadelphiadesigned by William Penn

Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill



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Industrial Revolution

The Machine Age - change from manpower to

assembly lines

2 schools of thought- the reform movementsand the

specialists



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Robert Owens

(New Lanark Mills,

Manchester, England)

Designed for 800 to 1200

persons

Built factories in rural lands

and house the labor force

outside the city.

With agricultural, lightindustrial, educational, and

recreational facilities

The reform movements:



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The Owenite Communities:New Harmony,Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.

Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of

New England Planners

Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet

(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lakeCity, Utah)

Bournville, outside Birmingham built by chocolate

manufacturer George Cadbury

Port Sunlight, in the Mersy builkt by William Lever

http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/heritage/images/bournville.jpghttp://www.idealcity.org.au/150/1d-port-sunlight.jpghttp://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/heritage/images/bournville.jpg


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Locational

features may

have been a

precursor to

modern zoning

Tony Garnier, 1868-1948 (Une Cite Industrielle )

Ideas and

theories adopted

by Dutch

Architect JJP Oud

in the design of

Rotterdam

like Howards garden city, was to be a self- contained new

settlement with its own industries and housing close by.



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The Conservationists

and the Park Movement

Frederick Law Olmstead- Believed that cities should be

planned two generations ahead; maintain sufficient

breathing space, be constantly renewed and that

suburban design should embrace the whole city.

Use of open space aselement of urban

system; despoilment of

land through landscape

system; urban park as

an aid to social reform.



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The Garden City

Movement

Ebenezer Howard

Author of Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social

Reform

Garden City of Tomorrow one of the

most important books in the history of urbanplanning.

cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to

65,000

with smaller garden citiesof 30,000 to

32,000 each

with permanent green space separating the

cities with the towns serving as horizontal

fence of farmland;

rails and roads would link the towns with

industries and nearby towns supplying

fresh food.



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The Garden City

Movement

Influences on Howard

EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELDhad advocated the planned

movement of population.

JAMES SICK BUKINGHAM-developed the idea of a model city.

ALFRED MARSHALL-invented the idea of the new town as an

answer to the problems of the city.



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The Garden City

Movement

Advocated concept of Social City polycentric settlement, growth withoutlimit, surrounded by a greenbelt; town grows by cellular addition into a

complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns set against a green

background of open country.



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The Garden City

Movement

The 3 magnetsin his

paradigm depicted both the

city and the countryside had a

indisoluble mixture of

advantages and

disadvantagesthe city hasthe opportunities offered

through jobs and urban

services of all kinds, which

resulted in poor natural

environment; the countrysideoffered an excellent natural

environment but virtually no

opportunities of any kind



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The Garden City

Movement

Garden City combined the

advantages of the town by way of

access and all the advantages of

the country by way of the

environment without any of thedisadvantages of either. Achieved

by planned decentralization of

workers and their places of

employment thus transferring the

advantages of urbanagglomeration en bloc to the new

settlement.



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The Garden City

Movement

The Garden City Association

established by Howard in 1899

Letchworth:

first Garden City designed by

Raymond Unwin& Barry Parker

in 1902

Consisted of 4,500 acres

(3000 for agriculture,

1500 for city proper)



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The Garden City

Movement

Welwyn, 1920

(by Louis de Soisson)

brought formality

and Georgian taste



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The Garden City

Movement

SIR FREDERICK OSBORNE

Followers of Howard

Hampstead Garden Suburbsopened in 1907

meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined

along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a

large common green

RAYMUND UNWIN

BARRY PARKER

Wythenshawe -called the 3rdgarden city

Modifications on Howards principles:

-Background of open space instead of greenbelts (adaptation of

inter-urban railway)

-Dividing the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units

http://lh5.google.com/tessellar/Ro5_UDgOtRI/AAAAAAAABOQ/hoeYG401Avo/s400/Hampstead%20garden.jpg


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, , p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Daniel BurnhamFather of American City Planning

Influenced by the world fairs of

the late 19th century, like the

1891Columbian Exposition

In Chicago

spearheaded the movement with his design for Chicago and his

famous words: make no little plans

Emphasis was on grand formal

designs, with wide boulevards,

civic spaces, arts, etc.

Also credited for the designs of

San Francisco and Cleveland



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, , p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Golden era of urban design in the US;

according to Burnham, city was a totally designed system of main

circulation arteries., a network of parks and clusters or focal buildings or

building blocks of civic centers incl. City hall, a country court house, a

library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin.jpg


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, , p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial, on architecture

as symbols of power, and an almost complete lack of interest on the wider

social purposes of planning. Planning was intended to impress or for display.



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, , p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Wrote Chicago Plan but was heavily criticized & referred to as centro-centrist

based on business core with no conscious provision for business

expansion in the rest of the city;

planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princess;

not in accord with the realities of downtown real estate development whichdemanded overbuilding and congestion;

utopian

Part of the scenic 1909 Chicago

master plan by Daniel Burnham.



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, , p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Castigated by Lewis Mumfordas cosmetic, comparing Burnhams approach with

planning practiced in totalitarian regimes;

approach ignored housing, schools & sanitation.

According to Abercrombie, beauty stood supreme for Burnham, commercial

convenience was significant but health and sanitation concerns were almost

nowhere.Burnhams plan devoted scant attention to zoning.

http://photoswest.org/exhib/gallery2/bib/892.htm


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p p g

The City Beautiful

Era (1900-1945)

Baron George EugeneHausmann-worked on the

reconstruction of Paris- linear connection between

the place de concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower

and others

Champs d Elysee



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p p g

The Urban Theorist

Constantine Doxiadis- Addressed problem of urbanization on a worldwide

scale and his major designs have been made for countries where the

economy and productive system can be coordinated by policy and decree

such as the new developing countries of Africa and the MiddleEast.

Published his Ekistics Grid a system for recording

planning data and ordering the planning process.

Approaches town planning as a science which

includes planning and design as well as contributions

from the sociologist, geographer, economist,demographer, politician, social anthropologist,

ecologist, etc. all these he assembles into a total

rational and human approach which he calls Ekistics

the science of human settlements.



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World Planning HistoryThe New Communities

Movement (Early 1920s)

Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, Frederick Lee AckermanPiecemeal development of residential communities on endless gridiron

tracts was wasteful & unnecessary; practice of laying out block pattern

streets prevented clustered community design & the interspersal of open

and built-up spaces.

One of the aims of the group was the creation of neighborhood centersand the physical delineation of neighborhood groups

Christopher Alexander

a city is not a tree - suggested that sociologically, different people had variedneeds for local services & the privilege* of choice was paramount.



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Alker Trippassistant commissioner of police at Londons Scotland Yard.

published a book called TOWN PLANNING & TRAFFIC.

- idea that after the war, cities should be reconstructed in the basis of

PRECINTS.

- hierarchy of roads in which main arterial or sub arterial roads were sharplysegregated from the local streets with only occasional access and also were

free of direct frontage development.

influenced Patrick Abercrombie and Forshaw (called for application of the PRECINTUAL

PRINCIPLE to London.)



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Clarence Stein- The Radburn Ideaor

new town idea was to create a series

of superblocks (an island of greens,

bordered by homes and carefully

skirted by peripheral auto roads), each

around open green spaces which are

themselves interconnected. The

greenways were the pedestrian ways.



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The basic layout of the community

introduced the ff:

-"super-block" concept

-cul-de-sac (cluster) grouping

-interior parklands

-and separation of vehicular andpedestrian traffic to promote safety.

Every home was planned with access to

park walks.



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World Planning HistoryTown Country

Planning of Britain

-book by Clarence Perry (1929)

-the embryo of NEIGHBORHOOD- UNITAREA- certain services which are provided

everyday for groups of population who

cant or do not travel far, should be

provided at an accessible central place for

a small community w/in walking distance.

-defined as the physical environment

wherein social, cultural, educational,

and commercial are within easy reach of

each other

The Neighborhood Unit



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World Planning HistoryTown Country

Planning of Britain

The Neighborhood Unit

concerns self sustainability of

smaller units

Principle based on the naturalcatchment area of community

facilities such as primary schools

and local shops.

- the elementary school as the

center of development, determines

the size of the neighborhood



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World Planning History The Regional City

Patrick Geddes- Survey before plan

The answer to the sordid congestion of the giant city is a vast program of

regional planning within which each sub-regional part would be harmoniously

developed on the basis of its own natural resources with total respect for the

principles of ecological balance and resource renewal. Cities in the scheme

became subordinate to the region; old cities and new towns alike would grow

just as necessary parts of the regional scheme.

Planning must start with a survey of the resources of such a region and of

human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural

landscape; emphasis on survey method.



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Patrick Geddes- Survey before plan

Wrote Cities in Evolution (1915); coined the term conurbation which meant

conglomeration of town aggregates; describing the waves of population to large

cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of backflow;

the whole process resulting in amorphic sprawl, waste and unnecessaryobsolescence; stressed social basis of the cityconcerned with the

relationship between people and cities and how they affect one another;

Stages in the creation of conurbation:

Inflow

build-up

backflow(central slums)

sprawling mass (central blight)



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Patrick Abercrombie

- most notable professional planner in Britain in the Anglo American period.

- most notable contribution to planning to a wider scale: the scale which region around it

in a single planning exercise.

- did the Greater London Plan 1944

Lewis Mumford

- Geddes Follower

- wrote CULTURE OF CITIES, the Bible of regional planning movement

P.G.F. Le Play

-stressed the intimate and subtle relationship between human settlement and the landthrough the nature of local economy.

PLACE-WORK-FOLK

Le Plays famous triad- was the fundamental study of men living and on their land;

social-survey method of determining relationships of the family and worker to the

environment.



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World Planning HistoryModern Architecture

and Planning

Charles-Eduoard Jeanneret- Popularly known as Le Corbusier.

His most outstanding contribution as a thinker and writer was an urban

planner on the grand scale.

- the most notable are his Unite dHabitation(1946-52) at Marseilles in

France, a self-contained 'vertical city', with modular housing units for 1600people, internal streets and community services.



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and Planning


In 1933, proposed La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)anchored on

objective to decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their densities

by building high on small part of the total ground area. Accordingly, every

great city must rebuild on centers



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and Planning


Le Corbusier also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high-rise

offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a population of

3,000,000 people

The City of Towers



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and Planning


Last of the City Beautiful planners

Chandigarh

the only realized plan of Le Corbusier:

Original Master Plan byAlbert Myer

The whole plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle regularized by

Le Corbusiers predilection for the rectilinear and the monumental.



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and Planning


Two important books- The City of Tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City;

small number of propositions:

traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due to increasing

size and increasing congestion at the centre.

the paradox that the congestion could be cured by increasing the

density. a very high proportion of the available ground space- Corbusier

advocated 95%- could and should be left open.

argued that this new urban form could accommodate a new and

highly efficient urban transportation system, incorporating both rail

lines and completely segregated elevated motorways, running above the

ground level, though, of course, below the levels at which most people

lived.



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and Planning

Brasiliacapital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-

century city, the biggest planning exercise of the 20th

centuryDesigned by Lucio Costawith a lot of influence from

Le Corbusier, his plans or schemes did not include a

single population projection, economic analyses, landuse schedule, model or mechanical drawing, yet it

was awarded to him; plan did not attempt to resolve

pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. Unplanned city grew up

beside the planned one.

with two huge axes in the sign ofthe cross, one for govt, commerce,

and entertainment, the other for

the residential component

Oscar Niemeyerwas among the

architects employed to design the

buildings



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Frank Lloyd Wright

In the 1930s, he wrote the The Disappearing City and later Broadacres

proposing that every family live on an acre of land and where the city would be built

by its inhabitants using mass-produced components; this met difficulties in land

supply and logistics as the population increased.

Modern Architecture

and Planning



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Broadacres

-that mass car would allow cities to spread widely into

countryside.

- homes would be connected by super highways.

Easy and fast travel by car to any direction.- he anticipated out- of-town shopping center

Problems with lack of land lead to his design of the

Modern Architecture

and Planning

Mile High TowerProposed to house a significant amount ofManhattan residents to free up space for

Greenfields

10 or more of these could possibly replace all

Manhattan buildings



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World Planning HistoryRadical Ideas

The Arcology Alternative

the 3D city by Paolo Soleri



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Motopia

Proposed by

Edgar Chambless

Vehicular traffic will

be along rooftopsof a continuous

network of buildings,

while the streets will

be for pedestrian

use only

Science Cities

Proposed by the metabolism group; visionary urban

designers that proposed underwater cities, biological cities,

cities in pyramids, etc.



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The Floating City

Kiyonori Kikutake

The Barbican City

a 63 acre area. mixed used

development that was built in

response to the pressures ofthe automobile. An early

type of Planned Urban

development that had all

amenities in one compound

with multi-level circulation

patterns.


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END OF PRESENTATION FOR WORLD PLANNING HISTORY

THANK YOU!!!

Documents

World Planning History