World Metrology Day · APRIL 2017 SPECIAL FEATURES 24 World Metrology Day 2017 Measurement for Transport BIPM, BIML 28 Ripples in Space-Time Observation of Gravitational Waves from

APRIL 2017NETWORKING / PEOPLE / COMMITTEES / LABORATORIES / REGIONAL EVENTS

World Metrology Day

PAGE 24

NCSLI WORLDWIDE NEWS

Publisher NCSL InternationalEditor Linda Stone, NCSL InternationalContributing Editors Mark Kuster, Pantex MetrologyEditorial Committee Craig Gulka, NCSLI Executive DirectorTim Osborne, Trescal How to Reach Us:NCSL International5766 Central Avenue, Suite 150Boulder, CO 80301-5404 USAPhone 303-440-3339 • Fax 303-440-3384

© Copyright 2016, NCSL International. Permission to quote excerpts or to reprint any articles should be obtained from NCSL International. NCSLI, for its part, hereby grants permission to quote excerpts and reprint articles from this magazine with acknowledgment of the source. Individual teachers, students, researchers, and libraries in nonprofit institutions and acting for them are permitted to make hard copies of articles for teaching or research purposes. Copying of articles for sale by document delivery services or suppliers, or beyond the free copying allowed above is not permitted. Reproduction in a reprint collection, or for advertising or promotional purposes, or republication in any form requires permission from NCSL International.

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Vol. 8 No. 2 • June 2013

IN THIS ISSUE:The Circle Game: The use of theLunar Distance and Related Measurementsfor Celestial and Satellite-Based Navigationand Timekeeping

Two-Color One-Way FrequencyTransfer in a Metropolitan OpticalFiber Data Network

Experimental and Simulation Study fora Time Transfer Service via aCommercial Geostationary Satellite

A Survey of Time Transfer viaa Bidirectional Fiber Link for PreciseCalibration Services

measure®

YOUR REACH

Publisher NCSL InternationalEditor Linda Stone, NCSL InternationalContributing Editors Mark Kuster, Pantex MetrologyEditorial Committee Craig Gulka, NCSLI Executive DirectorTim Osborne, Trescal How to Reach Us:NCSL International5766 Central Avenue, Suite 150Boulder, CO 80301-5404 USAPhone 303-440-3339 • Fax 303-440-3384

Publication ISSN #1940-2988Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2017

Metrologist is published byNCSL International and distributedto its member organizations.

© Copyright 2017, NCSL International. Permission to quote excerpts or to reprint any articles should be obtained from NCSL International. NCSLI, for its part, hereby grants permission to quote excerpts and reprint articles from this magazine with acknowledgment of the source. Individual teachers, students, researchers, and libraries in nonprofit institutions and acting for them are permitted to make hard copies of articles for teaching or research purposes. Copying of articles for sale by document delivery services or suppliers, or beyond the free copying allowed above is not permitted. Reproduction in a reprint collection, or for advertising or promotional purposes, or republication in any form requires permission from NCSL International.

APRIL 2017

SPECIAL FEATURES

24 World Metrology Day 2017 Measurement for Transport

BIPM, BIML

28 Ripples in Space-Time Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Coalescence of Binary Black Holes

Dr. Evan Goetz

48 Toward a Measurement Information Infrastructure New MII Things

Mark Kuster

52 World Accreditation Day Accreditation: Delivering Confidence in Construction and the Built Environment

IAF, ILAC

55 Metric Units and Postage Stamps Donald W. Hillger

DEPARTMENTS

2 From the President

5 Membership

8 NCSLI Workshop & Symposium 2017

36 Technical Exchange 2017 Review

46 Technical Exchange 2018

60 Ad Index

••• 24

••• 48

••• 28

••• 52

••• 55

Ripples in Space-Time

MII: Toward a

Measurement Information

Infrastructure

NCSLI.ORG METROLOGIST | APRIL 2017 1

IN THIS ISSUE •••

Dr. James OlthoffNCSLI [email protected]

I am profoundly honored to serve as your president for the next two years, which promise to be among the most exciting in the history of metrology. I may be new to this office, but as many of you know, I have a great love for NCSL International (NCSLI) and our mission. During my 30 years at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where I am the Director of the Physical Measurement Laboratory, I have personally observed over and over again the benefits of the inter-actions that are started and nurtured through this great organization.

NIST has long recognized NCSLI as a primary means of engaging with many of our most important customers and stakeholders. NCSLI, through their activities, tuto-rials, conferences, meetings, and committees, offers an essential opportunity not only to communicate directly with so many of our important industry partners, but to learn about the measurement ideas and issues of great-est concern to a wide range of interests. I look forward to encouraging and strengthening that long and fruitful connection.

Hopefully you, as members, have benefited from the opportunities presented by NCSLI to interact with some of the world’s best measurement scientists. It is my intention to continue to support NCSLI events to pro-vide greater access to the measurement science experts at NIST that may help you solve some of your measure-ment challenges. Look to see them more often at the local meetings in your regions.

Over the next two years, my primary objective is to focus the Board on providing the greatest possible benefits specifically to the NCSLI members and the measurement science community. I will work with the Board to focus our efforts on our core mission with our emphasis on effective, timely training while improved networking.

In February, the Board identified three specific stra-tegic goals for the year, in support of our core mission. These three goals are:

To develop policies, procedures, and programs that will further improve our region and section meetings to pro-vide even better training and networking opportunities. We also want to better utilize these events to increase membership in NCSLI. By increasing the number and diversity of members, we will provide more opportuni-ties for mutually beneficial interactions.

To substantially increase the benefits that NCSLI pro-vides to its members. Membership in this organization should provide you with many unique opportunities. We are going to work to better define these benefits and to increase the value of them so that membership is of great value to you and your organization.

To develop training programs and informational doc-uments for our members, related to specifically high values in measurement science. In 2018, these training opportunities will focus on the anticipated revision of ISO/IEC 17025, which will have significant impact on all accredited labs, and the impending redefinition of the SI. You can expect to see details of these plans at our upcoming conference this year.

The strength of NCSLI, as an organization and as a community, lies in the breadth, diversity, and dedication of its members. The range of services and training offered is similarly broad. I urge everyone to take full advantage of these resources and get involved in their activities that benefit all of our participants and corresponding compa-nies. Members who are unsure of what activities might be most beneficial are welcome to seek out myself or one of the supporting Board members.

The full spectrum of what NCSLI offers will be on dis-play at this year’s conference from August 13 -17 at the Gaylord National Convention Center in National Harbor, Maryland. This year’s theme is “Precision & Performance with Measurement Science” and will contain a focus on the future of measurement science and the potential impact on industry and measurement organizations. Please join us for an exciting conference. You also will have the benefit and opportunity to attend one of five NIST tours! A great offer, if I do say so myself.

Focus on Our Core Mission

2 METROLOGIST | APRIL 2017 VOL. 10 NO. 2

••• FROM THE PRESIDENT

The NCSLI Board of Directors held its first quarter meet-ing on January, 25-26 in Orlando, Florida following the 2017 Technical Exchange. A group of 17 Board members and one guest were in attendance. This meeting was one of transition with the passing of the gavel to the new incoming president, Dr. James Olthoff. Board apprecia-tion was noted for the outgoing president, Roger Burton, as he completed his two-year presidency term.

In other board changes, Ingrid Ulrich, current NCSLI Treasurer was re-appointed as Canadian Division Vice President. Georgette Macdonald, National Research Council of Canada representative, was appointed as Treasurer for the remainder of the Treasurer term.

In accordance with the NCSLI bylaws, the National Metrology Institute (NMI) representatives, the Regional Metrology Organization (RMO) representatives, the BIPM representative and the NCSLI International Vice President positions were re-affirmed.

It was noted that Kamal Hossain from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), would be added as the NPL representative to the Board. Dr. Claire Saundry was wel-comed to the Board as the SIM representative. Dr. Beat Jeckelmann was noted as the new Euramet representative.

During the two days of meetings, the Board also received an update on the state of the NCSLI organiza-tion from the NCSLI Executive Director, Craig Gulka. Mr. Gulka informed the Board of ongoing activities related to the 2016 financial statements, publication strategy and membership trends. The remainder of the meeting included a proposed revision to the current bylaws and working sessions on strategic planning.

Upcoming 2017 Board meetings are scheduled for April in Salt Lake City, Utah; August in National Harbor, Maryland; and October in Coeurd’ Alene, Idaho. The meetings are open to everyone and we would welcome your attendance. Information and details can be found at www.ncsli.org.

From The BoardroomOrlando, FloridaDana LeamanNCSLI Secretary [email protected]


•••

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EVOLUTION SCIENTIFIC, INC.4030 Skyron Drive, Unit DDoylestown, PA 18902Contact: Stephan Lucafo(215) [email protected]

Evolution Scientific is an ISO 9001 registered technical service provider to the Life Science industries focused in the areas of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and med-ical device. Our focus is on laboratory, process, research and production equipment and instrument services. We provide our clients service solutions for maintenance, calibration and metrology, commissioning, qualification, validation, certification, consulting, project management, technical staffing, and training. Evolution Scientific is a service provider that is able to create a customer tailored solution for your outsourced service needs by providing only what you need to purchase. Our service programs with vendor consolidation provide significant benefits in vendor administration and cost savings. Evolution Scientific can be a supplemental service provider or a “One-Stop” shop for all your outsourced technical service needs. Evolution Scientific is a Certified Veteran Owned Small Business.

INTARCIA THERAPEUTICS, INC.24650 Industrial BoulevardHayward, CA 94545Contact: Timothy Wofford(510) [email protected]

Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc. is a rapidly emerging biophar-maceutical company committed to developing innovative therapies utilizing Medici Drug Delivery System™- medi-cines that have the potential to transform the prevention and management of serious chronic diseases.

MEGGER2621 Van Buren AvenueNorristown, PA 19403Contact: Kenneth Sams(610) [email protected]

For over 100 years, Megger has been the premier provid-er of electric test equipment and measuring instruments for electrical power applications. The trademark was first registered in May 1903 and is jealously guarded by the company. Although we're best known for our world famous range of insulation testers, Megger provides a full service solution to meet your electrical test and mea-surement needs. Our products provide testing solutions in the most critical maintenance areas including cable fault locating, protective relay testing, and power qual-ity testing. With such a diverse product offering, we are the single source for electrical test and measuring instruments.Megger's product offering spans 30 distinct product groups with over 1,000 specific products.Circuit breaker test sets, watthour meter test equipment and protective relay test instruments were formerly manufactured under the Multi-Amp brand. The company was first in the development of an completely automatic, software driven protective relay test system in 1984.High quality instruments used for testing and main-taining transformers, batteries and underground cables, were formerly manufactured under the Biddle brand. Among other innovations, we introduced the first com-mercial cable fault locator in 1950.Manufacturing insulation testers from 1kV to 10kV is where Megger started, and the Megger brand name is so well known today that maintenance professionals often incorrectly use it as a verb when they refer to doing an insulation test on wiring. This famous brand name dates back to 1889, when the first portable insulation tester was introduced with the Megger brand name on it. The firm


MEMBERSHIP •••

www.mintl.com • [email protected]

MEASUREMENTS IS NOT JUST OUR NAME, ...IT IS OUR PASSION

Let MI help with your measurement passions too. Learn how we can team with you in both measurement and accreditation.

Measurements International has been extending the limits of electrical metrology performance for nearly 30 years. We can help you achieve the better measurement practices that your goals and quality systems need.

Contact MI, the preferred supplier of instrumentation and standards for DC and Temperature metrology as well as solutions for the AC Power industry.

enjoys an outstanding reputation in the areas of ground testing, oil testing and a wide variety of electrical con-tractor maintenance tools such as multimeters portable appliance testers and clamp-on meters.The most recent addition to Megger's range is an innova-tive range of instruments for testing telecommunications and data integrity. Working with both copper and opti-cal technologies, and collaborating closely with the major industry players, the firm has developed easy to use products to keep the costs of test and measurement down and productivity up.In addition, Megger operates the renowned AVO Institute Training Institute, which offers top rated training for electrical maintenance and safety through the network of Megger offices, and STATES® Terminal Blocks and Test Switches, a name asked for by many major electric util-ities. For over 65 years, test technicians and engineers have depended on States products to provide easy access to wiring on panel boards and switchboards, eliminate wiring reconnection errors and save operator time.

PHILLIPS GENERAL CONTRACTING LIMITEDLa Savanne CircularNew Lands Village, Guayaguayare 32ATrinidad and TobagoContact: Shamfa Phillips(868) 630-3337 [email protected]

Providing Electrical and instrumentation services; cal-ibration of records, transmitters, balances, scales and gauges. Testing of pipes and spool pieces. Testing ser-vice of valves, high pressure hoses. Function testing of pumps. Leak and hydrostatic testing services. Rental of valves, recorders. Sale of recorder parts and electrical equipment.

POLYCONTROLS3650 Matte Boulevard, Unit A-1Brossard, Quebec J4Y 2Z2CanadaContact: Jean-Pierre Bessette(450) [email protected]

Design and production of industrial control systems. Sales, services and calibration of flow meters and flow controllers for gases and liquids application. ISO certi-fied, CLAS certified and CNN accreditation by NRC, ISO/IEC 17025-2005

WINSHAW HYDRAULIC TOOLS12335 Kingsride Lane #422Houston, TX 77024Contact: David Shaw(832) [email protected]

Winshaw Hydraulic Tools: sells, rents, repairs and pro-vides training for a full range of hydraulic tools and pumps. Winshaw also certifies those tools along with the associated pressure records and gauges.

ZS PHARMA4421 Turnberry CourtPlano, TX 45024Contact: Carlos A. Rodriguez-Garcia (469) [email protected]

ZS Pharma was founded in 2008 and joined the AstraZeneca Group in 2015. ZS Pharma is focused on using proprietary ion-exchange technology to devel-op new treatments that are focused on addressing the unmet needs in the medical community.

Our MissionTo provide the best opportunities for the world’s measurement science

experts and practitioners


MEMBERSHIP •••

Tutorial Program August 12 – 14

Exhibition Hall August 14 – 17

Technical Program August 15 – 17

AUGUST 12 – 17, 2017Gaylord National Convention Center, National Harbor, Maryland

NCSL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP & SYMPOSIUM

NCSL INTERNATIONAL | ncsli.org | 5766 Central Avenue, Suite 150 | Boulder, CO 80301 | (303) 440-3339 | [email protected]


••• WORKSHOP & SYMPOSIUM

HOTEL Gaylord National Convention Center 201 Waterfront StreetNational Harbor, MD 20745, US301-965-4000

Reservations: 1-877-491-0468NCSLI Group Rate: $184Government Rate: $172

VISIT NCSLI.ORG FOR THE COMPLETE WORKSHOP & SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMNCSL INTERNATIONAL | 5766 Central Avenue, Suite 150 | Boulder, CO 80301 | (303) 440-3339 | [email protected]

EXHIBITORS Acucal, Inc.ACR Technical Services Inc.AccuMac CorporationAdditel CorporationA.K.O. Inc.Alcohol Countermeasure Systems Corp.Alpha Electronics CorporationAmerican Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)Ametek Land, Inc.Ametek Test & Calibration InstrumentsAndeen-Hagerling, Inc.ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation BoardASQ-MQDAssetSmartBionetics CorporationCal Lab Solutions, Inc.Colorado Engineering Experiment Station Inc. (CEESI) Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM)Consumers Energy Co. ESSCO Calibration LaboratoryEURAMETEvolution Scientific, Inc.Exelon PowerLabs

Flexim Americas CorporationFluke Calibration GE Measurement & Control SolutionsGEO CalibrationGuildline Instruments LimitedID Label Inc.IndySoft Corporation Interface, Inc.International Accreditation ServiceISOTECH North AmericaKeysight TechnologiesKing Nutronics CorporationLiberty Labs, Inc.Mahr Federal, Inc.Masy Systems, Inc.Measurements InternationalMeasurement Science ConferenceMensorMettler-Toledo, LLCMichell Instruments,Inc.Mitutoyo America CorporationMorehouse Instrument CompanyNIST - Calibration ServicesNational Physical Laboratory (NPL)National Research Council of Canada (NRC)National Metrology Inst. of Japan (NMIJ/AIST)Northrop GrummanNorway LabsNSCA Technologies & Tra-Cal Labs

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP)OHM-Labs, Inc.On Time Support, Inc.PolycontrolsPond Engineering Labs, Inc.Pratt & Whitney Measurement SystemsPrecision Environments GroupQualerQuality MagazineRalston InstrumentsRH SystemsRicelake Weighing SystemSartorius CorporationSnap-on Specialty ToolsStandard Calibrations, Inc.TEGAM, Inc.The Boeing CompanyThe Modal Shop, Inc.Thunder Scientific CorporationTime ElectronicsTovey Engineering, Inc.Transcat, Inc.Transmille CalibrationTrescal, Inc.Troemner, LLCVibration ResearchWestern Environmental CorporationWorkPlace Training

CONFERENCE REGISTRATION

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Full Conference Registration Rates Monday, August 14 – Thursday, August 17, 2017

Regular Rate Ends May 31

Late Rate Begins June 1

Member/Non-Member $1,195/$1,295 $1,395/$1,495

One Day Registration Member/Non-Member $395/$495 $445/$545

One Day Registration includes: Exhibition Hall, Technical Program and Luncheon for that day.

Extra Luncheon Ticket $45 $45

ADDITIONAL PAID WORKSHOPS Tutorial Program Registration Rates

Saturday, August 12 – Monday, August 14, 2017Regular Rate Ends May 31

Late Rate Begins June 1

1/2-Day Class Registration Member/Non-Member $295/$395 $325/$425

1-Day Class Registration Member/Non-Member $495/$595 $525/$625

2-Day Class Registration Member/Non-Member $695/$795 $725/$825

Full Conference Registration Includes:Exhibitor Welcome Reception Monday EveningEntrance into Exhibition Hall including: Poster Presentations, Metrology Mixers!Technical Program Oral PresentationsLearning Labs (New this year! NCSLI Members Only)LuncheonKeynote Presentations on Tuesday, Wednesday and Closing Keynote Breakfast on ThursdayMaterials BagCommittee MeetingsLots of Networking!

Tutorial Program Registration Includes:Continental Breakfast Afternoon Drinks and SnacksAmazing Hands-on TrainingMaterials Bag (Tutorials with Full Conference Registration only)Lots of Networking!Lunch is not included (There are many onsite restaurants to choose from)

GAYLORD NATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER, NATIONAL HARBOR, MARYLAND | AUGUST 12–17, 2017Tutorial Program August 12 – 14 | Exhibition Hall August 14 – 17 | Technical Program August 15 – 17

Capt. Craig Bomben is the vice president of Flight Operations for Boeing Test & Evaluation and enterprise chief test pilot. Named to this position in 2015, Bomben provides operational leadership and business oversight for all flight operations, including developmental and production flight tests of Boeing commercial airplanes and military aircraft. Bomben also serves as the skill team captain for pilots across the enterprise.

Bomben assumed the additional responsibility as the VP BT&E Design Build in May 2016. The Design Build Team is responsible for the design, build and ultimate cost of both BT&E Lab Test and Flight Test Value Stream test articles.

Bomben also serves as the Boeing Executive Focal to Washington State University and serves as a board member on the Academic Advisory Board for the Voiland College of Engineering and Architecture.

Prior to his current role, Bomben was the BT&E chief test pilot for military aircraft for two years. In that role, Bomben led a team of pilots, aircrew and support personnel in the development, demonstration and production testing of all military products.

Bomben previously served as chief production pilot for commercial airplanes, assuring regulatory and safety compliance. He also oversaw day-to-day production test operations, including customer acceptance of airplanes.

Prior to assuming the role of chief production pilot for commercial airplanes in 2011, Bomben was responsible for conducting

production and engineering flight tests on ZA004, the third 787 Dreamliner to enter flight test, and was a deputy chief pilot for the 737.

Before joining Boeing as a production flight test pilot in 2006, Bomben was a research test pilot for NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, California for six years. His assignments included a variety of research and support activities while piloting the F/A-18, F-15B, T-38, DC-8, T-34C and King Air aircraft.

A 1987 graduate of the Naval Aviation Officer Training School, Bomben began his naval flying career in 1985 and his test pilot career in 1992 when he graduated from the Naval Test Pilot School. During his 16-year active Navy career, he conducted developmental flight testing of the F14D and FA-18 aircraft as well as the CT-133 and CF-188 aircraft. Bomben led numerous multi-national missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch and Operation Desert Storm. In 2001, Bomben transitioned to the Naval Reserves as the operations officer for Joint Forces Component Command, San Diego. As a reservist he was called on to serve in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Southern Watch.

Bomben holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Washington State University and an Executive MBA from the University of Washington, Foster School of Business. Bomben holds type ratings in all current Boeing production models, and has accumulated more than 8,000 hours of flying time in more than 75 different types of aircraft.

KEYNOTE SPEAKERCraig BombenBoeing Test & Evaluation


Hands-on Training by Industry ExpertsEven with the many advances in the training industry, traditional formats remain viable and effective. Classroom or Instructor-led training remains one of the most popular training techniques. It is a personal, face-to-face type of training as opposed to computer-based training and other methods.

Training programs are more beneficial when they provide many opportunities for practicing a skill. Hands-on training means you get to use your hands to perform tasks. This training aims to make conditions as realistic as possible. The biggest benefit of hands-on training is the opportunity for repeated practice.

SATURDAY & SUNDAY | AUGUST 12-13, 20178:00 AM – 5:00 PM (2-DAY)

T1 Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty: Concepts, Tools, and NIST Guidelines

Instructor: Dr. Antonio Possolo, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

An introduction to the concepts, tools, and NIST guidelines for the evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainty. No previous familiarity with mathematical techniques for uncertainty evaluation is required, but the participants are expected to have taken a college level calculus course, and to have an interest and skills in computing, for example using R or Matlab®.

SATURDAY | AUGUST 12, 20178:00 AM – 5:00 PM (1-DAY)

T2 Understanding ISO/IEC 17025 and Most Common Deficiencies

Instructor: Pam Wright, American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)

This full-day tutorial covers ISO/IEC 17025 requirements as well as the ten most commonly cited deficiencies for laboratories that are currently accredited, are in the process of obtaining their ISO 17025 accreditation or for those who are interested in applying the ISO 17025 requirements in their laboratory.

T3 Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard Systems

Instructors: Charles Burroughs, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Alain Rufenacht, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

An introduction to the operation and theory of the Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard system. A prototype system will be running for training purposes. We will discuss the basics of Josephson Voltage Standards and the particulars of implementation in the PJVS system. Examples of calibration measurements performed with the PJVS system will be covered, as well as Best Measurement Practices in order eliminate systematic errors.

T4 Control Charts and Stability Analysis for Calibration Laboratory Reference Standards

Instructor: Jeff Gust, Fluke Calibration

This tutorial provides instruction on how to develop control charts for reference standards utilized in the calibration laboratory. The tutorial will primarily discuss electrical standards, but the application is valid for any metrological discipline. The primary focus will be an in-depth discussion of using linear regression to have a more complete understanding of all sources of uncertainty associated with reference standards. The tutorial also provides ideas about using control charts for daily use of check standards for calibrations that may perform a single measurement such as gage blocks. Real world examples of Laboratory Reference Standards will be used during the tutorial.

T6 Train the Trainer: Peer Review for Improved Performance

Instructor: Jovie Masters, The Training Clinic

Feedback is essential for performance improvement. As an instructor, our peers’ feedback is invaluable in helping us achieve the competencies necessary to maximize our performance. In this course you will review the essentials of feedback and the NCSLI instructor feedback process. You’ll apply these techniques during practice sessions in which you will provide feedback to instructors and get critiqued on your peer feedback techniques. NCSLI strives to be a learning organization. This workshop prepares you to participate as a Peer Review Official in the Peer-to-Peer Instructor Evaluation process.

T7 Temperature Monitoring and Traceability in the Cold Chain

Instructor: Dr. Cesar (Jun) D. Bautista Jr. MBA, PhD, Masy BioServices

In this course, participants will learn effective temperature monitoring strategies for use in cold-chain transport and storage of temperature-sensitive products. As the range of temperature-sensitive products in our world continues to increase, so does the demand for accurate, traceable temperature monitoring solutions, coupled with cost-effective calibration methodologies. This one-day seminar is designed to address the needs of staff directly involved with the management, storage and transport of cold-chain products, as well as device manufacturers and calibration facilities endeavoring to meet the needs of this rapidly-expanding field. The seminar includes a lecture session followed by a hands-on learning experience.

TUTORIAL PROGRAMSaturday, August 12 – Monday, August 14, 2017


Now with 3 Full Days

of Tutorials Starting

Saturday!


SUNDAY | AUGUST 13, 20178:00 AM — 5:00 PM (1-DAY)

T8 Effective Calibration Interval Analysis Instructor: Mark Kuster, Pantex Metrology

The lack of interval analysis negatively impacts a test and measurement program, driving up both support and consequence costs due to overly short and long calibration intervals. A poorly conceived or implemented interval analysis system will not fare well either. This tutorial targets the fundamental concepts and practices upon which to establish, evaluate, or modify systems and procedures to start or revive an effective manual or automated interval analysis system. The tutorial will break down the interval analysis implementation process and examine it phase by phase to make recommendations. Topics covered include basic interval analysis theory and background, method selection and effectiveness, available software and other resources, data requirements for calibration management systems, instrument grouping, dogs & gems, reliability targets, initial intervals, data quality, configuration management, interval adjustments, due date extensions, delay dating, off-target reliability analysis and program evaluation. Hands-on exercises will reinforce the material covered. Attendees will receive spreadsheet tools for computing calibration intervals suitable for use on Linux, Mac OS or Windows. To participate in all exercises, attendees should bring a device capable of running spreadsheet software such as LibreOffice Calc or Microsoft Excel.

T9 The Art of Resistance Metrology from Micro-Ohms to Tera-Ohms

Instructors: Marlin Kraft, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Kai Wendler, National Research Council Canada (NRCC)

This tutorial provides an overview of calibration techniques used at NRC and NIST. The tutorial will cover calibrations from 10 micro ohms to 100 Tera Ohms and will discuss various measurement systems and techniques. A section will be dedicated towards laboratory measurement standard characteristics, including drift, temperature coefficients, power coefficients and measurement system characteristics.

The tutorial is targeted towards the meteorologist making the measurements in the laboratory, from new hires to grizzled veterans. This knowledge will improve their understanding of the measurements being in made in the lab.

T10 Quality Tools Applied to Metrology

Instructor: Georgia Harris, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

This interactive tutorial is designed for providing a basic knowledge of quality tools and processes through mini lectures, hands-on and team application ideas, and exercises for metrology. Through this session, participants will be able to: describe 7 quality tools and 5 processes (Cause and Effect Diagram, Check/Data Sheet, Control Chart, Histogram, Pareto Chart, Scatter Diagram, Flow Chart, Plan-Do-Check-Act, Gantt Chart, SWOT Analysis, Brainstorming, and Five Whys) and apply all tools and processes to at least one metrology example, such as Root Cause Analyses efforts, through hands-on case studies conducted during the session and that can immediately apply in the laboratory.

T11 Pressure Metrology

Instructor: Michael Bair, Fluke Calibration

This full day tutorial covers all the fundamental challenges of calibrating pressure instruments. The first half of the tutorial concentrates on the physics that have an effect on pressure measurement, including measurement modes, engineering units, the equation for a dead weight pressure gauge, the ideal gas law, surface tension and viscosity. The discussion includes practical considerations such as hardware selections, environmental concerns and data acquisition for all modes, fluids and ranges. The second half applies those concepts to hands on exercises with equipment supplied by the instructor. All participants will have the opportunity to take low pressure gas and high pressure oil calibrations. Error analysis and sources of uncertainties are discussed that are relevant to the hands on exercises.

T12 Intermediate Dimensional Metrology Instructor: Dr. Ted Doiron, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

There are a large number of books on Dimensional Metrology, and a few classes and tutorials, but nearly all of them are at the beginner level - how to use the instruments for inspection. Thermal expansion, elastic deformation, stability, refractive index of air, closure and reversal methods, and the large collection of tricks-of-the-trade that make up Dimensional Metrology are generally ignored. This tutorial will be an overview of important techniques and concepts not covered in books and classes. Each concept will be presented with examples of how the techniques make measurements more accurate, and in some cases, more efficient.

T13 RF Power Calibration CentricInstructor: Andy Brush and Charlie Sperrazza, Tegam

Do you measure RF or microwave power, and need to learn more about traceability and error budgets for these measurements? This course will cover:

• Basics of RF power terminology.

• Understanding power flow equations.

• Measuring RF Power using DC substitution and water-flow thermal methods.

• Tracing RF power measurements through DC and VNA measurements.

• Construction, calibration, and use of transfer standards from microwatts to kilowatts.

• Sources of error in RF measurements, with practical examples of error budgets.

The course is focused on technicians and metrologists who need to calibrate power sensors and create error budgets for testing power sensors. Time will be split between calibration of low-power terminating sensors using feed-through standards with splitters, and calibration of throughline wattmeters using water-flow calorimeters and/or coupler-based transfer standards.


TUTORIAL PROGRAMSaturday, August 12 – Monday, August 14, 2017

T14 Introduction to Automated Calibration using Microsoft® VB.NET®, C# and Metrology.NET™

Instructor: Michael Schwartz, Cal Lab Solutions

Learn how to write and deploy cutting edge, automated metrology software using the industry standard software tools like VB.NET and C#. Now with VB.NET mixed with Metrology.NET® infostructure & tools, metrology engineers can build better metrology solutions for simple to complex instruments. Attendees will learn how to use the Metrology.NET tools to develop automation and integrated uncertainty calculations all controlled from the convenience an iPad or web browser.

T16 Auditing, Traceability, and Auditing Traceability: Getting Ready for the Upcoming ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Instructors: Isabelle Amen, Leader, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Kari Harper, NVLAP, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

This tutorial examines the principles of auditing, the concepts of metrological traceability and tools to apply auditing principles in demonstrating the chain of traceability for measurement results. Auditing concepts such as objective evidence, the internal audit process, and interpersonal skills for auditors will be presented. In the traceability section, emphasis will be placed on the importance of appropriate records for all aspects of the management system and their interdependency with metrological traceability and reporting of results. Using the described auditing principles, both companies with new or mature quality systems will have better success in the auditing process and control of the records necessary to demonstrate the metrological traceability of their measurement results to the International System of Units (SI).

SUNDAY | AUGUST 13, 20178:00 AM — 12:00 PM (1/2-DAY)

T15 Fundamentals of Temperature Calibration

Instructor: Mike Coleman, Fluke Calibration

This tutorial is a review of the fundamentals of temperature calibration. Topics include calibration equipment, calibration techniques, curve fitting issues, and the mathematics important to thermometry. Types of thermometers covered include platinum resistance thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples, and combined thermometer/readout systems. This segment is intended for those who are new to temperature calibration, those who need to validate what they already know, or those who just have some nagging questions that need to be answered

SUNDAY | AUGUST 13, 20171:00 PM — 5:00 PM (1/2-DAY)

T17 Fundamentals of Torque Calibration

Instructor: Henry Zumbrun, Morehouse Instrument Company

The tutorial will cover the problems with torque measurements, torque traceability and the calibration hierarchy, types of torque standards, the sources of measurement error, and torque wrenches and the proper handling techniques Anyone participating will have enough information to correct problems and start making better torque measurements.

T18 Advanced Topics of Temperature Calibration

Instructor: Mike Coleman, Fluke Calibration

This tutorial continues to build on the principles established in the Fundamentals of Temperature Calibration course. The objective of this course is to deliver the concepts needed to help a metrologist or calibration professional to design an accredited temperature calibration process. The calibration process design will be presented and explored by assembling a GUM compliant uncertainty analysis. In addition, other advanced concepts such as thermocouple theory and ITS-90 fixed-points and mathematics will be presented to provide additional background knowledge and techniques. It isn’t required to attend the Fundamentals of Temperature Calibration course before this course but familiarity with fundamental concepts is necessary.

MONDAY | AUGUST 14, 20178:00 AM — 5:00 PM (1-DAY)

T19 Risk Based Thinking in Metrology

Instructor: Andy Oldershaw, National Research Council Canada (NRCC)

Risk based thinking has been a growing trend spreading to all aspects of the economy and society for many years. It will become more prominent for laboratories with the adoption of the upcoming ISO/IEC 17025 revision. This module will help those involved planning, managing, implementing and reviewing any aspect of laboratory management systems to apply risk based thinking to determine what the emphasis on risk means to their laboratory. Tools and techniques to identify, analyze, respond to, monitor and review risks will be introduced. Participants will have the opportunity to put them into practice during class room exercises.


T20 High Current DC Measurements and Safety Considerations

Instructor: Mark Evans, Guildline Instruments

This tutorial will cover Precision DC high current measurements and high current sourcing using a 300A current source, several different types of current shunts and associated types of high current cabling. Participants will be able to use different setups and have hands-on practice and to see how different setups affect measurements. Involvement in this workshop will provide the participants with tangible demonstration of the considerations to making good consistent measurements with high current. The participant will receive not only the best practices for these measurements, but the understanding why the techniques demonstrated are the best practices. Design considerations for high current will also be discussed. The measurements with high current will be explored from the perspective of measurement uncertainty such that the effect of the consideration outlined can be quantified in a real-world, practical uncertainty budget. Measurement parasites that affect high current measurements will also be covered. Safety which is an important consideration of high current measurement, safety considerations shall also be covered.

T21 Applying LEAN in a Calibration Laboratory Environment

Instructor: Dean S. Williams, Duke Energy

This hands-on, interactive tutorial provides the basic history and principles of LEAN and how those principles can be applied in a calibration laboratory. Interactive exercises and simulated “calibration labs” run by class participants enhance learning and knowledge retention. Insights and examples from calibration labs that have applied LEAN initiatives are provided to further reinforce the principles. These initiatives helped reduce waste and shorten calibration turn times while streamlining overall operations. Participants will be provided with handouts that document the information presented, contain useful exercises, and provides a list of helpful resources for future reference and study

T22 Dimensional Test Uncertainty

Instructors: Jim Salsbury PhD, Mitutoyo America

New concepts and rules have begun to significantly decrease the measurement uncertainty values reported in calibrations that involve conformity assessment of measuring instruments (verification testing or tolerance-type calibration). The attendees of this tutorial will learn about the uncertainty concepts in the international standard ISO 14253-5:2015 along with background, logic, and some extensions of the key concepts. This tutorial is not complex mathematically but goes deep into the understanding of calibration versus verification. This tutorial will utilize exercises and practical examples from the dimensional metrology field. All attendees should have a basic understanding of measurement uncertainty in accordance to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (GUM).

T23 Microwave Measurement Basics Instructor: Ron Ginley, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Do you want to learn more about microwave measurement techniques? This session is the place to be! An introduction to the measurement concepts for microwave power and scattering-parameters will be covered. Specific topics covered will include transmission line theory, practical handling or the do’s and don’ts for transmission lines and microwave connectors, Vector Network Analyzer calibration/measurements and real world sources of uncertainties, microwave power detectors types, power measurements and uncertainties, and the session will conclude with a discussion of verification techniques for microwave measurements.

MONDAY | AUGUST 14, 20178:00 AM — 12:00 PM (1/2-DAY)

T25 Dynamic Sensors & Calibration

Instructor: Mike Dillon, The Modal Shop

This four-hour tutorial on vibration calibration will dive into calibration theory, standards and methodology for dynamic sensors as well as explanations of different sensor types and the operational theories behind them.

Outcomes:

• Attendees will gain a better understanding of how piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, shock, vibration and pressure accelerometers function.

• Attendees will gain a better understanding of high frequency, low frequency, shock, pressure, portable vibration calibration and methods.

• Attendees will gain a better understanding of calibration theory and dynamic sensors.

T26 Force Calibration

Instructor: Henry Zumbrun, Morehouse Instrument Company

This tutorial will cover applied force calibration techniques. It will cover the importance of calibrating force measurement devices in the way they are being used to reduce measurement errors and lower uncertainty. Anyone participating will have enough information to correct problems and start making better force measurements.


TECHNICAL PROGRAMOral Presentations


SESSION 1TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2017 | 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM

1A – Metrology EducationTopic: Metrology Integration in University Courses

A Framework for Training Classes for Dimensional Measurement Incorporating 3D Printing ArtifactsDr. Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University

Design of Didactic Fixture and Gages as a Final Project of the Talent Development ProgramDr. Flora Mercader-Trejo, Universidad Politécnica de Santa Rosa Jáuregui

1B – Cutting Edge MetrologyTopic: The New SI: Looking Into the Future

Addressing the Need for Wider Access to the SI Unit of Mass Following the Revision of the International System of UnitsDr. Stuart Davidson, National Physical Laboratory (NPL)

Accurate and Not So Accurate Mass Metrology: How Redefining the Kilogram Makes Metrology BetterDr. Richard Green, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC)

1C – Electrical MeasurementsTopic: Voltage

Use of the Binary Voltage Divider for Traceably Verifying DC Voltage Linearity on 8.5 Digit Calibrators and DMMsJack Somppi, Measurements International Ltd.

Experiments to Extend the Retrace Specification of Fluke Zener Reference StandardsJeff Gust, Fluke Calibration

1D – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Dimensional

A Submicron Automated Precision Line Scale Calibration System Developed at the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL)Henry CHIU, Standards and Calibration Laboratory

Accuracy and Uncertainty Characterization of the New NIST High Accuracy 1D Laser-Based MicrometerJohn Stoup, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)



SESSION 2TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2017 | 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM

2A – Metrology EducationTopic:

Panel: Best Practices and Lessons Learned on University Outreach Panelists: Salvador Echeverria, Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM); Joe Fuehne, Purdue University College of Technology; Georgia Harris, National Institue of Standards and Technology (NIST); William Hinton, Retired Seabrook Station; Claudia Santo, Laboratorio Tecnológico Del Uruguay (LATU)

2B – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Pressure

Analysis of a Quantum Based Refractometer to Replace Mercury Manometers as the Primary Standard for the United StatesJacob Ricker, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

A New Semi-Automated System for the Determination of Effective Area of Ruska/Fluke Calibration 246X Piston-CylindersMichael Bair, Fluke Calibration

2C – ThermodynamicTopic: Temperature

Microwave Thermal Analysis and Calibration for Additive ManufacturingDr. Ryan Murphy, Sandia National Laboratories

Intermediate Checks of Thermometry Fixed-PointsDouglas Gee, National Research Council Canada (NRCC)

2D – Cutting Edge MetrologyTopic: The New SI: What's Next

Quantum Based Redefinition of the Pascal for Primary Pressure Standards and MeasurementsJay Hendricks, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The Next Generation of Metrology – Quantum SIGregory Strouse, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

SESSION 3TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2017 | 2:30 PM - 4:00 PM

3A – Metrology EducationTopic: STEM Outreach

Engineering for Teachers: A Case Study of Professional Development for K-12 STEM TeachersHy Tran, PhD, Sandia National Laboratories

STEM and Metrology Education Outreach in New HampshireWilliam Hinton, Hinton Technical Services, LLC

A New, Gateway Class Emphasizing MetrologyDr. Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University

3B – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Force

Refurbishing the NIST 4.45 MN Deadweight Force Standard MachineRick Seifarth, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Development of Capabilities for Realization and Dissemination of SI-Traceable Dynamic ForceAkobuije Chijioke, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

A Fabry-Pérot Optical Cavity as Nanonewton Force Calibration from Photon MomentumDr. Ryan Wagner, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

3C – Electrical MeasurementsTopic: Current

Use of Current Transformers in Calibrations of Rogowski Coils at High Pulsed CurrentsDr. Branislav Djokic, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC)

Ultrastable Low-noise Current Amplifier – A New Tool for Small Current MetrologyDr. Hansjörg Scherer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)

From Counting Electrons to Calibrating Ammeters: Improved Methodologies for Traceable Measurements of Small Electric Currents Dr. Stephen Giblin, National Physical Laboratory (NPL)

3D – Quality Systems and ManagementTopic: Maintaining Laboratory Quality

Using Analytics to Optimize M&TE Inventory: A Case StudyDean S. Williams, Duke Energy

Increased Out-of-Tolerance Incidents Customer Complaint Case StudyMs. Jennifer Fleenor, Tektronix

Effective Audit PreparationGuy Robinson, Tektronix

SESSION 4WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16, 2017 | 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM

4A – Metrology EducationTopic: Professional Development

Panel: Early Career Professionals and Career Planning Panelists: Cody Luke, The Boeing Company; Matt Aloisio, Radian Research; Travis Gossman, Rockwell Collins; Leah Lindstrom, The Boeing Company; Jennifer Fleenor, Tektronix

4B – Mechanical Measurements Topic: Mass

Development of a New Scale for Aircraft WeighingGerhard Mihm, Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics, Germany

From the kilogram of one….. to the metric tonnes: Large Mass calibrations at NIST Kevin Chesnutwood, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

TECHNICAL PROGRAMOral Presentations

4C – Quality Systems and Management Topic: Measurement Data Management

Panel: Vision, Progress and Discussion: A Metrology Information Infrastructure Panelists: Colin Walker, Qualer; Mark Kuster, Pantex Metrology; Michael Schwartz, Cal Lab Solutions

4D – Electrical MeasurementsTopic: Resistance

Calibration of Programmable Loads Dr. Steven Yang, Standards and Calibration Laboratory

Unmasking a Known Unknown, The Frequency Dependence of dc Standard Resistors Kai Wendler, National Research Council Canada (NRC)

SESSION 5WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16, 2017 | 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM

5A – Metrology Education Topic: | Abstract

Panel: A New Professional Recognition Scheme for MetrologistsPanelists: Keith Bevan, NPL; Gary Confalone, East Coast Metrology; Georgia Harris, NIST; Pete Loftus, Rolls Royce; Tim Prior, NPL

5B – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Dimensional

Sphere Diameter Measurement by Interferometry with Repeatability that Breaks the Nanometer-Picometer ThresholdEric Stanfield, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

X-Ray Computed Tomography for Dimensional MetrologyDr. Meghan Shilling, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

5C – Statistics, Measurement Uncertainty, Measurement Decision RiskTopic: Uncertainty

Panel: Inferred Uncertainty and Traceability?Panelists: Dr. Charles Ehrlich, NIST; William Guthrie, NIST; Warren Merkel, NIST; Jeff Gust, Fluke Calibration; Steven Phillips, NIST; Bill Miller, Lockheed Martin; Denver Metrology services

5D – Quality Systems and ManagementTopic: Metrology in a Global Environment

Metrology, Citizenship and Trust: Metrology and its Social Value in SocietyDr. Salvador Echeverria-Villagomez, Centro Nacional de Metrologia, Mexico

Maintaining Quality in a Global Calibration Partner ProgramPaul Packebush, National Instruments

SESSION 6WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16, 2017 | 2:30 PM – 4:00 PM

6A – Metrology Education Topic: Industry Partnerships and Education

Relationship between Biomedical Engineering and Metrology for Project DevelopmentRoberto Benitez, Etalons SA de CV

The Inclusion of Didactic Metrological Activities in EducationJulio Jimenez, Universidad Politecnica de Santa Rosa Jaureui

Industry Partnering with Higher Education, “Driving Business Success”Steven Stahley, Cummins Inc.

6B – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Mass

Calibration of Environmental Sensors for Mass MetrologyEdward Mulhern, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Primary Reference for Small Mass Based on ElectrostaticsDr. Gordon Shaw, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Comparison of Gravimetric and Resonator Based Mass MeasurementsDr. Hamza Shakeel, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

6C – Statistics, Measurement Uncertainty, Measurement Decision RiskTopic: Conformance Testing

Should the Repeatability of the Instrument Under Test be Included in Test Uncertainty?Dr. Craig Shakarji, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Measurement Uncertainty, Decision Risk, and the Contract ProcessTravis Gossman, Rockwell Collins

Strategies for Dealing with Low Test Uncertainty RatiosDr. Dennis Jackson, NSWC, Corona Division

6D – Precision & PerformanceTopic: Safety and Measurement Methods

Measurement in Food SafetyMs. Wanji Yang, APLAC

Technical Challenges in the Development of a New UHV Pressure Standard (Cold Atom Trap Vacuum Standard)Ms. Julia Scherschligt, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Affordable Humidity Calibration for Small LabsGuy Robinson, Tektronix


SESSION 7THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 | 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM

7B – Mechanical Measurements Topic: Pressure & Flow

Determination of the Blockage Effect on a Thermal Anemometer using a Small Open Jet Wind TunnelDr. Stephen Rickaby, Antech Calibration Services

Modernized Piston Gauge Calibrations at NISTJulia Scherschligt, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

7C – Electrical MeasurementsTopic: Voltage

Qualification and Uncertainty Analysis of an Electric Field Mill Calibration SystemDr. Elizabeth Auden, Sandia National Laboratories

Maximum Voltage and Possible Over Voltage Failure Mechanism of Multijunction Thermal ConvertersDr. Stefan Cular, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

SESSION 8THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 | 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM

8A – Quality Systems and Management Topic: ISO/IEC 17025 Compliance Challenges

Decision Rule Reporting to Comply with Revised ISO/IEC 17025Bob Stern, Keysight Technologies

Balancing Cost Savings and ISO/IEC 17025Gary Bennett, National Instruments

8B – Global StandardsTopic: International Collaborations

EA-Sponsored Interlaboratory Comparisons in Europe: The Process and the Lessons LearnedSimona Klenovska, Czech Metrology Institute

SI Redefinition and the Role of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental ConstantsDr. Barry Wood, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC)

8C – Electrical MeasurementsTopic: Electrical

Understanding Transducer Calibration and Recent Technological ImprovementsKevin Van Popering, Vibration Research

Effects of Lead Construction and Materials on AC Voltage MeasurementsMichael Bailey, Transmille Ltd

SESSION 9THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 | 2:30 PM – 4:00 PM

9A – Metrology Education Topic: Metrology Outreach and Collaboration

Metrology Outreach and Training: A Fulbright Experience in MexicoMs. Georgia Harris, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Experience of Uruguay Bringing Metrology Closer to the PopulationClaudia Santo, Laboratorio Tecnológico Del Uruguay (LATU)

Metrology and Higher LearningBen Jack, JM Test Systems

9B – Cutting Edge Metrology Topic: Mass

Redefining the Kilogram: Chemistry PerspectiveDr. Juris Meija, National Research Council Canada (NRC)

The Measurement of the Mass of a Magnetically Suspended Artifact and its UncertaintyDr. Corey Stambaugh, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Redefinition of the Kilogram: The Effect on Mass Dissemination from NISTPatrick Abbott, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

9C – Quality Systems and ManagementTopic: Software

How New Technology Can Automate OOT Reporting and Close the Measurement GAPChris Campbell, AssetSmart

Progress Report Standardized XML Representation of ISO/IEC 17025 Scope of Accreditation Data David Zajac, Cal Lab Solutions, Inc.

The New ISO 17034 and Reference Material Producer AccreditationMs. Ashly Carter, American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)

9D – Mechanical MeasurementsTopic: Dimensional

Setting the Length of the Meter – How hard could it be?Dr. Ted Doiron, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The Comparison of Different Types of Instruments on Nanoparticle Size Measurements through Interlaboratory ComparisonsMs. Hsiu-Lin Lin, Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute

Concerns with Selecting Calibration Methods and Reporting ResultsJim Salsbury PhD, Mitutoyo America Corporation


POSTER SESSION 1TUESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2017 | 12:15 PM – 1:00 PMLogical and Cost Effective Calibration Intervals Tyler Roach, Tektronix

Digital Length Gauge Calibration Optimization Techniques with Reduced Gain and Offset Errors Wei Lih Ng, Keysight Technologies Malaysia

Exploring the Impact of Teaching Metrology in Manufacturing Processes in Mexico Dr. Raul Herrera-Basurto, Universidad Aeronáutica en Querétaro

Influence of Micro-environmental Design with Partial Air Conditioning on Mass and Heat Transfer in Greenhouses Dr. Jiunn-Haur Shaw, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Taiwan

Study of High-temperature Three-zone Furnace and Realization of Uniform Temperature Field Dr. Yan Fan, National Metrology Centre, A*Star, Singapore

The Principles of Evaluating the Economic Feasibility of Expenses for the Creation and Maintenance of the National Measurement Standards at the Required Level Professor Pavel Neyezhmakov, NSC Institute of Metrology

New Automated Coaxial AC Bridge for Rapid Calibration of AC Resistors Mariko Koike, Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation

Reducing Measurement Uncertainty Using a Smoothing Spline Michael Dobbert, Keysight Technologies

The Calibration Certificate Statement of Compliance: The End Product of Your Measurement Emil Hazarian, Wilmington Instrument Company, Inc.

The Impact of Science and Technology on Metrological Traceability I-jhen Lin, Taiwan accreditation Foundation

The Influence of Different Assigned Value Determination Methods on the Evaluation of Gauge Block Calibration Proficiency Testing Results Yi-Ting Chen, Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute

The Role for Accreditation in the Cannabis Industry Roger Brauninger, American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)

Thermometric Fixed Point Cells: Intrinsic Standards or Calibrated Artifacts Tom Wiandt, Truecal Metrology

MESURA International Network - Metrology, Value Creation and Global Value Chains Dr. Salvador Echeverria-Villagomez, Centro Nacional de Metrología, México (CENAM)


TECHNICAL PROGRAMPoster Presentations


POSTER SESSION 1, CONTINUED

New NATO Standard ALogP-33 NATO Requirements for Calibration Support of Test & Measurement Equipment Gerhard Mihm, Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics WTD 81

Transitioning from Mercury Thermometers to Alternative ThermometersDawn Cross, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Developing a Standard Test Methodology for the Evaluation of Vaccine Storage UnitsMichal Chojnacky, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Potential Replacements for the Hg Triple Point on the ITS-90Weston L. Tew, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Ultra-High Resolution Photonic ThermometryNikolai N. Klimov, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (JQI)

Challenging the SPRT – Benchmarking a Photonic Thermometer at ITS-90 Fixed PointsTobias Herman, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (JQI)

NCSL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP & SYMPOSIUM — AUGUST 12 – 17, 2017

Join us for all this and more!

Opening Keynotes

Exhibitor Welcome Reception

Awards & Recognition

Wildhack Award

Education & Training Award

Best Paper Award

Editor's Choice Award

Scholarship Awards

Tutorial Program

Technical Program Oral and Poster Presentations

Learning Labs

Lightning Talks

Networking

Metrology Mixers

Board Meeting

Committee Meetings

Luncheon Buffets

Closing Keynote Breakfast

And More!

POSTER SESSION 2WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16, 2017 | 12:00 PM – 1:00 PMAccelerated Life Testing of MJTC Using a Microcontroller Ms. Margaret Edwards, Joint Quantum Institute University of Maryland

Report on the results of a bilateral key comparison of capacitance standards between the BIPM and NMISA, South Africa: Ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K14. a and b) Michael Khoza, National Metrology Institute of South Africa, (NMISA)

Consideration of Uncertainties from the pH-meter Calibration (electronic unit) in pH Measurement Saowaluck Ukrisdawithid, Department of Science Service, Thailand

Modernization of the NWS Sterling Field Support Center Laboratories Dr. Micheal Hicks, National Weather Service (NOAA)

Calibration of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Generator in Accordance with IEC61000-4-2: 2008 Dr. Terry Hau Wah LAI, The Standards and Calibration Laboratory, Hong Kong

High Energy - Developing a Unique Partnership for an Accredited Niche Market Cory Peters, Exelon PowerLabs

Building a Better Bridge to the Asset Management WorldPhil Chase, AssetSmart

The Enhanced Performance of the DCC Current Comparator using AccuBridge™ Technology Duane Brown, Measurements International Ltd.

Best Lessons Learned from FDA Warning Letters 2017 Walter Nowocin, Medtronic

Calibration Capability Analysis for Digital Pressure Gauge through Measurement Audits - the Alternative to Proficiency Testing Hsiu-Lin Lin, Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan

Calibration of the Frame Rate of High Speed Digital Video Recorders by Applying Stationary Counting Method Dr. Terry Hau Wah LAI, The Standards and Calibration Laboratory, Hong Kong

Characterization of the Dimensions of the Gap on a Laser Triangulation Probe Wei Ren, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Epic Thermometry Battle: Photonics vs ResistanceZeeshan Ahmed, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

NIST Report of Weather Station Liquid in Glass Thermometer Metrology Wyatt Miller, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Metrology and Calibration for Navy Laser Weapons: The Need and ImportanceDr. Subrata Sanyal, Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Corona Division

Metrology and Calibration for Navy Laser Weapons: NSWC Corona Efforts Dr. Subrata Sanyal, Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Corona Division

Validation of the Automated Base-Metal Thermocouple Calibration SystemKaren Garrity, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The Cold Atom Vacuum Standard (CAVS): Creating Vacuum Standards Using Ultra-Cold AtomsJim Fedchak, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

TECHNICAL PROGRAMPoster Presentations



••• WORLD METROLOGY DAY

www.worldmetrologyday.org20 May

World Metrology Day

Measurements for transport2017Metrology

World Metrology Day 2017

Measurements for TransportMay 20 is World Metrology Day, commemorating the anniversary of the signing of the Metre Convention in 1875. This treaty provides the basis for a coherent measurement system worldwide that underpins scientific discov-ery and innovation, industrial manufacturing and international trade, as well as the improvement of the quality of life and the protection of the global environment.

The theme for World Metrology Day 2017 is Measurements for Transport. This theme was chosen because transport plays such a key role in the mod-ern world. We not only move ourselves, but also the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the goods we use and rely on, not forgetting the raw materials they are made from. Doing so safely, efficiently and with minimal environmental impact requires an astonishing range of measurements.

Across the world, national metrology institutes continually advance mea-surement science by developing and validating new measurement techniques at whatever level of sophistication is needed. These advances are playing a crucial role in bringing new solutions to the transport sector, innovations such as hydrogen fuel cells, electric vehicles, or the new generation of fuel efficient passenger jets. The national metrology institutes participate in com-parisons coordinated by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) to ensure the reliability of measurement results worldwide. The BIPM also provides a forum for its Member States to address new measurement chal-lenges. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) develops International Recommendations, the aim of which is to align and harmonize requirements worldwide in many fields, including transport.

World Metrology Day recognizes and celebrates the contribution of all the people that work in intergovernmental and national organizations through-out the year on behalf of all.


WORLD METROLOGY DAY •••

Stephen Patoray Director of the BIMLJudging by the succession of themes and articles related to World Metrology Day over the recent years, it is quite evident that legal metrol-ogy is very much a part of our everyday lives. In many ways trans-

port also plays a significant role in the lives of every one of us, every day:• Water, gas, and electricity must be transported from

their source to their point of use, such as our homes or businesses;

• Petrol and diesel must also be transported from their source through the refinery to the storage tanks and finally to our automobiles and trucks;

• Much of the produce, vegetables, meat and other staples need to be transported from their source to the local market.Road, rail, air, water, cable and pipe all provide a

medium for the transport of people and/or goods. Many products such as our smartphones, computers or televi-sions are manufactured in one location and must then be transported to their respective retail outlets. Even water must often be transported over great distances to meet agricultural and urban demands.

Some 30 different OIML Recommendations relate to some form of transport and provide standards for the equipment used to measure various aspects of the transportation chain. These Recommendations provide solutions to a number of issues; a few of these are:• R 99 Instruments for measuring vehicle exhaust

emissions• R 126 Evidential breath analyzers• R 80 Road and rail tankers with level gauging• R 106 Automatic rail-weighbridges• R 134 Automatic instruments for weighing road

vehicles in motion and measuring axle loads• R 50 Continuous totalizing automatic weighing

instruments (belt weighers)• R 59 Moisture meters for cereal grains and oilseeds

Being able to safely, economically and accurately trans-port various items has become a vital part of the daily life of people in much of the world. Whether it is trading with our neighbors, the next town or locations half way around the world, we are all either recipients or providers of transport.

We hope you enjoy celebrating World Metrology Day with us again this year and look forward to once again marking the importance that metrology has in our world.

Martin Milton Director of the BIPMBusiness and citizens around the world depend on access to safe and reliable transport. It is one of the factors that is most important in enabling a successful modern society.

Whilst the needs for new and improved means of transport are clear, it is also important that they meet increasing requirements for economy and environmen-tal performance. Every type of transport, from bicycles to container ships, from cars to space craft are required to meet appropriate standards. They are needed as the basis for national and international regulation. They can specify requirements for every aspect of performance from safety and economy, to emissions.

The implementation of standards depends on mea-surement technology and measurement standards. Some of the most demanding that are underpinned by the work of national metrology institutes include:• accurate and rapid weighing of shipping containers to

ensure the safe loading of container ships;• characterisation of low friction surfaces and aero-

dynamic shapes of aircraft to minimize fuel consumption;

• valid measurements of the chemical composition of vehicle emissions to support regulators and city authorities in controlling pollution levels.As the demands for accessible and efficient trans-

port increase, so demands like these for measurements and standards to underpin them will too. Some of these demands will ultimately be met by new technologies such as driverless cars and zero-emission vehicles, which in turn will generate new measurement challenges.

Messages from the BIML and BIPM Directors


••• WORLD METROLOGY DAY

The 2017 poster was designed by:

About the OIML

In 1955 the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) was estab-lished as an Intergovernmental Treaty Organization in order to promote the global harmoniza-tion of legal metrology procedures with the Bureau International de Métrologie Légale (BIML) as the Secretariat and Headquarters of the OIML. Since that time, the OIML has developed a worldwide techni-cal structure whose primary aim is to harmonize the regulations and metrological controls applied by the national metrological services, or related organizations.

What is World Metrology Day?World Metrology Day commemorates the signing of the Metre Convention on May 20, 1875. The international treaty also known as “The Treaty of Metre,” was signed by seventeen nations and set the framework for global collaboration within various industrial, com-mercial, and societal applications of metrology and the science of measurement, as well as coordinating the development of the metric system. The original treaty’s primary concern was related to mass and length measurement, but the treaty was revised in 1921 to cover all known physical measurements. In 1960, the metric system of measure-ment was redefined as the International System of Units (SI), which we have grown accustomed to in today’s world. The original aim and goals of the Metre Convention remain as vital and pivotal today as it was in its inception back in 1875. The Convention continues to provide the foundation for a coherent measurement system now and into the foreseeable future.

About the BIPM

The signing of the Metre Convention in 1875 created the BIPM and for the first time formalized interna-tional cooperation in metrology. The Convention established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and laid the founda-tions for worldwide uniformity of measurement in all aspects of our endeavors, historically focusing on and assisting industry and trade, but today just as vital as we tackle the grand challenges of the 21st Century such as climate change, health, and energy. The BIPM undertakes scien-tific work at the highest level on a selected set of physical and chemi-cal quantities. The BIPM is the hub of a worldwide network of national metrology institutes (NMIs) which continue to realize and disseminate the chain of traceability to the SI into national accredited laboratories and industry.


WORLD METROLOGY DAY •••

Ripples In Space-Time: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Coalescence of Binary Black HolesDr. Evan GoetzResearch scientist, Albert Einstein Institute, LIGO Scientific [email protected]


••• SPECIAL FEATURE

On February 11, 2016 the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration announced to the world that gravitational waves have at last been directly detected, nearly a century after the first theoreti-cal proposal made by Albert Einstein. In the theory of gravity developed by Einstein, general relativity, accelerating masses generate ripples in space-time. These ripples are exceedingly weak and are only produced at detectable levels by extreme astrophysical phenomena such as superno-vae, or colliding black holes or neutron stars. The announcement made by the two collabora-tions is the culmination of decades of research and begins a new era of gravitational wave astronomy.

The gravitational waves detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) were generated by a coalescing binary system of black holes located about 410 mega-parsecs from Earth, or about 1.3 billion light years away1. A coalescing binary black hole system emits no electromagnetic waves, but instead emits an enormous amount of energy in gravitational waves. In fact, the sys-tem emitted nearly 3-solar-masses of energy in gravitational waves, and the peak gravitational wave luminosity of this system was 3.6x1063 W (equivalent to nearly 1037 Suns!).

Studying the exact gravitational waveform allows physicists to understand properties of the black hole binary system that caused the waves. The waveform of the coalescing binary system is a characteristic “chirp”—the waves increase in frequency and amplitude until coalescence (see figure 1). For example, from the morphology of the chirp waveform, the distance to the source can be determined. Other properties that can be deter-mined are the component black hole masses, the final black hole mass, black hole spins, inclination angle of the binary system, etc. Without gravita-

tional wave detectors such as LIGO, physicists would have no way to observe these extreme systems.


SPECIAL FEATURE •••

A Long History Towards DiscoveryThe story of gravitational waves begins with Einstein’s description of gravity: matter and energy tell space-time how to curve, while the curvature of space-time tells matter and energy how to move. It was quickly real-ized by Einstein that this theory predicts gravitational waves: accelerating masses generate small ripples in space-time that propagate away at the speed of light. These ripples produce transverse strain, causing space-time to stretch and compress in orthogonal directions. The quadrupolar nature of the waves means there are two polarizations—the “plus” polarization and “cross” polarization, named for the way space-time stretches and compresses in each polarization.

Einstein noted that these waves are exceed-ingly weak and would be difficult to detect, at least by the technology available in 1916. About five decades later, Joseph Weber began using res-onant mass detectors to try and detect these weak waves. Within a few years, an interna-tional network of cryogenically cooled resonant mass detectors was in operation. Meanwhile, laser interferometric gravitational wave detec-tors were proposed in the 1960s and 1970s. They offered many advantages over resonant mass detectors, such as better sensitivity and wider bandwidth. After thorough study, several kilo-meter-scale laser interferometers were proposed to various funding agencies.

Laser interferometers are extremely precise devices for comparing the length of two orthog-onal arms. Since gravitational waves cause apparent length changes in orthogonal direc-tions, laser interferometers are natural devices for measuring such effects. Long interferom-eter arms are necessary because the apparent length changes caused by gravitational waves are proportional to the size of the detector. Multiple interferometers are needed in order to triangulate the sky location, measure different gravitational wave polarizations, and to reject noise.



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As investigations of using interferometers as gravita-tional wave detectors was ongoing, astronomers had discovered a pulsar in a close binary orbit with its com-panion, PSR1913+16. The unseen companion could only be a neutron star. Its close orbit meant that the binary system would slowly lose energy due to the low-frequen-cy gravitational wave emission. By observing this system for the next few years, it was found that the predicted change in the binary orbit due to gravitational wave emission matches exactly that as observed electromag-netically. It was the first indirect evidence in nature for gravitational waves and was the basis for the Nobel Prize awarded in 1993.

One of the approved proposals for an interferometric gravitational wave detector, the 4-km-long LIGO detec-tors, built in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, began their initial observing campaigns in the 2000s. This first campaign proved the technology was sound and predicted noise sources were understood. Beginning in 2010, the initial LIGO detectors underwent a major upgrade of all systems. These Advanced LIGO detectors began the second-generation observing cam-paign in 20152. Not long after the first observing run began, the gravitational waves emitted by the binary black hole system 1.3 billion years ago finally passed by Earth and were detected by the LIGO interferometers.

Understanding Black HolesThe signal from the binary black hole system and detect-ed by LIGO was given the name GW150914, which stands for the date that the gravitational waves were detected: September 15, 2015, at 09:50:45 UTC. This detection is the first observation of merging black holes, and is also the first observation of “heavy” stellar-mass black holes. The component masses of the black holes are ~36 and ~29 solar masses, and the final black hole mass is ~62 solar masses. This is larger than all black holes detected in x-ray binary systems to date. Observation of such mass-es allows astrophysicists to refine their stellar, galactic, and cosmological models3.

In addition to better understanding of astrophysics, the extreme physics in the merger of two black holes allows for probing general relativity in the strong-field regime. The previous best test of general relativity was observing the binary neutron star system J0737-3039 (where the neutron stars were observed electromagnet-ically as radio pulsars). In the double pulsar system, the neutron stars are moving at ~1% of the speed of light. For GW150914, however, the black holes are moving at ~60% of the speed of light in the moments before merger. Comparing the observed gravitational waveform to the waveform predicted by general relativity allows for a detailed probe for any deviations from expectations. Physicists found no deviations from general relativity in the GW150914 signal.

Figure 1.Measured strain by the LIGO Hanford detector (top panel) and the LIGO Livingston detector (middle panel), where the time is referenced from September 14, 2015, at 09:50:45 UTC, where the time series data has been filtered with a 35-350 Hz bandpass filter to suppress large fluctuations outside the detectors’ most sensitive frequency band and band-reject filters to remove strong instrumental spectral features seen in the Figure 2 b spectra. For visual comparison, the bottom panel shows the Hanford data shifted and inverted to account for the wave propagation time between detectors and for the relative orientation of the detectors.



LIGO Detectors and Interferometer CalibrationLIGO detectors are Michelson interferometers with sev-eral enhancements to improve the differential-length sensitivity. The two arms are optically resonant cavities, with the mirrors suspended by cascaded quadruple pendulums. The lengths of the two arms are set such that there is destructive interference at the output of the interferometer. Light that would be sent back to the laser is instead reflected back into the interfer-ometer by another suspended mirror, and light that would be sent to the output of the interferometer by arm length variations is reflected back into the interferometer by an additional suspended mirror. LIGO achieves the unprecedented level of dis-placement noise sensitivity of 10-19 m/ near 150 Hz (see figure 2).

Many technologies are employed in order to achieve this level of displacement sensitivity. A high power 1064 nm, 200-watt Nd:YAG continu-ous wave laser is used and has several control loops in place to stabilize the frequency, inten-sity, and spatial mode. The main interferometer mirrors are made of ultra-pure, precision pol-ished, 40-kg fused silica and suspended from the penultimate suspension stage by fused-silica fibers. The mirrors are coated with high-quality factor coatings. High finesse coupled optical cav-ities form the interferometer that enhances the signal caused by passing gravitational waves. Interferometer optical components are mounted to sophisticated active servo-controlled vibra-tion isolation platforms. Most interferometer control is handled by an EPICS system for remote and automated operation. A multitude of digital servo control loops are employed to maintain the high sensitivity of the detector.

The suspended optics are controlled by a num-ber of sophisticated servo control systems so that the resonance condition of the interferometer is maintained during the observing intervals. One of the servo systems controls and maintains the differential length degree of freedom, suppressing

differential length variations. In order to extract a gravitational wave signal from the output of the interferometer, the suppressing effect of the control

loop must be removed. Determining and removing the control loop is the goal of interferometer calibration4.



Photodetector

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Figure 2.A simplified diagram of an Advanced LIGO detector (not to scale). Servo control loops maintain the resonance condition of the suspended interferometer optics (suspensions not shown). Inset (a): Location and orientation of the LIGO Hanford and LIGO Livingston detectors. Inset (b): The strain amplitude spectral density noise for each detector near the time of GW150914. The sensitivity is limited by photon shot noise above 150 Hz, and by a superposition of other noises at lower frequencies. Sharp spectral features include calibration lines (33-38 Hz, 330 Hz, and 1080 Hz), vibrational modes of suspension fibers (500 Hz and harmonics), and 60 Hz electric power grid harmonics.[1]

The differential-arm control loop is characterized by a sensing function, digital filters, and an actuation func-tion. Combined, these functions and filters form the control loop (see figure 3). Each function and filters are carefully modeled and compared against measurements. The primary device to interrogate the LIGO detectors to measure loop components relies on a fiducial force pro-vided by the radiation pressure from an auxiliary 2-watt laser. This system is known as a photon calibrator.

Photon calibrators induce calibrated displacements in the positions of end mirrors. The operational princi-ple is simple: with accurate and precise measurement of the laser power reflecting from the end mirror and knowledge of the force-to-length transfer function of the suspended mirror, a calibrated length change is induced in the differential-arm control loop and mimics a gravi-tational wave signal. The power reflecting from the end mirror is continuously monitored so that the detector response to gravitational waves is also continuously monitored.

In order to determine the power reflecting from the end mirror, a fraction of the input laser power and the total reflected laser power are monitored by photodi-odes whose responses have been calibrated by a laser power meter with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable calibration. This traceability ensures the accuracy and precision of the LIGO detec-tors’ calibration. Long-term stability and tracking of the photodiodes’ responses requires periodic recalibration of the monitoring photodiodes, the laboratory power meter, and the reference power meter which is sent directly to NIST for an annual check on its calibration.

Calibration of the LIGO detectors is a challenging endeavor. In order to maximize scientific output, uncer-tainty in the calibration must be reduced to ~1%. Any variations in detector parameters must be carefully tracked and corrected; otherwise the astrophysical parameter estimation will be incorrect. This requires maintaining calibration accuracy and precision during observing runs that last for months to years, and over a wide range of frequencies from 10 Hz to 6 kHz. The photon calibrator is the best device for the LIGO calibration effort.



A New Era of Gravitational Wave AstronomyLike Galileo turning the telescope to look at the night sky for the first time, scientists now have the ability to observe the gravitational wave universe. It is an excit-ing time for astrophysicists: merging black holes have been observed for the first time, and many new—per-haps surprising—sources of gravitational waves will be detected in the years to come.

To support this effort, a global network of grav-itational wave detectors is needed to fully extract information from detected gravitational waves. The LIGO Hanford and Livingston detectors form the first leg of this network. In Italy, the 3-km-long Advanced Virgo detector is nearing completion and will be joining the network in the next year. In Japan, the 3-km-long KAGRA detector is under construction, with the ambitious goal of being the first underground interferometer and first with cryogenically cooled mirrors. The 600-m-long GEO600 detector in Germany serves as a test bed for advanced interferometer technologies. A planned 4-km-long LIGO detector could be con-structed in India in the next few years. Already, scientists are researching and making plans for another increase in sensitivity for the third-gen-eration detectors.

Further scientific understanding can be reached once gravitational wave signals from sources are observed in conjunction with electromagnetic observations. Using electro-magnetic and gravitational wave observations of the same source enables deeper understanding of the underlying physical processes. None of the processes that generate detectable gravitational waves can be replicated in a lab, so these obser-vations are critically important to physics.



Complimentary to ground-based gravitational wave detectors, space-borne gravitational wave detectors would also provide insight into extreme astrophysical phenomena. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a proposed mission to fly three spacecraft in a triangular formation, separated by of order a million kilometers, with lasers aligned between the space-craft. This detector will be sensitive to a different range of gravitational wave frequencies, and is able to study supermassive black hole binary coalescences, extreme mass ratio inspirals, etc. With the recent success of the LISA Pathfinder mission, physicists are hopeful that LISA will be given approval.

The recent detection of gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO detectors has provided new insights into strong field gravity and black hole physics. The astro-nomical community is looking forward to upcoming observing campaigns by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaborations. These teams of scientists and engineers dared to push opto-mechanical technology to the limit. Without this effort, no one would have guessed at the extreme and energetic nature that hides invisible to our eyes. We look forward to an era rich in astronomi-cal discovery and formation of new knowledge.

Figure 3.A schematic block diagram of the differential arm length servo control loop. The sensing function, digital filter function, and actuation function combine to form the open loop transfer function. The signal x T^(PC) is the modulated displacement of the test masses from the photon calibrator system.[4]

derr

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[ 1 ] B. P. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 [ 2 ] B. P. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 131103 [ 3 ] B. P. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Annalen Der Physik, 529[ 4 ] B. P. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 95 062003



JANUARY 23 - 24, 2017 | ORLANDO, FLORIDA

Technical Exchange 2017ReviewThe 2017 Technical Exchange was yet another success-ful training event hosted by NCSL International (NCSLI). Dating back to 2012, the first NCSLI Technical Exchange was held in Charleston, North Carolina. A total of 58 attendees, exhibitors and sponsors were present. At the time, this new tradition of bringing together metrol-ogy ideas, trends, and technology was an attempt to formulate collaborative training for universal forms of measurement in the broad industry.

This year marked the 6th official Technical Exchange which took place on January 23-24, 2017 in Orlando, Florida.

We offered 19 hands-on measurement training courses over the two-day event, and had attendees coming in from 16 different countries!

The primary goal of the Technical Exchange contin-ues to provide metrology courses that are accessible to individuals across all skill levels. The program also demonstrates emphasis on the most up-to-date industry trends, which introduce participants to new and inno-vative calibration hardware, software, and services. The event continues to provide access to low-cost, high-qual-ity measurement science training solutions.

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This year, with so many measurement science enthu-siasts who were willing to conduct a course, the 2017 Technical Exchange covered everything from under-standing ISO/IEC 17025 requirements, risk based thinking, industrial platinum resistance thermometry and fundamentals of force calibrations, to proficiency testing, AC current measurements, flow measurements, pressure and vacuum measurements, humidity, RF sen-sor calibrations, vibration and shock sensor theory and calibration, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, good weighing practices, measurement uncertainty, root cause analysis and the NIST uncertainty machine and the NIST consensus builder.

Each course was developed by NCSLI members and supporters who represent great companies and organizations such as: A2LA, Duke Energy, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), The Modal Shop, Sandia National Laboratories, Fluke Calibration, E=MC3 Solutions, Masy BioServices, Mettler-Toledo and Tegam.


TECHNICAL EXCHANGE •••

Exhibitors were given the opportunity to provide infor-mation on their respective company, equipment, history, and mission. By this process, the exhibitors were able to administer open discussions with attendees on measure-ment topics such as test and measurement challenges, estimation uncertainties, quality control, traceability and much more. Each exhibitor brought with them a new and exciting topic within the measurement training event.

Thank you to our Exhibitors and Sponsors who made this event possible!

A2LA, Ametek Test & Calibration Instruments, Essco Calibration Laboratory, Fluke Calibration, Masy Bio-Services, Mettler-Toledo, The Modal Shop, The National Research Council Canada (NRCC), Measurements Inter-national (MI), Sandia National Laboratories, Technical Maintenance Incorporated (TMI), TEGAM, WorkPlace Training, and Quality Magazine.




As the annual Technical Exchange continues to grow each year, our goal is to always further NCSLI’s mission of providing the best opportunities for measurement sci-ence experts by insuring that each event continues to be a resounding success. At this time, we are currently look-ing for companies and instructors for the 2018 Technical Exchange which will be held in Orlando, Florida for three days from February 26-28, 2018 at The Florida Hotel and Conference Center.

We would like to thank all participants for making this year’s Tech Exchange such an informative and impactful experience. These educational development events would not be possible without the knowledge, passion, and dedication of NCSLI members and sponsors. We highly encourage you to consider either developing a course, or holding an exhibit at next year’s Technical Exchange!


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The NCSLI Technical Exchange will build and enhance specific hands-on skills in the calibration of measurement and test equipment. This three-day training will also teach best practices along with introducing new and innovative calibration hardware, software and calibration services. Each training session is taught by measurement science experts from throughout the industry.

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Greetings, everyone! Quite a few new MII-related “things” have popped over the horizon since the last article, so let’s check out the radar screen blips.

Project StatusThe MII development team completed its first milestone and demonstrated the results at the Measurement Science Conference (MSC) this April in Anaheim, CA. The team created a working MII SoA1 format, stood up a web site and application into which you may drag and drop MII SoAs, and built a basic search interface. The application validates an uploaded SoA’s data format and consistency and adds the SoA to its store of searchable documents.

Mark KusterPantex [email protected]

Toward a MeasurementInformation InfrastructureNew MII Things



For the more technically minded whom XML details interest, you may download and explore the MII SoA example files. We should note that the format has no formal configuration management yet and remains completely subject to change. As mentioned in previ-ous installments, we have not yet established anything resembling a standardized ontology or taxonomy; how-ever, terminology standardization will move along soon enough. You will find related open source code and data files at https://github.com/CalLabSolutions/Metrology.NET_Public/find/master.

You may also use the application to search for spe-cific parameter values, such as criteria like electrical parameters, voltage, 10 V nominal value, k = 2 expanded uncertainty no more than 0.001 V. It then returns from the data store all the laboratories and CMCs2 that meet the criteria, even if for example, the CMC uncertainty says 1 mV instead of 0.001 V. The work that went into this site and application represents a huge step forward toward a real MII—a hearty thanks and congratulations to the Cal Lab Solutions and Qualer teams who came together to make it happen.

The site currently contains only fictional laboratories and CMCs with partial data to demonstrate the concept. Obvious upgrades include expanding the search inter-face to encompass all the fields you typically see on an AB’s search page, adding explicit measurement units and multiple parameters to the search, implementing a for-mula calculator to compare CMCs that depend on the measured value, etc. Others include building an intuitive editing interface to create the SoAs without delving into XML3, generating human readable documents from the MII data, covering other measuring entities such as test-ing laboratories, etc.

Several ABs4 participated in initial discussions about 18 months ago. Folks from A2LA, NVLAP and IAS have recently expressed further interest. We currently seek feedback from any and all ABs and other interested par-ties to determine viable use cases and requirements for successive iterations. We would especially like an AB partner who would like to encode their SoAs into MII docu-ments. Take a look at http://beagledev.azurewebsites.net/ and tell us what you think!

Related ThingsWe’ve noted a few more MII-like efforts lately: The German Engineering Society (VDI) maintains a technical document, VDI/VDE 2623, last updated in 2012, called (in translation) “Format for Data Exchange in Management of Measuring and Test Equipment – Definition of Calibration Data Exchange-Format (CDE-Format).” It has existed at least in draft form since 2006 and seems to focus on automated calibration procurement, test equipment man-agement, and calibration data transfer. The document sounds promising and describes an XML data format, but we have not yet looked at it cloasely. Visit http://www.beuth.de/en/technical-rule/vdi-vde-2623/143033515 for more information.

The Allotrope Foundation (http://www.allotrope.org/about), an international pharmaceutical and biotech con-sortium, actively pursues a collaborative framework of open document standards, metadata repositories, and class libraries (software structures) to standardize and manage analytical chemistry and related laboratory data. A draft XML-based analytical data format, AnIML5, already exists in active development. AnIML originally proposed to leverage NIST’s UnitsML, but that may have changed. Go to https://www.animl.org/ for further detail. Special thanks to Baxter’s Paul Reese for the heads-up on these finds.

We have previously mentioned the Blockchain concept as a possible data container for MII documents. Ongoing research now investigates using this Bitcoin technology for secure but exchangeable medical records, electronic voting systems in Denmark and Ukraine, banking appli-cations, and global personal identification (yikes?). That may bode well for distributed databases of SoAs and instrument specs for which the authors maintain ownership.

[ 1 ] Scope of accreditation[ 2 ] Calibration and measurement capabilities[ 3 ] eXtensible markup language[ 4 ] Accreditation bodies[ 5 ] Analytical Information Markup Language



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Finally, the SINTEF (Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research) in Norway released ThingML (“Thing” Modeling Language) in the last few months to describe software and communication protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT). You’ve probably heard about this world-wide IoT concept that envisions ubiquitous sensors and devices of all kinds such as wearables, infrastructure monitors, household conveniences, etc. all connected and talking to each other. So, your refrigerator automatically replenishes your beer and double checks with the life-signs monitor embedded in your collar and your medical provider to verify that you should continue your blood pressure medication and orders it simultaneously. Maybe it even checks the cocktail’s efficacy.

Next, IoT devices in the originating breweries, product factories and service businesses would perform similar magic. Meanwhile, the bridge over which the delivery

truck will bring your order constantly feeds integrity and aging indications to its maintenance oversight agency to guard against degradation and collapse. Luckily, the agency has commercial contractors with robotic and other automated repair systems because we all know the bureaucrats never actually accomplish anything. All for a beer. You may explore more things about ThingML at http://thingml.org/, plus source code and documentation at https://github.com/SINTEF-9012/ThingML.

Other MII DocsMII instrument specification documents also interest folks now, including some projects that Dennis Jackson, Naval Surface Warfare Center and ATS Metrology have on the radar. At MSC, Chris Campbell of AssetSmart laid out the benefits of electronic data for out-of-tolerance reporting and resolution. The MII certificate will capture



Next UpThe MII team will hold a panel discussion, a paper pre-sentation and a working meeting at the 2017 NCSLI Workshop & Symposium in National Harbor, Maryland. Please join us with your ideas, suggestions and comments or to simply hear the latest status. And as always, please email us your MII ideas or post them on the MII commu-nity discussion forum or wiki at www.ncsli.org and then Committees | Communities | MII from the menus.

Our thoughts and prayers go to Joe Petersen’s fam-ily and friends. It surprised and saddened us to hear of his untimely passing. He improved our industry and we would have looked forward to seeing him at the next con-ference and enjoying his keen insight. Farewell, Joe.

the required information on the calibration side and make it easily available to equipment owner’s software to match up against their electronic instrument usage data and will therefore facilitate automatic OOT impact investigations. Some laboratory management software already provides these features internal to its users; the MII would enable the features across organizations and software packages.

Because all MII documents, SoAs, spec sheets, and cer-tificates revolve around the same information structure, namely a data format to contain measurement data, we expect that developing a working MII SoA format will lend itself toward quick extrapolation to spec sheets and certificates. We shall see. In the meantime, we invite anyone who wishes to begin a parallel and compatible development effort to join us.

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••• WORLD ACCREDITATION DAY

June 9, 2017 marks World Accreditation Day as a glob-al initiative, jointly established by the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), to raise awareness of the importance of accreditation. This year’s theme focuses on how accreditation can support pro-fessionals in the construction industry, ranging from contractors, manufacturers, designers, architects, civil engineers, to regulators.

Standards and accredited conformity assessment are market-based tools that can be used in the construction sector to cover construction products and materials, building techniques and practices, onsite Health & Safety, environmental impact, to even the use of digital technol-ogy in smart buildings.

The construction sector is complex and highly com-petitive, and provides challenges for companies seeking to improve margins, and reduce costs whilst improving build quality and ensuring a safe environment on site. Accreditation supports the construction sector to control risk, help drive efficiency, demonstrate regulatory com-pliance, and provide supply chain confidence.

Celebrate World Accreditation Day.To find out what is happening locally to you, please

contact your local accreditation body for further details.http://ilac.org/ilac-membership/members-by-economy

Login to the Members area for more information on how to celebrate the day and to download the poster and brochure templates for use in other languages.http://ilac.org/members-area

JUNE 9TH, 2017

World Accreditation Day ACCREDITATION: DELIVERING CONFIDENCE IN

CONSTRUCTION AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

What is the role of accreditation?Accreditation determines the technical competence,

integrity and impartiality of organisations providing conformity assessment services such as testing, calibra-tion, certification, and inspection based on international standards.

Accreditation is an impartial and objective process that provides the least duplicative, the most transparent and the most widely accepted route for the provision of credible and trustworthy conformity assessment results.

Accreditation bodies are established in most countries to ensure that conformity assessment bodies are subject to oversight by a competent body. Internationally rec-ognised accreditation bodies, which have been evaluated by peers as competent, sign international arrangements that enhance the acceptance of products and services across borders, thereby creating a global infrastructure to support trade regulatory approval processes, and con-fidence in the marketplace.

These arrangements are managed by IAF, in the fields covering accreditation of certification bodies and ver-ification/validation bodies, and ILAC, in the areas of laboratory and inspection body accreditation.

This system helps to make work carried out by accred-itation bodies consistent across the globe, and maintains international standards from one accreditation body to others. As a result, products and services tested, inspected or certified once under the IAF and ILAC umbrella can be accepted everywhere with equal confidence.


WORLD ACCREDITATION DAY •••

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Metric Units and Postage StampsDonald W. HillgerCooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

TABLE I. SI UNITS AND THE PERSONS FOR WHOM THEY WERE NAMED.SI Unit Symbol Compound

UnitsQuantity Person

ampere A base unit electric current André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836)

kelvin K base unit thermodynamic temperature Lord Kelvin/William Thomson (1824-1907)

degree Celsius °C K * Celsius temperature Anders Celsius (1701-1744)

hertz Hz 1/s frequency Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)

newton N kg m/s2 force Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

pascal Pa N/m2 pressure, stress Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

joule J N m energy, work, quantity of heat James Prescott Joule (1818-1889); no stamp

watt W J/s power, radiant flux James Watt (1736-1819)

coulomb C A s electric charge, quantity of electricity Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

volt V W/A electric potential difference, electromotive force Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

farad F C/V electric capacitance Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

ohm V/A electric resistance Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854)

siemens S A/V electric conductance Werner von Siemens (1816-1892)

weber Wb V s magnetic flux Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891); no stamp

tesla T Wb/m2 magnetic flux density Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

henry H Wb/A electric inductance Joseph Henry (1797-1878); no stamp

becquerel Bq 1/s activity (of a radionuclide) Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

gray Gy J/kg absorbed dose Louis Harold Gray (1905-1965); no stamp

sievert Sv J/kg dose equivalent Rolf Sievert (1898-1966); no stamp

* The temperature units are the same size. The temperature in Celsius, t, = T – 273.15 K.

The metric system has evolved from the French (“metre”) units of 1790 to be officially recognized by the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures as the International System of Units (SI) in 1960. This note brings together brief biographical notes of the scientists for whom many SI units are named, along with reproduc-tions of postage stamps from around the world that have been issued to honor these men. This combination of sci-ence, metrics, and history may also produce the bonus of introducing someone to the hobby of topical stamp collecting.

Currently, 19 SI units are named after scientists (see Table I). Each SI symbol is unique in its spelling (usually a capital first letter of the person’s name), and each unit is unique scientifically, describing a quantity to be mea-sured using that SI unit. (Celsius alone is capitalized.)

By far the largest number of SI postage stamps feature Sir Isaac Newton. Several honor André-Marie Ampère, Allesandro Volta, and Nikola Tesla. Of the approximately 170 stamps recognizing “SI personalities,” only one has been issued by the United States. France and Germany are the most frequent issuers of such stamps.

Reproduced with permission from American Association of Physics Teachers. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.880373) Copyright 1999, American Association of Physics Teachers.



SI Base Units

The international system of units now recommended for all scientific purposes begins with seven base units. Two are named after scientists— the ampere and the kelvin.

The ampere is the SI base unit for electric current. This unit ties the electromagnetic and mechanical units together into a coherent unit system. The ampere was

defined in 1948 as the constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible cross section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum, would provide between the conduc-tors a force equal to 2 x 10-7

newton per meter of length. This was an outgrowth of Andre-Marie Ampère’s law that describes mathemati-cally the magnetic force between two electric currents. Ampère also developed measuring techniques for elec-tricity. A stamp from Monaco (Fig. 1) shows Ampère and what later became known as a galvanometer.

The kelvin is the SI base unit of thermodynamic tem-perature. The kelvin was defined in 1954 as “the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water,” which is fixed at 273.16 K (0.01 °C). This definition makes the kelvin unit equal in size to a degree

Celsius, but extending the scale down to absolute zero. In 1967 the unit name was changed from degree Kelvin to kelvin, dropping the word and symbol for degree and not capitalizing kelvin. The kelvin is named after Baron Kelvin (William

Thompson, Lord Kelvin when knighted by Queen Victoria in 1892) who introduced the absolute scale. The one stamp that shows Kelvin (from Guinea-Bissau, Fig. 2) also shows a cable-laying ship, because Kelvin was involved in the laying of the first Atlantic cable and became a leading authority in that field.

SI Derived Units

The remainder of the SI units named after personalities are derived units, units “formed by combining base or other derived units according to algebraic relations link-ing the corresponding quantities.” These units will be considered in order of increasing complexity, with units defined in terms of other units following those units used in their definitions.

The degree Celsius is the derived SI unit for the ordi-nary metric temperature scale with values from 0 to 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling temperatures

of pure water under standard conditions. The relation of the degree Celsius scale to the kelvin scale is an off-set by a constant factor of 273.15 K. This is the only SI unit with an additive offset, com-pared with the other derived SI units, which are either products or ratios of two or more SI units. (The word Celsius and the symbol C are used along with the word degree and the symbol °, unlike the word kelvin and symbol K for the absolute scale.) The degree Celsius is named after Anders Celsius, inventor of the centigrade thermometer in 1742. However, his original thermometer had 100 as the freezing temperature and 0 as the boiling tempera-ture of water. The centigrade scale was inverted in 1750, a few years after Celsius' death, and his name did not become officially attached to the SI unit until almost 200 years later, in 1948, making the term "centigrade" obso-lete. The only stamp showing Celsius, issued by Sweden (Fig. 3), also shows a thermometer with the zero point at the lower end.

The hertz is the derived SI unit for frequency measure-ment. This unit is the reciprocal of the second, the SI base unit for time. (The symbol for hertz is a capital letter H followed by a lowercase letter z, to distinguish this unit from the henry, to be discussed later.) The hertz replaces previous usage of cycles per second and is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Hertz helped establish the fact that light is electro-magnetic radiation. The term "Hertzian waves" was once popular for what we now call radio waves. Representative of the seven stamps known to honor Hertz is the one from San Marino (Fig. 4), issued for the centenary of radio in 1995.

The newton is the derived SI unit for force, with force being the product of mass times acceleration. Named after Isaac Newton, the unit reflects Newton's research with the forces of gravity, leading to his three laws of motion and his Law of Universal Gravitation. Of the more than 80 stamps known to show or honor Newton, the one from Germany (Fig. 5) shows another of Newton's achievements, his dis-covery in the area of optics that white light is composed of every color in the spectrum.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.



The volt is the derived SI unit for electric potential dif-ference or electromotive force. One volt is the difference in potential across a conductor carrying one ampere of current when the power dissipated is one watt. Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic cell and voltaic pile (or battery). One of the stamps from Italy (Fig. 9) issued for the cente-nary of radio in 1995 shows Volta and his voltaic pile, a feature found on several Volta stamps.

The farad is the derived SI unit for electric capacitance, or the ability to hold an electric charge. Acapacitance of one farad is present when one coulomb of electric charge causes a potential of one volt across the plates of a capacitor. This is a very large unit, resulting in most uses as either microfarads or picofarads for the performance of ordinary electric and electronic equipment. The unit is named for Michael Faraday, who discovered the principle of the electric motor, based on the dynamometer. That principle also laid the foundation for electrical gener-ators and transformers. Of the three stamps known to show Faraday, the one from Great Britain (Fig. 10) is reproduced here.

The ohm is the derived SI unit for electric resistance. This is the only SI unit that uses a Greek letter, Ω, as a symbol. (The only other use of a Greek letter in SI termi-nology is for the micro μ prefix, the 10-6 multiplication factor.) Georg Simon Ohm's Law established the relationship between the volt and the ampere. The ohm is the resis-tance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere, or alternately the resistance in which one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows through it. Impedance to alternating current and capacitive and inductive reactance are also measured in ohms. The only stamp known to honor Ohm (from Germany, Fig. 11) shows a resistor with colored bands for the value of resis-tance and Ohm's Law with the symbol U for voltage.

The pascal is the derived SI unit for pressure or stress: force per unit area. (The symbol for pascal is a capital P

followed by a lowercase a.) The unit is named after Blaise Pascal for his work as the founder of hydrodynamics and the discov-ery of the basic physical law of pressure, or Pascal's Law. He worked with atmospheric gas

pressures as well as liquid pressures. A stamp from France (Fig. 6) shows Pascal and two diverse aspects of his life. The conic sections on the left reflect his work in geometry; the symbols on the right reflect the religious writings of his later life.

The joule is the derived SI unit for energy, work, or quantity of heat. Named for James Prescott Joule, this unit can be either force times distance or power times time. His work helped establish the mechanical equivalent of heat, that heat is a form of energy transfer, and the first law of thermodynamics, or the conservation of energy. No stamps are known to show Joule.

The watt is the derived SI unit for power or energy per unit time. Although the unit is named after James Watt, he actually coined the nonmetric term "horsepower" as a standard for performance of steam engines. A stamp from

Wallis and Futuna Islands (Fig. 7) shows Watt and a steam engine and claims Watt as the inventor of the steam engine. Actually, Watt did not invent the steam engine, but made fundamental improve-

ments in its design, resulting in a new type of steam engine that was patented in 1769 and widely used.

The coulomb is the derived SI unit for electric charge or quantity of electricity. In terms of SI base units, the cou-lomb is the amount of charge delivered by one ampere

for one second. Charles Coulomb's Law, which describes the force between two electrical charges, is similar in form to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation describing the force between two masses. The one stamp known to

show Coulomb is from France (Fig. 8) and also pictures a Leyden jar for storing electric charge.

Fig. 6

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.



The becquerel is the derived SI unit for activity of ionizing radiation. This unit is expressed in inverse seconds. Antoine-Henri Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity, shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie, and France issued the stamp shown here (Fig. 14).

The gray and the sievert are the derived SI units for absorbed dose and dose equivalent, respectively. Both of these units are measured in joules per kilogram, or energy absorbed per unit mass. These units are named after Louis Harold Gray and Rolf Sievert. The difference between the units is that the first is the absorbed radi-ation and the second is the equivalent dose of radiation. Both units depend on the nature of biological effects caused by radiation. No stamps are known to show either Gray or Sievert.

Comment: Information given here is verified only for those stamps in my possession. Readers interested in more material on stamps honoring those for whom SI units are named (including a list of all such postage stamps and souvenir sheets known worldwide, catalog numbers, years of issue, reading lists, etc.) are invited to contact me at: [email protected] or send cor-respondence to 309 North Shores Circle, Windsor, CO 80550-2614.

Acknowledgment: The author owes the genesis of his topical stamp collection to the late Louis F. Sokol, President Emeritus of the U.S. Metric Association until his death in 1996. Many additional stamps were discov-ered to add to Mr. Sokol’s original collection, leading to this paper.

The siemens is the derived SI unit for electric conductance, which is the inverse of the ohm, or one ampere per volt. The unit is named after Ernst Werner von Siemens, inventor of the alternating-current dynamom-eter or motor. Germany honored its countryman on the centenary of

Siemens' death with the stamp shown in Fig. 12. The weber is the derived SI unit for magnetic flux or

the dot product of magnetic field and area. The symbol for the weber combines a capital letter W followed by a lowercase letter b to distinguish the weber from the watt. Wilhelm Eduard Weber developed a system for mea-suring magnetic units. Weber is also noted for his study of terrestrial magnetism. No stamps are known to show Weber.

The tesla is the derived SI unit for magnetic flux den-sity or webers per meter squared. Nikola Tesla was born in

Croatia, but spent most of his life in the United States. Tesla discovered many of the prin-ciples of alternating current. A stamp issued by the United States (Fig. 13) shows Tesla and an induction motor.

The henry is the derived SI unit for electromagnetic inductance or webers per ampere. Joseph Henry is the only American honored by the use of his name as an SI unit. The principle of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Faraday, but named after Henry for his independent discovery of self-induction. Henry is consid-ered one of America's great scientists and was the first Director of the Smithsonian Institution. He is also cred-ited with inventing the first practical telegraph, which he used to gather weather information. That effort eventu-ally led to the establishment of the U.S. Weather Bureau (later Service). No stamps are known to honor Henry.

The last three SI derived units named after person-alities, all with two-letter symbols, are all related to radioactivity. These units with special names were admitted more recently into SI. They are needed in mea-surements related to interaction of radioactivity and living things.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.Fig. 12



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