WORLD DEVELOPMENT AND INTERDEPENDENCE

IGCSE SECONDARY 5Chapter 11: New Wider World

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

The level of economic growth of a country or region and the process of change taking place within it.

An incident that causes a situation to change or progress. It is the process of changing and becoming larger, stronger, or more impressive, successful, or advanced, or of causing somebody or something to change.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENTMEDC’s

• More Economically Developed Countries• Countries that have high income, which include the richer, more

industrialized countries of the so-called developed “North”• Ex: 1. Japan, 2. USA, 3. Italy, 4. UK and 5. Germany

LEDC’s

• Less Economically Developed Countries• Countries that tend to have a low income, which include the

poorer, less industrialized countries of the so-called developing “South”.

• Ex: 1. Ethiopia, 2. Kenya 3. Mexico, 4. Chile, 5. Argentina, 6. Brazil, 7. India, and 8. Bangladesh

NEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES (NIC) New Industrialized Countries (NICs) – Countries, mainly in the Pacific Rim of Asia, that have undergone rapid and successful industrialization since the early 1980s.

Ex: 1. Singapore, 2. Taiwan, 3. Malaysia, 4. South Korea and 5. Thailand

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT1. ECONOMIC WEALTH – The wealth of a country is measured by its GNP per capita.

a) GNP per capita (Gross National Product per person) – The GNP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, divided by the total number of people living in that country.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT2. SOCIAL INDICATORS PopulationBirth rate - to the number of live births per 1000 people per year.

Death rate - refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Natural increase - can be calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

HealthInfant mortalityLife expectancy Population per Doctor

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT OTHER INDICATORS

i. Literacy (Education)

ii. Nutrition

iii. Employment

iv. Energy Consumption

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

Three variables measured by HDI

1. LIFE EXPECTANCY (Health) – is regarded by the UN as the best measure of the health and safety of a country.

2. EDUCATION ATTAINMENT (Education) – is obtained by combining adult literacy rates and the primary, secondary and tertiary student enrolment rate.

3. REAL GNP PER CAPITA (Standard of living)

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT The HDI can:

1. Measure difference within a country (unlike GNP) as well as between countries

2. Highlight where poverty is worst, both within a country and between countries

3. Act as a measure to show how far a country has developed and whether there are improvements in its level and rate of development

4. Help a country to set targets that can lead to improvements in the quality of life and its citizens, e.g. better health care to improve life expectancy and better education to improve literacy rate.

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC SOCIAL

POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

CAUSES OF INEQUALITY

*Each groups will explain and analyze each causes of inequality

INEQUALITIES IN WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Higher birth rates and infant mortality, a

greater natural increase in population, a higher

proportion of their population aged under 15, and a shorter life

expectancy

Poor education facilities (lower level of literacy, less

time spent at school), poorer health care (fewer hospitals

and doctors per size of population), a poorer diet and a poorer provision of

services (less energy/electricity available. unreliable or polluted water supplies, limited transport

provision)

More jobs in the primary and informal sectors and fewer in

the secondary, tertiary and formal sectors

Less purchasing power per

capita

A smaller volume of

trade, likely trade deficit and a need to

seek aid

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT …meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a way of improving people’s standard of living and quality of life without wasting resources or harming the environment.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT1.Quality of life - people’s satisfaction

of their way of life and their environment

2.Standard of living - people’s level of material comfort and economically uplifted

WORLD TRADE AND INTERDEPENDENCE1. Interdependence – refers to the reliance of a country, especially in

terms of trade and aid, on other countries in the global economy.

2. Exports – goods and products sold or transported abroad by one country for sale or exchange to other countries.

3. Imports – goods, products or something brought in by a country from another country usually for commercial or industrial purposes.

4. Free trade – Free trade is when government neither restrict nor encourage trade. It is known as unrestricted trade, international trade that is not subject to protective regulations or tariffs intended to restrict foreign imports.

5. Tariffs – are taxes or customs duties paid on imports. It is a duty levied by a government on imported or exported goods.

6. Quotas – refers to the maximum amount or quantity of goods permitted that can be imported.

AID

Aid – is the giving of resources by one country, or an organization (known as the donor), to another country (the recipient).

FORMS OF

AIDMONEY (i. e. Grant /Loan)

Goods, foods, machinery or technology (short term relief / long term benefit)

People / Human resource (i.e. skills and education, teachers, nurses and engineers)

AID

Reasons of LEDCs’ require for aid:

i. Trade deficit

ii. Improvement of basic amenities

iii. Promotion of sustainable development

iv. Impact of natural disasters

v. Impact of internal and external conflict

AID The advantages of aid to a recipient country:

Short-term aid can include

1. Food

2. Clothing

3. Shelter

4. Medical supplies  

 

AID The advantages of aid to a recipient country:

Long-term aid can include

Improvement of education

Improvement of health standard

Improvement of growing higher-yielding

crops

AID The disadvantages of aid to a recipient country:

a) Uneven distribution of aid that rarely reached the poorest people (i.e. living in rural areas)

b) The occurrence of inefficiency and corruption (by officials especially those in the urban areas)

c) Increased countries’ debt

d) Dependency (LEDCs to MEDCs)