World Climate Change, Seun Ajibode's Project

7/29/2019 World Climate Change, Seun Ajibode's Project

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WORLD CLIMATECHANGE

By

Ajibode Oluwaseun Omoyeni

Presented To

The Department of Physics in partial

fulfillment of requirements for the completion

of University Foundation Programme of Bridge

House College, Ikoyi, Lagos

January, 2011


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CERTIFICATION

This project written by Ajibode Oluwaseun

Omoyeni under the guidance of academic

committee and approved by the college, has

been submitted and accepted by the PhysicsDepartment of Bridge House College in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the

University Foundation Programme

Signature: --------------- Date: --------

-


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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty who

has given me the strength to complete this

project.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI appreciate the help and contributions of myparents and my supervisor, who were directly

involved in making the research work a

successful one.


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ABSTRACTClimate change is a reality. The effect of global warming is there for all to see.

In the arctic, ice and permafrost are disappearing In the antarctic, the ice sheet is melting into the oceansTropical areas are experiencing more frequent and destructive storms

and floods; Australia for example

In Europe, glaciers are disappearing and there have been extreme heatwaves

The earth has not experienced this level of increase in temperature for overhundred years. In 2005, the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide were 379

parts per million, higher than at any time in the past 650,000 years. Between

1995 and 2006, we have experienced 11 of the 12 warmest years on record.

It is now widely accepted that global warming is taking place. The cause? The

earths supplyof coal, natural gas and oil is being burnt in the thirst for

energy. This combustion is releasing billions of tones of carbon dioxide into

our atmosphere every year.Warming brings with it unpredictable changes:Rivers overflow due to excessive heavy rainfall and melting glaciers like

the Upsala glacier in Patagonia, Argentina. In other areas, drought-like

conditions lead to water shortages.

In some regions, longer growing seasons improve crop yields, whereasothers experience drought and disease resulting in disastrous harvests.

Storms and hurricanes are becoming more extreme. Hurricanes Katrinadevastated New Orleans, USA, in August 2005.


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Sea ice in the arctic is melting faster each year. There are fears that thegulf stream current may be shut off, leading to severe winters in

northern Europe, including the UK

The list goes on


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TABLE OF CONTENTPages

Title Page

Certification

DedicationAcknowledgements

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1.0 General description of study1.1 Problem analysis

1.2 The purpose of study

1.3 Research questions

1.4 Research hypothesis

1.5 Definitions of unfamiliar terms


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1.6 Scope of study

1.7 References

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Historical background2.1 Current Literature Review

2.2 Summary of contents of Chapter

2.3 References

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY3.0 Characteristics of study population

3.1 Data collection instrument

3.2Procedures for processing and analyzing collecteddata

3.3Limitations of Methodology


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CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OFDATA4.0A brief introduction

4.1Tabular presentation according to research questions

4.2 Summary of chapter

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS5.0 Summary

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 References


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 General description of study

Climate is the long-term statistical expression of short-term weather. Climate can

be defined as "expected weather". When changes in the expected weather occur,

we call these climate changes. They can be defined by the differences between

average weather conditions at two separate times. Climate may change in

different ways, over different time scales and at different geographical scales. In

recent times, scientists have become interested in global warming, due to

mankind's impact on the climate system, through the enhancement of the natural

greenhouse effect.
http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Global_Warming.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Climate_System.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Greenhouse_Effect.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Greenhouse_Effect.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Greenhouse_Effect.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Greenhouse_Effect.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Climate_System.htmlhttp://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate_Change/Older/Global_Warming.html


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Major causes of climate change involve any process that can alter the global

energy balance, and the energy flows within the climate system. Causes of climate

change include changes in theEarths orbitaround the Sun, changes in the

amount of energy coming from the Sun, changes in ocean circulation or changes

in the composition of the atmosphere. Large volcanic eruptions can affect the

global climate over only a few years. By contrast, the movement of continents

around the world over hundreds of millions of years can also affect global

climate, but only over these much longer time scales.

In the last 100 years, the Earths surface and lowest part of the atmosphere have

warmed up on average by about 0.8oC. During this period, the amount of

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased, largely as a result of the

burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation, and land use changes, for

food by mankind. In the last 20 years, concern has grown that these two

phenomena are, at least in part, associated with each other. That is to say, global

warming is now considered most probably to be due to the man-made increases
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in greenhouse gas emissions. Whilst other natural causes of climate change,

including changes in the amount of energy coming from the Sun and shifting

patterns ofocean circulation, can cause global climate to change over similar

periods oftime, the balance of evidence now indicates that there is a discernible

human influence on the global climate.

1.1Problem analysis

The Earth's average temperature has been rising over the last century andscientists attribute much of the increase to greenhouse gases added to the

air by industrial processes and burning fossil fuels, such as in automobiles.

Climate change is unequivocal, is already happening, and is caused byhuman activity.

Climatic changes will be superimposed on social and economic changesthat are altering the climate vulnerability of different regions and sectors of

society, as well as their ability to cope.
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Meanwhile, a British researcher was warning that climate change willmean higher medical costs, taxes, insurance rates and other costs.

The hike in costs will be shared; climate change will affect all of ourwallets.

As warmer than average summers are becoming more common, costs willrise for health care and maintenance of parks and highways and even

because of property subsidence.

1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is:

To investigate what climate change isTo assess the causeTo examine the effectsTo know how we can help in our own little way


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1.3 Research Questions1. Is world climate change really happening?2. Is world climate change really going to affect all the earth?3. Does using machines like vehicles or technologies light electricity really

affect our environment?

4. Is the worlds situation going to get really bad anytime soon?

1.4 Research HypothesisH0 =World climate change is not happening

H1 =World climate change is happening

1.5 Definition of unfamiliar terms


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According to oxford advanced leaners dictionary:

Atmosphere- mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.

Carbon dioxide-a gas breathed out by people and animals by the lungs or

produced by burning carbon.

Earths orbit-a curved path followed by the earth as it moves around the sun.

Global warming-the increase in temperature of the earths atmosphere, that in

caused by the increase of particular gases, especially carbon dioxide.

Green house effect-the problem of gradual rise in temperature of the earths

atmosphere, caused by an increase of gases such as carbon dioxide in the air of

the earth, which traps the heat of the sun.

Green house gases-any of the gases that are thought to cause the green house

effect, especially carbon dioxide.

Time scale-the period of time that it takes for something to happen or to be

completed.


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Volcanic eruption-when burning rocks or molten lava are thrown out of a

volcano.

1.6 Scope of StudyThis study examined students and teachers reaction to questions

concerning the welfare of the world. The study selected the schools;

Bridge House College environment, Ikoyi, Lagos

1.7 References

www.ourplanet.com

www.nnovations-report.com

OCR Chemistry AS Textbook: David Gent and Rob Ritchie
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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews the work of the past researchers in the area of world

climate change. It would also discuss the concept, problems, challenges and

long-term solutions

5 Historical Background


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The historyof the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19thcentury when natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the

natural greenhouse effect first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first

argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate, but

the calculations were disputed. In the 1950s and 1960s, scientists increasingly

thought that human activity could change the climate on a timescale of decades,

but were unsure whether the net impact would be to warm or cool the climate.

During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming

viewpoint. In the 1980s the consensus position formed that human activity was

in the process of warming the climate, leading to the beginning of the modern

period ofglobal warming science summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimate


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2.1 Current Literature Review

The world's first zero-carbon city is being built in Abu Dhabi and is designed to

be not only free of cars and skyscrapers but also powered by the sun.

The oil-rich United Arab Emirates is the last place you would expect to learn

lessons on low-carbon living, but the emerging eco-city of Masdar could teach

the world.

The genius of Masdar - if it works - will be combining 21st Century engineering

with traditional desert architecture to deliver zero-carbon comfort. And it is

being built now.

Masdar will be home to about 50,000 people, at least 1,000 businesses and a

university.

It is being designed by British architects Foster and Partners, but it is the

ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who is paying

for it. And it will cost between 10bn ($15bn) and 20bn ($30bn).


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Masdar City aims to be powered solely by renewable energy sources

Renewable energy

The architects are turning the desert's greatest threat - the sun - into their

greatest asset.


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They have built the biggest solar farm in the

Middle East to power the city and to offset the

inevitable burning of diesel and baking of cement

in construction.

They are also experimenting. One project involves

a circular field of mirrors on the ground, all

reflecting towards a tower in the middle.

That, in turn, bounces the light down in a

concentrated beam about a metre (3ft) wide to

produce heat and drive generators.

Keeping cool

The Emirates have seen one of the world's most

spectacular building booms paid for by oil and

made tolerable by air conditioners, which also

The quality of air will bebetter than any other street inthe Gulf and in the world,

and that alone will bringyou safety, health andhappiness

Kaled Awad, director of the

Masdar project


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depend on oil to feed their vast appetite for

energy.

But Masdar will have to be low temperature and

low carbon.

Unlike the upward and outward sprawl of Dubai

or Abu Dhabi, Masdar is compact like ancient

Arab cities.

Streets are narrow so buildings shade each other,

and the walls and roofs of buildings will do their

bit to shed heat too.

The vertical faces are dressed with screens which

look like a terracotta mesh. They keep the sun out but let the breeze in.

One idea being tested is using a thin foil surface covering, a gas or vacuum

blanket, to keep the heat out. It is an idea dreamt up for a moon base.

Lunar technology hasbegun to influence ourthinking

Gerard Evenden, architect


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To encourage a breeze, wind towers are being built, drawing draughts through

the streets without using energy.

Masdar will still use electricity for gadgets, some air conditioning and, most

crucially, to desalinate sea water but, when it comes to power, the city has a

simple mantra: "Only use energy when you have exhausted design."

Driverless vehicles

Conventional cars must be checked in at the city gates and then you can choose

between the oldest and newest modes of transport.

At street level, it is all pedestrianised and the

planners have done their best to keep the city

compact and foot-friendly.

But if fatigue overtakes you, then slip down a level

and meet the Personal Rapid Transit or pod cars.


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These driverless vehicles are guided by magnetic sensors, powered by solar

electricity, and they stop automatically if an obstacle appears. They are

programmed to go where you ask.

Kaled Awad, director of the Masdar project claims: "The quality of air will be

better than any other street in the Gulf and in the world, and that alone will bring

you safety, health and happiness."

On top of the wind tower, there will be a beacon betraying the city's actual

energy use: red for too much, blue for just right.

It will be 45m (147ft) up and visible for miles around so, when Masdar is

finished in five to 10 years' time, we will all know if it is in the red.


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Masdar, a green city in Abu Dhabi designed by the British architecture firm

Foster + Partners planned to be the world's first zero-carbon and zero-waste city

in the world is nearing first stage completion after a three year journey. This car-

free zone is being driven by Abu Dhabi's Future Energy Company and will be

home to the company's headquarters and a newuniversity. The project was

unveiled at the Cityscape conference in Abu Dhabi back in 2007.
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The land around the city will be home to wind and photovoltaic farms as well as

research fields and plantations so that the city is completely self-sustaining but

skepticism about Masdar's ability to succeed have trailed the project. The Masdar

Institute is due to welcome its first residents this September but it has been no

easy road. The project is currently facing its first review. The project was

rebranded from "zero carbon" to "carbon neutral" and the parent company

recently cut its work force. A piece on Greentech chronicles some of the

difficulties which have included sandstorms that limited the solar capacity.

The $22 billion carbon neutral Masdar City project is still planned to provide

seven percent of the United Arab Emirates' power with renewable energy sources

by 2020 even though the project is behind schedule. In a statement Lord Forster

of Foster + Partners said that "Masdar has far reaching significance as a test-bed

and an integrated urban research project of unprecedented scale and ambition."

Whatever happens with the project is a learning experience not just for Abu
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Dhabi but for a world trying to go green. It has captured global attention, above,

German chancellor Angela Merkel checks out the model of the project.

Chevron also works in reducing pollution

In 2001, Chevron began implementing its Action Plan on Climate Change to

manage and reduce GHG emissions. The plan calls for reducing emissions and

increasing energy efficiency; investing in research, development and improved

technology; pursuing business opportunities in promising, innovative energy

technologies; and supporting flexible and economically sound policies and

mechanisms that protect the environment.

In 2009, their total emissions were 57.4 million metric tons, better than their goal

of 60.5 million metric tons.Their GHG emissions intensity in 2009 was

approximately 33 metric tons of CO2 equivalent per 1,000 barrels of net oil-

equivalent production from our Upstream operations, down from 37 metric tons

in 2008. Their Downstream intensity was approximately 36 metric tons of CO2


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equivalent per 1,000 barrels of crude oil that was input into our refineries, the

same as in 2008. Their preliminary goal for 2010 is 59.0 million metric tons.

While we expect normal production levels and emissions to resume in areas

where disruptions occurred, we also expect to sustain the emission reductions

achieved by maintaining energy efficiency improvements and by reducing flaring

and venting. We estimate that combustion of our products resulted in emissions

of approximately 410 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2009,

approximately 7 percent more than the 382 million metric tons in 2008.2When

compared with the International Energy Agency's Key World Energy Statistics

(2009 edition), these emissions represent approximately 1.4 percent of global

CO2 emissions from fossil fuels, which is lower than the 1.7 percent of global CO2

emissions when we first began estimating the GHG emissions from our products

In 2009, Chevron advanced several flare reduction projects and reduced overall

GHG emissions from flaring and venting by 8 percent. Managing the routine

flaring and venting of "associated" gas (the natural gas extracted with crude oil
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during production) is an ongoing challenge for Chevron and other operators in

countries having limited infrastructure for delivering natural gas where it can be

put to beneficial use. For the past seven years,they have been a partner in the

World Bankled Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative to facilitate flaring

reduction. We have executed a series of commercial projects to capture and use

the gas, with the cooperation of industry and government partners.

We identified additional activities that, if successful, will eliminate 80 percent of

our pre-existing flares and will create facilities to enable other operators to

reduce their flaring and control future levels.

Kazakhstan

As of year-end 2009 in Kazakhstan, Tengizchevroilin which Chevron is a 50

percent partnerno longer flares natural gas except when necessary for safety.

Through the four-year, $258 million gas utilization project, gas that previously


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would have been flared or vented can now be processed for sale or used to

support plant operations.

Angola

With the completion of the Takula Gas Processing Platform and the Takula Flare

and Relief Modifications (FARM) projects, routine gas flaring was reduced in the

Takula Field offshore Angola by approximately 50 million cubic feet per day

(mmcf/d). In June 2009, modifications were completed in the Takula area to end

routine flaring.

The Block 0 FARM project is one of several that play an important role in

eliminating routine flaring in Chevron's operations. The Takula Gas Processing

Platform, placed into service in December 2008, added gas compression capacity

in the Takula Field. The Cabinda Gas Plant, whose commissioning began in 2009,

will eliminate an additional 7 mmcf/d of routine flaring at the Malongo terminal.

The Malongo Field portion of the project is scheduled to begin in 2011 and will


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enable us to complete the Block 0 Area A projects to capture and redirect gas to

compression facilities so that the gas can be exported, extracted, reinjected or

used in liquids recovery. Reinjected gas will be available for future recovery if

needed for field operations or for commercialization opportunities.

Nigeria

For more than 15 years, Chevron has invested in a series of flare reduction

projects in Nigeria, including projects that focus on capture and delivery of

natural gas from existing flares and other projects that create the opportunity for

previously flared gas to serve new gas markets throughout western Africa. By

mid-2009, the offshore Agbami facility was operating with no routine flaring

through reinjection of associated gas, demonstrating the ability to develop new oil

production facilities without flaring. Chevron continues to work with its

production partners in Nigeria on a series of additional projects to address the

remaining flares.


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The first two stages of the Escravos Gas Project (EGP) in NigeriaEGP-1 and

EGP-2were completed in 1997 and 2000, respectively. EGP-2 raised the

company's gas processing inlet capacity from 165 mmcf/d to 285 mmcf/d. EGP-3,

a follow-up to EGP-1 and EGP-2, is expected to begin operation in 2010. EGP-3

will process up to an additional 395 mmcf/d, part of which will be used as

feedstock for the Escravos Gas-to-Liquids Project.

The Escravos Gas-to-Liquids Project will upgrade approximately 325 mmcf/d of

gas into almost 33,200 barrels per day of high-quality diesel, naphtha, and

liquefied petroleum gas. Construction began in 2006, and first production is

forecasted for 2012.

The West African Gas Pipeline, a 421-mile (678-km) high-pressure natural gas

pipeline, constructed and operated by the West African Gas Pipeline Co., of which

Chevron is the largest shareholder, has an initial capacity to transport 170

mmcf/d of natural gas from Nigeria's Niger Delta to Ghana, Togo and Benin. The

West African Gas Pipeline transports gas that would have been flared to now fill


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energy supply gaps in western Africa. This will help us reduce emissions because

it allows access to markets and provides the ability to deliver gas to end users. The

pipeline began transporting gas in 2008 and will be complete in 2010.

Manufacturing

Our eight Chevron operated refineries created a formal network in 2009 to share

best practices in flare reduction. The refineries are working to reduce flaring

through flare gas recovery, source control, and maintenance practices and

procedures, and they have shared their successes for several years. Chevron's

Pembroke, United Kingdom, refinery started using a sulfur oxide reduction

catalyst in the cracking process after U.S.-based refineries found that the catalyst

successfully reduced sulfur oxide. Other flare reduction techniques were found to

improve energy efficiency and produce cost savings.

Reducing Emissions Carbon Dioxide Injection
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Chevron has several major natural gas investments off the western coast of

Australia, including the Gorgon Project, which will include the worlds largest

commercial-scale GHG storage site. The Gorgon Project will position Australia as

a leader in the application of GHG storage, with up to approximately 3.4 million

metric tons a year of CO2 being injected and stored underground. Over the life of

the project, it is anticipated that approximately 120 million metric tons of GHG

emissions will have been avoided because of the Gorgon CO2-injection project.

The proposed injection location will be on the northeast coast of Barrow Island

near the gas processing plant. This site was selected to maximize the migration

distance from major geologic faults and to limit environmental impacts. The

injection wells will be directionally drilled from discrete surface locations to

minimize the area of land required for the well sites, surface facilities, pipelines

and access roads. Extensive monitoring, including well-pressure measurement

and seismic surveys, will provide information required to update the reservoir

models and predict the behavior of the injected CO2. The Gorgon Project is the


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first project to be regulated under legislation dedicated to GHG storage and is the

world's first largescale storage project to have been subjected to an exhaustive,

publicly available environmental impact assessment. Project construction has

begun, and injection operations are anticipated to begin in 2014.

Chevron continues internal research and development and participates in global

industry-led projects to reduce both the long-term risk of CO2 geologic storage

and the cost of CO2 capture from emissions sources. Chevron also provides

technical leadership to the industry-led CO2 Capture Project for field trials of

surveillance equipment and capture demonstrations, the Petroleum Technology

Research Centre's Weyburn-Midale Project for CO2 storage from enhanced oil

recovery operations, and the broad-based carbon capture and storage programs

of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies.


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Pursuing Business Opportunities and Investing in Research, Development and

Technology

We invest in research partnerships and demonstration projects to develop

renewable energy, improve efficiency and reduce emissions. Chevron

Energy Technology Co.'s (ETC) internal

team of experts focuses on advanced energy technologies and on helping

Chevron successfully compete in future energy markets. ETC's projects in 2009

included research and development of advanced lubricants from
http://www.chevron.com/globalissues/climatechange/?utm_campaign=MSNPaid&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=MSN&utm_term=world_climate_change#b3http://www.chevron.com/globalissues/climatechange/?utm_campaign=MSNPaid&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=MSN&utm_term=world_climate_change#b3http://www.chevron.com/globalissues/climatechange/?utm_campaign=MSNPaid&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=MSN&utm_term=world_climate_change#b3http://www.chevron.com/globalissues/climatechange/?utm_campaign=MSNPaid&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=MSN&utm_term=world_climate_change#b3


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nonconventional sources, solar technologies, waste heat and waste pressure to

energy, energy storage and transmission, bioenergy, geothermal power, water

treatment and reuse technologies, and carbon capture and storage.

Consistent with our Action Plan on Climate Change, we recognize the need to

reduce GHG emissions where possible. Appropriately incorporating climate

considerations into business decision making is key to achieving this goal. To this

end, we identify and incorporate into our business planning anticipated financial

and operational impacts of carbon regulation.

For development and approval of major capital projects, we estimate a project's

incremental emissions profile, assess the financial impact of GHG regulations,

and describe the emissions reduction options considered and implemented. We

developed tools to identify, assess and rank emissions reduction methods; conduct

economic analysis; and integrate GHG factors into decision making and overall

project development and management.


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For example, one tool helps identify and assess the viability of potential Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM) carbon emissions reduction projects. (The CDM

is an agreement under the Kyoto Protocol that encourages investment in ventures

to reduce emissions in developing countries.) Our new CDM tool offers a

systematic approach to prioritizing opportunities and assessing the likelihood of

their success.

In 2009, Chevron Energy Solutions completed what is believed to be the largest

solar and energy efficiency project for a public school district in the United States.

The project, in San Jose, California, includes a total of 5.5 megawatts of solar

power at 14 different sites and is expected to reduce the district's energy costs by

more than 30 percentmore than $25 millionover 25 years. The district

was not asked to provide any capital investment, allowing it to retain its capital

budget for other projects. We estimate that the project will result in decreased

carbon emissions of approximately 100,000 metric tons, equivalent to planting

more than 1,400 acres (567 hectares) of trees


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2.2 Summary of Contents of Chapter

Global warming just like Climate change is real; thankfully, others are realizing it

and trying to solve this gigantic problem as big as it is.

New methods are required for converting this clean energy into power, such as

hydrogen fuel cells for cars. The bottom line is that carbon dioxide emissions

must be reduced by 70-80% in order to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide

concentrations and to stop the increase in global temperatures.

2.3 References

www.answers.com

www.chevron.com

OCR chemistry AS textbook
http://www.answers.com/http://www.chevron.com/http://www.chevron.com/http://www.answers.com/


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Chapter three

Methodology

6 Characteristics of Study population

The study population are within the ages of 16 and above, are either married

single , are all Nigerians.

3.1 Data Collection Instrument

The researcher collected data by using questionnaires mainly for student of

Bridge House College and employees of Stanbic IBTC International bank which

are both located in Lagos State.

The questionnaires were divided into two major sections namely:

Section A - consists of personal data, sex and working experience.

Section B - consists of main questions related to world climate change


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3.2 Procedure for processing and analyzing Collected Data

Data collected were analyzed through the use of averages. Thus, the researcher

was able to observe the trend within the data collected and formed her own

opinion

3.3 Limitations of Study

This study is limited to responses from eighty people. It is also limited in the time

available for the study and financial resources of the researcher.


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Chapter four

Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.0A brief introduction

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data collected from

eighty people; students, and bankers located in Lagos State

4.1 Tabular Presentation according to research questions

TABLE 1: GROUP OF RESPONDENTS


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CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE(%)

Working class 60 75

Non-working class 20 25

TOTAL 80 100

Table 1 indicates that 75% of the respondents belong to the working class while

25% of them belong to the non-working class. Thus, the result implies that

majority of the respondents are workers.

TABLE 2: SEX OF RESPONDENTS

CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE (%)

Male 55 69

Female 25 31

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 2 shows that 69% of the respondents were male while 31% of them were

female. Hence, the result indicates that many of the respondents are male while

few are female.

TABLE 3: STATUS OF RESPONDENTS


Married 55 69

Single 25 31

Divorced 0 0

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 3 signifies that 69% of the respondents were married, 31% were single and

none were divorced. Thus, the foregoing result implies that majority of the

respondents are married.

TABLE 4: WOULD YOU RATHER EAT LESS MEAT IN AND MORE ORGANICS IN

YOUR DIET?


Yes 6 7.5

No 74 92.5

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 4 shows that 7.5% of the respondents wrote yes to the question while 92.5%

of them wrote no. thus, this implies that many of the respondents would rather

not eat less meat in their diet.

TABLE5: WOULD YOU RATHER TAKE A WALK OR RIDE A BIKE INSTEAD OF A

VEHICLE?


Yes 35 44

No 45 56

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 5 indicates that 44% wrote yes to the question while 56% wrote no. Hence,

more of the respondents would rather use a vehicle than walk or take a ride

TABLE 6: WOULD YOU RATHER BUY AN ELECTRIC OR GAS POWERED ENGINE

OR BUY THE NORMAL FUEL POWERED VEHICLE?


Yes 4 5

No 76 95

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 6 implies that 5% of the respondents wrote yes while 95% wrote no. Thus,

more of the respondents would rather buy a normal fuel powered vehicle.

TABLE 7: WOULD YOU RATHER USE LESS LIGHT OR BUY EXPENSIVE ENERGY

EFFICIENT FLOURESCENTS THAT USE FEWER LIGHTS FOR THE SAME AMOUNT

OF LIGHT?


Yes 20 25

No 60 75

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 7 indicates that 25% of the respondents wrote yes while 75% wrote no.

Thus, more of them would rather stick to their non expensive fluorescent lights.

TABLE 8: WOULD YOU RATHER CHOOSE ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES

WHEN IT IS TIME TO BUY NEW ONES?

CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE

Yes 48 60

No 32 40

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 8 shows that 60% of the respondents wrote yes while 40% wrote no. Hence,

more of them would rather choose energy efficient appliances when it is time to

buy new ones.

TABLE 9: WOULD YOU RATHER DECREASE YOUR AIR TRAVEL?


Yes 7 9

No 73 91

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 9 indicates that 9% of the respondents would rather decrease their air

travel while 91% would not.

TABLE 10: WOULD YOU RATHER WASH CLOTHES IN COLD WATER AND LINE-

DRY WHEN POSSIBLE?


Yes 52 65

No 28 35

TOTAL 80 100

Table 10 shows that 65% of the respondents would rather wash their clothes in

cold water and line-dry when possible while 35% would not.

TABLE 11: USE LESS OF THE DISH WASHER AND WASHING MACHINE


Yes 5 6


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No 75 94

TOTAL 80 100

Table 11 implies that 6% of the respondents would rather wash manually while

the remaining 94% would not.

TABLE 12: WOULD YOU RATHER SHOP LOCALLY FOR FOOD?


Yes 60 75

No 20 25


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TOTAL 80 100

Table 12 shows that 75% of the respondents would rather shop locally for food

while the remaining 25% would not.

TABLE 13: WOULD YOU RATHER USE NON-TOXIC CLEANING PRODUCTS?


Yes 80 100

No 0 0

TOTAL 80 100

Table 13 implies that everyone would rather not use toxic cleaning products.

TABLE 14: WOULD YOU RATHER RECYCLE AND USE ONLY BIO-DEGRADABLE

PRODUCTS LIKE A PAPER BAG INSTEAD OF A NYLON BAG?


Yes 80 100


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No 0 0

TOTAL 80 100

Table 14 indicates that everyone would rather recycle and use bio-degradable

products.

TABLE 15: WOULD YOU RATHER PLANT A TREE TO HELP THE OZONE LAYER AS

LITTLE AS YOU CAN?


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Yes 80 100

No 0 0

TOTAL 80 100

Table 15 indicates that everyone would rather plant a tree to help the ozone

layer.

TABLE 16: WOULD YOU RATHER DO ALL OF THE ABOVE IF YOU KNEW THAT

THE OZONE LAYER DEPLETING BECAUSE OF THESE REASONS AND MORE?


Yes 4 5

No 76 95

TOTAL 80 100


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Table 16 implies that 5% of the respondents would still not do everything

completely even if they knew that it was depleting the ozone layer while the

remaining 95% would.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


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5.0Summary

The following constitute the summary of the findings of the foregoing study

That majority of the respondents are in the working class while few ofthem are in the non-working class.

That many of the respondents are male while few are female.That majority of the respondents are single.That most of the respondents would rather not eat less meat than organic

foods.

That more respondents would take a walk or ride a bike than use a vehicle.

That most of the respondents wrote no to any question that had analternative for an expensive appliance but wrote yes to questions that did

not sound expensive.

All of the respondents wrote yes to questions that sounded easy but theyhave not really tried doing like planting a tree or recycling.


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5.1 Conclusions

We may say that it is the world that is changing but we as humans play a major

role in this changes. We want a faster and easier way of doing things which

obviously leads to technology which leads to emission of greenhouse gases. We

should stop and think of the environment we are hurting. We can change this

situation if we come together.

Sure we would say there are also natural causes for the world climate change like

continental drifts, volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, comets, meteorites, etc, but

emission of greenhouse gases caused by humans does not help matters.

According to the OCR chemistry textbook for AS by Dave Gent and Rob Ritchie, as

the Earth Summit in 1992, there was international agreement that dangerous

climate change must be prevented. But unfortunately there was little immediate

action. In 1997, over 100 countries signed up to the Kyoto Protocol. This


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committed countries to reduce their emissions of six greenhouse gases by 5% by

2012

The worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases- the USA- has refused to sign up.

If appreciable reductions are to be made, then we have to work together meaning

the USA as the worlds largest national producer of greenhouse gases, must sign

up

5.2 Recommendation

In the course of this study, it has been noticed that people are unaware of the

disasters are pending if we keep on living the way we do with our ignorance.

Little things we do will help; like planting a tree on your free time or taking a

walk within a short distance or hand washing small portions of clothes in cold

water or turning off the tap while brushing instead of letting run.


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There is an eco village in USA ironically where they try their best to use as little

technology as they can. They dont use cars at all unless it is necessary for

travelling, they plant their own food and actually use their urine as manure, they

go through peoplesgarbage for food because they do not like waste and they

dont use toilet paper. They use this device that squirts water when pressed.

Sure some of their methods seem unhygienic but they are ridding the earth of

some gases which will help the earth tremendously. I keep saying this because

according to chevron.com, the earths temperature has increased by only

0.8degrees centigrade in the last 100 years; less than 1 degree and all this

disasters like floods in Australia and hurricanes in places like New Orleans, USA

have been occurring.

If we help as little as we can, we would definitely be doing the earth a big favour.

Documents

World Climate Change, Seun Ajibode's Project